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Ryan SM, Marker HC, Van Wickle K, Winch PJ. A scoping review of interventions targeting small-scale, individual-initiated burning practices. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110794. [PMID: 33508263 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambient outdoor air pollution has been identified as a key risk factor for adverse health outcomes and mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Small-scale, individual-initiated burning activities are significant contributors to local pollutant emissions but are not well studied. We identified articles that describe small-scale burning interventions in order to characterize current trends, implementation science perspectives, and gaps in the literature. METHODS We conducted a global search of interventions to reduce ambient air pollution, and then conducted a keyword search among these articles to identify literature regarding interventions to reduce individual-initiated burning. We categorized these articles based on whether burning was discussed as an explicit focus or incidental finding and conducted a full-text analysis. We conducted a supplementary review on anthropological aspects of burning behaviors and burning interventions not captured in our review to inform future recommendations. RESULTS Ten articles describing interventions for small-scale, individual-initiated burning were identified. Four articles examined burning as an explicit focus and six discussed burning as an incidental finding. China was the country most represented in our review. All but one of the articles discussed emissions-related outcomes, while only one article discussed health outcomes. Four articles explored factors affecting implementation of interventions and regulations, but none included implementation as a primary objective. The supplementary review revealed a large amount of literature about burning in the context of spiritual and agricultural practices. However, less is known about everyday burning behaviors, such as trash burning and household burning, as well as reasons why people burn. CONCLUSION There is a paucity of research that explicitly discusses interventions for small scale, individual-initiated burning practices. Gaps remain in interventions in LMICs most affected by individual-initiated burning, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Most of the current literature does not analyze factors affecting effectiveness of interventions and regulations and does not clearly identify reasons why people choose to burn. More research is needed on how to effectively implement interventions to reduce individual-initiated burning, as well as to target key geographic regions and burning sources that continue to be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia M Ryan
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Hannah C Marker
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kimiko Van Wickle
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Peter J Winch
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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Sakizadeh M. Spatiotemporal variations and characterization of the chronic cancer risk associated with benzene exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109387. [PMID: 31302332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A spatiotemporal analysis of benzene was performed in east of the USA and in a representative station in Baltimore County, in order to assess its trend over a 25-year time span between 1993 and 2018. A novel time series analysis technique known as TBATS (an ensemble of Trigonometric seasonal models, Box-Cox transformation, ARMA error plus Trend and Seasonal components) was applied for the first time on an air contaminant. The results demonstrated an annual seasonality and a continuously declining trend in this respect. The success of Reformulated Gasoline Program (RFG), initiated in 1995, was obviously detected in time series data since the daily benzene concentrations reduced to one-sixth of its original level in 1995. In this regard, the respective values of mean absolute scaled error (MASE) were 0.35 and 0.45 for training and test series. Given the observed concentrations of benzene, the hot spot areas in east of the US were identified by spatial analysis, as well. A chronic cancer risk was followed along the study area, by both a deterministic and probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) techniques. It was indicated that children are at higher risk than that of adults. The range of estimated risk values for PRA was higher and varied between 6.45 × 10-6 and 1.68 × 10-4 for adults and between 8.13 × 10-6 and 8.29 × 10-4 for children. According to the findings of PRA, and referring to the threshold level of 1 × 10-4, only 1.2% of the adults and 28.77% of the children were categorized in an immediate risk group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Sakizadeh
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Sugg MM, Fuhrmann CM, Runkle JD. Temporal and spatial variation in personal ambient temperatures for outdoor working populations in the southeastern USA. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2018; 62:1521-1534. [PMID: 29802500 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-018-1553-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Excessive ambient temperature exposure can result in significant morbidity and mortality, especially among vulnerable occupational groups like outdoor workers. Average temperatures in the USA are projected to increase in frequency and intensity, placing future worker populations at greater risk for unhealthy levels of exposure. Unlike previous research focused on aggregate-level temperature exposures from in situ weather station data, this study will measure location-based personal ambient temperatures (PAT) at the individual-level by piloting the use of wearable sensor technology. A total of 66 outdoor workers in three geographically and climatologically diverse regions in the Southeast USA were continuously sampled during the workday for a 1-week period throughout July 11 to August 8 2016. Results indicate significant worker variation in temperature exposure within and between study locations; with PAT characterized by less pronounced variability as workers moved between indoor and outdoor environments. Developed land covers, a factor often associated with higher temperatures, were poorly correlated with PAT. Future analysis should focus on a worker's physiological response to PAT and mapping of spatial patterns of PAT for a larger worker population to produce innovative and targeted heat prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Sugg
- Department of Geography and Planning, Appalachian State University, P.O. Box 32066,, Boone, NC, 28608, USA.
| | - Christopher M Fuhrmann
- Department of Geosciences, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 5448, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Jennifer D Runkle
- North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies, North Carolina State University, 151 Patton Avenue,, NC, Asheville, 28801, USA
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Li Y, Chang M, Ding S, Wang S, Ni D, Hu H. Monitoring and source apportionment of trace elements in PM 2.5: Implications for local air quality management. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 196:16-25. [PMID: 28284133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were collected simultaneously every hour in Beijing between April 2014 and April 2015 at five sites. Thirteen trace elements (TEs) in PM2.5 were analyzed by online X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The annual average PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 76.8 to 102.7 μg m-3. TEs accounted for 5.9%-8.7% of the total PM2.5 mass with Cl, S, K, and Si as the most dominant elements. Spearman correlation coefficients of PM2.5 or TE concentrations between the background site and other sites showed that PM2.5 and some element loadings were affected by regional and local sources, whereas Cr, Si, and Ni were attributed to substantial local emissions. Temporal variations of TEs in PM2.5 were significant and provided information on source profiles. The PM2.5 concentrations were highest in autumn and lowest in summer. Mn and Cr showed similar variation. Fe, Ca, Si, and Ti tended to show higher concentrations in spring, whereas concentrations of S peaked in summer. Concentrations of Cl, K, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ni peaked in winter. PM2.5 and TE median concentrations were higher on Saturdays than on weekdays. The diurnal pattern of PM2.5 and TE median concentrations yielded similar bimodal patterns. Five dominant sources of PM2.5 mass were identified via positive matrix factorization (PMF). These sources included the regional and local secondary aerosols, traffic, coal burning, soil dust, and metal processing. Air quality management strategies, including regional environmental coordination and collaboration, reduction in secondary aerosol precursors, restrictive vehicle emission standards, promotion of public transport, and adoption of clean energy, should be strictly implemented. High time-resolution measurements of TEs provided detailed source profiles, which can greatly improve precision in interpreting source apportionment calculations; the PMF analysis of online XRF data is a powerful tool for local air quality management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyan Li
- Division of Environmental Management & Policy, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; iSoftStone Information Technology (Group) Co., Ltd, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Miao Chang
- Division of Environmental Management & Policy, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Shanshan Ding
- Division of Environmental Management & Policy, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shiwen Wang
- Institute of Quantitative & Technical Economics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100732, China
| | - Dun Ni
- iSoftStone Information Technology (Group) Co., Ltd, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongtao Hu
- iSoftStone Information Technology (Group) Co., Ltd, Beijing 100193, China
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Zhang Y, Shen J, Ding F, Li Y, He L. Vulnerability assessment of atmospheric environment driven by human impacts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 571:778-90. [PMID: 27424115 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric environment quality worsening is a substantial threat to public health worldwide, and in many places, air pollution due to the intensification of the human activity is increasing dramatically. However, no studies have been investigated the integration of vulnerability assessment and atmospheric environment driven by human impacts. The objective of this study was to identify and prioritize the undesirable environmental changes as an early warning system for environment managers and decision makers in term of human, atmospheric environment, and social economic elements. We conduct a vulnerability assessment method of atmospheric environment associated with human impact, this method integrates spatial context of Geographic Information System (GIS) tool, multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) method, ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operators under the Exposure-Sensitivity- Adaptive Capacity (ESA) framework. Decision makers can find out relevant vulnerability assessment results with different vulnerable attitudes. In the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region, China, we further applied this developed method and proved it to be reliable and consistent with the China Environmental Status Bulletin. Results indicate that the vulnerability of atmospheric environment in the BTH region is not optimistic, and environment managers should do more about air pollution. Thus, the most appropriate strategic decision and development program of city or state can be picked out assisting by the vulnerable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Resources and Environmental Research Academy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Resources and Environmental Research Academy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Feng Ding
- Appraisal Centre for Environmental and Engineering, Environmental Protection Ministry, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yu Li
- Resources and Environmental Research Academy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Li He
- School of Renewable Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
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Tunno BJ, Michanowicz DR, Shmool JLC, Kinnee E, Cambal L, Tripathy S, Gillooly S, Roper C, Chubb L, Clougherty JE. Spatial variation in inversion-focused vs 24-h integrated samples of PM2.5 and black carbon across Pittsburgh, PA. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2016; 26:365-76. [PMID: 25921079 PMCID: PMC4913170 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2015.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A growing literature explores intra-urban variation in pollution concentrations. Few studies, however, have examined spatial variation during "peak" hours of the day (e.g., rush hours, inversion conditions), which may have strong bearing for source identification and epidemiological analyses. We aimed to capture "peak" spatial variation across a region of complex terrain, legacy industry, and frequent atmospheric inversions. We hypothesized stronger spatial contrast in concentrations during hours prone to atmospheric inversions and heavy traffic, and designed a 2-year monitoring campaign to capture spatial variation in fine particles (PM2.5) and black carbon (BC). Inversion-focused integrated monitoring (0600-1100 hours) was performed during year 1 (2011-2012) and compared with 1-week 24-h integrated results from year 2 (2012-2013). To allocate sampling sites, we explored spatial distributions in key sources (i.e., traffic, industry) and potential modifiers (i.e., elevation) in geographic information systems (GIS), and allocated 37 sites for spatial and source variability across the metropolitan domain (~388 km(2)). Land use regression (LUR) models were developed and compared by pollutant, season, and sampling method. As expected, we found stronger spatial contrasts in PM2.5 and BC using inversion-focused sampling, suggesting greater differences in peak exposures across urban areas than is captured by most integrated saturation campaigns. Temporal variability, commercial and industrial land use, PM2.5 emissions, and elevation were significant predictors, but did not more strongly predict concentrations during peak hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J Tunno
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Bridgeside Point, 100 Technology Drive, Room 529, Pittsburgh, PA 15219-3130, USA. Tel.: +1 724 288 3778. Fax: +1 412 624 3040. E-mail:
| | - Drew R Michanowicz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jessie L C Shmool
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ellen Kinnee
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leah Cambal
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sheila Tripathy
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sara Gillooly
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Courtney Roper
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lauren Chubb
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jane E Clougherty
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Tunno BJ, Kyra Naumoff Shields, Cambal L, Tripathy S, Holguin F, Lioy P, Clougherty JE. Indoor air sampling for fine particulate matter and black carbon in industrial communities in Pittsburgh. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 536:108-115. [PMID: 26204046 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Impacts of industrial emissions on outdoor air pollution in nearby communities are well-documented. Fewer studies, however, have explored impacts on indoor air quality in these communities. Because persons in northern climates spend a majority of their time indoors, understanding indoor exposures, and the role of outdoor air pollution in shaping such exposures, is a priority issue. Braddock and Clairton, Pennsylvania, industrial communities near Pittsburgh, are home to an active steel mill and coke works, respectively, and the population experiences elevated rates of childhood asthma. Twenty-one homes were selected for 1-week indoor sampling for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon (BC) during summer 2011 and winter 2012. Multivariate linear regression models were used to examine contributions from both outdoor concentrations and indoor sources. In the models, an outdoor infiltration component explained 10 to 39% of variability in indoor air pollution for PM2.5, and 33 to 42% for BC. For both PM2.5 models and the summer BC model, smoking was a stronger predictor than outdoor pollution, as greater pollutant concentration increases were identified. For winter BC, the model was explained by outdoor pollution and an open windows modifier. In both seasons, indoor concentrations for both PM2.5 and BC were consistently higher than residence-specific outdoor concentration estimates. Mean indoor PM2.5 was higher, on average, during summer (25.8±22.7 μg/m3) than winter (18.9±13.2 μg/m3). Contrary to the study's hypothesis, outdoor concentrations accounted for only little to moderate variability (10 to 42%) in indoor concentrations; a much greater proportion of PM2.5 was explained by cigarette smoking. Outdoor infiltration was a stronger predictor for BC compared to PM2.5, especially in winter. Our results suggest that, even in industrial communities of high outdoor pollution concentrations, indoor activities--particularly cigarette smoking--may play a larger role in shaping indoor exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J Tunno
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Kyra Naumoff Shields
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Leah Cambal
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Sheila Tripathy
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Fernando Holguin
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Environmental Medicine Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Paul Lioy
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (RWJMS), Piscataway, NJ, USA.
| | - Jane E Clougherty
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Juarez PD, Matthews-Juarez P, Hood DB, Im W, Levine RS, Kilbourne BJ, Langston MA, Al-Hamdan MZ, Crosson WL, Estes MG, Estes SM, Agboto VK, Robinson P, Wilson S, Lichtveld MY. The public health exposome: a population-based, exposure science approach to health disparities research. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:12866-95. [PMID: 25514145 PMCID: PMC4276651 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph111212866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The lack of progress in reducing health disparities suggests that new approaches are needed if we are to achieve meaningful, equitable, and lasting reductions. Current scientific paradigms do not adequately capture the complexity of the relationships between environment, personal health and population level disparities. The public health exposome is presented as a universal exposure tracking framework for integrating complex relationships between exogenous and endogenous exposures across the lifespan from conception to death. It uses a social-ecological framework that builds on the exposome paradigm for conceptualizing how exogenous exposures "get under the skin". The public health exposome approach has led our team to develop a taxonomy and bioinformatics infrastructure to integrate health outcomes data with thousands of sources of exogenous exposure, organized in four broad domains: natural, built, social, and policy environments. With the input of a transdisciplinary team, we have borrowed and applied the methods, tools and terms from various disciplines to measure the effects of environmental exposures on personal and population health outcomes and disparities, many of which may not manifest until many years later. As is customary with a paradigm shift, this approach has far reaching implications for research methods and design, analytics, community engagement strategies, and research training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Juarez
- Research Center on Health Disparities, Equity, and the Exposome, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 66 N. Pauline, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Patricia Matthews-Juarez
- Research Center on Health Disparities, Equity, and the Exposome, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 66 N. Pauline, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Darryl B Hood
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Wansoo Im
- Vertices, Inc., 317 George Street 411, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Robert S Levine
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA.
| | - Barbara J Kilbourne
- Department of Sociology, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
| | - Michael A Langston
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Mohammad Z Al-Hamdan
- National Space Science and Technology Center, Universities Space Research Association, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA.
| | - William L Crosson
- National Space Science and Technology Center, Universities Space Research Association, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA.
| | - Maurice G Estes
- National Space Science and Technology Center, University of Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA.
| | - Sue M Estes
- National Space Science and Technology Center, Universities Space Research Association, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA.
| | - Vincent K Agboto
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA.
| | - Paul Robinson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA.
| | - Sacoby Wilson
- Research Center on Health Disparities, Equity, and the Exposome, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 66 N. Pauline, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Maureen Y Lichtveld
- Research Center on Health Disparities, Equity, and the Exposome, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 66 N. Pauline, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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Gleason JA, Bielory L, Fagliano JA. Associations between ozone, PM2.5, and four pollen types on emergency department pediatric asthma events during the warm season in New Jersey: a case-crossover study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 132:421-9. [PMID: 24858282 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases among school-aged children in the United States. Environmental respiratory irritants exacerbate asthma among children. Understanding the impact of a variety of known and biologically plausible environmental irritants and triggers among children in New Jersey - ozone, fine particulate matter (PM2.5), tree pollen, weed pollen, grass pollen and ragweed - would allow for informed public health interventions. METHODS Time-stratified case-crossover design was used to study the transient impact of ozone, PM2.5 and pollen on the acute onset of pediatric asthma. Daily emergency department visits were obtained for children aged 3-17 years with a primary diagnosis of asthma during the warm season (April through September), 2004-2007 (inclusive). Bi-directional control sampling was used to select two control periods for each case for a total of 65,562 inclusion days. Since the period of exposure prior to emergency department visit may be the most clinically relevant, lag exposures were investigated (same day (lag0), 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 as well as 3-day and 5-day moving averages). Multivariable conditional logistic regression controlling for holiday, school-in-session indicator, and 3-day moving average for temperature and relative humidity was used to examine the associations. Odds ratios are based on interquartile range (IQR) increases or 10 unit increases when IQR ranges were narrow. Single-pollutant models as well as multipollutant models were examined. Stratification on gender, race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status was explored. RESULTS The associations with ozone and PM2.5 were strongest on the same day (lag0) of the emergency department visit (RR IQR=1.05, 95% CI 1.04-1.06) and (RR IQR=1.03, 95% CI 1.02-1.04), respectively, with a decreasing lag effect. Tree and weed pollen were associated with pediatric ED visits; the largest magnitudes of association was with the 5-day average (RR IQR=1.23, 95% CI 1.21-1.25) and (RR 10=1.13, 95% CI 1.12-1.14), respectively. Grass pollen was only minimally associated with the outcome while ragweed had a negative association. CONCLUSIONS The ambient air pollutant ozone is associated with increases in pediatric emergency department asthma visits during the warm weather season. The different pollen types showed different associations with the outcome. High levels of tree pollen appear to be an important risk factor in asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie A Gleason
- Environmental and Occupational Health Surveillance Program, New Jersey Department of Health, 135 East State Street, P.O. Box 369, Trenton, NJ 08625, USA.
| | - Leonard Bielory
- Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, Center for Environmental Prediction, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road Room 243, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Jerald A Fagliano
- Environmental and Occupational Health Surveillance Program, New Jersey Department of Health, 135 East State Street, P.O. Box 369, Trenton, NJ 08625, USA.
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Dillert R, Engel A, Große J, Lindner P, Bahnemann DW. Light intensity dependence of the kinetics of the photocatalytic oxidation of nitrogen(ii) oxide at the surface of TiO2. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:20876-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54469a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tunno BJ, Shields KN, Lioy P, Chu N, Kadane JB, Parmanto B, Pramana G, Zora J, Davidson C, Holguin F, Clougherty JE. Understanding intra-neighborhood patterns in PM2.5 and PM10 using mobile monitoring in Braddock, PA. Environ Health 2012; 11:76. [PMID: 23051204 PMCID: PMC3639095 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-11-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Braddock, Pennsylvania is home to the Edgar Thomson Steel Works (ETSW), one of the few remaining active steel mills in the Pittsburgh region. An economically distressed area, Braddock exceeds average annual (>15 μg/m3) and daily (>35 μg/m3) National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for particulate matter (PM2.5). METHODS A mobile air monitoring study was designed and implemented in morning and afternoon hours in the summer and winter (2010-2011) to explore the within-neighborhood spatial and temporal (within-day and between-day) variability in PM2.5 and PM10. RESULTS Both pollutants displayed spatial variation between stops, and substantial temporal variation within and across study days. For summer morning sampling runs, site-specific mean PM2.5 ranged from 30.0 (SD = 3.3) to 55.1 (SD = 13.0) μg/m3. Mean PM10 ranged from 30.4 (SD = 2.5) to 69.7 (SD = 51.2) μg/m3, respectively. During summer months, afternoon concentrations were significantly lower than morning for both PM2.5 and PM10, potentially owing to morning subsidence inversions. Winter concentrations were lower than summer, on average, and showed lesser diurnal variation. Temperature, wind speed, and wind direction predicted significant variability in PM2.5 and PM10 in multiple linear regression models. CONCLUSIONS Data reveals significant morning versus afternoon variability and spatial variability in both PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations within Braddock. Information obtained on peak concentration periods, and the combined effects of industry, traffic, and elevation in this region informed the design of a larger stationary monitoring network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J Tunno
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kyra Naumoff Shields
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul Lioy
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (RWJMS), Piscataway, New York, USA
| | - Nanjun Chu
- Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph B Kadane
- Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bambang Parmanto
- University of Pittsburgh Health Information Management, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gede Pramana
- University of Pittsburgh Health Information Management, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Fernando Holguin
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Environmental Medicine Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jane E Clougherty
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Wu X(M, Fan Z(T, Zhu X, Jung KH, Ohman-Strickland P, Weisel CP, Lioy PJ. Exposures to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and associated health risks of socio-economically disadvantaged population in a "hot spot" in Camden, New Jersey. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2012; 57:72-79. [PMID: 25674036 PMCID: PMC4321696 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To address disparities in health risks associated with ambient air pollution for racial/ethnic minority groups, this study characterized personal and ambient concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a suspected hot spot of air pollution - the Village of Waterfront South (WFS), and an urban reference community - the Copewood/Davis Streets (CDS) neighborhood in Camden, New Jersey. Both are minority-dominant, impoverished communities. We collected 24-h integrated personal air samples from 54 WFS residents and 53 CDS residents, with one sample on a weekday and one on a weekend day during the summer and winter seasons of 2004-2006. Ambient air samples from the center of each community were also collected simultaneously during personal air sampling. Toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (TEX) presented higher (p < 0.05) ambient levels in WFS than in CDS, particularly during weekdays. A stronger association between personal and ambient concentrations of MTBE and TEX was found in WFS than in CDS. Fourteen to forty-two percent of the variation in personal MTBE, hexane, benzene, and TEX was explained by local outdoor air pollution. These observations indicated that local sources impacted the community air pollution and personal exposure in WFS. The estimated cancer risks resulting from two locally emitted VOCs, benzene and ethylbenzene, and non-cancer neurological and respiratory effects resulting from hexane, benzene, toluene, and xylenes exceeded the US EPA risk benchmarks in both communities. These findings emphasized the need to address disparity in health risks associated with ambient air pollution for the socio-economically disadvantaged groups. This study also demonstrated that air pollution hot spots similar to WFS can provide robust setting to investigate health effects of ambient air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmei (May) Wu
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ), USA
- UMDNJ – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, USA
| | - Zhihua (Tina) Fan
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ), USA
- UMDNJ – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, USA
| | - Xianlei Zhu
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ), USA
- UMDNJ – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, USA
| | - Kyung Hwa Jung
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ), USA
- UMDNJ – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, USA
| | - Pamela Ohman-Strickland
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ), USA
- UMDNJ – School of Public Health, USA
| | - Clifford P. Weisel
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ), USA
- UMDNJ – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, USA
| | - Paul J. Lioy
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ), USA
- UMDNJ – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, USA
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