1
|
Sung CR, Kim BJ, Park CJ, Oh IA, Lee YJ, Park YR, Kwack SJ. Evaluation of the anti-androgenic and cytotoxic effects of benzophenone-3 in male Sprague-Dawley rats. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2024; 87:266-273. [PMID: 38166509 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2300785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Benzophenone-3 (BP-3, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, oxybenzone) is one of the most widely used types of benzophenone organic sunscreen. However, this compound is a potentially harmful toxicant. The aim of this study was 2-fold to: (1) utilize a Hershberger bioassay in vivo in castrated male Sprague-Dawley rats to investigate the anti-androgenic activities of BP-3, and (2) use in vitro a methyl tetrazolium assay to compare the toxicity between Leydig cells (TM3 cells) and mouse fibroblast (NIH-3T3) cell lines. In the Hershberger assay, rats were divided into 6 groups (each of n = 7): a vehicle control, negative control, positive control, PB-3 low (40 mg/kg), BP-3 intermediate (200 mg/kg), and BP-3 high (1000 mg/kg)-dose. The weight of the ventral prostate was significantly decreased at BP-3 doses of 200 or 1,000 mg/kg/day. In addition, the levator anibulbocavernosus muscle weights were also significantly reduced at BP-3 doses of 40, 200, or 1,000 mg/kg/day. In the MTT assay, the viability of NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblast cells was within the normal range. However, the TM3 mouse testis Leydig cell viability was significantly lowered in a concentration-dependent manner. Therefore, data indicate that BP-3 might exert in vivo anti-androgenic and in vitro cytotoxic effects in cells associated with the male reproductive system compared to normal non-reproductive cells.Abbreviation: BP-3: benzophenone-3; CG: Cowper's gland; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; GP: glans penis; LABC: levator anibulbocavernosus muscle; MTT: methyl tetrazolium; NC: negative control; PC: positive control; SV: seminal vesicle; TP: testosterone propionate; VC: vehicle control; VP: ventral prostate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Rim Sung
- Department of Bio Health Science, College of Natural Science, Changwon National University, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Jun Kim
- Nonclinical Research Center, Chemon Inc., Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Ju Park
- Department of Bio Health Science, College of Natural Science, Changwon National University, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - In Ah Oh
- Department of Bio Health Science, College of Natural Science, Changwon National University, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jin Lee
- Department of Bio Health Science, College of Natural Science, Changwon National University, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Rim Park
- Department of Bio Health Science, College of Natural Science, Changwon National University, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jun Kwack
- Department of Bio Health Science, College of Natural Science, Changwon National University, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li J, Zhang H, Li J, Qin N, Wei Q, Li Y, Peng Y, Li H. Assessment of nonylphenol exposure based on global urinary concentration data and its risk analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 244:117903. [PMID: 38109959 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) has been recognized as a priority hazardous substance because of its estrogenic activity and ubiquity in the environment. Therefore, it is important to understand the daily intake of NP in humans and evaluate the potential health risks of NP. The median or average estimated daily intake (EDI) of NP was estimated based on urinary NP or alkyl-chain-oxidized NP metabolites concentration data from published epidemiological studies. In brief, we acquired 34 peer-reviewed publications, which contained 14235 samples from twelve countries or regions. The global average estimated daily intake of NP was 1.003 μg/(kg bw·day), which was lower than the tolerable daily intake recommended by the Danish Veterinary and Food Authority [5 μg/(kg bw·day)]. Korea had the highest exposure level [3.471 μg/(kg bw·day)] among different countries or regions. Compared with the adult [0.743 μg/(kg bw·day)] and pregnant women [0.806 μg/(kg bw·day)] groups, the children group had the highest estimated daily intake of NP at 2.368 μg/(kg bw·day). Besides, the global NP risk hazard quotient was 0.201, and the risk hazard quotients of all countries or regions were less than 1. However, the global HQ value of the 95th quantile population was 2.299, which was much higher than 1, the potential health risk cannot be ignored and needs to be confirmed by more research. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the overall NP exposure levels based on published biomonitoring data, and has important implications for assessing the potential effects of NP exposure on human health. In addition, OH-NP is a robust and sensitive novel biomarker for NP, there are fewer studies on the application of this biomarker, and more studies are needed in the future for quantitative exposure and risk assessment of NP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiemei Li
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hongling Zhang
- School of Health and Nursing, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juanhua Li
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ning Qin
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qiufen Wei
- Division of Neonatology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Yang Peng
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
| | - Han Li
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ringbeck B, Weber T, Bury D, Kasper-Sonnenberg M, Pälmke C, Brüning T, Koch HM, Kolossa-Gehring M. Nonylphenol (NP) exposure in Germany between 1991 and 2021: Urinary biomarker analyses in the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2022; 245:114010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
4
|
Ringbeck B, Bury D, Lee I, Lee G, Alakeel R, Alrashed M, Tosepu R, Jayadipraja EA, Tantrakarnapa K, Kliengchuay W, Brüning T, Choi K, Koch HM. Biomarker-Determined Nonylphenol Exposure and Associated Risks in Children of Thailand, Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:10229-10238. [PMID: 35801963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) is an endocrine disruptor and environmental contaminant. Yet, data on individual body burdens and potential health risks in humans, especially among children, are scarce. We analyzed two specific urinary NP metabolites, hydroxy-NP (OH-NP) and oxo-NP. In contrast to parent NP, OH-NP has a much higher urinary excretion fraction (Fue), and both are insusceptible to external contamination. We investigated spot urine samples from school children of Thailand (n = 104), Indonesia (n = 89), and Saudi Arabia (n = 108) and could quantify OH-NP in 100% of Indonesian and Saudi children (median concentrations: 8.12 and 8.57 μg/L) and in 76% of Thai children (1.07 μg/L). Median oxo-NP concentrations were 0.95, 1.10, and <0.25 μg/L, respectively, in line with its lower Fue. Median daily NP intakes (DIs), back-calculated from urinary OH-NP concentrations, were significantly higher in Indonesia and Saudi Arabia [0.47 and 0.36 μg/(kg bw·d), respectively] than in Thailand [0.06 μg/(kg bw·d)]. Maximum DIs were close to the preliminary tolerable DI of 5 μg/(kg bw·d) from the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. Dominant sources of exposure or relevant exposure pathways could not be readily identified by questionnaire analyses and also potentially varied by region. The novel biomarkers provide long-needed support to the quantitative exposure and risk assessment of NP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Ringbeck
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Bury
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Inae Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gowoon Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Raid Alakeel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - May Alrashed
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramadhan Tosepu
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, University of Halu Oleo, Kendari 93232, Indonesia
| | | | - Kraichat Tantrakarnapa
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi 10400, Thailand
| | - Wissanupong Kliengchuay
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi 10400, Thailand
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Goktepe O, Balcioglu E, Baran M, Cengiz O, Ceyhan A, Suna PA, Bolat D, Yalcin B, Yay A. Protective effects of melatonin on female rat ovary treated with nonylphenol. Biotech Histochem 2022; 98:13-19. [PMID: 35611760 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2022.2075566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated using histochemistry and immunohistochemistry ovarian damage caused by nonylphenol (NP) and the protective effect of melatonin treatment of NP induced ovarian damage. We used 21 female rats divided randomly into three groups: control, NP and melatonin + NP. Histopathological examination of the ovaries, and counting and classification of follicles were performed using Masson's trichrome staining. Expression of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 was detected in the ovaries using immunohistochemistry. Melatonin had an ameliorative effect on NP induced follicular atresia and absence of corpora lutea. More follicles were observed in the ovaries of animals treated with melatonin prior to treatment with NP. AMH immunoreactivity was significantly lower in the NP group than in the melatonin + NP group. NP increased immunostaining for Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3. Melatonin significantly reduced the increased expression of Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 due to NP exposure. We found that pretreatment with melatonin is beneficial for protecting the ovaries from damage by NP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Goktepe
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Esra Balcioglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Munevver Baran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Basic Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ozge Cengiz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ayse Ceyhan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Pinar Alisan Suna
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Demet Bolat
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Betul Yalcin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Arzu Yay
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ringbeck B, Bury D, Ikeda-Araki A, Ait Bamai Y, Ketema RM, Miyashita C, Brüning T, Kishi R, Koch HM. Nonylphenol exposure in 7-year-old Japanese children between 2012 and 2017- Estimation of daily intakes based on novel urinary metabolites. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 161:107145. [PMID: 35168185 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) has been under scrutiny for decades due to its endocrine-disrupting properties and its ubiquity in the environment. Despite its widespread occurrence, robust and reliable exposure data are rare. In this study, we used human biomonitoring (HBM) measuring the novel urinary alkyl-chain-oxidized biomarkers OH-NP and oxo-NP to determine NP exposure in 7-year-old Japanese children. The new biomarkers are advantageous over measuring unchanged NP because they are not prone to external contamination. We analyzed 180 first morning void urine samples collected between 2012 and 2017. OH-NP and oxo-NP were detected in 100% and 66% of samples at median concentrations of 2.69 and 0.36 µg/L, respectively. 10-fold concentration differences between OH-NP and oxo-NP are in line with recent findings on human NP metabolism. Based on OH-NP we back-calculated median and maximum NP daily intakes (DI) of 0.14 and 0.95 µg/(kg bw*d). These DIs are rather close to but still below the current provisional tolerable daily intake of 5 µg/(kg bw*d) by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. Between 2012 and 2017 the DIs decreased by an average of 4.7% per year. We observed no seasonal changes or gender differences and questionnaire data on food consumption, housing characteristics or pesticide use showed no clear associations with NP exposure. Urinary OH-NP was weakly associated with the oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation) biomarkers N-ε-hexanoyl-lysine (HEL) and trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) (Spearman ρ = 0.30 and 0.22, respectively), but not with 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Further research is needed to identify and understand the major sources of NP exposure and to investigate a potential role in oxidative stress. This study is the first to investigate NP exposure in Japanese children based on robust and sensitive HBM data. It is a first step to fill the long-standing gap in quantitative human NP exposure monitoring and risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Ringbeck
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Daniel Bury
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Atsuko Ikeda-Araki
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 7, Sapporo, Japan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 5, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Yu Ait Bamai
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 7, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Rahel Mesfin Ketema
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 7, Sapporo, Japan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 5, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 7, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 7, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ringbeck B, Belov VN, Schmidtkunz C, Küpper K, Gries W, Weiss T, Brüning T, Hayen H, Bury D, Leng G, Koch HM. Human Metabolism and Urinary Excretion Kinetics of Nonylphenol in Three Volunteers after a Single Oral Dose. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:2392-2403. [PMID: 34735116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) is an endocrine-disrupting anthropogenic chemical that is ubiquitous in the environment. Human biomonitoring data and knowledge on internal NP exposure are still sparse, and its human metabolism is largely unknown. Therefore, in this study, we investigated human metabolism and urinary excretion of NP. Three male volunteers received a single oral dose of 1 mg 13C6-labeled NP (10.6-11.7 μg/kg body weight). Consecutive full urine voids were collected for 48 h. A metabolite screening identified nine ring- and/or side chain-oxidized metabolites. We chose the most promising hits, the alkyl chain-oxidized metabolites hydroxy-NP (OH-NP) and oxo-NP, for quantitative investigation next to the parent NP. For this purpose, we newly synthesized specific n - 1-oxidized monoisomeric analytical standards. Quantification of the polyisomeric metabolites was performed via online-solid phase extraction-LC-MS/MS with stable isotope dilution using a previously published consensus method. Alkyl chain hydroxylation (OH-NP) constituted the major metabolism pathway representing 43.7 or 62.2% (depending on the mass transition used for quantification) of the NP dose excreted in urine. The urinary excretion fraction (FUE) for oxo-NP was 6.0 or 9.3%. The parent NP, quantified via an analogous isomeric 13C6-NP standard, represented 6.6%. All target analytes were excreted predominately as glucuronic acid conjugates. Excretion was rather quick, with concentration maxima in urine 2.3-3.4 h after dosing and biphasic elimination kinetics (elimination half-times first phase: 1.0-1.5 h and second phase: 5.2-6.8 h). Due to its high FUE and insusceptibility to external contamination (contrary to parent NP), OH-NP represents a robust and sensitive novel exposure biomarker for NP. The novel FUEs enable to robustly back-calculate the overall NP intakes from urinary metabolite levels in population samples for a well-informed cumulative exposure and risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Ringbeck
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Vladimir N Belov
- Facility for Synthetic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (MPI BPC), Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Katja Küpper
- Currenta GmbH & Co. OHG, Institute of Biomonitoring, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Gries
- Currenta GmbH & Co. OHG, Institute of Biomonitoring, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Tobias Weiss
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Bury
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Gabriele Leng
- Currenta GmbH & Co. OHG, Institute of Biomonitoring, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Park HJ, Lee R, Yoo H, Hong K, Song H. Nonylphenol Induces Apoptosis through ROS/JNK Signaling in a Spermatogonia Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010307. [PMID: 33396729 PMCID: PMC7796095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) is an endocrine-disruptor chemical that negatively affects reproductive health. Testes exposure to NP results in testicular structure disruption and a reduction in testicular size and testosterone levels. However, the effects of NP on spermatogonia in testes have not been fully elucidated. In this study, the molecular mechanisms of NP in GC-1 spermatogonia (spg) cells were investigated. We found that cell viability significantly decreased and apoptosis increased in a dose-dependent manner when GC-1 spg cells were exposed to NP. Furthermore, the expression levels of the pro-apoptotic proteins increased, whereas anti-apoptosis markers decreased in NP-exposed GC-1 spg cells. We also found that NP increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, suggesting that ROS-induced activation of the MAPK signaling pathway is the molecular mechanism of NP-induced apoptosis in GC-1 spg cells. Thus, NP could induce c-Jun phosphorylation; dose-dependent expression of JNK, MKK4, p53, and p38; and the subsequent inhibition of ERK1/2 and MEK1/2 phosphorylation. The genes involved in apoptosis and JNK signaling were also upregulated in GC-1 spg cells treated with NP compared to those in the controls. Our findings suggest that NP induces apoptosis through ROS/JNK signaling in GC-1 spg cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hyuk Song
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-450-0562
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim YB, Cheon YP, Choi D, Lee SH. Histological Analysis of Reproductive System in Low-Dose Nonylphenol-treated F1 Female Mice. Dev Reprod 2020; 24:159-165. [PMID: 33110947 PMCID: PMC7576963 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2020.24.3.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported adverse effects of low-dose nonylphenol (NP) exposure on
the reproductive parameters of F1 female mice. In the present study we further
investigated the pathohistological effect of NP exposure on the reproductive
organs in F1 female mice. NP exposures were continuously conducted from parental
pre-mating period until the postnatal day (PND) 33 of F1 offspring for vaginal
examination. Mice were sacrificed on PND 30 and the reproductive tissue weights
were measured. The initial (at PND 21) body weights of the NP-50 group animals
were significantly lower than those of control group animals, and the weight
deficit were recovered when the terminal (PND 33) body weights were measured.
Early vaginal opening was found in NP group animals
(p<0.05). Pathohistological studies revealed that
NP-treated F1 animals showed prominent increase in the ovarian follicle numbers
(p<0.01), and decrease in the diameter of uterine
myometrium (p<0.01), and increase in the diameter of
luminal epithelium (p<0.05). The present study
demonstrated that the subchronic low-dose NP exposure induced early beginning of
puberty and pathohistological abnormalities in ovary and uterus of F1 mice.
Further studies are needed to achieve a better understanding on the action
mechanism of NP in pubertal onset and to find a way to avoid a hazardous
situation provoked by NP exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Bin Kim
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea
| | - Yong-Pil Cheon
- Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, School of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Sungshin University, Seoul 02844, Korea
| | - Donchan Choi
- Dept. of Life Science, College of Environmental Sciences, Yong-In University, Yongin 17092, Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Lee
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kim YB, Cheon YP, Choi D, Lee SH. Adverse Effect of Nonylphenol on the Reproductive System in F2 Male Mice : A Qualitative Change? Dev Reprod 2019; 23:255-262. [PMID: 31660452 PMCID: PMC6812968 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2019.23.3.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported negative effects of low-dose nonylphenol (NP) exposure on
the reproductive organs of F1 male mice. In the present study was further
investigated the endocrine disrupting effect of NP exposure to F2 generation
male mice. Mice were divided into 2 groups; (1) CON, control animals and (2)
NP-50 (50 μg/L), animals were treated with NP via drinking water. NP
exposures were continuously conducted from parental pre-mating period until the
postnatal day (PND) 55 of F2 offsprings. Mice were sacrificed on PND 55 and the
reproductive tissue weights were measured. The initial (at PND 21) and terminal
(PND 55) body weights of the NP-50 group animals were not significantly
different from those of control group animals. NP exposure fail to induce a
significant weight change of the testes, seminal vesicle and prostate except
absolute epididymal weight (p<0.05). However,
pathohistological studies revealed that NP-treated F2 animals showed evident
decrease in seminiferous tubule diameters, reduced luminal area and number of
germ cells. Also, sloughing morphologies in the tubules were notable. In the
caudal epididymis, fewer mature sperms and swollen epithelial cells were found
in the NP-treated group. The present study demonstrated that the subchronic
low-dose NP exposure induced pathohistological abnormalities in testis and
epididymis of F2 mice, and we assumed that these ‘qualitative’
changes in reproductive tissues could be derived from the epigenetic
modifications such as DNA methylation, histone modification, altered DNA
accessibility and chromatin structure. Further studies are needed to achieve a
better understanding on the multi- or trans-generational effects of NP on
the reproductive health and a human application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Bin Kim
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea
| | - Yong-Pil Cheon
- Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, Dept. of Lifetechnology, Sungshin University, Seoul 02844, Korea
| | - Donchan Choi
- Dept. of Life Science, College of Environmental Sciences, Yong-In University, Yongin 17092, Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Lee
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim J, Cha S, Lee MY, Hwang YJ, Yang E, Choi D, Lee SH, Cheon YP. Chronic and Low Dose Exposure to Nonlyphenol or Di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate Alters Cell Proliferation and the Localization of Steroid Hormone Receptors in Uterine Endometria in Mice. Dev Reprod 2019; 23:263-275. [PMID: 31660453 PMCID: PMC6812976 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2019.23.3.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Based on our preliminary results, we examined the possible role of low-dose and
chronic-exposing of the chemicals those are known as endocrine disrupting
chemical (EDC), on the proliferation of uterine endometrium and the localization
of steroid receptors. Immunohistochemical or immunofluorochemical methodology
were employed to evaluate the localization of antigen identified by monoclonal
antibody Ki 67 protein (MKI67), estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), estrogen receptor 2
(ESR2), and progesterone receptor (PGR). In 133 μg/L and 1,330
μg/L di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and 50 μg/L nonylphenol
(NP) groups, the ratio of MKI67 positive stromal cells was significantly
increased but not in 500 μg/L NP group. The ratios of MKI67 positive
glandular and luminal epithelial cells were also changed by the chronic
administration of NP and DEHP in tissue with dose specific manner. ESR1 signals
were localized in nucleus in glandular and luminal epithelia of control group
but its localization was mainly in cytoplasm in DEHP and NP administered groups.
On the other hand, it was decreased at nucleus of stromal cells in 1,330
μg/L DEHP group. The colocalization patterns of these nuclear receptors
were also modified by the administration of these chemicals. Such a tissue
specific and dose specific localization of ESR2 and PGR were detected as ESR1 in
all the uterine endometrial tissues. These results show that the chronic
lows-dose exposing of NP or DEHP modify the localization and colocalization of
ESRs and PGR, and of the proliferation patterns of the endometrial tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juhye Kim
- Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, Dept. of Biotechnology, Sungshin University, Seoul 02844, Korea
| | - Sunyeong Cha
- Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, Dept. of Biotechnology, Sungshin University, Seoul 02844, Korea
| | - Min Young Lee
- Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, Dept. of Biotechnology, Sungshin University, Seoul 02844, Korea
| | - Yeon Jeong Hwang
- Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, Dept. of Biotechnology, Sungshin University, Seoul 02844, Korea
| | - Eunhyeok Yang
- Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, Dept. of Biotechnology, Sungshin University, Seoul 02844, Korea
| | - Donchan Choi
- Dept. of Life Science, College of Environmental Sciences, Yong-In University, Yongin 17092, Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Lee
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea
| | - Yong-Pil Cheon
- Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, Dept. of Biotechnology, Sungshin University, Seoul 02844, Korea
| |
Collapse
|