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Gebregziabher SM, Yalew AW, Sime H, Abera A. Molecular detection of waterborne pathogens in infants' drinking water and their relationship with water quality determinants in eastern Ethiopia: loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)-based study. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2024; 22:1-20. [PMID: 38295069 PMCID: wh_2023_201 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium, Shigella, toxin-producing Escherichia coli, and rotavirus were reported to be the most responsible for severe and fatal diarrhea among infants. This study aimed to investigate the presence of these pathogens in infants' drinking water samples and analyzing using water quality determinants in eastern Ethiopia. A molecular (LAMP)-based cross-sectional study design was employed. A total of 410 and 37 water samples were tested from infant point-of-use at household and corresponding water source, respectively, from June 2020 to May, 2021. Cryptosporidium, Shigella, toxin-producing E. coli, and rotavirus were detected in 28.5, 30.0, 26.3, and 32.2%, of water samples tested from infant point-of-use, respectively. About 13.2% of the water samples were positive for all (four) pathogens together. Cryptosporidium, Shigella, toxin-producing E. coli, and rotavirus were detected in 27.0, 32.4, 29.7, and 37.8%, of water samples tested from water sources, respectively. Positive significant correlation was observed between infant point-of-consumption and water sources from which it is drawn toward the presence of each targeted pathogen. Unimproved water source showed a strong significant association with the presence of Cryptosporidium, Shigella and toxin-producing E. coli. Therefore, efforts should be made in development of improved water sources, source protection safety and health education to caretakers of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alemayehu Worku Yalew
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Heven Sime
- Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, EPHI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adugna Abera
- Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, EPHI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Huygens J, Rasschaert G, Cottyn B, Dewulf J, Van Coillie E, Willekens K, Quataert P, Becue I, Daeseleire E, Heyndrickx M. The impact of antibiotic residues on resistance patterns in leek at harvest. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16052. [PMID: 37215782 PMCID: PMC10192768 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
When crops are cultivated on fields fertilized with animal manure, the risk exists that plants may take up antibiotic residues and may be exposed to antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic resistant bacteria. During cultivation in a greenhouse pot experiment, leek (Allium porrum) was fertilized with either pig slurry or mineral fertilizer and exposed to either no antibiotics, doxycycline (10,000 μg/kg manure), sulfadiazine (1000 μg/kg manure), or lincomycin (1000 μg/kg manure). At harvest, 4.5 months later, lincomycin, sulfadiazine or doxycycline were not detected in any of the leek samples nor in their corresponding soil samples. Further, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on 181 Bacillus cereus group isolates and 52 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from the grown leek. For the B. cereus group isolates, only a small shift in MIC50 for lincomycin was observed among isolates from the lincomycin and control treatment. For P. aeruginosa, only in the setup with doxycycline treatment a higher MIC50 for doxycycline was observed compared to the control, specifically the isolates selected from growth media supplemented with 8 mg/L doxycycline. Nine antibiotic resistance genes (tet(B), tet(L), tet(M), tet(O), tet(Q), tet(W), erm(B), erm(F) and sul2) were investigated at harvest in the leek and soil samples. In the leek samples, none of the antibiotic resistance genes were detected. In the soil samples fertilized with pig slurry, the genes erm(B), erm(F), tet(M), sul2, tet(W) and tet(O) were detected in significantly higher copy numbers in the lincomycin treatment as compared to the other antibiotic treatments. This could be due to a shift in soil microbiota induced by the addition of lincomycin. The results of this study indicate that consumption of leek carries a low risk of exposure to antibiotic residues or antibiotic resistance to doxycycline, sulfadiazine or lincomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Huygens
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Geertrui Rasschaert
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Bart Cottyn
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Science Unit, Caritasstraat 39, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction an Population Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Els Van Coillie
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Koen Willekens
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Science Unit, Caritasstraat 39, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Paul Quataert
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Science Unit, Caritasstraat 39, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Ilse Becue
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Els Daeseleire
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Farjami A, Jalilzadeh S, Siahi-Shadbad M, Lotfipour F. The anti-biofilm activity of hydrogen peroxide against Escherichia coli strain FL-Tbz isolated from a pharmaceutical water system. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2022; 20:1497-1505. [PMID: 36308494 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2022.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms are considered a significant reason for the failure of disinfection strategies in industrial water systems due to their resistance to antimicrobial agents. This study is designed to investigate the anti-biofilm activity of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at combinations of temperatures and contact times. For this purpose, an in vitro microtiter plate (MTP)-based model system was used for biofilm formation using Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain FL-Tbz isolated from the water system of a pharmaceutical plant. To investigate the anti-biofilm activity of H2O2, it was added at different concentrations (2-7% v/v) to biofilms and incubated at different temperatures (20-60 °C) for 10-40 min to find effective conditions to eradicate biofilms. Maximum biofilms were formed when bacterial suspensions were incubated at 37 °C for 96 h. The rate of biofilm formation using an environmental isolate was higher than that of standard strain. H2O2 at concentrations of ≥6.25% (v/v) at temperatures of ≥40 °C incubated for ≥25 min significantly eradicated the biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Farjami
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran E-mail: ; Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sina Jalilzadeh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Siahi-Shadbad
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran E-mail: ; Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Lotfipour
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran E-mail: ; Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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Paruch L. Molecular Diagnostic Tools Applied for Assessing Microbial Water Quality. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:5128. [PMID: 35564522 PMCID: PMC9105083 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microbial water quality is of vital importance for human, animal, and environmental health. Notably, pathogenically contaminated water can result in serious health problems, such as waterborne outbreaks, which have caused huge economic and social losses. In this context, the prompt detection of microbial contamination becomes essential to enable early warning and timely reaction with proper interventions. Recently, molecular diagnostics have been increasingly employed for the rapid and robust assessment of microbial water quality implicated by various microbial pollutants, e.g., waterborne pathogens and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs), imposing the most critical health threats to humans and the environment. Continuous technological advances have led to constant improvements and expansions of molecular methods, such as conventional end-point PCR, DNA microarray, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), multiplex qPCR (mqPCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), digital droplet PCR (ddPCR), and high-throughput next-generation DNA sequencing (HT-NGS). These state-of-the-art molecular approaches largely facilitate the surveillance of microbial water quality in diverse aquatic systems and wastewater. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the advancement of the key molecular tools frequently employed for microbial water quality assessment, with future perspectives on their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Paruch
- Division of Environment and Natural Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research-NIBIO Oluf Thesens vei 43, 1433 Aas, Norway
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Farjami A, Hatami MS, Siahi-Shadbad M, Lotfipour F. Peracetic acid Activity on Biofilm Formed by Escherichia coli Isolated from an Industrial Water System. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 74:613-621. [PMID: 34984695 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the major problems in industrial water systems is the generation of biofilm, which is resistant to antimicrobial agents and causes failure of sanitization policy. This work aimed to study the anti-biofilm activity of peracetic acid (PAA) at contact times and temperatures combinations. To this end, a 96 well microtiter-based calorimetric method was applied in in vitro biofilm production using Ecsherichia coli, isolated from the water supply system of a pharmaceutical plant. The phenotypic and phylogenetic tests confirmed the isolated bacteria belong to strains of Ecsherichia coli. The anti-biofilm activity of peracetic acid on formed biofilm was investigated at concentrations of 0.15-0.5% for a contact time of 5-15 min at 20°C to 60°C. The maximum biofilm formation by MTP method using an Ecsherichia coli isolate was achieved in 96 h incubation in TSB containing wells at 37°C. Biofilm formation rate showed to be high by the environmental isolate compared with that of standard strain. PAA at concentrations above 0.25%, the temperature of 40°C, and a minimum of 10 minutes of contact time was effective in the eradication of biofilm in an MPT-based system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Farjami
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammadreza Siahi-Shadbad
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Lotfipour
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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A One Health Review of Community-Acquired Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli in India. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182212089. [PMID: 34831844 PMCID: PMC8625392 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182212089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens to undermine nearly a century of progress since the first use of antimicrobial compounds. There is an increasing recognition of the links between antimicrobial use and AMR in humans, animals, and the environment (i.e., One Health) and the spread of AMR between these domains and around the globe. This systematic review applies a One Health approach-including humans, animals, and the environment-to characterize AMR in Escherichia coli in India. E. coli is an ideal species because it is readily shared between humans and animals, its transmission can be tracked more easily than anaerobes, it can survive and grow outside of the host environment, and it can mobilize AMR genes more easily than other intestinal bacteria. This review synthesized evidence from 38 studies examining antimicrobial-resistant E. coli (AR-E) across India. Studies of AR-E came from 18 states, isolated from different sample sources: Humans (n = 7), animals (n = 7), the environment (n = 20), and combinations of these categories, defined as interdisciplinary (n = 4). Several studies measured the prevalence of AMR in relation to last-line antimicrobials, including carbapenems (n = 11), third-generation cephalosporins (n = 18), and colistin (n = 4). Most studies included only one dimension of the One Health framework, highlighting the need for more studies that aim to characterize the relationship of AMR across different reservoirs of E. coli.
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Ranjan R, Thatikonda S. β-Lactam Resistance Gene NDM-1 in the Aquatic Environment: A Review. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:3634-3643. [PMID: 34410464 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02630-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New Delhi Metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) offers carbapenem antibiotics resistance that creates an evolving challenge in treating bacterial infections. NDM-1-bearing strains were observed in surface waters around New Delhi in 2010 and after then identified globally. The usage of antibiotics may hasten the growth of the NDM-1-producing bacteria, which pose severe hazards to human and animal health. The emergence of the NDM-1 in the aquatic environment is turning out to be a growing concern worldwide. NDM-1 gene conferring resistance to a widespread class of antibiotics has been observed in bacteria disseminated in animal production wastewaters, hospital sewage, domestic sewage, industrial effluents, wastewater treatment plants, drinking water, surface water, and even in groundwater. This review recapitulates the currently published research studies on the prevalence and geographical distribution of the NDM-1 gene in the aquatic environment, its habitats, and healthcare risk associated with NDM-1-producing bacteria, in addition to molecular techniques employed to reveal the occurrence of the NDM-1 in the aquatic environment, including conventional polymerase chain reaction, real-time qPCR, DNA hybridization, and microarray-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Ranjan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Kandi, Telangana, 502285, India
| | - Shashidhar Thatikonda
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Kandi, Telangana, 502285, India.
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Singh NS, Singhal N, Kumar M, Virdi JS. High Prevalence of Drug Resistance and Class 1 Integrons in Escherichia coli Isolated From River Yamuna, India: A Serious Public Health Risk. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:621564. [PMID: 33633708 PMCID: PMC7899961 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.621564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, urban water bodies have emerged as an environmental reservoir of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes because resistant bacteria residing here might easily disseminate these traits to other waterborne pathogens. In the present study, we have investigated the AMR phenotypes, prevalent plasmid-mediated AMR genes, and integrons in commensal strains of Escherichia coli, the predominant fecal indicator bacteria isolated from a major urban river of northern India Yamuna. The genetic environment of blaCTX–M–15 was also investigated. Our results indicated that 57.5% of the E. coli strains were resistant to at least two antibiotic classes and 20% strains were multidrug resistant, i.e., resistant to three or more antibiotic classes. The multiple antibiotic resistance index of about one-third of the E. coli strains was quite high (>0.2), reflecting high contamination of river Yamuna with antibiotics. With regard to plasmid-mediated AMR genes, blaTEM–1 was present in 95% of the strains, followed by qnrS1 and armA (17% each), blaCTX–M–15 (15%), strA-strB (12%), and tetA (7%). Contrary to the earlier reports where blaCTX–M–15 was mostly associated with pathogenic phylogroup B2, our study revealed that the CTX-M-15 type extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) were present in the commensal phylogroups A and B1, also. The genetic organization of blaCTX–M–15 was similar to that reported for E. coli, isolated from other parts of the world; and ISEcp1 was present upstream of blaCTX–M–15. The integrons of classes 2 and 3 were absent, but class 1 integron gene intI1 was present in 75% of the isolates, denoting its high prevalence in E. coli of river Yamuna. These evidences indicate that due to high prevalence of plasmid-mediated AMR genes and intI1, commensal E. coli can become vehicles for widespread dissemination of AMR in the environment. Thus, regular surveillance and management of urban rivers is necessary to curtail the spread of AMR and associated health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nambram Somendro Singh
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biophysics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Neelja Singhal
- Department of Biophysics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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Sun Y, Guo Y, Shi M, Qiu T, Gao M, Tian S, Wang X. Effect of antibiotic type and vegetable species on antibiotic accumulation in soil-vegetable system, soil microbiota, and resistance genes. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128099. [PMID: 33297095 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic accumulation in soil and plants is an escalating problem in agriculture and is receiving increasing attention. However, the effect of plant species on the fate of different types of antibiotics in a soil-vegetable system and soil resistome has not been adequately explored. To this end, greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to simulate contamination by ciprofloxacin (CIP), oxytetracycline (OTC), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), and tylosin (TY) at 1 mg kg-1 in the soils in which cabbage, endive, and spinach were grown. We investigated antibiotic persistence in soils and accumulation in vegetables (i.e., spinach, endive, and cabbage), microbial community profiles, and the abundance of 17 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in contaminated soils. After 40 days, the residues of CIP and OTC in soil and their accumulation in vegetables were significantly higher than those of SMZ and TY. Of all vegetables, spinach had the highest antibiotic accumulation. Further, antibiotic contamination had no significant effect on soil microbial abundance; however, soil microbial diversity significantly decreased in soils amended with TY. The antibiotic type more significantly affected microbial composition than the kind of vegetable species. The relative abundances of some ARGs significantly increased in contaminated soils. Particularly, in endive soil, quinolone-associated cmlA, cmlA2, and qnrS1 increased with CIP contamination, OTC contamination increased tetG2 and otrA, SMZ increased sul1, and TY increased macrolide-related carB and msrc-01 relative abundance. However, some individual ARGs declined upon antibiotic contamination. Our results indicated that antibiotic type and vegetable species jointly shape the profiles of soil microorganisms and ARGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China; Key Laboratory of Resources Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, ShaanXi, 710069, China
| | - Yajie Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Mingming Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Tianlei Qiu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Min Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Shulei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Xuming Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
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Chigor V, Ibangha IA, Chigor C, Titilawo Y. Treated wastewater used in fresh produce irrigation in Nsukka, Southeast Nigeria is a reservoir of enterotoxigenic and multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03780. [PMID: 32373727 PMCID: PMC7191586 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Occurrences of pathogens in environmental and irrigation waters, as well as the use of inadequately treated sewage for fresh produce constitute potential public health threats worldwide. Objective To investigate the treated wastewater used in fresh produce irrigation in Nsuskka, Southeastern Nigeria, as a reservoir enterotoxigenic and multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli. Methods Treated wastewater (from the sewage treatment facility at Nsukka, Southeast Nigeria), soil and irrigated vegetable samples were collected and analyzed using standard procedures. Escherichia coli isolated from the samples were screened for the presence of enterotoxigenic E. coli strain encoding lt gene and profiled for antibiotic resistance using the conventional PCR and standardized agar disk diffusion assays respectively. Results Of the total presumptive 103 isolates, PCR detected uidA gene in 87 (84 %), of which 23 (26 %) harboured the lt encoding ETEC gene. Generally, imipenem, cefuroxime and norfloxacin proved to be most effective of all the antibiotics employed. Wastewater isolates were variously susceptible to ciprofloxacin (95 %), norfloxacin (95 %), cefuroxime (93 %), chloramphenicol (93 %), trimethoprim and tetracycline (88 %), soil isolates to streptomycin (75 %) and vegetable isolates to cefuroxime (90 %), norfloxacin (86 %), ciprofloxacin (81 %) and chloramphenicol. Contrariwise, high resistances observed to other antibiotics were in the order; ampicillin (95 %), penicillin (93 %), erythromycin (90 %) and clarithromycin (83 %) among wastewater isolates, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin (75 %) in soil isolates; penicillin, vancomycin and erythromycin (98 %), rifampicin and clarithromycin (93 %), sulphamethoxazole (83 %), ampicillin (81 %), tetracycline and imipenem (76 %), trimethoprim (72 %) and amoxicillin (71 %) among vegetable isolates, with multidrug resistance patterns ranging from three to seventeen. Conclusions Our results reveal the treated wastewater as a reservoir of enterotoxigenic E. coli as well as multidrug resistance that may pose a health hazard for humans and animals when released to the natural environment. Hence, there is need to develop management strategies and ensure compliance in order to prevent water-borne diarrhoea caused by ETEC and reduce the menace of antibiotic resistance in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Chigor
- Water and Public Health Research Group, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Ini-Abasi Ibangha
- Water and Public Health Research Group, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chinyere Chigor
- Water and Public Health Research Group, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Yinka Titilawo
- Department of Biology/Microbiology/Biotechnology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
- Corresponding author.
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Reynolds C, Checkley S, Chui L, Otto S, Neumann NF. Evaluating the risks associated with Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in private well waters in Canada. Can J Microbiol 2020; 66:337-350. [PMID: 32069070 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2019-0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) represent a major concern for waterborne disease outbreaks associated with consumption of contaminated groundwater. Over 4 million people rely on private groundwater systems as their primary drinking water source in Canada; many of these systems do not meet current standards for water quality. This manuscript provides a scoping overview of studies examining STEC prevalence and occurrence in groundwater, and it includes a synopsis of the environmental variables affecting survival, transport, persistence, and overall occurrence of these important pathogenic microbes in private groundwater wells used for drinking purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Reynolds
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - Sylvia Checkley
- Department of Ecosystem Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary
| | - Linda Chui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta
| | - Simon Otto
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - Norman F Neumann
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada
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Ding J, Zhu D, Hong B, Wang HT, Li G, Ma YB, Tang YT, Chen QL. Long-term application of organic fertilization causes the accumulation of antibiotic resistome in earthworm gut microbiota. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 124:145-152. [PMID: 30641258 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), prevalent across multiple environmental media, threaten human health worldwide and are considered emerging environmental contaminants. Earthworm gut, a niche for bacteria to survive, represents a potential reservoir for ARGs in soil. However, the compositions of ARGs in the earthworm gut microbiota remain elusive, especially under field conditions. In this study, we applied high-throughput quantitative PCR to profile the ARGs in the gut microbiota of earthworms after chronic exposure to fertilizers. To elucidate the factors that impact the ARGs composition, the bacterial community of gut microbiota, mobile genetic elements (MGEs), soil (nutrients, heavy metals, and antibiotics) and the properties of gut content (pH and nutrients) were analyzed. A total of 98 subtypes among 9 major types of ARGs, and 3 different MGEs were detected in the gut microbiota of earthworms. Organic fertilizer (sewage sludge and chicken manure) application significantly increased the diversity and abundance of ARGs. Of the 1123 identified operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at 97% similarity cutoff, most of them were assigned to Firmicutes (55.5%) and Proteobacteria (33.6%) in earthworm gut microbiota. Long-term organic fertilization slightly changed the microbiota composition, but did not impact the diversity. Partial redundancy analysis (pRDA) revealed that bacterial community, combined with environmental factors (soil and gut content properties) and MGEs, explained 72% of the variations of ARGs in the earthworm gut. Furthermore, the co-occurrence pattern between ARGs and MGEs indicated that horizontal gene transfer via MGEs may occur in the earthworm gut. These findings improve the current understanding of the dynamics of soil fauna-associated ARGs and the gut microbiota of earthworms may be an underappreciated hotspot for ARGs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Dong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Hong
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hong Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yi Bing Ma
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Nutrient Cycling, Institute of Agriculture Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yu Ting Tang
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Qing Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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13
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Bhatt D, Gupta E, Kaushik S, Srivastava VK, Saxena J, Jyoti A. Bio-fabrication of silver nanoparticles by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: optimisation and antibacterial activity against selected waterborne human pathogens. IET Nanobiotechnol 2018; 12:981-986. [PMID: 30247141 PMCID: PMC8676076 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2018.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple drug resistance and treatment of contaminated water has become a serious issue in past years. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), being bactericidal, non-toxic, cheap and environment friendly behaviour, have drawn attention to overcome these problems. This study has been designed to synthesise AgNPs from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. AgNPs formation was confirmed by colour change and UV-vis spectroscopy. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy peaks demonstrated the presence of capped proteins as reducing and stabilising agent. Transmission electron microscopy micrograph revealed spherical shape AgNPs with the size ranging between 10 and 20 nm. Antibacterial activity of AgNPs was evaluated against the most prevalent waterborne pathogens enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Salmonellae typhimurium. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of AgNPs was tested for the treatment of contaminated water which showed attenuation in bacterial load within 8 h as demonstrated by growth kinetics data. Furthermore, AgNPs did not exhibit haemolytic effects on human red blood cells (RBCs) even at 100 mg L-1 concentration of AgNPs. The results herein suggest that AgNPs synthesised by P. aeruginosa under optimised conditions exhibit microbicidal property against waterborne pathogens and having no toxic effect on human RBCs. These AgNPs could be employed for treatment of contaminated water after process optimisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepanshu Bhatt
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 302006, India
| | - Ena Gupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 302006, India
| | - Sanket Kaushik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 302006, India
| | | | - Juhi Saxena
- Dr. B. Lal Institute of Biotechnology, 6-E, Malviya Industrial Area, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Anupam Jyoti
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 302006, India.
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14
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Rowles LS, Alcalde R, Bogolasky F, Kum S, Diaz-Arriaga FA, Ayres C, Mikelonis AM, Toledo-Flores LJ, Alonso-Gutiérrez MG, Pérez-Flores ME, Lawler DF, Ward PM, Lopez-Cruz JY, Saleh NB. Perceived versus actual water quality: Community studies in rural Oaxaca, Mexico. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 622-623:626-634. [PMID: 29223086 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Compromised water quality risks public health, which becomes particularly acute in economically marginalized communities. Although the majority of the clean-water-deprived population resides in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, a significant portion (32 million) lives in Meso- and Latin-America. Oaxaca is one of the marginalized southern states of Mexico, which has experienced high morbidity from infectious diseases and also has suffered from a high rate of infant mortality. However, there has been a paucity of reports on the status of water quality of culturally diverse rural Oaxaca. This study follows community-based participatory research methods to address the data gap by reporting on water quality (chemical and microbiological) and by exploring social realities and water use practices within and among communities. Surveys and water quality analyses were conducted on 73 households in three rural communities, which were selected based on the choice of water sources (i.e., river water, groundwater, and spring water). Statistically significant variations among communities were observed including the sanitation infrastructure (p-value 0.001), public perception on water quality (p-value 0.007), and actual microbiological quality of water (p-value 0.001). Results indicate a high prevalence of diarrheal diseases, a desire to improve water quality and reduce the cost of water, and a need for education on water quality and health in all the surveyed communities. The complexities among the three studied communities highlight the need for undertaking appropriate policies and water treatment solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Stetson Rowles
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Reinaldo Alcalde
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Francisca Bogolasky
- The Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
| | - Soyoon Kum
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Farith A Diaz-Arriaga
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Craig Ayres
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Manuel Gerardo Alonso-Gutiérrez
- Insituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Maria Eufemia Pérez-Flores
- Insituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Desmond F Lawler
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Peter M Ward
- The Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
| | - Juana Yolanda Lopez-Cruz
- Insituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Navid B Saleh
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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Su HC, Liu YS, Pan CG, Chen J, He LY, Ying GG. Persistence of antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial community changes in drinking water treatment system: From drinking water source to tap water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:453-461. [PMID: 29127799 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As emerging contaminants, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have become a public concern. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and diversity of ARGs, and variation in the composition of bacterial communities in source water, drinking water treatment plants, and tap water in the Pearl River Delta region, South China. Various ARGs were present in the different types of water. Among the 27 target ARGs, floR and sul1 dominated in source water from three large rivers in the region. Pearson correlation analysis suggested that sul1, sul2, floR, and cmlA could be potential indicators for ARGs in water samples. The total abundance of the detected ARGs in tap water was much lower than that in source water. Sand filtration and sedimentation in drinking water treatment plants could effectively remove ARGs; in contrast, granular activated carbon filtration increased the abundance of ARGs. It was found that Pseudomonas may be involved in the proliferation and dissemination of ARGs in the studied drinking water treatment system. Bacteria and ARGs were still present in tap water after treatment, though they were significantly reduced. More research is needed to optimize the water treatment process for ARG removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Chang Su
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chang-Gui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Liang-Ying He
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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16
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Philip JM, Aravind UK, Aravindakumar CT. Emerging contaminants in Indian environmental matrices - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 190:307-326. [PMID: 28992484 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of issues related to environment from ECs is a topic under serious discussions worldwide in recent years. Indian scenario is not an exception as it is tremendously growing in its rate of production and consumption of compounds belongs to ECs categories. However, a comprehensive documentation on the occurrence of ECs and consequent ARGs as well as their toxic effects on vertebrates on Indian context is still lacking. In the present study, an extensive literature survey was carried out to get an idea on the geographical distribution of ECs in various environmental matrices (water, air, soil, sediment and sludge) and biological samples by dividing the entire subcontinent into six zones based on climatic, geographical and cultural features. A comprehensive assessment of the toxicological effects of ECs and the consequent antibiotic resistant genes has been included. It is found that studies on the screening of ECs are scarce and concentrated in certain geological locations. A total of 166 individual compounds belonging to 36 categories have been reported so far. Pharmaceuticals and drugs occupy the major share in these compounds followed by PFASs, EDCs, PCPs, ASWs and flame retardants. This review throws light on the alarming situation in India where the highest ever reported values of concentrations of some of these compounds are from India. This necessitates a national level monitoring system for ECs in order to assess the magnitude of environmental risks posed by these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeva M Philip
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Usha K Aravind
- Advanced Centre of Environmental Studies and Sustainable Development, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Charuvila T Aravindakumar
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India; Inter University Instrumentation Centre, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India.
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17
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Zhang Y, Gu AZ, He M, Li D, Chen J. Subinhibitory Concentrations of Disinfectants Promote the Horizontal Transfer of Multidrug Resistance Genes within and across Genera. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:570-580. [PMID: 27997135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The greater abundances of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in point-of-use tap and reclaimed water than that in freshly treated water raise the question whether residual disinfectants in distribution systems facilitate the spread of ARGs. This study investigated three widely used disinfectants (free chlorine, chloramine, and hydrogen peroxide) on promoting ARGs transfer within Escherichia coli strains and across genera from Escherichia coli to Salmonella typhimurium. The results demonstrated that subinhibitory concentrations (lower than minimum inhibitory concentrations [MICs]) of these disinfectants, namely 0.1-1 mg/L Cl2 for free chlorine, 0.1-1 mg/L Cl2 for chloramine, and 0.24-3 mg/L H2O2, led to concentration-dependent increases in intragenera conjugative transfer by 3.4-6.4, 1.9-7.5, and 1.4-5.4 folds compared with controls, respectively. By comparison, the intergenera conjugative frequencies were slightly increased by approximately 1.4-2.3 folds compared with controls. However, exposure to disinfectants concentrations higher than MICs significantly suppressed conjugative transfer. This study provided evidence and insights into possible underlying mechanisms for enhanced conjugative transfer, which involved intracellular reactive oxygen species formation, SOS response, increased cell membrane permeability, and altered expressions of conjugation-relevant genes. The results suggest that certain oxidative chemicals, such as disinfectants, accelerate ARGs transfer and therefore justify motivations in evaluating disinfection alternatives for controlling antibiotic resistance. This study also triggers questions regarding the potential role of environmental chemicals in the global spread of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - April Z Gu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Miao He
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (ESPC) State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
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18
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Singh G, Vajpayee P, Rani N, Amoah ID, Stenström TA, Shanker R. Exploring the potential reservoirs of non specific TEM beta lactamase (bla(TEM)) gene in the Indo-Gangetic region: A risk assessment approach to predict health hazards. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 314:121-128. [PMID: 27111425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria is an important public health and environmental contamination issue. Antimicrobials of β-lactam group accounts for approximately two thirds, by weight, of all antimicrobials administered to humans due to high clinical efficacy and low toxicity. This study explores β-lactam resistance determinant gene (blaTEM) as emerging contaminant in Indo-Gangetic region using qPCR in molecular beacon format. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) approach was adopted to predict risk to human health associated with consumption/exposure of surface water, potable water and street foods contaminated with bacteria having blaTEM gene. It was observed that surface water and sediments of the river Ganga and Gomti showed high numbers of blaTEM gene copies and varied significantly (p<0.05) among the sampling locations. The potable water collected from drinking water facility and clinical settings exhibit significant number of blaTEM gene copies (13±0.44-10200±316 gene copies/100mL). It was observed that E.crassipes among aquatic flora encountered in both the rivers had high load of blaTEM gene copies. The information on prevalence of environmental reservoirs of blaTEM gene containing bacteria in Indo-Gangetic region and risk associated will be useful for formulating strategies to protect public from menace of clinical risks linked with antimicrobial resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulshan Singh
- Environmental Microbiology, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box - 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, U.P., India; SARChI Chair, Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Poornima Vajpayee
- Environmental Microbiology, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box - 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, U.P., India
| | - Neetika Rani
- Environmental Microbiology, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box - 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, U.P., India
| | - Isaac Dennis Amoah
- SARChI Chair, Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Thor Axel Stenström
- SARChI Chair, Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Rishi Shanker
- Environmental Microbiology, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box - 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, U.P., India; Institute of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad-380009, Gujarat, India.
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19
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Giowanella M, Bozza A, do Rocio Dalzoto P, Dionísio JA, Andraus S, Guimarães ELG, Pimentel IC. Microbiological quality of water from the rivers of Curitiba, Paraná State, Brazil, and the susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs and pathogenicity of Escherichia coli. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:673. [PMID: 26439126 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4896-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Water safety is determined by several markers, and Escherichia coli is one of the most important indicators of water quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological parameters in environmental samples of fresh water from rivers of Curitiba and its metropolitan area in Paraná State, Brazil. In addition, we evaluated the pathogenicity and susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs in E. coli. These evaluations were performed by quantitative and qualitative methods employing selective media for isolating thermotolerant coliforms and biochemical tests for identifying E. coli. Pathogenic strains of E. coli were detected by PCR multiplex using specific primers. From the water samples, 494 thermotolerant coliforms were obtained, of which 96 (19.43%) isolates were characterized as E. coli. Three isolates were identified as enteroaggregative E. coli, one as enterotoxigenic E. coli, one as enteropathogenic E. coli, and two carried the Eae virulence gene. E. coli susceptibility to commonly employed antimicrobial drugs was analyzed by the disc diffusion method. The results showed 49 (51.04%) isolates resistant to all the drugs assayed, 16 (16.67%) with an intermediate resistance to all drugs, and 31 (32.29%) intermediately or fully resistant to one or more drugs tested. The highest rate of resistance was observed for tetracycline 30 μg, streptomycin 10 μg, and ceftazidime 30 μg. Detection of E. coli is associated with water contamination by fecal material from humans and warm-blooded animals. The occurrence of resistant strains can be the result of the indiscriminate use of antimicrobial drugs and poor sanitation in the areas assayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Giowanella
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico s/n, Jardim das Américas, Caixa Postal 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81531990, Brazil
| | - Angela Bozza
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico s/n, Jardim das Américas, Caixa Postal 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81531990, Brazil
| | - Patricia do Rocio Dalzoto
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico s/n, Jardim das Américas, Caixa Postal 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81531990, Brazil.
| | - Jair Alves Dionísio
- Laboratório de Biologia do Solo, Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ida Chapaval Pimentel
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico s/n, Jardim das Américas, Caixa Postal 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81531990, Brazil
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20
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Calhau V, Domingues S, Ribeiro G, Mendonça N, Da Silva GJ. Interplay between pathogenicity island carriage, resistance profile and plasmid acquisition in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:828-835. [PMID: 26293926 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the relationship between pathogenicity islands (PAIs), single virulence genes and resistance among uropathogenic Escherichia coli, evaluating the resistance plasmid carriage fitness cost related to PAIs. For 65 urinary E. coli, antimicrobial susceptibility and extended-spectrum β-lactamase production were determined with the Vitek 2 Advanced Expert system. Phylogroup determination, detection of PAIs and virulence genes papAH, papC, sfa/foc, afa/dra, iutA, kpsMII, cnf1, eaeA, hlyA, stx1 and stx2, plasmid replicon typing and screening for plasmidic resistance determinants qnr, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qepA and bla(CTX-M) were carried out by PCR. Conjugation was performed between a donor carrying IncF, IncK and bla(CTX-M-15), and receptors carrying one to six PAIs. The relative fitness of transconjugants was estimated by pairwise competition experiments. PAI IV(536) (68 %), gene iutA (57 %) and resistance to ampicillin were the most prevalent traits. PAI I(536), PAI II(536), PAI III(536) and PAI II(J96) were exclusively associated with susceptibility to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and were more prevalent in strains susceptible to ampicillin and cefalotin. PAI IV(536), PAI II(CFT073) and PAI I(CFT073) were more prevalent among isolates showing resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefalotin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and gentamicin. An inverse relationship was observed between the number of plasmids and the number of PAIs carried. Transconjugants were obtained for receptors carrying three or fewer PAIs. The mean relative fitness rates of these transconjugants were 0.87 (two PAIs), 1.00 (one PAI) and 1.09 (three PAI). The interplay between resistance, PAI carriage and fitness cost of plasmid acquisition could be considered PAI specific, and not necessarily associated with the number of PAIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Calhau
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Pathology Service, University Hospital of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sara Domingues
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Graça Ribeiro
- Clinical Pathology Service, University Hospital of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Mendonça
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Jorge Da Silva
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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21
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Jia S, Shi P, Hu Q, Li B, Zhang T, Zhang XX. Bacterial Community Shift Drives Antibiotic Resistance Promotion during Drinking Water Chlorination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:12271-9. [PMID: 26397118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
For comprehensive insights into the effects of chlorination, a widely used disinfection technology, on bacterial community and antibiotic resistome in drinking water, this study applied high-throughput sequencing and metagenomic approaches to investigate the changing patterns of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and bacterial community in a drinking water treatment and distribution system. At genus level, chlorination could effectively remove Methylophilus, Methylotenera, Limnobacter, and Polynucleobacter, while increase the relative abundance of Pseudomonas, Acidovorax, Sphingomonas, Pleomonas, and Undibacterium in the drinking water. A total of 151 ARGs within 15 types were detectable in the drinking water, and chlorination evidently increased their total relative abundance while reduced their diversity in the opportunistic bacteria (p < 0.05). Residual chlorine was identified as the key contributing factor driving the bacterial community shift and resistome alteration. As the dominant persistent ARGs in the treatment and distribution system, multidrug resistance genes (mainly encoding resistance-nodulation-cell division transportation system) and bacitracin resistance gene bacA were mainly carried by chlorine-resistant bacteria Pseudomonas and Acidovorax, which mainly contributed to the ARGs abundance increase. The strong correlation between bacterial community shift and antibiotic resistome alteration observed in this study may shed new light on the mechanism behind the chlorination effects on antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Environmental Health Research Center, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Environmental Health Research Center, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Environmental Health Research Center, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bing Li
- Environmental Biotechnology Lab, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Environmental Biotechnology Lab, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xu-Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Environmental Health Research Center, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
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Prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in water sources: an overview on associated diseases, outbreaks and detection methods. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 82:249-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Calhau V, Mendes C, Pena A, Mendonça N, Da Silva GJ. Virulence and plasmidic resistance determinants of Escherichia coli isolated from municipal and hospital wastewater treatment plants. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2015; 13:311-318. [PMID: 26042965 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2014.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is simultaneously an indicator of water contamination and a human pathogen. This study aimed to characterize the virulence and resistance of E. coli from municipal and hospital wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in central Portugal. From a total of 193 isolates showing reduced susceptibility to cefotaxime and/or nalidixic acid, 20 E. coli with genetically distinct fingerprint profiles were selected and characterized. Resistance to antimicrobials was determined using the disc diffusion method. Extended spectrum β-lactamase and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes, phylogroups, pathogenicity islands (PAIs) and virulence genes were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). CTX-M producers were typed by multilocus sequence typing. Resistance to beta-lactams was associated with the presence of bla(TEM), bla(SHV), bla(CTX-M-15) and bla(CTX-M-32). Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance was associated with qnrA, qnrS and aac(6')-Ib-cr. Aminoglycoside resistance and multidrug-resistant phenotypes were also detected. PAI IV(536), PAI II(CFT073), PAI II(536) and PAI I(CFT073), and uropathogenic genes iutA, papAH and sfa/foc were detected. With regard to the clinical ST131 clone, it carried bla(CTX-M-15), blaTEM-type, qnrS and aac(6')-lb-cr; IncF and IncP plasmids, and virulence factors PAI IV(536), PAI I(CFT073), PAI II(CFT073), iutA, sfa/foc and papAH were identified in the effluent of a hospital plant. WWTPs contribute to the dissemination of virulent and resistant bacteria in water ecosystems, constituting an environmental and public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Calhau
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal E-mail: ; Center of Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Mendes
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal E-mail:
| | - Angelina Pena
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal E-mail:
| | - Nuno Mendonça
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal E-mail: ; Center of Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Ahmed W, Gyawali P, Toze S. Quantitative PCR measurements of Escherichia coli including shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) in animal feces and environmental waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:3084-3090. [PMID: 25648758 DOI: 10.1021/es505477n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays were used to determine the concentrations of E. coli including shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) associated virulence genes (eaeA, stx1, stx2, and hlyA) in ten animal species (fecal sources) and environmental water samples in Southeast Queensland, Australia. The mean Log10 concentrations and standard deviations of E. coli 23S rRNA across fecal sources ranged from 1.3 ± 0.1 (horse) to 6.3 ± 0.4 (cattle wastewater) gene copies at a test concentration of 10 ng of DNA. The differences in mean concentrations of E. coli 23S rRNA gene copies among fecal source samples were significantly different from each other (P < 0.0001). Among the virulence genes, stx2 (25%, 95% CI, 17-33%) was most prevalent among fecal sources, followed by eaeA (19%, 95% CI, 12-27%), stx1 (11%, 95% CI, 5%-17%) and hlyA (8%, 95% CI, 3-13%). The Log10 concentrations of STEC virulence genes in cattle wastewater samples ranged from 3.8 to 5.0 gene copies at a test concentration of 10 ng of DNA. Of the 18 environmental water samples tested, three (17%) were positive for eaeA and two (11%) samples were also positive for the stx2 virulence genes. The data presented in this study will aid in the estimation of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) from fecal pollution of domestic and wild animals in drinking/recreational water catchments.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct , 41 Boggo Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
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Laroche-Ajzenberg E, Flores Ribeiro A, Bodilis J, Riah W, Buquet S, Chaftar N, Pawlak B. Conjugative multiple-antibiotic resistance plasmids in Escherichia coli
isolated from environmental waters contaminated by human faecal wastes. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 118:399-411. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Flores Ribeiro
- Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment Laboratory (LMSM) (EA 4312); University of Rouen; Mont Saint Aignan France
| | - J. Bodilis
- Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment Laboratory (LMSM) (EA 4312); University of Rouen; Mont Saint Aignan France
| | - W. Riah
- Agri'Terr Laboratory; ESITPA; Mont Saint Aignan France
| | - S. Buquet
- Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment Laboratory (LMSM) (EA 4312); University of Rouen; Mont Saint Aignan France
| | - N. Chaftar
- Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment Laboratory (LMSM) (EA 4312); University of Rouen; Mont Saint Aignan France
| | - B. Pawlak
- Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment Laboratory (LMSM) (EA 4312); University of Rouen; Mont Saint Aignan France
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Flores Ribeiro A, Bodilis J, Alonso L, Buquet S, Feuilloley M, Dupont JP, Pawlak B. Occurrence of multi-antibiotic resistant Pseudomonas spp. in drinking water produced from karstic hydrosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 490:370-8. [PMID: 24875257 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic environments could play a role in the spread of antibiotic resistance genes by enabling antibiotic-resistant bacteria transferred through wastewater inputs to connect with autochthonous bacteria. Consequently, drinking water could be a potential pathway to humans and animals for antibiotic resistance genes. The aim of this study was to investigate occurrences of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas spp. in drinking water produced from a karst, a vulnerable aquifer with frequent increases in water turbidity after rainfall events and run-offs. Water samples were collected throughout the system from the karstic springs to the drinking water tap during three non-turbid periods and two turbid events. E. coli densities in the springs were 10- to 1000-fold higher during the turbid events than during the non-turbid periods, indicating that, with increased turbidity, surface water had entered the karstic system and contaminated the spring water. However, no E. coli were isolated in the drinking water. In contrast, Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from the drinking water only during turbid events, while the densities in the springs were from 10- to 100-fold higher than in the non-turbid periods. All the 580 Pseudomonas spp. isolates obtained from the sampling periods were resistant (to between 1 and 10 antibiotics), with similar resistance patterns. Among all the Pseudomonas isolated throughout the drinking water production system, between 32% and 86% carried the major resistance pattern: ticarcillin, ticarcillin-clavulanic acid, cefsulodin, and/or aztreonam, and/or sulfamethoxazol-trimethoprim, and/or fosfomycin. Finally, 8 Pseudomonas spp. isolates, related to the Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas fluorescens species, were isolated from the drinking water. Thus, Pseudomonas could be involved in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance via drinking water during critical periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Flores Ribeiro
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie-Signaux et Environnement (LMSM), EA 4312, Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, Bâtiment IRESE B, 2(ème) étage, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France; UMR 6143 Morphodynamique Continentale et Côtière (M2C), Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, Bâtiment IRESE A, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France.
| | - Josselin Bodilis
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie-Signaux et Environnement (LMSM), EA 4312, Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, Bâtiment IRESE B, 2(ème) étage, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Lise Alonso
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie-Signaux et Environnement (LMSM), EA 4312, Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, Bâtiment IRESE B, 2(ème) étage, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Sylvaine Buquet
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie-Signaux et Environnement (LMSM), EA 4312, Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, Bâtiment IRESE B, 2(ème) étage, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Marc Feuilloley
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie-Signaux et Environnement (LMSM), EA 4312, Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, Bâtiment IRESE B, 2(ème) étage, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Jean-Paul Dupont
- UMR 6143 Morphodynamique Continentale et Côtière (M2C), Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, Bâtiment IRESE A, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Barbara Pawlak
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie-Signaux et Environnement (LMSM), EA 4312, Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, Bâtiment IRESE B, 2(ème) étage, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France
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Su HC, Pan CG, Ying GG, Zhao JL, Zhou LJ, Liu YS, Tao R, Zhang RQ, He LY. Contamination profiles of antibiotic resistance genes in the sediments at a catchment scale. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 490:708-714. [PMID: 24907606 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the contamination profiles of tetracycline, sulfonamide, and macrolide resistance genes, as well as integrons in sediments of Dongjiang River basin of South China by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. sul2 was the most abundant resistance gene, with the average concentration of 6.97×10(8) copies/g and 1.00×10(8) copies/g in the dry and wet seasons, respectively, followed by ermF, sul3, sul1, intI1, tetA, ermB, tetX, tetM, tetQ, tetO, tetW, tetS, ermC, and tetB. The abundance of intI2 gene was the lowest in the sediment samples. Significant correlations existed between the ARGs and sediment properties as well as metals (Cu and Zn) and corresponding antibiotic classes, suggesting that the contamination of ARGs is related to chemical pollution of the sediments in the river basin. Principal component analysis showed distinct groupings of the sampling sites, reflecting that human activities are the key player in the dissemination of ARGs in the catchment environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Chang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chang-Gui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Li-Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Research Center of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Rui-Quan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Liang-Ying He
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Nontongana N, Sibanda T, Ngwenya E, Okoh AI. Prevalence and antibiogram profiling of Escherichia coli pathotypes isolated from the Kat River and the Fort Beaufort abstraction water. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:8213-27. [PMID: 25119699 PMCID: PMC4143858 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110808213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a widespread bacterium encompassing a variety of strains, ranging from highly pathogenic strains, causing worldwide outbreaks of severe diseases to avirulent, well characterized safe laboratory strains. This study evaluated the prevalence and antibiogram profiles of E. coli pathotypes isolated from the Kat River and Fort Beaufort abstraction water. A total of 171 out of 278 confirmed E. coli isolates were positive for at least one pathogenic determinant and these included enteropathogenic E. coli (6%), enterotoxigenic E. coli (47%), uropathogenic E. coli (2%), neonatal meningitis E. coli (5%), diffusely adherent E. coli (1%) and enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (1%). Interestingly, enteroinvasive and enteroaggregative E. coli were not detected. The phenotypic antibiogram profiles of the isolates revealed that all were resistant to penicillin G, while 98% and 38% of the pathotypes were resistant to ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, respectively. About 8% of the isolates were resistant to streptomycin. More than half of the isolates exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance with 44% being resistant to three antibiotics and 8% resistant to four antibiotics. We conclude that the Kat River is a reservoir of potentially virulent antibiotic resistant E. coli strains that can cause serious health risks to humans who drink raw water from this river, or in the case that consumption of treated drinking water coincides with failed drinking water processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolonwabo Nontongana
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa.
| | - Timothy Sibanda
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa.
| | - Elvis Ngwenya
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa.
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa.
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Lv L, Jiang T, Zhang S, Yu X. Exposure to mutagenic disinfection byproducts leads to increase of antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:8188-95. [PMID: 24933271 DOI: 10.1021/es501646n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial antibiotic resistance (BAR) in drinking water has become a global issue because of its risks on the public health. Usually, the antibiotic concentrations in drinking water are too low to select antibiotic resistant strains effectively, suggesting that factors other than antibiotics would contribute to the emergence of BAR. In the current study, the impacts of mutagenic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) on BAR were explored, using four typical DBPs: dibromoacetic acid, dichloroacetonitrile, potassium bromate, and 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX). After exposure to DBPs, resistances to 10 individual antibiotics and multiple antibiotics were both raised by various levels, norfloxacin and polymycin B resistances were enhanced even greater than 10-fold compared with control. MX increased the resistance most observably in the selected DBPs, which was consistent with its mutagenic activity. The resistant mutants showed hereditary stability during 5-day culturing. The increase of BAR was caused by the mutagenic activities of DBPs, since mutation frequency declined by adding ROS scavenger. Mutagenesis was further confirmed by sequencing of the related genes. Our study indicated that mutagenic activities of the selected DBPs could induce antibiotic resistance, even multidrug resistance, which may partially explain the lack of agreement between BAR and antibiotic levels in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lv
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
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30
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Singh G, Vajpayee P, Bhatti S, Ronnie N, Shah N, McClure P, Shanker R. Determination of viable Salmonellae from potable and source water through PMA assisted qPCR. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 93:121-127. [PMID: 23623706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Resource constrained countries identified as endemic zones for pathogenicity of Salmonella bear an economic burden due to recurring expenditure on medical treatment. qPCR used for Salmonella detection could not discriminate between viable and nonviable cells. Propidium monoazide (PMA) that selectively penetrates nonviable cells to cross-link their DNA, was coupled with ttr gene specific qPCR for quantifying viable salmonellae in source/potable waters collected from a north Indian city. Source water (raw water for urban potable water supply) and urban potable water exhibited viable salmonellae in the range of 2.1×10(4)-2.6×10(6) and 2-7160CFU/100mL, respectively. Potable water at water works exhibited DNA from dead cells but no viable cells were detected. PMA assisted qPCR could specifically detect low numbers of live salmonellae in Source and potable waters. This strategy can be used in surveillance of urban potable water distribution networks to map contamination points for better microbial risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulshan Singh
- Environmental Microbiology, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow-226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Lascowski KMS, Guth BEC, Martins FH, Rocha SPD, Irino K, Pelayo JS. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in drinking water supplies of north Paraná State, Brazil. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 114:1230-9. [PMID: 23279284 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the occurrence and characteristics of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in drinking water supplies treated and untreated. METHODS AND RESULTS Drinking water samples (n = 1850) were collected from 41 municipalities in the north of Paraná State between February 2005 and January 2006. Escherichia coli isolates (n = 300) were recovered from water and investigated for the presence of virulence markers related to STEC by PCR. STEC isolates recovered were then characterized for both phenotypic and genotypic traits. A total of 12 isolates (11 from untreated water and one from treated water) were positive for stx, including five positive for both stx1 and stx2, two positive for stx1 and five positive for stx2. None of the STEC isolates contained eae, but other virulence genes were observed such as ehxA (100%), saa (100%), lpfAO113 (75%), iha (42%), subAB (25%) and cdtV (8%). Multidrug resistance was identified in 25% of the STEC isolates. The 12 STEC isolates belonged to seven distinct serotypes and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing revealed the presence of two clusters and two clones in this region. CONCLUSION Drinking water, especially from untreated water supplies, can be source of STEC strains potentially pathogenic for humans. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The investigation of the drinking water supplies for pathogenic E. coli, as STEC, may be useful to prevent waterborne outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M S Lascowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology - Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Shi P, Jia S, Zhang XX, Zhang T, Cheng S, Li A. Metagenomic insights into chlorination effects on microbial antibiotic resistance in drinking water. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:111-20. [PMID: 23084468 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the chlorination effects on microbial antibiotic resistance in a drinking water treatment plant. Biochemical identification, 16S rRNA gene cloning and metagenomic analysis consistently indicated that Proteobacteria were the main antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) dominating in the drinking water and chlorine disinfection greatly affected microbial community structure. After chlorination, higher proportion of the surviving bacteria was resistant to chloramphenicol, trimethoprim and cephalothin. Quantitative real-time PCRs revealed that sulI had the highest abundance among the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) detected in the drinking water, followed by tetA and tetG. Chlorination caused enrichment of ampC, aphA2, bla(TEM-1), tetA, tetG, ermA and ermB, but sulI was considerably removed (p < 0.05). Metagenomic analysis confirmed that drinking water chlorination could concentrate various ARGs, as well as of plasmids, insertion sequences and integrons involved in horizontal transfer of the ARGs. Water pipeline transportation tended to reduce the abundance of most ARGs, but various ARB and ARGs were still present in the tap water, which deserves more public health concerns. The results highlighted prevalence of ARB and ARGs in chlorinated drinking water and this study might be technologically useful for detecting the ARGs in water environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
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Samie A, Mashao MB, Bessong PO, NKgau TF, Momba MNB, Obi CL. Diversity and antibiograms of bacterial organisms isolated from samples of household drinking-water consumed by HIV-positive individuals in rural settings, South Africa. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2012; 30:241-249. [PMID: 23082625 PMCID: PMC3489939 DOI: 10.3329/jhpn.v30i3.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Diarrhoea is a hallmark of HIV infections in developing countries, and many diarrhoea-causing agents are often transmitted through water. The objective of the study was to determine the diversity and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of bacterial organisms isolated from samples of household drinking-water consumed by HIV-infected and AIDS patients. In the present study, household water stored for use by HIV-positive patients was tested for microbial quality, and isolated bacterial organisms were analyzed for their susceptibility profiles against 25 different antibiotics. The microbial quality of water was generally poor, and about 58% of water samples (n=270) were contaminated with faecal coliforms, with counts varying from 2 colony-forming unit (CFU)/100 mL to 2.4x10⁴ CFU/100 mL. Values of total coliform counts ranged from 17 CFU/100 mL to 7.9x10⁵/100 mL. In total, 37 different bacterial species were isolated, and the major isolates included Acinetobacter lwoffii (7.5%), Enterobacter cloacae (7.5%), Shigella spp. (14.2%), Yersinia enterocolitica (6.7%), and Pseudomonas spp. (16.3%). No Vibrio cholerae could be isolated; however, V. fluvialis was isolated from three water samples. The isolated organisms were highly resistant to cefazolin (83.5%), cefoxitin (69.2%), ampicillin (66.4%), and cefuroxime (66.2%). Intermediate resistance was observed against gentamicin (10.6%), cefepime (13.4%), ceftriaxone (27.6%), and cefotaxime (29.9%). Levofloxacin (0.7%), ceftazidime (2.2%), meropenem (3%), and ciprofloxacin (3.7%) were the most active antibiotics against all the microorganisms, with all recording less than 5% resistance. Multiple drug resistance was very common, and 78% of the organisms were resistant to three or more antibiotics. Education on treatment of household water is advised for HIV-positive patients, and measures should be taken to improve point-of-use water treatment as immunosuppressed individuals would be more susceptible to opportunistic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Samie
- Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, Limpopo, South Africa.
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Patel CB, Vajpayee P, Singh G, Upadhyay RS, Shanker R. Contamination of potable water by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: qPCR based culture-free detection and quantification. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2011; 74:2292-2298. [PMID: 21840050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tourists visiting to endemic zones may acquire Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infection resulting into diarrhea due to consumption of contaminated potable waters. In this study, a qPCR assay (SYBR Green), targeting LT1 and ST1 genes was designed to quantify ETEC in potable waters derived from civic water supply. The assay could detect lowest 1CFU/PCR targeting LT1/ST1 gene from ten-fold diluted culture of the reference strain (E. coli MTCC 723) and is ten-fold more sensitive than the conventional PCR. The quantification of the ETEC in potable waters collected from civic supply of a major city of the northern India exhibiting high flow of tourists reveals that all the sites that ran along sewage line were contaminated by the ETEC. Contamination was due to percolation of sewage. The assay could be used for the regular monitoring of potable water in places exhibiting heavy flow of tourists to prevent ETEC induced diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Patel
- Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001 UP, India
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Shiga toxin: expression, distribution, and its role in the environment. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:608-25. [PMID: 22069728 PMCID: PMC3202840 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3060608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we highlight recent work that has increased our understanding of the production and distribution of Shiga toxin in the environment. Specifically, we review studies that offer an expanded view of environmental reservoirs for Shiga toxin producing microbes in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. We then relate the abundance of Shiga toxin in the environment to work that demonstrates that the genetic mechanisms underlying the production of Shiga toxin genes are modified and embellished beyond the classical microbial gene regulatory paradigms in a manner that apparently "fine tunes" the trigger to modulate the amount of toxin produced. Last, we highlight several recent studies examining microbe/protist interactions that postulate an answer to the outstanding question of why microbes might harbor and express Shiga toxin genes in the environment.
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Taylor NG, Verner-Jeffreys DW, Baker-Austin C. Aquatic systems: maintaining, mixing and mobilising antimicrobial resistance? Trends Ecol Evol 2011; 26:278-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Ram S, Vajpayee P, Dwivedi PD, Shanker R. Culture-free detection and enumeration of STEC in water. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2011; 74:551-557. [PMID: 21459445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) causes worldwide outbreaks of food and waterborne diseases. Rapid identification of causative agents is critical for early intervention in the case of widespread diarrheal epidemics to prevent mortality. In this study, a Molecular-Beacon targeting stx2 gene (highly associated with human illness) was designed to develop a culture-independent real-time PCR assay for detection and quantification of STEC in water samples. The assay could detect lowest 10 genomic equivalent (GE) of the reference strain (E. coli I.T.R.C.-18) per PCR or 100 GE/mL. The presence of 10(6)CFU/mL of non-pathogenic E. coli DH5α has no impact on sensitivity of the assay. The assay could successfully enumerate STEC in surface water (collected from a sewage impacted river) and potable water samples collected from Lucknow city without prior enrichment. The assay will be useful in pre-emptive monitoring of surface/potable waters to prevent waterborne outbreaks caused by STEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ram
- Environmental Microbiology, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (C.S.I.R), Post Box 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, UP, India
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Jyoti A, Ram S, Vajpayee P, Singh G, Dwivedi PD, Jain SK, Shanker R. Contamination of surface and potable water in South Asia by Salmonellae: culture-independent quantification with molecular beacon real-time PCR. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:1256-1263. [PMID: 20035972 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Low numbers (15-100CFU) of Salmonella in food or water may pose a public health risk. The management of infections caused by Salmonella spp. during outbreaks or forecasting of contamination of aquatic resources largely depends on rapid, sensitive and accurate diagnostic in few hours. In this study, a real-time PCR assay in Molecular-Beacon format was developed and culture-independent quantitative enumeration of Salmonella spp. in surface and potable water is being reported for the first time from northern part of India. Molecular Beacon was designed in highly conserved region of invA gene (present in wide range of Salmonella serotypes including all subspecies) encoding an essential component of the invasion associated specialized type Ø protein secretion apparatus for detection of Salmonella spp. in water. The assay could detect directly 10 and 1 genomic equivalent of Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 per PCR with detection probability of 100 and 20%, respectively. Further, the assay could detect 10CFU/PCR or more of reference strain (S. typhimurium ATCC 14028) without any enrichment in the presence of 10(8)CFUml(-1) of non-pathogenic E. coli (E. coli DH5alpha) with 100% detection probability. The assay could enumerate Salmonella spp. in surface (n=40) and potable waters (n=10) directly (without enrichment). Results indicate that northern India is at high risk of developing Salmonella borne infections. Further, real-time PCR assay in Molecular Beacon format can be used for identification of critical contamination points in natural water resources and potable water distribution systems, necessary to implement vaccination plan timely for prevention of waterborne outbreaks caused by Salmonella spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Jyoti
- Environmental Microbiology, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (C.S.I.R.), Lucknow, U.P., India
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Sharan R, Chhibber S, Attri S, Reed RH. Inactivation and injury of Escherichia coli in a copper water storage vessel: effects of temperature and pH. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2009; 97:91-7. [PMID: 19924559 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-009-9395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Copper has been used as a disinfectant since ancient times and recent research has demonstrated that antimicrobial copper surfaces may have practical applications in healthcare and related areas. The present study was carried out to establish the effects of temperature and pH on inactivation and sub-lethal injury of Escherichia coli in water stored in a copper vessel, to determine the operational limits of the process in terms of these variables. To investigate the effects of temperature, a bacterial suspension at pH 7.0 was stored for up to 48 h in copper vessels at 5, 15, 25 and 35 degrees C. For pH, a bacterial suspension was stored at 30 degrees C for up to 48 h in copper vessels at pH 6.0, 7.0, 8.0 and 9.0. Both temperature and pH had substantial effects on inactivation and injury, with the fastest inactivation observed at elevated temperature and at pH values furthest from neutrality, while the greatest amount of sub-lethal injury, manifest as sensitivity to conventional aerobic enumeration, was observed at a temperature of 35 degrees C. These findings have important implications for the practical application of copper-based water disinfection methods, in terms of their likely efficacy under environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riti Sharan
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Garcia-Aljaro C, Moreno E, Andreu A, Prats G, Blanch AR. Phylogroups, virulence determinants and antimicrobial resistance in stx2 gene-carrying Escherichia coli isolated from aquatic environments. Res Microbiol 2009; 160:585-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ram S, Vajpayee P, Shanker R. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in sewage-impacted waters and aquatic weeds: quantitative PCR for culture-independent enumeration. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 108:1007-1014. [PMID: 19735327 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To develop quantitative PCR for culture-independent enumeration of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in sewage-impacted waters and aquatic weeds. METHODS AND RESULTS Two fluorescent probes (TaqMan and FRET) based on two different real-time PCR chemistries were designed in highly conserved region of LT1 gene encoding heat labile enterotoxin. Both the assays could detect 2 CFU ml(-1) from serially diluted (two-fold and ten-fold) culture of reference strain (E. coli MTCC 723). FRET performed better in terms of CT value and PCR efficiency than TaqMan. The presence of 10(6) CFU ml(-1) of nonpathogenic E. coli reduced the detection limit two-fold with both the probes. However, the performance for two chemistries in various environmental samples was significantly (student's t-test, P<0.05) different. CONCLUSION It could be inferred from this study that real-time PCR chemistries (TaqMan and FRET) could detect very few copies of target DNA in pure cultures, but may give varied response in the presence of nonspecific DNA and natural inhibitors present in environmental sample matrices. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The assays can be used for pre-emptive monitoring of aquatic weeds (a potential nonpoint source), surface and potable waters to prevent waterborne outbreaks caused by ETEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ram
- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (C.S.I.R.), PO Box 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow-226001, UP, India
| | - P Vajpayee
- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (C.S.I.R.), PO Box 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow-226001, UP, India
| | - R Shanker
- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (C.S.I.R.), PO Box 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow-226001, UP, India
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Faria C, Vaz-Moreira I, Serapicos E, Nunes OC, Manaia CM. Antibiotic resistance in coagulase negative staphylococci isolated from wastewater and drinking water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:3876-3882. [PMID: 19324394 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the antibiotic resistance patterns of coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) isolated from a drinking water treatment plant (WTP), a drinking water distribution network, responsible for supplying water to the consumers (WDN), and a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), responsible for receiving and treating domestic residual effluents. Genotyping and the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis demonstrated a higher diversity of species both in the WTP (6 species/19 isolates) and WWTP (12 species/47 isolates) than in the WDN (6 species/172 isolates). Staphylococcus pasteuri and Staphylococcus epidermidis prevailed in the WTP and WDN and Staphylococcus saprophyticus in the WWTP. Staphylococci with reduced susceptibility (resistance or intermediary phenotype) to beta-lactams, tetracycline, clindamycin and erythromycin were observed in all types of water and belonged to the three major species groups. The highest resistance rate was found against erythromycin, presumably due to the presence of the efflux pump encoded by the determinant msrA, detected in the majority of the resistant isolates. This study demonstrates that antibiotic resistant CNS may colonize different types of water, namely drinking water fulfilling all the quality standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Faria
- CBQF, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
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Antibiotic resistance profiles of Escherichia coli isolates from river sources in Durban, South Africa. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ram S, Vajpayee P, Singh RL, Shanker R. Surface water of a perennial river exhibits multi-antimicrobial resistant shiga toxin and enterotoxin producing Escherichia coli. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2009; 72:490-495. [PMID: 18692897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The high incidences of waterborne diseases are frequently associated with shiga toxin (STEC) and enterotoxin producing Escherichia coli (ETEC). Therefore, in the present study, surface water samples collected from the river Saryu were analyzed for the presence of multi-antimicrobial resistant ETEC and STEC. Forty-two E. coli isolates were screened for virulence determinants of STEC and ETEC. Eighteen E. coli isolates exhibit both stx1 and stx2 genes (66.6%) or only stx1 (33.3%) gene. eaeA, hlyA, and chuA genes were present in 94.5%, 83.3%, and 55.6% of STEC, respectively. Further, it was observed that 12 isolates exhibit only ST1 gene (25%) or both LT1 and ST1 genes (75%). The resistance to multi-antimicrobials was observed in 100% and 27.7% of ETEC and STEC isolates, respectively. The presence of multi-antimicrobial resistant diarrheagenic E. coli in surface waters of south Asia is an important health concern due to risk of developing waterborne outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siya Ram
- Environmental Microbiology Division, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR), Post Box 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, UP, India
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Zhang XX, Zhang T, Fang HHP. Antibiotic resistance genes in water environment. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 82:397-414. [PMID: 19130050 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1829-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 560] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of antibiotics may accelerate the development of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and bacteria which shade health risks to humans and animals. The emerging of ARGs in the water environment is becoming an increasing worldwide concern. Hundreds of various ARGs encoding resistance to a broad range of antibiotics have been found in microorganisms distributed not only in hospital wastewaters and animal production wastewaters, but also in sewage, wastewater treatment plants, surface water, groundwater, and even in drinking water. This review summarizes recently published information on the types, distributions, and horizontal transfer of ARGs in various aquatic environments, as well as the molecular methods used to detect environmental ARGs, including specific and multiplex PCR (polymerase chain reaction), real-time PCR, DNA sequencing, and hybridization based techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Xiang Zhang
- Environmental Biotechnology Lab,Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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Ram S, Vajpayee P, Tripathi U, Singh R, Seth P, Shanker R. Determination of antimicrobial resistance and virulence gene signatures in surface water isolates ofEscherichia coli. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 105:1899-908. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03879.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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