1
|
Ali Moloudi, Ali Reza Zarei. Adsorptive Degradation of Perchlorate as a Persistent Inorganic Pollutant (PIP) from Industrial Wastewater Using of a Novel Reducing Magnetic Organoclay: Toward Facile Removal of Perchlorate. J WATER CHEM TECHNO+ 2021. [DOI: 10.3103/s1063455x21040093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
2
|
Determination of Thresholds of Radioactive Iodine Uptake Response With Clinical Exposure to Perchlorate. J Occup Environ Med 2018; 60:e199-e206. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
3
|
Abstract
Perchlorate is an endocrine-disrupting chemical that interferes with the normal functioning of the thyroid gland. Maternal thyroid dysfunction during gestation may alter fetal brain development. Perchlorate contamination is widespread: it is present in the body of all Americans tested and the majority of foods tested. The main sources of food contamination appear to be hypochlorite bleach, a disinfectant and sanitizer, that when poorly managed quickly degrades to perchlorate and perchlorate-laden plastic food packaging for dry food or localized contamination from manufacturing or processing of the chemical. Eliminating perchlorate from food packaging and improving bleach management, such as reducing concentration and storage time and temperature, would result in reduced perchlorate contamination of food and water.
Collapse
|
4
|
Erdemgil Y, Gözet T, Can Ö, Ünsal İ, Özpınar A. Perchlorate levels found in tap water collected from several cities in Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:158. [PMID: 26869048 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate is an inorganic anion that inhibits iodide transport to the thyroid by sodium-iodide transporters. Because perchlorate is highly soluble, stable, and mobile in water, drinking water is a potential source of perchlorate exposure. When exposed to perchlorate, thyroid dysfunction can be observed in sensitive populations (pregnant woman, infants, and children), especially those with iodide deficiency. The aim of this study was to determine the perchlorate levels in tap water from five cities in Turkey. Perchlorate concentrations of 145 tap water samples collected from Ankara, Isparta, Istanbul, Kayseri, and Sakarya were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Mean and median values were found to be 0.15 and 0.07 μg/L, respectively. The median values (25-75 % percentile) of Istanbul, Ankara, Sakarya, Isparta, and Kayseri were 0.08 μg/L (0.04-0.09 μg/L), 0.07 μg/L (0.07-0.21 μg/L), 0.04 μg/L (0.04-0.04 μg/L), 0.03 μg/L (0.02-0.07 μg/L), and 0.25 μg/L (0.23-0.31 μg/L), respectively. The median perchlorate level observed in Kayseri was significantly higher than those found at other cities (p < 0.05). Perchlorate concentrations in water samples were lower than the interim drinking water health advisory level (15 μg/L) determined by the US Environmental Protection Agency. This study showed that perchlorate in drinking water is not the main source of exposure in these cities. Future studies should be performed to determine perchlorate levels in other potential sources, such as food products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiğit Erdemgil
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuba Gözet
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özge Can
- School of Medical Engineering, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Ünsal
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysel Özpınar
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Javidi A, Rafiei N, Amin MM, Hovsepian S, Hashemipour M, Kelishadi R, Taghian Z, Mofateh S, Poursafa P. The Relationship between Perchlorate in Drinking Water and Cord Blood Thyroid Hormones: First Experience from Iran. Int J Prev Med 2015; 6:17. [PMID: 25789149 PMCID: PMC4362289 DOI: 10.4103/2008-7802.151826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Considering the controversial information regarding the effects of perchlorate on thyroid function of high risk population as neonates, and given the high prevalence rate of thyroid disorders specially congenital hypothyroidism in our region, this study aims to investigate for the first time in Iran, the relationship between drinking groundwater perchlorate and cord blood thyroid hormones level in an industrial region. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, drinking groundwater perchlorate level of rural areas of Zarinshahr, Isfahan was measured. Simultaneously, cord blood level of thyroid hormones of neonates born in the studied region was measured. Thyroid function test of neonates in regions with low and high perchlorate level were compared. Results: In this study, 25 tap water samples were obtained for perchlorate measurement. Level of cord blood thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), T4 and T3 of 25 neonates were measured. Mean (standard deviation) of perchlorate, TSH, T4 and T3 was 3.59 (5.10) μg/l, 7.81 (4.14) mIU/m, 6.06 (0.85) mg/dl, and 63.46 (17.53) mg/dl, respectively. Mean levels of thyroid function tests were not different in low (<5 μg/l) and high level of drinking ground water perchlorate (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Perchlorate did not appear to be related to thyroid function of neonates in the studied industrial region. It seems that iodine status of the regions, as well as other environmental contaminants and genetic background, could impact on its relation with thyroid function of neonates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Javidi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nasim Rafiei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Amin
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Silva Hovsepian
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahin Hashemipour
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Roya Kelishadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Taghian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Samaneh Mofateh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parinaz Poursafa
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wan Y, Wu Q, Abualnaja KO, Asimakopoulos AG, Covaci A, Gevao B, Johnson-Restrepo B, Kumosani TA, Malarvannan G, Moon HB, Nakata H, Sinha RK, Minh TB, Kannan K. Occurrence of perchlorate in indoor dust from the United States and eleven other countries: implications for human exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 75:166-171. [PMID: 25461426 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate is a widespread environmental contaminant and potent thyroid hormone disrupting compound. Despite this, very little is known with regard to the occurrence of this compound in indoor dust and the exposure of humans to perchlorate through dust ingestion. In this study, 366 indoor dust samples were collected from 12 countries, the USA, Colombia, Greece, Romania, Japan, Korea, Pakistan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, India, Vietnam, and China, during 2010-2014. Dust samples were extracted by 1% (v/v) methylamine in water. Analyte separation was achieved by an ion exchange (AS-21) column and analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The overall concentrations of perchlorate in dust were in the range of 0.02-104μg/g (geometric mean: 0.41μg/g). The indoor dust samples from China contained the highest concentrations (geometric mean: 5.38μg/g). No remarkable differences in perchlorate concentrations in dust were found among various microenvironments (i.e., car, home, office, and laboratory). The estimated median daily intake (EDI) of perchlorate for toddlers through dust ingestion in the USA, Colombia, Greece, Romania, Japan, Korea, Pakistan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, India, Vietnam, and China was 1.89, 0.37, 1.71, 0.74, 4.90, 7.20, 0.60, 0.80, 1.55, 0.70, 2.15, and 21.3ng/kgbodyweight (bw)/day, respectively. Although high concentrations of perchlorate were measured in some dust samples, the contribution of dust to total perchlorate intake was <5% of the total perchlorate intake in humans. This is the first multinational survey on the occurrence of perchlorate in indoor dust.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjian Wan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States; CDC of Changjiang River Administration and Navigational Affairs, General Hospital of the Yangtze River Shipping, Wuhan 430019, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States
| | - Khalid O Abualnaja
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexandros G Asimakopoulos
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bondi Gevao
- Environmental Management Program, Environment and Life Sciences Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait
| | - Boris Johnson-Restrepo
- Environmental and Chemistry Group, Sede San Pablo, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Bolívar 130015, Colombia
| | - Taha A Kumosani
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Govindan Malarvannan
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Haruhiko Nakata
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | | | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Eguchi A, Kunisue T, Wu Q, Trang PTK, Viet PH, Kannan K, Tanabe S. Occurrence of perchlorate and thiocyanate in human serum from e-waste recycling and reference sites in Vietnam: association with thyroid hormone and iodide levels. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 67:29-41. [PMID: 24718699 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate (ClO4 (-)) and thiocyanate (SCN(-)) interfere with iodide (I(-)) uptake by the sodium/iodide symporter, and thereby these anions may affect the production of thyroid hormones (THs) in the thyroid gland. Although human exposure to perchlorate and thiocyanate has been studied in the United States and Europe, few investigations have been performed in Asian countries. In this study, we determined concentrations of perchlorate, thiocyanate, and iodide in 131 serum samples collected from 2 locations in Northern Vietnam, Bui Dau (BD; electrical and electronic waste [e-waste] recycling site) and Doung Quang (DQ; rural site) and examined the association between serum levels of these anions with levels of THs. The median concentrations of perchlorate, thiocyanate, and iodide detected in the serum of Vietnamese subjects were 0.104, 2020, and 3.11 ng mL(-1), respectively. Perchlorate levels were significantly greater in serum of the BD population (median 0.116 ng mL(-1)) than those in the DQ population (median 0.086 ng mL(-1)), which indicated greater exposure from e-waste recycling operations by the former. Serum concentrations of thiocyanate were not significantly different between the BD and DQ populations, but increased levels of this anion were observed among smokers. Iodide was a significant positive predictor of serum levels of FT3 and TT3 and a significant negative predictor of thyroid-stimulating hormone in males. When the association between serum levels of perchlorate or thiocyanate and THs was assessed using a stepwise multiple linear regression model, no significant correlations were found. In addition to greater concentrations of perchlorate detected in the e-waste recycling population, however, given that lower concentrations of iodide were observed in the serum of Vietnamese females, detailed risk assessments on TH homeostasis for females inhabiting e-waste recycling sites, especially for pregnant women and their neonates, are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Eguchi
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Phillips MB, Sobus JR, George BJ, Isaacs K, Conolly R, Tan YM. A new method for generating distributions of biomonitoring equivalents to support exposure assessment and prioritization. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 69:434-42. [PMID: 24845241 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biomonitoring data are now available for hundreds of chemicals through state and national health surveys. Exposure guidance values also exist for many of these chemicals. Several methods are frequently used to evaluate biomarker data with respect to a guidance value. The "biomonitoring equivalent" (BE) approach estimates a single biomarker concentration (called the BE) that corresponds to a guidance value (e.g., Maximum Contaminant Level, Reference Dose, etc.), which can then be compared with measured biomarker data. The resulting "hazard quotient" estimates (HQ=biomarker concentration/BE) can then be used to prioritize chemicals for follow-up examinations. This approach is used exclusively for population-level assessments, and works best when the central tendency of measurement data is considered. Complementary approaches are therefore needed for assessing individual biomarker levels, particularly those that fall within the upper percentiles of measurement distributions. In this case study, probabilistic models were first used to generate distributions of BEs for perchlorate based on the point-of-departure (POD) of 7μg/kg/day. These distributions reflect possible biomarker concentrations in a hypothetical population where all individuals are exposed at the POD. A statistical analysis was then performed to evaluate urinary perchlorate measurements from adults in the 2001 to 2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Each NHANES adult was assumed to have experienced repeated exposure at the POD, and their biomarker concentration was interpreted probabilistically with respect to a BE distribution. The HQ based on the geometric mean (GM) urinary perchlorate concentration was estimated to be much lower than unity (HQ≈0.07). This result suggests that the average NHANES adult was exposed to perchlorate at a level well below the POD. Regarding individuals, at least a 99.8% probability was calculated for all but two NHANES adults that a higher biomarker concentration would have been observed compared to what was actually measured if the daily dietary exposure had been at the POD. This is strong evidence that individual perchlorate exposures in the 2001-2002 NHANES adult population were likely well below the POD. This case study demonstrates that the "stochastic BE approach" provides useful quantitative metrics, in addition to HQ estimates, for comparison across chemicals. This methodology should be considered when evaluating biomarker measurements against exposure guidance values, and when examining chemicals that have been identified as needing follow-up investigation based on existing HQ estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin B Phillips
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Jon R Sobus
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Barbara J George
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Kristin Isaacs
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Rory Conolly
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Yu-Mei Tan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ozpinar A, Kelestimur F, Songur Y, Can O, Valentin L, Caldwell K, Arikan E, Unsal I, Serteser M, Inal T, Erdemgil Y, Coskun A, Bakirci N, Sezgin O, Blount B. Iodine status in Turkish populations and exposure to iodide uptake inhibitors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88206. [PMID: 24505430 PMCID: PMC3914924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate are competitive inhibitors of the sodium iodide symporter of the thyroid membrane. These inhibitors can decrease iodine uptake by the symporter into the thyroid gland and may disrupt thyroid function. This study assesses iodine status and exposure to iodide uptake inhibitors of non-pregnant and non-lactating adult women living in three different cities in Turkey (Istanbul, Isparta and Kayseri). We measured iodine and iodide uptake inhibitors in 24-hr urines collected from study participants (N = 255). All three study populations were mildly iodine deficient, with median urinary iodine (UI) levels of 77.5 µg/L in Istanbul, 58.8 µg/L in Isparta, and 69.8 µg/L in Kayseri. Perchlorate doses were higher in the study population (median 0.13 µg/kg/day), compared with a reference population (median 0.059 µg/kg/day), but lower than the U.S. EPA reference dose (0.7 µg/kg/day). Urinary thiocyanate levels increased with increasing exposure to tobacco smoke, with non-smokers (268 µg/L) significantly lower than light smokers (1110 µg/L), who were significantly lower than heavy smokers (2410 µg/L). This pilot study provides novel data indicating that study participants were moderately iodine deficient and had higher intakes of the iodide uptake inhibitor perchlorate compared with a reference population. Further investigation is needed to characterize the thyroid impact resulting from iodine deficiency coupled with exposure to iodide uptake inhibitors such as perchlorate, thiocyanate and nitrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aysel Ozpinar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Yildiran Songur
- School of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Ozge Can
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Liza Valentin
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Caldwell
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Ibrahim Unsal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Serteser
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tamer Inal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yigit Erdemgil
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdurrahman Coskun
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nadi Bakirci
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Sezgin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Acibadem Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ben Blount
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kirk AB, Dyke JV, Ohira SI, Dasgupta PK. Relative source contributions for perchlorate exposures in a lactating human cohort. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 443:939-943. [PMID: 23253938 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate is an iodine-uptake inhibitor and common contaminant of food and drinking water. Understanding the amount of perchlorate exposure occurring through non-water sources is essential for accurate estimates of human exposure levels, and establishment of drinking water limits for this pervasive contaminant. The study objective was to determine the amount of perchlorate intake derived from diet rather than water. Subjects provided drinking water samples, detailed fluid-intake records, 24h urine collections and four milk samples for nine days. Samples were analyzed for perchlorate by isotope dilution ion chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Amounts of perchlorate derived from drinking water and dietary sources were calculated for each individual. Water of local origin was found to contribute a minor fraction of perchlorate intake. Estimated fraction intake from drinking water ranged from 0 to 36%. The mean and median dose of perchlorate derived from non-water sources by lactating women was 0.18 μg/kg/day (range: 0.06 to 0.36 μg/kg/day.) Lactating women consumed more fluid (mean 2.424 L/day) than has been assumed in recent risk assessments for perchlorate. The data reported here indicate that lactating women may be exposed to perchlorate through dietary sources at markedly higher levels than estimated previously. Exposures to perchlorate from non-water sources may be higher than recent estimates, including those used to develop drinking water standards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B Kirk
- University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zoeller RT. Endocrine Disruption of the Thyroid and its Consequences in Development. RESEARCH AND PERSPECTIVES IN ENDOCRINE INTERACTIONS 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-22775-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
12
|
The Epidemiology of Environmental Perchlorate Exposure and Thyroid Function: A Comprehensive Review. J Occup Environ Med 2010; 52:653-60. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3181e31955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|