1
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Freitas R, Peixoto A, Ferreira E, Miranda A, Santos LL, Ferreira JA. Immunomodulatory glycomedicine: Introducing next generation cancer glycovaccines. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 65:108144. [PMID: 37028466 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide due to the lack of safer and more effective therapies. Cancer vaccines developed from neoantigens are an emerging strategy to promote protective and therapeutic anti-cancer immune responses. Advances in glycomics and glycoproteomics have unveiled several cancer-specific glycosignatures, holding tremendous potential to foster effective cancer glycovaccines. However, the immunosuppressive nature of tumours poses a major obstacle to vaccine-based immunotherapy. Chemical modification of tumour associated glycans, conjugation with immunogenic carriers and administration in combination with potent immune adjuvants constitute emerging strategies to address this bottleneck. Moreover, novel vaccine vehicles have been optimized to enhance immune responses against otherwise poorly immunogenic cancer epitopes. Nanovehicles have shown increased affinity for antigen presenting cells (APCs) in lymph nodes and tumours, while reducing treatment toxicity. Designs exploiting glycans recognized by APCs have further enhanced the delivery of antigenic payloads, improving glycovaccine's capacity to elicit innate and acquired immune responses. These solutions show potential to reduce tumour burden, while generating immunological memory. Building on this rationale, we provide a comprehensive overview on emerging cancer glycovaccines, emphasizing the potential of nanotechnology in this context. A roadmap towards clinical implementation is also delivered foreseeing advances in glycan-based immunomodulatory cancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Freitas
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.ccc), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute - University of Porto (ICBAS), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Peixoto
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.ccc), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Ferreira
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Miranda
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute - University of Porto (ICBAS), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcio Lara Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.ccc), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute - University of Porto (ICBAS), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Health School of University Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal; GlycoMatters Biotech, 4500-162 Espinho, Portugal; Department of Surgical Oncology, Portuguese Oncology Institute (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Alexandre Ferreira
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.ccc), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; GlycoMatters Biotech, 4500-162 Espinho, Portugal.
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2
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Zheng J, Xu H, Fang J, Zhang X. Enzymatic and chemoenzymatic synthesis of human milk oligosaccharides and derivatives. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 291:119564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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3
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Hámori C, Kandra L, Gyémánt G. LDAmy, an α-amylase from Colorado potato beetle ( Leptinotarsa decemlineata) with transglycosylation activity. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2022.2050707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Hámori
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lili Kandra
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gyöngyi Gyémánt
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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4
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Enzymatic glycosylation of menthol: optimization of synthesis and extraction processes using response surface methodology and biological evaluation of synthesized product. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02061-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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5
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Miyagawa A, Toyama S, Ohmura I, Miyazaki S, Kamiya T, Yamamura H. One-Step Synthesis of Sugar Nucleotides. J Org Chem 2020; 85:15645-15651. [PMID: 33196211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of sugar nucleotides requires a multistep procedure to ensure a selective reaction. Herein, sugar nucleotides were synthesized in one step using 2-chloro-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium chloride as the condensation reagent. The products were obtained in yields of 12-30%, and the yields were increased to 35-47% by the addition of a tuning reagent. NMR identification of the sugar nucleotides showed that mainly 1,2-trans-glycosides were present. The reported method represents a one-step route to sugar nucleotides from commercially available materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Miyagawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Sanami Toyama
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Ippei Ohmura
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Shun Miyazaki
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Takeru Kamiya
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Hatsuo Yamamura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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6
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β-Galactosidases: A great tool for synthesizing galactose-containing carbohydrates. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 39:107465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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7
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Li Z, Chernova TA, Ju T. Novel Technologies for Quantitative O-Glycomics and Amplification/Preparation of Cellular O-Glycans. SYNTHETIC GLYCOMES 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788016575-00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mucin-type O-glycosylation (O-glycans, O-glycome) characterized by GalNAc linked to Serine/Threonine or even tyrosine residues in proteins is one of the major types of glycosylations. In animals, O-glycans on glycoproteins participate in many critical biological processes such as cell adhesion, development, and immunity. Importantly, the O-glycome is different in a tissue/cell-specific manner, and often altered in cells at their pathological states; and this alteration, in turn, affects cellular properties and functions. Clearly, the Functional O-glycomics, which concerns biological roles of O-glycans, requires a comprehensive understanding of O-glycome. Structural and/or quantitative analysis of O-glycans, however, is an unmet demand because no enzyme can universally release O-glycans from glycoproteins. Furthermore, the preparation of complex O-glycans for biological studies is even more challenging. To meet these demands, we have developed a novel technology termed Cellular O-glycome Reporter/Amplification (CORA) for profiling cellular O-glycan structures and amplifying/preparing complex O-glycans from cultured cells. In this chapter, we describe the recent advances of CORA: quantitative-CORA (qCORA) and preparative-CORA (pCORA). qCORA takes the strategy of “metabolic stable isotopic labeling O-glycome of culture cells (SILOC),” and pCORA adapts cells to “O-glycan factories” when supplied with R-α-GalNAc(Ac)3 derivatives. qCORA and pCORA technologies can facilitate the cellular O-glycomics and functional O-glycomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Tatiana A. Chernova
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Tongzhong Ju
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta GA 30322 USA
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring MD 20993 USA
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8
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Ohnuma T, Tanaka T, Urasaki A, Dozen S, Fukamizo T. A novel method for chemo-enzymatic synthesis of chitin oligosaccharide catalyzed by the mutant of inverting family GH19 chitinase using 4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl α-chitobioside as a glycosyl donor. J Biochem 2018; 165:497-503. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Ohnuma
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara, Japan
| | - Tomonari Tanaka
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Urasaki
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara, Japan
| | - Satoshi Dozen
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara, Japan
| | - Tamo Fukamizo
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara, Japan
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9
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Jamek SB, Muschiol J, Holck J, Zeuner B, Busk PK, Mikkelsen JD, Meyer AS. Loop Protein Engineering for Improved Transglycosylation Activity of a β‐
N
‐Acetylhexosaminidase. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1858-1865. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shariza B. Jamek
- Center for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of Denmark Søltofts Plads Building 229 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources EngineeringUniversity Malaysia Pahang Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang Malaysia
| | - Jan Muschiol
- Center for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of Denmark Søltofts Plads Building 229 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Jesper Holck
- Center for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of Denmark Søltofts Plads Building 229 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Birgitte Zeuner
- Center for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of Denmark Søltofts Plads Building 229 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Peter K. Busk
- Center for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of Denmark Søltofts Plads Building 229 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Jørn D. Mikkelsen
- Center for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of Denmark Søltofts Plads Building 229 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Anne S. Meyer
- Center for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of Denmark Søltofts Plads Building 229 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
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10
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Wen L, Edmunds G, Gibbons C, Zhang J, Gadi MR, Zhu H, Fang J, Liu X, Kong Y, Wang PG. Toward Automated Enzymatic Synthesis of Oligosaccharides. Chem Rev 2018; 118:8151-8187. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liuqing Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Garrett Edmunds
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Christopher Gibbons
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Jiabin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Madhusudhan Reddy Gadi
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Hailiang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Junqiang Fang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xianwei Liu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yun Kong
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Peng George Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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11
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Ge L, Xie J, Wu T, Zhang S, Zhao L, Ding G, Wang Z, Xiao W. Purification and characterisation of a novel α-L-rhamnosidase exhibiting transglycosylating activity from Aspergillus oryzae. Int J Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ge
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China; Nanjing Forestry University; 159 Long Pan Road Nanjing 210037 China
- College of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing Forestry University; 159 Long Pan Road Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Jingcong Xie
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China; Nanjing Forestry University; 159 Long Pan Road Nanjing 210037 China
- College of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing Forestry University; 159 Long Pan Road Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Tao Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China; Nanjing Forestry University; 159 Long Pan Road Nanjing 210037 China
- College of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing Forestry University; 159 Long Pan Road Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China; Nanjing Forestry University; 159 Long Pan Road Nanjing 210037 China
- College of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing Forestry University; 159 Long Pan Road Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China; Nanjing Forestry University; 159 Long Pan Road Nanjing 210037 China
- College of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing Forestry University; 159 Long Pan Road Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Gang Ding
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; 58 Haichang South Road Lianyungang Jiangsu 222001 China
| | - Zhenzhong Wang
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; 58 Haichang South Road Lianyungang Jiangsu 222001 China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; 58 Haichang South Road Lianyungang Jiangsu 222001 China
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12
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Liu Y, Wen L, Li L, Gadi MR, Guan W, Huang K, Xiao Z, Wei M, Ma C, Zhang Q, Yu H, Chen X, Wang PG, Fang J. A General Chemoenzymatic Strategy for the Synthesis of Glycosphingolipids. European J Org Chem 2016; 2016:4315-4320. [PMID: 28824290 PMCID: PMC5560440 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A concise, prototypical, and stereoselective strategy for the synthesis of therapeutically and immunologically significant glycosphingolipids has been developed. This strategy provides a universal platform for glycosphingolipid synthesis by block coupling of enzymatically prepared free oligosaccharideglycans to lipids using glycosyl N-phenyltrifluoroacetimidates as efficient activated intermediates. As demonstrated here, two different types of glycosphingolipids were obtained in excellent yields using the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Liu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Carbohydrate Chemistry, and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Liuqing Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Madhusudhan Reddy Gadi
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Wanyi Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Kenneth Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Zhongying Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Mohui Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Cheng Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, https://chenglycogroup.wordpress.com/
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, https://chenglycogroup.wordpress.com/
| | - Peng George Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Carbohydrate Chemistry, and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Junqiang Fang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Carbohydrate Chemistry, and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
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13
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Song X, Ju H, Lasanajak Y, Kudelka MR, Smith DF, Cummings RD. Oxidative release of natural glycans for functional glycomics. Nat Methods 2016; 13:528-34. [PMID: 27135973 PMCID: PMC4887297 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycans have essential roles in biology and the etiology of many diseases. A major hurdle in studying glycans through functional glycomics is the lack of methods to release glycans from diverse types of biological samples. Here we describe an oxidative strategy using household bleach to release all types of free reducing N-glycans and O-glycan-acids from glycoproteins, and glycan nitriles from glycosphingolipids. Released glycans are directly useful in glycomic analyses and can be derivatized fluorescently for functional glycomics. This chemical method overcomes the limitations in glycan generation and promotes archiving and characterization of human and animal glycomes and their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hong Ju
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yi Lasanajak
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew R Kudelka
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David F Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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14
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Yajit NLM, Kamaruddin S, Hashim NHF, Bakar FDA, Murad AMA, Mahadi NM, Mackeen MM. Cloning and expression of N-glycosylation-related glucosidase from Glaciozyma antarctica. AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS 2016. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4966714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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15
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Lu L, Liu Q, Jin L, Yin Z, Xu L, Xiao M. Enzymatic Synthesis of Rhamnose Containing Chemicals by Reverse Hydrolysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140531. [PMID: 26505759 PMCID: PMC4624630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhamnose containing chemicals (RCCs) are widely occurred in plants and bacteria and are known to possess important bioactivities. However, few of them were available using the enzymatic synthesis method because of the scarcity of the α-L-rhamnosidases with wide acceptor specificity. In this work, an α-L-rhamnosidase from Alternaria sp. L1 was expressed in Pichia pastroris strain GS115. The recombinant enzyme was purified and used to synthesize novel RCCs through reverse hydrolysis in the presence of rhamnose as donor and mannitol, fructose or esculin as acceptors. The effects of initial substrate concentrations, reaction time, and temperature on RCC yields were investigated in detail when using mannitol as the acceptor. The mannitol derivative achieved a maximal yield of 36.1% by incubation of the enzyme with 0.4 M L-rhamnose and 0.2 M mannitol in pH 6.5 buffers at 55°C for 48 h. In identical conditions except for the initial acceptor concentrations, the maximal yields of fructose and esculin derivatives reached 11.9% and 17.9% respectively. The structures of the three derivatives were identified to be α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6')-D-mannitol, α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→1')-β-D-fructopyranose, and 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6')-β-D-glucopyranoside by ESI-MS and NMR spectroscopy. The high glycosylation efficiency as well as the broad acceptor specificity of this enzyme makes it a powerful tool for the synthesis of novel rhamnosyl glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Lu
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
- Academy of State Administration of Grain, Beijing 100037, PR China
| | - Lan Jin
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Zhenhao Yin
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Li Xu
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Min Xiao
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
- * E-mail:
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16
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Continuous ultrafiltration membrane reactor coupled with nanofiltration for the enzymatic synthesis and purification of galactosyl-oligosaccharides. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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17
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Aires-Trapote A, Tamayo A, Rubio J, Rumbero A, Hernáiz MJ. Sustainable synthesis of N-acetyllactosamine using an immobilized β-galactosidase on a tailor made porous polymer. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03527a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient enzymatic synthesis of N-acetyllactosamine has been developed in biosolvents, mediated by the action of an immobilized β-galactosidase on a tailor made porous polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aitana Tamayo
- Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio (ICV)
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
- Spain
| | - Juan Rubio
- Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio (ICV)
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
- Spain
| | - Angel Rumbero
- Faculty of Science
- Autonoma University of Madrid
- Spain
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18
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Leppyanen IV, Artamonova TO, Lopatin SA, Varlamov VP, Tikhonovich IA, Dolgikh EA. Biosynthesis of hexa- and pentameric chitooligosaccharides using N-acetyl-glucoseaminyl transferase from rhizobial bacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079059714050098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Nicu VP, Mándi A, Kurtán T, Polavarapu PL. On the complementarity of ECD and VCD techniques. Chirality 2014; 26:525-31. [PMID: 24816868 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented complementarity of electronic circular dichroism (ECD) and vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopic techniques is demonstrated by showing that each technique reveals the structure of a different molecular segment. Using a flexible molecule of biological significance we show that the synergetic use of ECD and VCD yields more complete structural characterization as it provides improved and more reliable conformer resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Paul Nicu
- Theoretical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Hsu CH, Hung SC, Wu CY, Wong CH. Toward automated oligosaccharide synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:11872-923. [PMID: 22127846 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates have been shown to play important roles in biological processes. The pace of development in carbohydrate research is, however, relatively slow due to the problems associated with the complexity of carbohydrate structures and the lack of general synthetic methods and tools available for the study of this class of biomolecules. Recent advances in synthesis have demonstrated that many of these problems can be circumvented. In this Review, we describe the methods developed to tackle the problems of carbohydrate-mediated biological processes, with particular focus on the issue related to the development of the automated synthesis of oligosaccharides. Further applications of carbohydrate microarrays and vaccines to human diseases are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Hsiung Hsu
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Hsu CH, Hung SC, Wu CY, Wong CH. Auf dem Weg zur automatisierten Oligosaccharid- Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Pérez X, Faijes M, Planas A. Artificial mixed-linked β-glucans produced by glycosynthase-catalyzed polymerization: tuning morphology and degree of polymerization. Biomacromolecules 2010; 12:494-501. [PMID: 21192641 DOI: 10.1021/bm1013537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The glycosynthase derived from Bacillus licheniformis 1,3-1,4-β-glucanase was able to polymerize glycosyl fluoride donors (G4)(m)G3GαF (m = 0-2, G = Glcβ) leading to artificial mixed-linked β-glucans with regular sequences and variable β1,3 to β1,4 linkage ratios. With the E134A glycosynthase mutant, polymers had average molecular masses (M(w)) of 10-15 kDa. Whereas polymer 2 ([4G4G3G](n)) was an amorphous precipitate, the water-insoluble polymers 1 ([4G3G](n)) and 3 ([4G4G4G3G](n)) formed spherulites of 10-20 μm diameter. With the more active E134S glycosynthase mutant, polymerization led to high molecular mass polysaccharides, where M(w) was linearly dependent on enzyme concentration. Remarkably, a homo-polysaccharide [4G4G4G3G](n) with M(w) as high as 30.5 kDa (n ≈ 47) was obtained, which contained a small fraction of products up to 70 kDa, a value that is in the range of the molecular masses of low viscosity cereal 1,3-1,4-β-glucans, and among the largest products produced by a glycosynthase. Access to a range of novel tailor-made β-glucans through the glycosynthase technology will allow to evaluate the implications of polysaccharide fine structures in their physicochemical properties and their applications as biomaterials, as well as to provide valuable tools for biochemical characterization of β-glucan degrading enzymes and binding modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavi Pérez
- Bioengineering Department, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Schuster-Wolff-Bühring R, Fischer L, Hinrichs J. Production and physiological action of the disaccharide lactulose. Int Dairy J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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24
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Lu L, Xu X, Gu G, Jin L, Xiao M, Wang F. Synthesis of novel galactose containing chemicals by beta-galactosidase from Enterobacter cloacae B5. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:6868-6872. [PMID: 20395133 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.03.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The beta-galactosidase from Enterobacter cloacae B5 was employed to synthesize novel galactose containing chemicals (GCCs) using mannitol, sorbose, and salicin as acceptors in the presence of o-nitrophenyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside (oNPGal) as donor. The influences of the process parameters on GCC synthesis using mannitol as an acceptor, including effects of variations in initial substrate concentration, reaction time, and temperature, were studied in detail. The mannitol derivative reached a yield of 14.6% when the enzyme was used in the presence of 30 mM oNPGal and 60mM mannitol at 50 degrees C for 10 min. The sorbose and salicin derivatives reached yields of 19.4% and 25.2%, respectively, under the same conditions except for acceptor concentrations. Through analysis of ESI-MS and NMR spectroscopy, the three derivatives were identified to be beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->1')-D-mannitol, beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->1')-l-sorbose, and 2-(hydroxymethyl) phenyl beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->6')-beta-D-glucopyranoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Lu
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
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25
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Carvalho AFA, Boscolo M, da Silva R, Ferreira H, Gomes E. Purification and characterization of the α-glucosidase produced by thermophilic fungus Thermoascus aurantiacus CBMAI 756. J Microbiol 2010; 48:452-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-010-9319-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Okutani Y, Egusa S, Ogawa Y, Kitaoka T, Goto M, Wariishi H. One-Step Lactosylation of Hydrophobic Alcohols by Nonaqueous Biocatalysis. ChemCatChem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Abstract
From the authors' opinion, this chapter constitutes a modest extension of the seminal and inspiring contribution of Stowell and Lee on neoglycoconjugates published in this series [C. P. Stowell and Y. C. Lee, Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem., 37 (1980) 225-281]. The outstanding progresses achieved since then in the field of the "glycoside cluster effect" has witnessed considerable creativity in the design and synthetic strategies toward a vast array of novel carbohydrate structures and reflects the dynamic activity in the field even since the recent chapter by the Nicotra group in this series [F. Nicotra, L. Cipolla, F. Peri, B. La Ferla, and C. Radaelli, Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem., 61 (2007) 353-398]. Beyond the more classical neoglycoproteins and glycopolymers (not covered in this work) a wide range of unprecedented and often artistically beautiful multivalent and monodisperse nanostructures, termed glycodendrimers for the first time in 1993, has been created. This chapter briefly surveys the concept of multivalency involved in carbohydrate-protein interactions. The topic is also discussed in regard to recent steps undertaken in glycobiology toward identification of lead candidates using microarrays and modern analytical tools. A systematic description of glycocluster and glycodendrimer synthesis follows, starting from the simplest architectures and ending in the most complex ones. Presentation of multivalent glycostructures of intermediate size and comprising, calix[n]arene, porphyrin, cyclodextrin, peptide, and carbohydrate scaffolds, has also been intercalated to better appreciate the growing synthetic complexity involved. A subsection describing novel all-carbon-based glycoconjugates such as fullerenes and carbon nanotubes is inserted, followed by a promising strategy involving dendrons self-assembling around metal chelates. The chapter then ends with those glycodendrimers that have been prepared using commercially available dendrimers possessing varied functionalities, or systematically synthesized using either divergent or convergent strategies.
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28
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Wohlgemuth R. Tools and ingredients for the biocatalytic synthesis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420701801380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Comparison of the N-linked glycosylation of human beta1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2 expressed in insect cells and silkworm larvae. J Biotechnol 2009; 143:27-33. [PMID: 19540883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 05/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
N-Glycosylation of human beta1,3N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2 (beta3GnT2) is essential for its biological function. beta3GnT2 fused to GFP(uv) (GFP(uv)-beta3GnT2) was produced by non-virus expression systems in stably transformed insect cells and silkworm larvae using a recombinant BmNPV bacmid, and purified for analysis of N-glycosylation. The N-glycan structure of beta3GnT2 was identified by glycoamidase A digestion, labeling with 2-aminopyridine (PA), and HPLC mapping. The paucimannosidic N-glycan structure (73.2%) was predominant in stably transformed Trichoplusia ni cells. In contrast, N-glycan with Gal (21.3%) and GlcNAc (16.2%) terminal residues linked to Manalpha(1,3) branch were detected on beta3GnT2 expressed in silkworm larvae. The presence of terminal Gal and bisecting GlcNAc residues such as Galbeta1, 4GlcNAcbeta1, 2Manalpha1,3(GlcNAcbeta1,4)(Manalpha1,6)Manbeta1, 4GlcNAc is not typical structure for lepidopteran insect N-glycosylation. Although allergenic alpha1,3-fucose residues have been found in T. ni cells, only alpha1,6-fucose residues were attached to the beta3GnT2 glycan in silkworm larvae. Therefore, silkworm larvae might be a useful host for producing human glycoproteins.
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30
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Nakajima M, Kato T, Kanamasa S, Park EY. Molecular chaperone-assisted production of human alpha-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase in silkworm larvae using recombinant BmNPV bacmids. Mol Biotechnol 2009; 43:67-75. [PMID: 19418270 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-009-9174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, human alpha-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (alpha4GnT) fused with GFP(uv) (GFP(uv)-alpha4GnT) was expressed using both a transformed cell system and silkworm larvae. A Tn-pXgp-GFP(uv)-alpha4GnT cell line, isolated after expression vector transfection, produced 106 mU/ml of alpha4GnT activity in suspension culture. When Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus containing a GFP(uv)-alpha4GnT fusion gene (BmNPV-CP (-)/GFP(uv)-alpha4GnT) bacmid was injected into silkworm larvae, alpha4GnT activity in larval hemolymph was 352 mU/ml, which was 3.3-fold higher than that of the Tn-pXgp-GFP(uv)-alpha4GnT cell line. With human calnexin (CNX) or human immunoglobulin heavy chain-binding protein (BiP, GRP78) coexpressed under the control of the ie-2 promoter, alpha4GnT activity in larval hemolymph increased by 1.4-2.0-fold. Moreover, when BmNPV-CP (-)/GFP(uv)-alpha4GnT bacmid injection was delayed for 3 h after BmNPV-CP (-)/CNX injection, the alpha4GnT activity increased significantly to 922 mU/ml, which was 8.7-fold higher than that of the Tn-pXgp-GFP(uv)-alpha4GnT cell line. Molecular chaperone assisted-expression in silkworm larvae using the BmNPV bacmid is a promising tool for recombinant protein production. This system could lead to large-scale production of more complex recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Nakajima
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Gamblin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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32
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Wrodnigg TM, Kartusch C, Illaszewicz C. The Amadori rearrangement as key reaction for the synthesis of neoglycoconjugates. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:2057-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Chemo-enzymatic supported synthesis of the 3-sulfated Lewis a pentasaccharide on a multimeric polyethylene glycol. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:970-6. [PMID: 18280461 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The 3-sulfated Lewis(a) pentasaccharide was synthesized on multimeric-based polyethylene glycol support. Coupling of O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1-->3)-4,6-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-beta-D-glucopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate with (2,6-di-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1-->4)-(2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside) bound onto the polymer afforded lacto-N-tetraose, which was then regioselectively sulfated at the 3-OH position of the terminal galactose using the stannylene procedure. Fucosylation of the sulfated tetrasaccharide was performed using an immobilized fucosyltransferase FucTIII to give the title compound after cleavage.
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34
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Soro RY, Diopoh JK, Willemot RM, Combes D. Enzymatic synthesis of polyglucosylfructosides from sucrose alone by a novel α-glucosidase isolated from the digestive juice of Archachatina ventricosa (Achatinideae). Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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35
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Faijes M, Planas A. In vitro synthesis of artificial polysaccharides by glycosidases and glycosynthases. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:1581-94. [PMID: 17606254 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Artificial polysaccharides produced by in vitro enzymatic synthesis are new biomaterials with defined structures that either mimic natural polysaccharides or have unnatural structures and functionalities. This review summarizes recent developments in the in vitro polysaccharide synthesis by endo-glycosidases, grouped in two major strategies: (a) native retaining endo-glycosidases under kinetically controlled conditions (transglycosylation with activated glycosyl donors), and (b) glycosynthases, engineered glycosidases devoid of hydrolase activity but with high transglycosylation activity. Polysaccharides are obtained by enzymatic polymerization of simple glycosyl donors by repetitive condensation. This approach not only provides a powerful methodology to produce polysaccharides with defined structures and morphologies as novel biomaterials, but is also a valuable tool to analyze the mechanisms of polymerization and packing to acquire high-order molecular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Faijes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron R Griffith
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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