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Yan Y, Luo H, Qin Y, Yan T, Jia J, Hou Y, Liu Z, Zhai J, Long Y, Deng X, Cao X. Light controls mesophyll-specific post-transcriptional splicing of photoregulatory genes by AtPRMT5. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2317408121. [PMID: 38285953 PMCID: PMC10861865 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2317408121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Light plays a central role in plant growth and development, providing an energy source and governing various aspects of plant morphology. Previous study showed that many polyadenylated full-length RNA molecules within the nucleus contain unspliced introns (post-transcriptionally spliced introns, PTS introns), which may play a role in rapidly responding to changes in environmental signals. However, the mechanism underlying post-transcriptional regulation during initial light exposure of young, etiolated seedlings remains elusive. In this study, we used FLEP-seq2, a Nanopore-based sequencing technique, to analyze nuclear RNAs in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings under different light conditions and found numerous light-responsive PTS introns. We also used single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) to profile transcripts in single nucleus and investigate the distribution of light-responsive PTS introns across distinct cell types. We established that light-induced PTS introns are predominant in mesophyll cells during seedling de-etiolation following exposure of etiolated seedlings to light. We further demonstrated the involvement of the splicing-related factor A. thaliana PROTEIN ARGININE METHYLTRANSFERASE 5 (AtPRMT5), working in concert with the E3 ubiquitin ligase CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1), a critical repressor of light signaling pathways. We showed that these two proteins orchestrate light-induced PTS events in mesophyll cells and facilitate chloroplast development, photosynthesis, and morphogenesis in response to ever-changing light conditions. These findings provide crucial insights into the intricate mechanisms underlying plant acclimation to light at the cell-type level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Haofei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Yuwei Qin
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Tingting Yan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Tree Biology of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Fruit Trees, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou571100, China
| | - Jinbu Jia
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Yifeng Hou
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Zhijian Liu
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Jixian Zhai
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Yanping Long
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Xian Deng
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Xiaofeng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
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Khademi M, Nazarian-Firouzabadi F, Ismaili A. Expression of apple MdMYB10 transcription factor in sugar beet with a screenable marker role and antimicrobial activity. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:52. [PMID: 35127307 PMCID: PMC8801000 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Selection of transgenic plants by using genes encoding screenable markers of plant origin with health benefit properties, such as anthocyanin is an important aim in plant genetic engineering. In this study, Malus domestica MYB10 (MdMYB10) gene, was used for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of two SBS-02 and SBS-04 sugar beet lines. The impact of different light regimes on plant tissue culture from a combination of light, dark/light and dark was investigated. The results of this study showed that the MdMYB10 gene was successfully integrated into the selected purple transgenic lines, suggesting that the expression of MdMYB10 gene in sugar beet shoots can be used as a screenable markers for transformation, possibly replacing antibiotic resistant genes. Furthermore, the results of the antibacterial activity of transgenic plants extracts showed that the total extract obtained from transgenic lines significantly (P < 0.01) inhibited the growth and development of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis bacteria compared to the non-transgenic plants. The results of this study showed that the combination of betalain with vancomycin demonstrated a synergistic antimicrobial effect, also, suggesting that the expression of MdMYB10 may play a dual role by accumulating betalain and exhibiting a screenable markers function. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03120-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Khademi
- Production Engineering and Plant Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, P.O. Box: 465, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Farhad Nazarian-Firouzabadi
- Production Engineering and Plant Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, P.O. Box: 465, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ismaili
- Production Engineering and Plant Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, P.O. Box: 465, Khorramabad, Iran
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Joanito I, Chu JW, Wu SH, Hsu CP. An incoherent feed-forward loop switches the Arabidopsis clock rapidly between two hysteretic states. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13944. [PMID: 30224713 PMCID: PMC6141573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32030-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In higher plants (e.g., Arabidopsis thaliana), the core structure of the circadian clock is mostly governed by a repression process with very few direct activators. With a series of simplified models, we studied the underlying mechanism and found that the Arabidopsis clock consists of type-2 incoherent feed-forward loops (IFFLs), one of them creating a pulse-like expression in PRR9/7. The double-negative feedback loop between CCA1/LHY and PRR5/TOC1 generates a bistable, hysteretic behavior in the Arabidopsis circadian clock. We found that the IFFL involving PRR9/7 breaks the bistability and moves the system forward with a rapid pulse in the daytime, and the evening complex (EC) breaks it in the evening. With this illustration, we can intuitively explain the behavior of the clock under mutant conditions. Thus, our results provide new insights into the underlying network structures of the Arabidopsis core oscillator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasius Joanito
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and System Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Wei Chu
- Bioinformatics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and System Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hsing Wu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ping Hsu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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Beta RAA, Balatsos NAA. Tales around the clock: Poly(A) tails in circadian gene expression. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2018; 9:e1484. [PMID: 29911349 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are ubiquitous time-keeping processes in eukaryotes with a period of ~24 hr. Light is perhaps the main environmental cue (zeitgeber) that affects several aspects of physiology and behaviour, such as sleep/wake cycles, orientation of birds and bees, and leaf movements in plants. Temperature can serve as the main zeitgeber in the absence of light cycles, even though it does not lead to rhythmicity through the same mechanism as light. Additional cues include feeding patterns, humidity, and social rhythms. At the molecular level, a master oscillator orchestrates circadian rhythms and organizes molecular clocks located in most cells. The generation of the 24 hr molecular clock is based on transcriptional regulation, as it drives intrinsic rhythmic changes based on interlocked transcription/translation feedback loops that synchronize expression of genes. Thus, processes and factors that determine rhythmic gene expression are important to understand circadian rhythms. Among these, the poly(A) tails of RNAs play key roles in their stability, translational efficiency and degradation. In this article, we summarize current knowledge and discuss perspectives on the role and significance of poly(A) tails and associating factors in the context of the circadian clock. This article is categorized under: RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability RNA Processing > 3' End Processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafailia A A Beta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Nikolaos A A Balatsos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
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Oda A, Higuchi Y, Hisamatsu T. Photoperiod-insensitive floral transition in chrysanthemum induced by constitutive expression of chimeric repressor CsLHY-SRDX. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 259:86-93. [PMID: 28483056 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of physiological processes including flowering are controlled by the circadian clock in plants. In Arabidopsis, LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY) and CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1) constitute the central oscillator, and their gain of function and loss of function disrupt the circadian clock and affect flowering time through FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), a gene encoding a florigen. Chrysanthemum is a typical short-day (SD) plant and responds to shortening of day length by the transition from the vegetative to reproductive phase. We identified FLOWERING LOCUS T-LIKE 3 (FTL3) and ANTI-FLORIGENIC FT/TFL1 FAMILY PROTEIN (AFT) as a florigen and antiflorigen, respectively, in a wild diploid chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum seticuspe f. boreale). CsFTL3 and CsAFT are induced under SD or a noninductive photoperiod, respectively, and their balance determines the floral transition and anthesis. Meanwhile, the time-keeping mechanism that regulates the photoperiodic flowering in chrysanthemum is poorly understood. Here, we focused on a LHY/CCA1-like gene called CsLHY in chrysanthemum. We fused CsLHY to a gene encoding short transcriptional repressor domain (SRDX) and constitutively expressed it in chrysanthemum. Although the transcription of clock-related genes was conditionally affected, circadian rhythm was not completely disrupted in CsLHY-SRDX transgenic plants. These plants formed almost the same number of leaves before floral transition under SD and long-day conditions. Thus, CsLHY-SRDX chrysanthemum showed photoperiod-insensitive floral transition, but further development of the capitulum was arrested, and anthesis was not observed. Simultaneously with the flowering phenotype, CsFTL3 and CsAFT were downregulated in CsLHY-SRDX transgenic plants. These results suggest that CsLHY-SRDX affects CsFTL3 and CsAFT expression and causes photoperiod-insensitive floral transition without a severe defect in the circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Oda
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8517, Japan.
| | - Yohei Higuchi
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8517, Japan; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Hisamatsu
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8517, Japan
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De Caluwé J, Xiao Q, Hermans C, Verbruggen N, Leloup JC, Gonze D. A Compact Model for the Complex Plant Circadian Clock. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:74. [PMID: 26904049 PMCID: PMC4742534 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock is an endogenous timekeeper that allows organisms to anticipate and adapt to the daily variations of their environment. The plant clock is an intricate network of interlocked feedback loops, in which transcription factors regulate each other to generate oscillations with expression peaks at specific times of the day. Over the last decade, mathematical modeling approaches have been used to understand the inner workings of the clock in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Those efforts have produced a number of models of ever increasing complexity. Here, we present an alternative model that combines a low number of equations and parameters, similar to the very earliest models, with the complex network structure found in more recent ones. This simple model describes the temporal evolution of the abundance of eight clock gene mRNA/protein and captures key features of the clock on a qualitative level, namely the entrained and free-running behaviors of the wild type clock, as well as the defects found in knockout mutants (such as altered free-running periods, lack of entrainment, or changes in the expression of other clock genes). Additionally, our model produces complex responses to various light cues, such as extreme photoperiods and non-24 h environmental cycles, and can describe the control of hypocotyl growth by the clock. Our model constitutes a useful tool to probe dynamical properties of the core clock as well as clock-dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle De Caluwé
- Unité de Chronobiologie Théorique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de BruxellesBrussels, Belgium
| | - Qiying Xiao
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de BruxellesBrussels, Belgium
| | - Christian Hermans
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de BruxellesBrussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Verbruggen
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de BruxellesBrussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Leloup
- Unité de Chronobiologie Théorique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de BruxellesBrussels, Belgium
| | - Didier Gonze
- Unité de Chronobiologie Théorique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de BruxellesBrussels, Belgium
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7
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Karlgren A, Gyllenstrand N, Källman T, Lagercrantz U. Conserved function of core clock proteins in the gymnosperm Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst). PLoS One 2013; 8:e60110. [PMID: 23555899 PMCID: PMC3610754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
From studies of the circadian clock in the plant model species Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), a number of important properties and components have emerged. These include the genes CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1), GIGANTEA (GI), ZEITLUPE (ZTL) and TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 (TOC1 also known as PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR 1 (PRR1)) that via gene expression feedback loops participate in the circadian clock. Here, we present results from ectopic expression of four Norway spruce (Picea abies) putative homologs (PaCCA1, PaGI, PaZTL and PaPRR1) in Arabidopsis, their flowering time, circadian period length, red light response phenotypes and their effect on endogenous clock genes were assessed. For PaCCA1-ox and PaZTL-ox the results were consistent with Arabidopsis lines overexpressing the corresponding Arabidopsis genes. For PaGI consistent results were obtained when expressed in the gi2 mutant, while PaGI and PaPRR1 expressed in wild type did not display the expected phenotypes. These results suggest that protein function of PaCCA1, PaGI and PaZTL are at least partly conserved compared to Arabidopsis homologs, however further studies are needed to reveal the protein function of PaPRR1. Our data suggest that components of the three-loop network typical of the circadian clock in angiosperms were present before the split of gymnosperms and angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karlgren
- Dept. of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Niclas Gyllenstrand
- Dept. of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Uppsala Biocenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Källman
- Dept. of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Lagercrantz
- Dept. of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Lin-Wang K, Bolitho K, Grafton K, Kortstee A, Karunairetnam S, McGhie TK, Espley RV, Hellens RP, Allan AC. An R2R3 MYB transcription factor associated with regulation of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway in Rosaceae. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:50. [PMID: 20302676 PMCID: PMC2923524 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The control of plant anthocyanin accumulation is via transcriptional regulation of the genes encoding the biosynthetic enzymes. A key activator appears to be an R2R3 MYB transcription factor. In apple fruit, skin anthocyanin levels are controlled by a gene called MYBA or MYB1, while the gene determining fruit flesh and foliage anthocyanin has been termed MYB10. In order to further understand tissue-specific anthocyanin regulation we have isolated orthologous MYB genes from all the commercially important rosaceous species. RESULTS We use gene specific primers to show that the three MYB activators of apple anthocyanin (MYB10/MYB1/MYBA) are likely alleles of each other. MYB transcription factors, with high sequence identity to the apple gene were isolated from across the rosaceous family (e.g. apples, pears, plums, cherries, peaches, raspberries, rose, strawberry). Key identifying amino acid residues were found in both the DNA-binding and C-terminal domains of these MYBs. The expression of these MYB10 genes correlates with fruit and flower anthocyanin levels. Their function was tested in tobacco and strawberry. In tobacco, these MYBs were shown to induce the anthocyanin pathway when co-expressed with bHLHs, while over-expression of strawberry and apple genes in the crop of origin elevates anthocyanins. CONCLUSIONS This family-wide study of rosaceous R2R3 MYBs provides insight into the evolution of this plant trait. It has implications for the development of new coloured fruit and flowers, as well as aiding the understanding of temporal-spatial colour change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Lin-Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, (Plant and Food Research), Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karen Bolitho
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, (Plant and Food Research), Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karryn Grafton
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, (Plant and Food Research), Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anne Kortstee
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Postbus 386, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sakuntala Karunairetnam
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, (Plant and Food Research), Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tony K McGhie
- Plant and Food Research, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Richard V Espley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, (Plant and Food Research), Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Roger P Hellens
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, (Plant and Food Research), Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew C Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, (Plant and Food Research), Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
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Mitsuda N, Ohme-Takagi M. Functional analysis of transcription factors in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 50:1232-48. [PMID: 19478073 PMCID: PMC2709548 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcp075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) regulate the expression of genes at the transcriptional level. Modification of TF activity dynamically alters the transcriptome, which leads to metabolic and phenotypic changes. Thus, functional analysis of TFs using 'omics-based' methodologies is one of the most important areas of the post-genome era. In this mini-review, we present an overview of Arabidopsis TFs and introduce strategies for the functional analysis of plant TFs, which include both traditional and recently developed technologies. These strategies can be assigned to five categories: bioinformatic analysis; analysis of molecular function; expression analysis; phenotype analysis; and network analysis for the description of entire transcriptional regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masaru Ohme-Takagi
- Research Institute of Genome-Based Biofactory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 4, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, 305-8562 Japan
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