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Mao Y, Zhang H, He X, Chen J, Xi L, Chen Y, Zeng Y. A four-gene signature predicts overall survival of patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma. Transl Cancer Res 2024; 13:1382-1393. [PMID: 38617513 PMCID: PMC11009802 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-23-1798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Background Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is an aggressive cancer with poor prognosis. Thus, this study aimed to identify a prognostic molecular signature to predict the overall survival (OS) of patients with EAC. Methods The mRNA microarray data sets GSE13898 and GSE26886 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. RNA sequencing profile and clinical data of EAC patients were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between EAC tissues and adjacent non-cancerous tissues were obtained using R software. DEGs associated with prognosis of OS were assessed by univariate Cox analysis, and a prognostic signature was built using stepwise multivariate Cox analysis. Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and stratification analysis were conducted to evaluate its predictive performance. Functional enrichment analysis was performed for genes co-expressed with the signature to explore its biological functions in EAC. Results A total of 336 genes were identified to be differentially expressed between EAC tissues and adjacent non-cancerous tissues. After univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis, four genes (ALAD, ABLIM3, IL17RB and IFI6) were screened out to construct a prognostic signature. According to this signature, patients could be assigned into high-risk and low-risk group with significantly different OS (P=4.92e-05<0.0001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis suggested that the four-gene signature served as an independent factor in OS prediction. In the time-dependent ROC analysis, the areas under the curves (AUCs) were 0.804, 0.792 and 0.695 for 1-, 3- and 5-year survival prediction, respectively, suggesting a good performance. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the signature was mainly clustered in cell proliferation related biological processes or pathways. Conclusions The four-gene signature identified in the current study may be a potential prognostic factor for predicting OS of EAC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Mao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Women’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
| | - Lanyan Xi
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
| | - Yanping Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
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2
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Caruso G, Nanni A, Curcio A, Lombardi G, Somma T, Minutoli L, Caffo M. Impact of Heavy Metals on Glioma Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15432. [PMID: 37895109 PMCID: PMC10607278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, an increase in the incidence of brain tumors has been observed in the most industrialized countries. This event triggered considerable interest in the study of heavy metals and their presence in the environment (air, water, soil, and food). It is probable that their accumulation in the body could lead to a high risk of the onset of numerous pathologies, including brain tumors, in humans. Heavy metals are capable of generating reactive oxygen, which plays a key role in various pathological mechanisms. Alteration of the homeostasis of heavy metals could cause the overproduction of reactive oxygen species and induce DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and the alteration of proteins. A large number of studies have shown that iron, cadmium, lead, nickel, chromium, and mercury levels were significantly elevated in patients affected by gliomas. In this study, we try to highlight a possible correlation between the most frequently encountered heavy metals, their presence in the environment, their sources, and glioma tumorigenesis. We also report on the review of the relevant literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Caruso
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Unit of Neurosurgery, Università degli Studi di Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (A.N.); (A.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Aristide Nanni
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Unit of Neurosurgery, Università degli Studi di Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (A.N.); (A.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Antonello Curcio
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Unit of Neurosurgery, Università degli Studi di Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (A.N.); (A.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Lombardi
- Department of Oncology, Oncology 1, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, 35128 Padua, Italy;
| | - Teresa Somma
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Letteria Minutoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Maria Caffo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Unit of Neurosurgery, Università degli Studi di Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (A.N.); (A.C.); (M.C.)
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3
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Low expression of moonlight gene ALAD is correlated with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Gene 2022; 825:146437. [PMID: 35318110 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moonlighting genes may involve in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and the establishment of a prognostic signature based on moonlighting genes may help predict the prognosis of HCC patients. METHODS This study aimed to construct a prognostic signature based on moonlighting genes in HCC and determine whether there is a correlation with tumor microenvironment or immune responses. Then we used HCC cell lines and an HCC cDNA microarray to illuminate the role of moonlighting gene in prognosis of HCC. RESULTS We constructed an original prognostic signature based on eight moonlighting genes (ABCB1, S100A9, NCL, PRDX6, ALAD, YBX1, POU2F1, RPL5) with strong prognosis prediction capability. The prognostic signature may demonstrate the immune status of patients with HCC, because high-risk subgroups had significantly higher scores for regulatory T cells, dendritic cells, T follicular helper cells, macrophages, and major histocompatibility complex-I, and different expression levels of immune checkpoint molecules. Importantly, patients in the high-risk subgroup exhibited higher tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion scores, suggesting that they might be less sensitive to immunotherapy. The roles of ABCB1, S100A9, NCL, PRDX6, YBX1, and POU2F1 in HCC have been reported. However, there have been no reports on the association between ALAD and HCC. Then we used bioinformatics to confirm that ALAD expression was lower in HCC and low expression of ALAD was an indicator of poor prognosis. Moreover, we found that ALAD expression was lower in HCC cells than that in normal human hepatocytes or tumor-adjacent tissues, it was negatively correlated with the pathological grade, and low expression of ALAD was related to poor prognosis in patients with HCC. CONCLUSION We have successfully established a novel prognostic signature based on moonlighting genes, with a strong predictive capability for prognosis, immune status, and possible response to immunotherapy. Additionally, we have identified ALAD as a prognostic biomarker for HCC.
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Gamage SMK, Lee KTW, Dissabandara DLO, Lam AKY, Gopalan V. Dual role of heme iron in cancer; promotor of carcinogenesis and an inducer of tumour suppression. Exp Mol Pathol 2021; 120:104642. [PMID: 33905708 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2021.104642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Heme is a crucial compound for cell survival but is also equipped with the potential to be toxic and carcinogenic to cells. However, with the recent advancement of knowledge regarding ferroptosis, the iron mediated cell death, heme can be postulated to induce tumour suppression through ferroptosis. This review summarizes the literature on the carcinogenic and anticarcinogenic properties of heme with specific emphasis on the alterations observed on heme synthesis, metabolism and transport in tumour cells. METHODS Literature search was performed in PubMed data base using the MeSH terms 'heme iron or heme', 'cancer or carcinogenesis' and 'tumour suppression' or 'anticarcinogenic properties. Out of 189 results, 166 were relevant to the current review. RESULTS Heme supports carcinogenesis via modulation of immune cell function, promoting inflammation and gut dysbiosis, impeding tumour suppressive potential of P53 gene, promoting cellular cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species generation and modulating Nfr2 /HO-1 axis. The carcinogenic and anticarcinogenic properties of heme are both dose and oxygen concentration dependant. At low doses, heme is harmless and even helpful in maintaining the much-needed redox balance within the cell. However, when heme exceeds physiological concentrations, it could initiate and propagate carcinogenesis, due to its ability to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). The same phenomenon of heme mediated ROS generation could be manipulated to initiate tumour suppression via ferroptosis, but the therapeutic doses are yet to be determined. CONCLUSION Heme iron possesses powerful carcinogenic and anticarcinogenic properties which are dosage and oxygen availability dependant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujani M K Gamage
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Katherine T W Lee
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - D Lakal O Dissabandara
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Alfred King-Yin Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia.
| | - Vinod Gopalan
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia.
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Xiao Q, Chen T, Chen S. Fluorescent contrast agents for tumor surgery. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:1577-1585. [PMID: 30186374 PMCID: PMC6122374 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of cases of mortality worldwide. The most effective method to cure solid tumors is surgery. Every year, >50% of cancer patients receive surgery to remove solid tumors. Surgery may increase the cure rate of most solid tumors by 4–11 fold. Surgery has many challenges, including identifying small lesions, locating metastases and confirming complete tumor removal. Fluorescence guidance describes a new approach to improve surgical accuracy. Near-infrared fluorescence imaging allows for real-time early diagnosis and intraoperative imaging of lesion tissue. The results of previous preclinical studies in the field of near-infrared fluorescence imaging are promising. This review provides examples introducing the three kinds of fluorescent dyes: The passive fluorescent dye indocyanine green, which has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for clinical use in the USA, the fluorescent prodrug 5-aminolevulinic acid, a porphyrin precursor in the heme synthesis, and biomarker-targeted fluorescent dyes, which allow conjugation to different target sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xiao
- School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, P.R. China
| | - Tianming Chen
- Department of Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Third Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Shilin Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
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6
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Baldi I, Engelhardt J, Bonnet C, Bauchet L, Berteaud E, Grüber A, Loiseau H. Epidemiology of meningiomas. Neurochirurgie 2018; 64:5-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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Agúndez JAG, García-Martín E, Alonso-Navarro H, Ayuso P, Esguevillas G, Benito-León J, Ortega-Cubero S, Pastor P, López-Alburquerque T, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ. Delta-amino-levulinic acid dehydratase gene and essential tremor. Eur J Clin Invest 2017; 47:348-356. [PMID: 28276576 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several reports found a relationship between increased serum lead levels and the risk for essential tremor (ET), especially in carriers of the minor allele of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1800435 in the aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALAD) gene, which is involved in the synthesis of haem groups. Our group reported decreased risk for ET in carriers of the minor alleles of the rs2071746 and rs1051308 SNPs in the haem-oxygenases 1 and 2 (HMOX1 and HMOX2), respectively, involved in haem metabolism. We analysed whether ALAD rs1800435 alone and their interactions with the four common SNPs in the HMOX1 and HMOX2 genes are associated with the risk for ET. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analysed the genotype and allele variants frequencies of ALAD rs1800435 in 202 patients with familial ET and 218 healthy controls using a TaqMan method. We also analysed the role of the interaction between ALAD rs1800435 and the HMOX1 rs2071746, HMOX1 rs2071747, HMOX2 rs2270363 and HMOX2 rs1051308 with the risk of developing ET. RESULTS The frequencies of genotype and allelic variants of ALAD rs1800435 did not differ significantly between patients with ET and controls, and were not influenced by gender. Subjects carrying the ALAD rs1800435CC genotype (wild-type) and the HMOX2 rs1051308GG genotype or the HMOX2 rs1051308G allele had significantly decreased risk for ET. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the ALAD rs1800435 SNP is not related with the risk for ET, but its interaction with the HMOX2 rs1051308 SNP could be weakly associated with the risk for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A G Agúndez
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.,Research Network on Adverse Reactions to Allergens and Drugs, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena García-Martín
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.,Research Network on Adverse Reactions to Allergens and Drugs, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hortensia Alonso-Navarro
- Department of Medicine-Neurology, Hospital 'Príncipe de Asturias', Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, Arganda del Rey, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Ayuso
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.,Research Network on Adverse Reactions to Allergens and Drugs, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gara Esguevillas
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.,Research Network on Adverse Reactions to Allergens and Drugs, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Benito-León
- Service of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Hospital Doce de Octubre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Ortega-Cubero
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, University of Navarra School of Medicine, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pau Pastor
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, University of Navarra School of Medicine, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Félix Javier Jiménez-Jiménez
- Department of Medicine-Neurology, Hospital 'Príncipe de Asturias', Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, Arganda del Rey, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Sadetzki S, Chetrit A, Turner MC, van Tongeren M, Benke G, Figuerola J, Fleming S, Hours M, Kincl L, Krewski D, McLean D, Parent ME, Richardson L, Schlehofer B, Schlaefer K, Blettner M, Schüz J, Siemiatycki J, Cardis E. Occupational exposure to metals and risk of meningioma: a multinational case-control study. J Neurooncol 2016; 130:505-515. [PMID: 27664150 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-016-2244-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine associations between occupational exposure to metals and meningioma risk in the international INTEROCC study. INTEROCC is a seven-country population-based case-control study including 1906 adult meningioma cases and 5565 population controls. Incident cases were recruited between 2000 and 2004. A detailed occupational history was completed and job titles were coded into standard international occupational classifications. Estimates of mean workday exposure to individual metals and to welding fumes were assigned based on a job-exposure-matrix. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using conditional logistic regression. Although more controls than cases were ever exposed to metals (14 vs. 11 %, respectively), cases had higher median cumulative exposure levels. The ORs for ever vs. never exposure to any metal and to individual metals were mostly greater than 1.0, with the strongest association for exposure to iron (OR 1.26, 95 % CI 1.0-1.58). In women, an increased OR of 1.70 (95 % CI 1.0-2.89) was seen for ever vs never exposure to iron (OR in men 1.19, 95 % CI 0.91-1.54), with positive trends in relation with both cumulative and duration of exposure. These results remained after consideration of other occupational metal or chemical co-exposures. In conclusion, an apparent positive association between occupational exposure to iron and meningioma risk was observed, particularly among women. Considering the fact that meningioma is a hormone dependent tumor, the hypothesis that an interaction between iron and estrogen metabolism may be a potential mechanism for a carcinogenic effect of iron should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegal Sadetzki
- The Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, The Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 5262000, Ramat Gan, Israel.
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Angela Chetrit
- The Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, The Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 5262000, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Michelle C Turner
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | | | - Jordi Figuerola
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Martine Hours
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Epidémiologique Transport Travail Environnement Université Lyon 1/IFSTTAR, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Daniel Krewski
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Marie-Elise Parent
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Lesley Richardson
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Brigitte Schlehofer
- Unit of Environmental Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Schlaefer
- Unit of Environmental Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Blettner
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Section of Environment and Radiation, Lyon, France
| | - Jack Siemiatycki
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Cardis
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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Yang X, Palasuberniam P, Kraus D, Chen B. Aminolevulinic Acid-Based Tumor Detection and Therapy: Molecular Mechanisms and Strategies for Enhancement. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:25865-80. [PMID: 26516850 PMCID: PMC4632830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161025865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is the first metabolite in the heme biosynthesis pathway in humans. In addition to the end product heme, this pathway also produces other porphyrin metabolites. Protoporphyrin (PpIX) is one heme precursor porphyrin with good fluorescence and photosensitizing activity. Because tumors and other proliferating cells tend to exhibit a higher level of PpIX than normal cells after ALA incubation, ALA has been used as a prodrug to enable PpIX fluorescence detection and photodynamic therapy (PDT) of lesion tissues. Extensive studies have been carried out in the past twenty years to explore why some tumors exhibit elevated ALA-mediated PpIX and how to enhance PpIX levels to achieve better tumor detection and treatment. Here we would like to summarize previous research in order to stimulate future studies on these important topics. In this review, we focus on summarizing tumor-associated alterations in heme biosynthesis enzymes, mitochondrial functions and porphyrin transporters that contribute to ALA-PpIX increase in tumors. Mechanism-based therapeutic strategies for enhancing ALA-based modalities including iron chelators, differentiation agents and PpIX transporter inhibitors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Pratheeba Palasuberniam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Daniel Kraus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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10
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Taha MM, Gaber OAEA, Sabbah NA, Abd Elazem AAS. Association between δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase G177C polymorphism and blood lead levels in brain tumor patients. Mol Clin Oncol 2015; 3:995-1000. [PMID: 26623039 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2015.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
As the δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) G177C polymorphism affects the toxicokinetics of lead in the body, and the corresponding exposure to lead may increase the risk of adult brain tumors, we hypothesize that there is a possible association of the ALAD G177C genotype and the risk of brain tumors in human. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to clarify the role of the ALAD enzyme gene polymorphism at position G177C in the pathogenesis of brain tumors and its correlation to lead exposure. The ALAD gene polymorphism at position G177C was genotyped using the polymerase chain reaction with restriction fragment length polymorphism method and measured the blood lead level by atomic absorption in 81 brain tumor patients and compared the results with 81 controls. The frequency of the GC genotype (ALAD1-2) was significantly increased in primary brain tumor patients compared to the control group. The genotype frequency of ALAD2 (ALAD1-2 and ALAD2-2) was significantly higher in the meningioma patients but was not significant in glioma patients. There was no significant difference in the number of patients and blood lead level when compared with the control. There was a significant increase when compared to ALAD1 regarding a mean value of the lead level. The genotyping of the ALAD G177C polymorphism in the present study revealed a significant association between ALAD2 and brain tumors. The ALAD G177C polymorphism may modify the lead kinetics in the blood, is associated with higher blood lead burden and may provide a biomarker of neurotoxic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mostafa Taha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44512, Egypt
| | - Osama Abd El Aziz Gaber
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44512, Egypt
| | - Norhan Abdalla Sabbah
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44512, Egypt
| | - Abd Allah S Abd Elazem
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71511, Egypt
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Leroyer A, Leleu B, Dehon B, Frimat P, Broly F, Nisse C. Influence of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase gene polymorphism on selected lead exposure biomarkers in a cohort of ex-smelter workers. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2013; 76:895-906. [PMID: 24156693 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2013.824843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) body burden and toxicity may be influenced by genetic polymorphisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of G177C delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) polymorphism (rs1800435) on selected Pb exposure biomarkers in a population of workers highly exposed to this metal in the past. A cross-sectional survey was conducted between 2007 and 2009 within the cohort of ex-employees of a smelter in the north of France that closed down in 2003. A questionnaire was completed by each participant and blood samples enabled determination of Pb levels and ALAD polymorphism. Five parameters estimating the Pb body burden and its variations were studied: last blood lead level (BLL) during activity, cumulative blood Pb index, BLL at the time of the study, and absolute and percent changes in BLL after cessation of metal exposure. Multiple regression models were used to evaluate links between ALAD polymorphism and the selected Pb exposure biomarkers. Two hundred and four men were included. At the time of inclusion, the median age was 53.5 yr. The median duration of Pb exposure was 25 yr and the median latency since end of exposure was 5.6 yr. The frequency of ALAD-2 allele was 9.3%, with 34 subjects being heterozygous (ALAD1-2) and 2 homozygous (ALAD2-2). According to genotype, there was no significant difference for any of the five selected Pb exposure biomarkers. These results lend support to the notion that ALAD polymorphism exerts no marked impact on Pb body burden.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vestibular nerve schwannoma is a benign tumor that originates in the sheath of Schwann of the eighth cranial nerve. It is considered one of the most common benign intracranial tumors, and its cause is unclear. OBJECTIVE To identify the risk factors associated with vestibular nerve schwannomas. METHODS A hospital-based exploratory case-control study was conducted between 2006 and 2010 in 2 municipalities in the northeast region of Brazil. We included individuals with unilateral vestibular nerve schwannomas confirmed by imaging. The controls, selected from the same institutions as the cases, exhibited unilateral hearing loss or tinnitus and had undergone investigatory examinations similar to those of the cases, but the presence of tumor had been excluded. A pretested structured questionnaire, administered by trained interviewers who were blind to the condition of the individual being interviewed, was used to obtain sociodemographic data and data on potential risk factor exposure. We performed a multivariate analysis using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS A total of 44 patients with vestibular nerve schwannomas and 104 controls participated in the study. A history of chicken pox (odds ratio, 6.59; 95% confidence interval, 2.07-20.9) and the exposure to more than 1 cranial x-ray procedure (odds ratio, 4.55; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-19.2) were identified as potential risk factors. CONCLUSION This exploratory study brings new hypotheses to be tested and thus works toward clarifying the causes and mechanisms involved in the cause and development of vestibular nerve schwannoma.
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van Bemmel DM, Li Y, McLean J, Chang MH, Dowling NF, Graubard B, Rajaraman P. Blood lead levels, ALAD gene polymorphisms, and mortality. Epidemiology 2011; 22:273-8. [PMID: 21293208 PMCID: PMC3932657 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0b013e3182093f75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous analyses from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) have found that elevated blood lead levels may be associated with cardiovascular mortality, cancer mortality, and all-cause mortality. The 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) G177C genetic polymorphism (rs 1800435) affects lead toxicokinetics and may alter the adverse effects of lead exposure. We examined whether the ALAD G177C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) affects the relationship between lead and mortality. METHODS We analyzed a subset of 3349 genotyped NHANES III participants at least 40 years of age. Using Cox proportional hazards regression, we estimated the relative risk of all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality by ALAD genotype, and by blood lead levels (<5 μg/dL vs. ≥5 μg/dL). We also tested whether the ALAD genotype modified the relationship between blood lead level and mortality. RESULTS The adjusted overall relative risk for participants with the variant ALAD genotype was decreased for all-cause mortality (hazards ratio = 0.68; [95% confidence interval = 0.50-0.93]) compared with persons having the common GG genotype. There was some suggestion that higher lead levels were associated with cancer mortality (1.48 [0.92-2.38]). We observed no convincing interaction effect between ALAD genotype and blood lead level on mortality risk. CONCLUSION The ALAD genotype may be associated with decreased mortality from all causes and from cancer. This association does not seem to be affected by lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M van Bemmel
- Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Bhatti P, Stewart PA, Linet MS, Blair A, Inskip PD, Rajaraman P. Comparison of occupational exposure assessment methods in a case-control study of lead, genetic susceptibility and risk of adult brain tumours. Occup Environ Med 2011; 68:4-9. [PMID: 20798009 PMCID: PMC3828743 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2009.048132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is great interest in evaluating gene-environment interactions with chemical exposures, but exposure assessment poses a unique challenge in case-control studies. Expert assessment of detailed work history data is usually considered the best approach, but it is a laborious and time-consuming process. We set out to determine if a less intensive method of exposure assessment (a job exposure matrix (JEM)) would produce similar results to a previous analysis that found evidence of effect modification of the association between expert-assessed lead exposure and risk of brain tumours by a single nucleotide polymorphism in the ALAD gene (rs1800435). METHODS We used data from a study of 355 patients with glioma, 151 patients with meningioma and 505 controls. Logistic regression models were used to examine associations between brain tumour risk and lead exposure and effect modification by genotype. We evaluated Cohen's κ, sensitivity and specificity for the JEM compared to the expert-assessed exposure metrics. RESULTS Although effect estimates were imprecise and driven by a small number of cases, we found evidence of effect modification between lead exposure and ALAD genotype when using expert- but not JEM-derived lead exposure estimates. κ Values indicated only modest agreement (<0.5) for the exposure metrics, with the JEM indicating high specificity (∼0.9) but poor sensitivity (∼0.5). Disagreement between the two methods was generally due to having additional information in the detailed work history. CONCLUSION These results provide preliminary evidence suggesting that high quality exposure data are likely to improve the ability to detect genetic effect modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Bhatti
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Corona AP, Oliveira JC, Souza FPAD, Santana LV, Rêgo MAV. Risk factors associated with vestibulocochlear nerve schwannoma: systematic review. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2010; 75:593-615. [PMID: 19784431 PMCID: PMC9446008 DOI: 10.1016/s1808-8694(15)30501-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 02/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The vestibulocochlear nerve schwannoma (VS) is a benign tumor that stems from the edge of the Schwann's sheath. It is considered the most frequent intracranial benign tumor, of low lethality rate and unknown etiology. Aim to identify risk factors associated with VS. Study design systematic review. Methods electronic search of studies using the following key words: “risk”, “schwannoma”, “vestibular”, “neuroma” and “acoustic”. All original articles on epidemiological studies published in Portuguese, English or Spanish describing measures of association were included. Results twenty case-control studies were found, most of them published in the United States. The analysis of those studies shows educational level, household income, occupation, exposure to ionizing radiation and noise, allergic diseases as well as the use of both cellular and cordless phones as risk factors for the VS. Conclusion methodological limitations and lack of precision in the findings impose limits to definitive conclusions concerning those risk factors. The current study contributes with information which can subsidize decisions related to the methodology to be used, having in mind new investigations on risk factors for VS. Therefore, it is of great help for knowledge improvement in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Corona
- Speech and Hearing Therapy Department, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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16
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Gundacker C, Wittmann KJ, Kukuckova M, Komarnicki G, Hikkel I, Gencik M. Genetic background of lead and mercury metabolism in a group of medical students in Austria. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2009; 109:786-796. [PMID: 19515364 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information on the impact of genetic predisposition on metal toxicokinetics in the human body is limited. There is increasing evidence that certain genetic polymorphisms modify lead and mercury toxicokinetics. This called for analysis of further candidate genes. OBJECTIVES Medical students (N=324) were examined in order to detect potential associations between lead exposure and polymorphisms in HFE, VDR, ALAD, and MT genes, as well as between mercury exposure and GSTT1, GSTM1, GSTA1, GSTP1, GCLC, and MT polymorphisms. METHODS The levels of lead and mercury exposure of students were determined by blood, urine, and hair analyses (ICP-MS, CV-AAS). Genotyping of common polymorphisms was examined by MALDI-TOF MS and the TaqMan methodology. Associations between lead and mercury exposures and genetic background were examined by bivariate analysis, and by categorical regression analysis (CATREG) controlled by metal- and matrix-specific variables. RESULTS Lead and mercury levels in urine, blood, and hair indicated low exposures. VDR polymorphism and joint presence of VDR/ALAD polymorphisms were significantly and independently associated with urine lead concentrations (CATREG P<0.05). Polymorphisms in GSTP1-114 and MT4 genes as well as dual gene combinations including GSTP1, GCLC, GSTT1, and GSTM1 polymorphisms were independent variables related to mercury body burdens (CATREG P<0.05). GSTP1-114/GSTT1 and GSTP1-105/GCLC combinations showed synergistic effects on hair mercury levels compared to single-gene variants. CONCLUSIONS We found evidence that certain genetic backgrounds were associated with lead and mercury metabolism, suggesting gene-environment and gene-gene-environment interactions. The modes of interaction remain to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gundacker
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Public Health, Lab Ecotoxicology, Waehringer Strasse 10, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Gu J, Liu Y, Kyritsis AP, Bondy ML. Molecular epidemiology of primary brain tumors. Neurotherapeutics 2009; 6:427-35. [PMID: 19560733 PMCID: PMC5084179 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although primary brain tumors (PBTs) are generally considered to be a multifactorial disorder, understanding the genetic basis and etiology of the disease is essential for PBT risk assessment. Understanding of the genetic susceptibility for PBT has come from studies of rare genetic syndromes, linkage analysis, family aggregation, early-onset pediatric cases, and mutagen sensitivity. There are currently no effective markers to assess biological dose of exposures and genetic heterogeneity. The priorities recently recommended by the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium emphasized the need for expanding research in genetics and molecular epidemiology. In this article, we review the literature to identify molecular epidemiologic case-control studies of PBTs that were hypothesis-driven and focused on four hypothesized candidate pathways: DNA repair, cell cycle, metabolism, and inflammation. We summarize the results in terms of genetic associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms of these pathways. We also discuss future research directions based on available evidence and technologies, and conclude that high resolution whole genome approach with significantly large sample size could rapidly advance our understanding of the genetic etiology of PBTs. Literature searches were done on PubMed in March 2009 with the terms glioma, glioblastoma, brain tumor, association, and polymorphism, and we only reviewed English language publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gu
- grid.240145.60000000122914776School of Health Professions, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 77030 Houston, TX
| | - Yanhong Liu
- grid.240145.60000000122914776Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 77030 Houston, TX
| | - Athanassios P. Kyritsis
- grid.240145.60000000122914776Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 77030 Houston, TX
- grid.411740.70000000406229754Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Melissa L. Bondy
- grid.240145.60000000122914776Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 77030 Houston, TX
- grid.240145.60000000122914776Department of Epidemiology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Pressler St, Unit 1340, 77030 Houston, TX
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[Epidemiology of primary brain tumor]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2009; 165:650-70. [PMID: 19446856 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Two main approaches are generally used to study the epidemiology of primary brain tumors. The first approach is to identify risk factors, which may be intrinsic or related to external causes. The second main approach is descriptive. Intrinsic factors potentially affecting risk include genetic predisposition and susceptibility, gender, race, birth weight and allergy. Radiation exposure is the main extrinsic factor affecting risk. A large body of work devoted, among others, to electromagnetic fields and especially cellular phones, substitutive hormonal therapy, pesticides, and diet have been published. To date, results have been discordant. Descriptive epidemiological studies have reported an increasing annual incidence of primary brain tumors in industrialized countries. The main reasons are the increasing age of the population and better access to diagnostic imaging. Comparing incidences from one registry to another is difficult. Spatial and temporal variations constitute one explanation and evolutions in coding methods another. In all registries, weak incidence of primary brain tumors constitute a very important limiting factor. Renewed interest from the neuro-oncological community is needed to obtain pertinent and essential data which could facilitate improved knowledge on this topic.
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Lu Z, Cao Y, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Wang S, Li Y, Xie H, Jiao B, Zhang J. Polymorphisms in the matrix metalloproteinase-1, 3, and 9 promoters and susceptibility to adult astrocytoma in northern China. J Neurooncol 2007; 85:65-73. [PMID: 17502998 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-007-9392-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2007] [Accepted: 04/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter region of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) genes may influence tumor occurrence and progression via modifying mRNA transcription and protein expression. The study aims to explore the association of the SNPs in MMP-1, 3 and MMP-9 promoters with susceptibility to adult brain astrocytoma in northern China. Genotyping for the MMP-1 -1607 2G/1G, MMP-3 -1171 5A/6A, and MMP-9 -1562 C/T SNPs were performed by PCR-RFLP methods among 236 adult astrocytoma patients and 366 healthy controls. The results showed that the overall distribution of the MMP-1 allelotype and genotype among astrocytoma patients and healthy controls was significantly different (P = 0.002 and P < 0.001, respectively). Compared with the 2G/2G genotype, the 1G/1G genotype significantly decreased the risk of astrocytoma development (adjusted OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.42-0.79). The similar results were obtained when stratified by gender and age at tumor diagnosis (< or =45 or >45 years). The association between MMP-3 -1171 5A/6A or MMP-9 -1562 C/T SNPs and susceptibility to astrocytoma was not observed in this study. However, MMP-1 1G-MMP-3 6A haplotype significantly reduced the risk of astrocytoma development when using MMP-1 2G-MMP-3 6A haplotype as a reference (OR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.29-0.67). The present study suggested that, the MMP-1 -1607 1G/1G genotype and MMP-1 1G-MMP-3 6A haplotype may play protective role in the development of adult astrocytoma in northern Chinese, whereas the MMP-3 -1171 5A/6A and MMP-9 -1562 C/T polymorphisms may not be independent factors to influence susceptibility to adult astrocytoma in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqiang Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hepinglu 215, 050000 Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China.
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Rajaraman P, Stewart PA, Samet JM, Schwartz BS, Linet MS, Zahm SH, Rothman N, Yeager M, Fine HA, Black PM, Loeffler J, Shapiro WR, Selker RG, Inskip PD. Lead, genetic susceptibility, and risk of adult brain tumors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 15:2514-20. [PMID: 17164378 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although few etiologic factors for brain tumors have been identified, limited data suggest that lead may increase the risk of brain tumors, particularly meningioma. The ALAD G177C polymorphism affects the toxicokinetics of lead and may confer genetic susceptibility to adverse effects of lead exposure. METHODS We examined occupational exposure to lead and risk of brain tumors in a multisite, hospital-based, case-control study of 489 patients with glioma, 197 with meningioma, and 799 non-cancer controls frequency matched on hospital, age, sex, race/ethnicity, and residential proximity to hospital. ALAD genotype was assessed by a Taqman assay for 355 glioma patients, 151 meningioma patients, and 505 controls. Exposure to lead was estimated using a rigorous questionnaire-based exposure assessment strategy incorporating lead measurement and other occupational data abstracted from published articles and reports. RESULTS Increased risk of meningioma with occupational lead exposure (estimated by odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals) was most apparent in individuals with the ALAD2 variant allele, for whom risk increased from 1.1 (0.3-4.5) to 5.6 (0.7-45.5) and 12.8 (1.4-120.8) for estimated cumulative lead exposures of 1 to 49 microg/m3-y, 50 to 99 microg/m3-y, and >or=100 microg/m3-y, respectively, compared with unexposed individuals (two-sided P trend = 0.06). This relationship became stronger after excluding occupational lead exposures characterized by a low confidence level or occurring in the 10 years before meningioma diagnosis. Occupational lead exposure was not associated with glioma risk. CONCLUSIONS Although our results indicate that lead may be implicated in meningioma risk in genetically susceptible individuals, these results need to be interpreted with caution given the small numbers of exposed cases with a variant genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetha Rajaraman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, 6120 Executive Boulevard, EPS Room 7085, Bethesda, MD 20892-7238, USA.
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Lu Z, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Wang S, Xie H, Li Y, Jiao B, Zhang J. Association between the functional polymorphism in the matrix metalloproteinase-7 promoter and susceptibility to adult astrocytoma. Brain Res 2006; 1118:6-12. [PMID: 16956593 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2006] [Revised: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To study the association between the A to G transition at the -181-bp position in the promoter of matrix metalloproteinase-7 gene (MMP-7-181A/G) and susceptibility to adult astrocytoma, the MMP-7-181A/G polymorphism was genotyped by PCR-RFLP analysis among 221 adult astrocytoma patients and 366 healthy controls in a population of northern China. The result showed that the overall distribution of the MMP-7 genotypes among astrocytoma patients and healthy controls was significantly different (P<0.001). Compared with the A/A genotype, the G/G genotype significantly increased the risk to the development of astrocytoma (age and gender adjusted OR=2.77, 95% CI=1.27-6.02), while the MMP-7 A/G genotype only marginally increased the risk of developing this cancer (age and gender adjusted OR=1.66, 95% CI=0.99-2.84). Stratification analysis showed that the G/G genotype significantly increased the risk of astrocytoma only among male subjects (age adjusted OR=3.24, 95% CI=1.12-9.41) and individuals younger than 45 years (age and gender adjusted OR=3.16, 95% CI=1.09-9.16). When stratified by histological grades, a significant higher risk for developing grade II astrocytoma was observed among individuals harboring the A/G genotype (age and gender adjusted OR=2.06, 95% CI=1.05-4.05), while an about 3-fold elevation of risk to develop grades II, III, and IV astrocytomas was observed among individuals with the G/G genotype. The present result, for the first time, suggested that the MMP-7-181A/G polymorphism might be associated with the susceptibility to adult astrocytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqiang Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Hepinglu 205, Shijiazhuang, China.
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Montenegro MF, Barbosa F, Sandrim VC, Gerlach RF, Tanus-Santos JE. Ethnicity affects the distribution of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) genetic variants. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 367:192-5. [PMID: 16445899 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Revised: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND delta-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) catalyzes the second step of heme synthesis. The ALAD gene shows a polymorphism (G-to-C transversion at position 177) leading to 2 alleles (ALAD1 and ALAD2) and 3 phenotypes (ALAD 1-1, ALAD 1-2 and ALAD 2-2). This polymorphism has been shown to affect lead toxicity and the risk of meningioma. In addition, there is little evidence showing interethnic differences in the distribution this polymorphism, especially in heterogeneous populations such as the present-day Brazilian population. We examined the distribution of genetic variants of the G177C ALAD polymorphism in black and white Brazilians. METHODS We studied 115 subjects self-reported as black and 119 subjects as white (total N=234; 135 men and 99 women; age range: 18-60 years). Genomic DNA was extracted from venous blood and the genotypes for the ALAD polymorphism were determined by PCR followed by RFLP digestion and gel electrophoresis. RESULTS We found a notable interethnic disparity in the distribution of G177C ALAD genotypes and alleles. The ALAD2 allele was more common in whites (12%) than in blacks (4%) (P<0.05). Correspondingly, the heterozygote (ALAD 1-2) or homozygote variant (ALAD 2-2) genotypes for this polymorphism were more common in whites than in blacks (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The significant interethnic differences in the distribution of G177C ALAD variants found in the Brazilian population is consistent with differences previously reported in other countries. These findings may help us understand the interethnic disparities in susceptibility to lead toxicity and brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo F Montenegro
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil-FMRP-USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Monte Alegre, CEP 14049-900, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
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