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Li J, Li X, Zhang Z, Cheng W, Liu G, Zhao G. High-Fat Diet Aggravates the Disorder of Glucose Metabolism Caused by Chlorpyrifos Exposure in Experimental Rats. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040816. [PMID: 36832892 PMCID: PMC9956890 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological research has demonstrated that the increase in high fat consumption has promoted the morbidity of diabetes. Exposure to organophosphorus pesticides (such as chlorpyrifos) may also increase the risk of diabetes. Although chlorpyrifos is a frequently detected organophosphorus pesticide, the interaction effect between chlorpyrifos exposure and a high-fat diet on glucose metabolism is still unclear. Thus, the effects of chlorpyrifos exposure on glucose metabolism in rats eating a normal-fat diet or a high-fat diet were investigated. The results demonstrated that the glycogen content in the liver decreased and that the glucose content increased in chlorpyrifos-treated groups. Remarkably, the ATP consumption in the chlorpyrifos-treatment group was promoted in the rats eating a high-fat diet. However, chlorpyrifos treatment did not change the serum levels of insulin and glucagon. Notably, the contents of liver ALT and AST changed more significantly in the high-fat chlorpyrifos-exposed group than in the normal-fat chlorpyrifos-exposed group. Chlorpyrifos exposure caused an increase in the liver MDA level and a decrease in the enzyme activities of GSH-Px, CAT, and SOD, and the changes were more significant in the high-fat chlorpyrifos-treatment group. The results indicated that chlorpyrifos exposure led to disordered glucose metabolism in all dietary patterns as a result of antioxidant damage in the liver, in which a high-fat diet may have aggravated its toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwang Li
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiude Li
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Weilong Cheng
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Huhhot 013757, China
| | - Guangmin Liu
- Institute of Agri-Food Processing and Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Guoping Zhao
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Huhhot 013757, China
- Correspondence:
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2
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Zago AM, Faria NMX, Fávero JL, Meucci RD, Woskie S, Fassa AG. Pesticide exposure and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review. Glob Public Health 2022; 17:3944-3966. [PMID: 32816635 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2020.1808693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The increase in pesticide consumption has a negative health impact. Studies point to an association between exposure to pesticides and cardiovascular disease (CVD), one of the leading causes of world mortality. This review synthesize evidence on the association between occupational exposure and environmental contamination by pesticides with CVDs from 1750 references databases (EBSCO, Medline, Science Direct, Scielo, Lilacs and Ovid) without date or language restriction. Selected 24 articles by PRISMA and Downs & Black methodologies, were included from inclusion criteria: original studies (case-control, cohort or cross-sectional design); clear CVD definition and exposure to pesticides; representative sample of the target population. The results show the occupational exposure to pesticides chlorpyrifos, coumafos, carbofuran, ethylene bromide, mancozeb, ziram, metalaxyl, pendimethalin and trifluralin was associated a risk of 1.8 to 3.2 for acute myocardial infarction. Primaphos, fenitrothion, malathion and deltamethrin pesticides were associated with a blood pressure increase. Environmental contamination by tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin was associated with CVD with risk of 1.09 to 2.78 and organochlorine, 1.19 to 4.54; heavy metals, arsenic, trimethylarsine and dimethylarsinic acid with atherosclerosis and systemic arterial hypertension. These findings point to the association between exposure to pesticides and CVD, signaling the importance of greater rigor in the public policy related to pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M Zago
- Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.,Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil.,Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA.,Municipal Health Department, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Neice M X Faria
- Municipal Health Department - Epidemiology Service, Bento Gonçalves, Brazil.,Cenecista Faculty, Bento Gonçalves, Brazil
| | - Juliana L Fávero
- Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.,Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo D Meucci
- Postgraduate Program in Public Health, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Susan Woskie
- Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Anaclaudia G Fassa
- Department of Social Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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3
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Park S, Choi JR, Kim SK, Lee S, Lee K, Kim JY, Oh SS, Koh SB. Increased risk of atherosclerosis associated with pesticide exposure in rural areas in Korea. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232531. [PMID: 32357160 PMCID: PMC7194402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive inflammation in systemic vessels, and pesticide exposure has been emerging as its risk factor. This cross-sectional study investigated the association between pesticide exposure and the risk of atherosclerosis in a rural population in Korea using carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). This study used dataset from the baseline survey of the Korea Farmers Cohort Study between November 2005 and January 2008, and the final analysis included 477 participants. Well-structured questionnaires were used to estimate pesticide exposure. CIMT ≥ 0.9 mm was established for carotid atherosclerosis. Multiple logistic regression analyses were undertaken to evaluate the association between pesticide exposure and atherosclerosis, adjusting demographic and health-related confounders. Even after adjustments, the increased risk of atherosclerosis was significantly associated with pesticide exposure, such as a lifetime history of farming (odds ratio [OR] 3.25 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.51–6.98), a history of using pesticide (OR 3.42 95% CI 1.63–7.16), using pesticide 10 times or more annually (OR 2.55 95% CI 1.21–5.39), and higher cumulative exposure index level (OR 3.63 95% CI 1.65–7.97). Further prospective studies are required to elucidate effects of pesticide exposure on the risk of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Park
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Cheonan Medical Center, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jung Ran Choi
- Institute of Genomic Cohort, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Sung-Kyung Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Solam Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Kyungsuk Lee
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Jang-Young Kim
- Institute of Genomic Cohort, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Oh
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Sang-Baek Koh
- Institute of Genomic Cohort, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
- Center for Global Health and Social Medicine, Institute of Poverty Alleviation and International Development, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
- * E-mail:
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4
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Sekhotha MM, Monyeki KD, Sibuyi ME. Exposure to Agrochemicals and Cardiovascular Disease: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:229. [PMID: 26901215 PMCID: PMC4772249 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the agricultural world there is a continuous loss of food, fiber and other commodities due to pests, disease and weeds before harvesting time. These losses had create lots of financial burden to the farm owners that might lead to shutting down of their daily business. Worldwide, there is an overall very high loss of agricultural products due to weeds growth alone. To counteract this problem most farmers resort to the use of agrochemicals to increase their production but compromising the health of their farmworkers. The purpose of the study will be to assess the relationship between the agrochemical particles and cardiovascular diseases among farmworkers. METHOD Non-systematic review was used to collect data. The following database were use: Medline, EBSCO, and Science Direct to search for the existing journal articles. RESULTS This study addresses the relationship between agrochemicals particles and cardiovascular diseases in the farming industries using literature review. DISCUSSION Other researchers had already done an extensive research on the pathway of potential mechanisms linking the ultrafine particulate matter to cardiovascular diseases. The outcomes of those investigations were the clinical results of events that might lead to the development of myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure (CHF), stroke, arrhythmia and sudden death. Xenobiotic compounds that maybe implicated in the pathophysiology of human cardiovascular diseases, will be examined and included in this study. There is compelling evidence suggesting that toxic free radicals of pesticides play an important role in human health. CONCLUSION There is a close relationship between agrochemicals particle and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matome M Sekhotha
- Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, School of Molecular Science and Agriculture, University of Limpopo (Mankweng Campus), Private bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa.
| | - Kotsedi D Monyeki
- Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, School of Molecular Science and Agriculture, University of Limpopo (Mankweng Campus), Private bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa.
| | - Masezi E Sibuyi
- Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, School of Molecular Science and Agriculture, University of Limpopo (Mankweng Campus), Private bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa.
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5
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Schreinemachers DM, Ghio AJ. Effects of Environmental Pollutants on Cellular Iron Homeostasis and Ultimate Links to Human Disease. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2016; 10:35-43. [PMID: 26966372 PMCID: PMC4782969 DOI: 10.4137/ehi.s36225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic disease has increased in the past several decades, and environmental pollutants have been implicated. The magnitude and variety of diseases may indicate the malfunctioning of some basic mechanisms underlying human health. Environmental pollutants demonstrate a capability to complex iron through electronegative functional groups containing oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. Cellular exposure to the chemical or its metabolite may cause a loss of requisite functional iron from intracellular sites. The cell is compelled to acquire further iron critical to its survival by activation of iron-responsive proteins and increasing iron import. Iron homeostasis in the exposed cells is altered due to a new equilibrium being established between iron-requiring cells and the inappropriate chelator (the pollutant or its catabolite). Following exposure to environmental pollutants, the perturbation of functional iron homeostasis may be the mechanism leading to adverse biological effects. Understanding the mechanism may lead to intervention methods for this major public health concern.
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6
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Robinson CF, Walker JT, Sweeney MH, Shen R, Calvert GM, Schumacher PK, Ju J, Nowlin S. Overview of the National Occupational Mortality Surveillance (NOMS) system: leukemia and acute myocardial infarction risk by industry and occupation in 30 US states 1985-1999, 2003-2004, and 2007. Am J Ind Med 2015; 58:123-37. [PMID: 25603936 PMCID: PMC4573401 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer and chronic disease are leading causes of death in the US with an estimated cost of $46 billion. METHODS We analyzed 11 million cause-specific deaths of US workers age 18-64 years in 30 states during 1985-1999, 2003-2004, and 2007 by occupation, industry, race, gender, and Hispanic origin. RESULTS The highest significantly elevated proportionate leukemia mortality was observed in engineers, protective service, and advertising sales manager occupations and in banks/savings &loans/credit agencies, public safety, and public administration industries. The highest significantly elevated smoking-adjusted acute myocardial infarction mortality was noted in industrial and refractory machinery mechanics, farmers, mining machine operators, and agricultural worker occupations; and wholesale farm supplies, agricultural chemical, synthetic rubber, and agricultural crop industries. CONCLUSIONS Significantly elevated risks for acute myocardial infarction and leukemia were observed across several occupations and industries that confirm existing reports and add new information. Interested investigators can access the NOMS website at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/NOMS/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia F. Robinson
- The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluation and Field Studies, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - James T. Walker
- The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluation and Field Studies, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Marie H. Sweeney
- The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluation and Field Studies, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rui Shen
- SRA International, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Geoffrey M. Calvert
- The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluation and Field Studies, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Pam K. Schumacher
- The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluation and Field Studies, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jun Ju
- The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluation and Field Studies, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Susan Nowlin
- The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluation and Field Studies, Cincinnati, Ohio
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7
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Tiwari AK. Diabetes: time to look beyond gluttony and laziness. Indian J Community Med 2012; 36:253-8. [PMID: 22279253 PMCID: PMC3263143 DOI: 10.4103/0970-0218.91325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Tiwari
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
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8
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Maillet ÉL. Récepteurs gustatifs des molécules sucrantes et antisucrantes. Med Sci (Paris) 2011; 27:177-82. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2011272177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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9
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Thomas KW, Dosemeci M, Coble JB, Hoppin JA, Sheldon LS, Chapa G, Croghan CW, Jones PA, Knott CE, Lynch CF, Sandler DP, Blair AE, Alavanja MC. Assessment of a pesticide exposure intensity algorithm in the agricultural health study. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2010; 20:559-69. [PMID: 19888312 PMCID: PMC2935660 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2009.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The accuracy of the exposure assessment is a critical factor in epidemiological investigations of pesticide exposures and health in agricultural populations. However, few studies have been conducted to evaluate questionnaire-based exposure metrics. The Agricultural Health Study (AHS) is a prospective cohort study of pesticide applicators who provided detailed questionnaire information on their use of specific pesticides. A field study was conducted for a subset of the applicators enrolled in the AHS to assess a pesticide exposure algorithm through comparison of algorithm intensity scores with measured exposures. Pre- and post-application urinary biomarker measurements were made for 2,4-D (n=69) and chlorpyrifos (n=17) applicators. Dermal patch, hand wipe, and personal air samples were also collected. Intensity scores were calculated using information from technician observations and an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Correlations between observer and questionnaire intensity scores were high (Spearman's r=0.92 and 0.84 for 2,4-D and chlorpyrifos, respectively). Intensity scores from questionnaires for individual applications were significantly correlated with post-application urinary concentrations for both 2,4-D (r=0.42, P<0.001) and chlorpyrifos (r=0.53, P=0.035) applicators. Significant correlations were also found between intensity scores and estimated hand loading, estimated body loading, and air concentrations for 2,4-D applicators (r-values 0.28-0.50, P-values<0.025). Correlations between intensity scores and dermal and air measures were generally lower for chlorpyrifos applicators using granular products. A linear regression model indicated that the algorithm factors for individual applications explained 24% of the variability in post-application urinary 2,4-D concentration, which increased to 60% when the pre-application urine concentration was included. The results of the measurements support the use of the algorithm for estimating questionnaire-based exposure intensities in the AHS for liquid pesticide products. Refinement of the algorithm may be possible using the results from this and other measurement studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent W Thomas
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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10
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Dayton SB, Sandler DP, Blair A, Alavanja M, Beane Freeman LE, Hoppin JA. Pesticide use and myocardial infarction incidence among farm women in the agricultural health study. J Occup Environ Med 2010; 52:693-7. [PMID: 20595914 PMCID: PMC2927225 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3181e66d25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between pesticide use and myocardial infarction (MI) among farm women. BACKGROUND Little is known about the potential association between pesticide use and cardiovascular outcomes. METHODS We used logistic regression to evaluate pesticide use and self-reported incident nonfatal MI among women in the Agricultural Health Study. RESULTS Of those MI-free at enrollment (n = 22,425), 168 reported an MI after enrollment. We saw no association with pesticide use overall. Six of 27 individual pesticides evaluated were significantly associated with nonfatal MI, including chlorpyrifos, coumaphos, carbofuran, metalaxyl, pendimethalin, and trifluralin, which all had odds ratios >1.7. These chemicals were used by <10% of the cases, and their use was correlated, making it difficult to attribute the risk elevation to a specific pesticide. CONCLUSION Pesticides may contribute to MI risk among farm women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shile B. Dayton
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV
| | - Dale P. Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Aaron Blair
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Michael Alavanja
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Laura E. Beane Freeman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jane A. Hoppin
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC
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11
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Schreinemachers DM. Perturbation of lipids and glucose metabolism associated with previous 2,4-D exposure: a cross-sectional study of NHANES III data, 1988-1994. Environ Health 2010; 9:11. [PMID: 20187939 PMCID: PMC2848015 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-9-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Results from previous population studies showed that mortality rates from acute myocardial infarction and type-2 diabetes during the 1980s and 1990s in rural, agricultural counties of Minnesota, Montana, North and South Dakota, were higher in counties with a higher level of spring wheat farming than in counties with lower levels of this crop. Spring wheat, one of the major field crops in these four states, was treated for 85% or more of its acreage with chlorophenoxy herbicides. In the current study NHANES III data were reviewed for associations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) exposure, one of the most frequently used chlorophenoxy herbicides, with risk factors that are linked to the pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction and type-2 diabetes, such as dyslipidemia and impaired glucose metabolism. METHODS To investigate the toxicity pattern of chlorophenoxy herbicides, effects of a previous 2,4-D exposure were assessed by comparing levels of lipids, glucose metabolism, and thyroid stimulating hormone in healthy adult NHANES III subjects with urinary 2,4-D above and below the level of detection, using linear regression analysis. The analyses were conducted for all available subjects and for two susceptible subpopulations characterized by high glycosylated hemoglobin (upper 50th percentile) and low thyroxine (lower 50th percentile). RESULTS Presence of urinary 2,4-D was associated with a decrease of HDL levels: 8.6% in the unadjusted data (p-value = 0.006), 4.8% in the adjusted data (p-value = 0.08), and 9% in the adjusted data for the susceptible subpopulation with low thyroxine (p-value = 0.02). An effect modification of the inverse triglycerides-HDL relation was observed in association with 2,4-D. Among subjects with low HDL, urinary 2,4-D was associated with increased levels of triglycerides, insulin, C-peptide, and thyroid stimulating hormone, especially in the susceptible subpopulations. In contrast, subjects with high HDL did not experience adverse 2,4-D associated effects. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that exposure to 2,4-D was associated with changes in biomarkers that, based on the published literature, have been linked to risk factors for acute myocardial infarction and type-2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina M Schreinemachers
- Epidemiology Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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12
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Congdon P. A multilevel model for comorbid outcomes: obesity and diabetes in the US. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2010; 7:333-52. [PMID: 20616977 PMCID: PMC2872282 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multilevel models are overwhelmingly applied to single health outcomes, but when two or more health conditions are closely related, it is important that contextual variation in their joint prevalence (e.g., variations over different geographic settings) is considered. A multinomial multilevel logit regression approach for analysing joint prevalence is proposed here that includes subject level risk factors (e.g., age, race, education) while also taking account of geographic context. Data from a US population health survey (the 2007 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System or BRFSS) are used to illustrate the method, with a six category multinomial outcome defined by diabetic status and weight category (obese, overweight, normal). The influence of geographic context is partly represented by known geographic variables (e.g., county poverty), and partly by a model for latent area influences. In particular, a shared latent variable (common factor) approach is proposed to measure the impact of unobserved area influences on joint weight and diabetes status, with the latent variable being spatially structured to reflect geographic clustering in risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Congdon
- Department of Geography and Centre for Statistics, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Rd, London E1 4NS, UK.
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Lee
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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14
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Maillet EL, Margolskee RF, Mosinger B. Phenoxy herbicides and fibrates potently inhibit the human chemosensory receptor subunit T1R3. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6931-5. [PMID: 19817384 DOI: 10.1021/jm900823s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We show that phenoxyauxin herbicides and lipid-lowering fibrates inhibit human but not rodent T1R3. T1R3 as a coreceptor in taste cells responds to sweet compounds and amino acids; in endocrine cells of gut and pancreas T1R3 contributes to glucose sensing. Thus, certain effects of fibrates in treating hyperlipidemia and type II diabetes may be via actions on T1R3. Likewise, phenoxy herbicides may have adverse metabolic effects in humans that would have gone undetected in studies on rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline L Maillet
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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15
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Mills KT, Blair A, Freeman LEB, Sandler DP, Hoppin JA. Pesticides and myocardial infarction incidence and mortality among male pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 170:892-900. [PMID: 19700503 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwp214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute organophosphate and carbamate pesticide poisonings result in adverse cardiac outcomes. The cardiac effects of chronic low-level pesticide exposure have not been studied. The authors analyzed self-reported lifetime use of pesticides reported at enrollment (1993-1997) and myocardial infarction mortality through 2006 and self-reported nonfatal myocardial infarction through 2003 among male pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study. Using proportional hazard models, the authors estimated the association between lifetime use of 49 pesticides and fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction. There were 476 deaths from myocardial infarction among 54,069 men enrolled in the study and 839 nonfatal myocardial infarctions among the 32,024 participants who completed the follow-up interview. Fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarctions were associated with commonly reported risk factors, including age and smoking. There was little evidence of an association between having used pesticides, individually or by class, and myocardial infarction mortality (e.g., insecticide hazard ratio (HR) = 0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.67, 1.24; herbicide HR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.49, 1.10) or nonfatal myocardial infarction incidence (e.g., insecticide HR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.66, 1.09; herbicide HR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.61, 1.36). There was no evidence of a dose response with any pesticide measure. In a population with low risk for myocardial infarction, the authors observed little evidence of increased risk of myocardial infarction mortality or nonfatal myocardial infarction associated with the occupational use of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T Mills
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2233, USA
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Lee WJ, Son M, Chun BC, Park ES, Lee HK, Coble J, Dosemeci M. Cancer mortality and farming in South Korea: an ecologic study. Cancer Causes Control 2008; 19:505-13. [PMID: 18197459 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-008-9112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the geographical difference of cancer mortality to determine any potential associations between cancer mortality and farming in South Korea. METHODS We calculated standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) based on age- and gender-specific cancer mortality rates for 245 geographic areas, using the registered death data from 2000 to 2004 that were obtained from the Korea National Statistical Office. Using the data from the Agriculture Census in 1995, we obtained the farming index. Poisson regression analysis was used to evaluate the associations between cancer mortality and farming after adjustment for socioeconomic factors. RESULTS The SMR analyses based on 62,403 annual average cancer deaths yielded regional variations for all cancers combined in men (SMR = 70-192) and women (SMR = 80-132). With increasing farming index we found significantly elevated cancer mortality of esophagus, stomach, brain, and leukemia for men, and of esophagus and stomach for women, whereas the SMR for colorectal and gall bladder cancers were inversely associated with farming. The results were similar when the analyses were repeated after the exclusion of metropolitan areas. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a possible association between farming and mortality from a few cancer sites in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Jin Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 136-705, Korea.
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