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Zhang W, Su M, Lin H, Pan C, Tang Y, Ge RS, Fei Q. The metabolic activation of pentachlorophenol to chloranil as a potent inhibitor of human and rat placental 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Toxicol Lett 2024; 395:40-49. [PMID: 38555059 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a widely used pesticide. However, whether PCP and its metabolite chloranil have endocrine-disrupting effects by inhibiting placental 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (3β-HSD1) remains unclear. The study used in vitro assays with human and rat placental microsomes to measure 3β-HSD activity as well as human JAr cells to evaluate progesterone production. The results showed that PCP exhibited moderate inhibition of human 3β-HSD1, with an IC50 value of 29.83 μM and displayed mixed inhibition in terms of mode of action. Conversely, chloranil proved to be a potent inhibitor, demonstrating an IC50 value of 147 nM, and displaying a mixed mode of action. PCP significantly decreased progesterone production by JAr cells at 50 μM, while chloranil markedly reduced progesterone production at ≥1 μM. Interestingly, PCP and chloranil moderately inhibited rat placental homolog 3β-HSD4, with IC50 values of 27.94 and 23.42 μM, respectively. Dithiothreitol (DTT) alone significantly increased human 3β-HSD1 activity. Chloranil not PCP mediated inhibition of human 3β-HSD1 activity was completely reversed by DTT and that of rat 3β-HSD4 was partially reversed by DTT. Docking analysis revealed that both PCP and chloranil can bind to the catalytic domain of 3β-HSDs. The difference in the amino acid residue Cys83 in human 3β-HSD1 may explain why chloranil is a potent inhibitor through its interaction with the cysteine residue of human 3β-HSD1. In conclusion, PCP is metabolically activated to chloranil as a potent inhibitor of human 3β-HSD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Ming Su
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Hao Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Chengshuang Pan
- Reproductive Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 32500, China
| | - Yunbing Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.
| | - Qianjin Fei
- Reproductive Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 32500, China.
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Markovich ZR, Hartman JH, Ryde IT, Hershberger KA, Joyce AS, Ferguson PL, Meyer JN. Mild pentachlorophenol-mediated uncoupling of mitochondria depletes ATP but does not cause an oxidized redox state or dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans. Curr Res Toxicol 2022; 3:100084. [PMID: 35957653 PMCID: PMC9361317 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2022.100084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in several diseases, including neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease. However, there is uncertainty about which of the many mechanisms by which mitochondrial function can be disrupted may lead to neurodegeneration. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is an organic pollutant reported to cause mitochondrial dysfunction including oxidative stress and mitochondrial uncoupling. We investigated the effects of PCP exposure in Caenorhabditis elegans, including effects on mitochondria and dopaminergic neurons. We hypothesized that mild mitochondrial uncoupling by PCP would impair bioenergetics while decreasing oxidative stress, and therefore would not cause dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Results A 48-hour developmental exposure to PCP causing mild growth delay (∼10 % decrease in growth during 48 h, covering all larval stages) reduced whole-organism ATP content > 50 %, and spare respiratory capacity ∼ 30 %. Proton leak was also markedly increased. These findings suggest a main toxic mechanism of mitochondrial uncoupling rather than oxidative stress, which was further supported by a concomitant shift toward a more reduced cellular redox state measured at the whole organism level. However, exposure to PCP did not cause dopaminergic neurodegeneration, nor did it sensitize animals to a neurotoxic challenge with 6-hydroxydopamine. Whole-organism uptake and PCP metabolism measurements revealed low overall uptake of PCP in our experimental conditions (50 μM PCP in the liquid exposure medium resulted in organismal concentrations of < 0.25 μM), and no measurable production of the oxidative metabolites tetra-1,4-benzoquinone and tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone. Innovation This study provides new insights into the mechanistic interplay between mitochondrial uncoupling, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration in C. elegans. These findings support the premise of mild uncoupling-mediated neuroprotection, but are inconsistent with proposed broad "mitochondrial dysfunction"-mediated neurodegeneration models, and highlight the utility of the C. elegans model for studying mitochondrial and neurotoxicity. Conclusions Developmental exposure to pentachlorophenol causes gross toxicological effects (growth delay and arrest) at high levels. At a lower level of exposure, still causing mild growth delay, we observed mitochondrial dysfunction including uncoupling and decreased ATP levels. However, this was associated with a more-reduced cellular redox tone and did not exacerbate dopaminergic neurotoxicity of 6-hydroxydopamine, instead trending toward protection. These findings may be informative of efforts to define nuanced mitochondrial dysfunction-related adverse outcome pathways that will differ depending on the form of initial mitochondrial toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica H. Hartman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Ian T. Ryde
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, USA
| | | | - Abigail S. Joyce
- Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Patrick L. Ferguson
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, USA
- Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Joel N. Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, USA
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Hryhorczuk D, Dardynskaia I, Hirt C, Dardynskiy O, Turner W, Ruestow P, Bartell S, Steenland K, Zvinchuk O, Baccarelli AA. t(14;18) Translocations in Dioxin-Exposed Workers. J Occup Environ Med 2022; 64:331-339. [PMID: 34740219 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if occupational exposure to dioxins is associated with an increased frequency of t(14;18) translocations. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of serum dioxin levels and t(14;18) frequencies in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 218 former chemical plant workers and 150 population controls. RESULTS The workers had significantly higher geometric mean serum levels of 2,3,7,8-TCDD (26.2 vs 2.5 ppt) and TEQ (73.8 vs 17.7 ppt) than controls. There were no significant differences in the prevalence or frequency of t(14;18) translocations in the workers compared to controls. Among former workers with current or past chloracne who were t(14;18) positive, the frequency of translocations significantly increased with quartiles of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and TEQ. CONCLUSION Chloracne appears to modulate the association between dioxin exposure and increased frequency of t(14;18) translocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hryhorczuk
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Chicago, Illinois (Dr Hryhorczuk, Dr Dardynskaia); Center for Global Health, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (Dr Hryhorczuk, Dr Dardynskiy); Department of Internal Medicine C, Hematology and Oncology, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany (Dr Hirt); Environmental and Earth Sciences, Exponent, Atlanta, Georgia (Mr Turner); City of Chicago Department of Public Health, Chicago, Illinois (Dr Ruestow); Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California (Dr Bartell); Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Steenland); Institute of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyiv, Ukraine (Dr Zvinchuk); Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York (Dr Baccarelli)
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4
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Ruder AM, Yiin JH. Mortality of US pentachlorophenol production workers through 2005. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 83:851-861. [PMID: 21440286 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A cohort of 2122 US pentachlorophenol (PCP) production workers from four plants in the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Dioxin Registry was exposed to PCP and to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran contaminants of PCP production. A subcohort of 720 was also exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, a contaminant of trichlorophenol (TCP) while using TCP or a TCP derivative. PCP and several production contaminants have been implicated as animal carcinogens. A priori hypotheses were that the cohort would have elevated standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for aplastic anemia, soft-tissue sarcoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, as suggested by human studies, and for leukemia and liver, adrenal, thyroid, and parathyroid cancer, as suggested by animal studies. From 1940 to 2005 1165 deaths occurred with an overall SMR of 1.01 [95% confidence limits (CI), 0.95-1.07]. Overall cancer mortality (326 deaths, SMR 1.17, CI 1.05-1.31) was in statistically significant excess. There were excess deaths for trachea, bronchus and lung cancers (126 deaths, SMR 1.36, CI 1.13-1.62), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (17 deaths, SMR 1.77, CI 1.03-2.84), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (63 deaths, SMR 1.38, CI 1.06-1.77), and medical complications (5 deaths, SMR 3.52, CI 1.14-8.22). In race- and sex-specific analyses, white males had increased non-Hodgkin lymphoma mortality (17 deaths, SMR 1.98, CI 1.15-3.17) and males of other races had increased leukemia mortality (four deaths, SMR 4.57, CI 1.25-11.7). The excess of cancers of a priori interest, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and leukemia, provide some support for the carcinogenicity of PCP, however, further studies with more detailed exposure assessment are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avima M Ruder
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA.
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Kim HJ, Du W, Ismagilov RF. Complex function by design using spatially pre-structured synthetic microbial communities: degradation of pentachlorophenol in the presence of Hg(ii). Integr Biol (Camb) 2011; 3:126-33. [PMID: 20717565 PMCID: PMC3005148 DOI: 10.1039/c0ib00019a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring microbes perform a variety of useful functions, with more complex processes requiring multiple functions performed by communities of multiple microbes. Synthetic biology via genetic engineering may be used to achieve desired multiple functions, e.g. multistep chemical and biological transformations, by adding genes to a single organism, but this is sometimes not possible due to incompatible metabolic requirements or not desirable in certain applications, especially in medical or environmental applications. Achieving multiple functions by mixing microbes that have not evolved to function together may not work due to competition of microbes, or lack of interactions among microbes. In nature, microbial communities are commonly spatially structured. Here, we tested whether spatial structure can be used to create a community of microbes that can perform a function they do not perform individually or when simply mixed. We constructed a core-shell fiber with Sphingobium chlorophenolicum, a pentachlorophenol (PCP) degrader, in the core layer and Ralstonia metallidurans, a mercuric ion (Hg(ii)) reducer, in the shell layer as a structured community using microfluidic laminar flow techniques. We applied a mixture of PCP and Hg(ii) to either a simple well-mixed culture broth (i.e. the unstructured community) or the spatially structured core-shell fibers. We found that without spatial structure, the community was unable to degrade PCP in the presence of Hg(ii) because S. chlorophenolicum is sensitive to Hg(ii). In contrast, with spatial structure in a core-shell fiber system, S. chlorophenolicum in a core layer was protected by R. metallidurans deposited in a shell layer, and the community was able to completely remove both PCP and Hg(ii) from a mixture. The appropriate size of the core-shell fiber was determined by the Damköhler number-the timescale of removal of Hg(ii) was on the same order of the timescale of diffusion of Hg(ii) through the outer layer when the shell layer was on the order of ~200 μm. Ultimately, with the ease of a child putting together 'Legos' to build a complex structure, using this approach one may be able to put together microorganisms to build communities that perform functions in vitro or even in vivo, e.g. as in a "microbiome on a pill".
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Darnerud PO, Lignell S, Glynn A, Aune M, Törnkvist A, Stridsberg M. POP levels in breast milk and maternal serum and thyroid hormone levels in mother-child pairs from Uppsala, Sweden. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2010; 36:180-187. [PMID: 19954849 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In experimental studies, it has frequently been observed that the homeostasis of thyroid hormones (THs) is affected by exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as dioxins and PCBs. In man, similar effects have been indicated in several epidemiological studies. In order to investigate the possible effect on THs at low background exposures found among the Swedish population the following study was performed. Primiparous women (n=395) in the Uppsala region were recruited between 1996 and 1999. Of these, 325 mothers agreed to donate a serum sample in late pregnancy and breast milk was obtained from 211 women 3 weeks after delivery. Babies were sampled for blood at 3 weeks (n=150) and 3 months (n=115) after birth. In connection to the sampling, questions on personal characteristics were asked. Levels of low (tri- to penta-) chlorinated PCB, di-ortho PCB, p,p'-DDE, (mono-ortho) PCB TEQ and PCDD/DF TEQ were monitored in breast milk and in mother's blood (not PCDD/DF). The results showed that the measured TH levels (thyroid-stimulating hormone - TSH, total tri-iodothyronine - TT3, free thyroxine - FT4) in mothers and children were within the reference range. Some significant associations were seen between POP exposures and TH levels in mother or child after simple regression analysis. Following adjustment for important confounding factors, the significant associations mostly disappeared. However, significantly decreasing TT3 levels with increasing prenatal low-chlorinated PCB exposure were still seen in 3 week old children, and on TT3 in mothers exposed to PCDD/DF. In conclusion, the study clearly shows the importance of adjustment for important confounding factors in the analysis of possible associations between POP exposure and hormonal effects. The remaining associations are weak in both children and mothers and the clinical consequences of these alterations are uncertain. When comparing studies that investigate associations between TH levels and POP levels during the perinatal stage, no obvious between-study concordance was seen regarding the critical dose for hormonal effects to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- P O Darnerud
- National Food Administration, PO Box 622, 751 26 Uppsala, Sweden.
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7
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Alves A, Sumita N, Burattini M, Della Rosa H. Spot urine porphyrins/creatinine ratio profile of healthy Brazilian individuals adjusted for personal habits. Braz J Med Biol Res 2009; 42:700-6. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2009005000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A.N.L. Alves
- Universidade de São Paulo; Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
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8
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McLean D, Eng A, Dryson E, Walls C, Harding E, Wong KC, Cheng S, Mannetje A, Ellison-Loschmann L, Slater T, Shoemack P, Pearce N. Morbidity in former sawmill workers exposed to pentachlorophenol (PCP): a cross-sectional study in New Zealand. Am J Ind Med 2009; 52:271-81. [PMID: 19152355 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND From 1950 to 1990 pentachlorophenol (PCP) was used widely in the New Zealand sawmill industry, and persistent claims of long-term health effects have been made. METHODS We surveyed surviving members of a cohort enumerated to study mortality in sawmill workers employed from 1970 to 1990. Estimates of historical exposure were based on job titles held, using the results of a PCP biomonitoring survey conducted in the 1980s. The survey involved interviews and clinical examinations, with interviewers and examiners blinded to exposure status. RESULTS Of the 293 participants 177 had not been exposed, and of the 116 exposed all but 10% had low or short-term PCP exposure. Nevertheless, a number of significant associations between PCP exposure and the prevalence of various symptoms were observed including associations between: (i) exposure levels and self-reported tuberculosis, pleurisy or pneumonia (P < 0.01) and a deficit in cranial nerve function (P = 0.04); (ii) duration of employment and thyroid disorders (P = 0.04), and neuropsychological symptoms including often going back to check things (P = 0.04), low libido (P = 0.02) and heart palpitations (P = 0.02), and a strong dose-response trend for frequent mood changes without cause (P < 0.01); and (iii) cumulative exposure and frequent mood changes without cause (P = 0.02), low libido (P = 0.04), and in the overall number of neuropsychological symptoms reported (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS PCP exposure was associated with a number of physical and neuropsychological health effects that persisted long after exposure had ceased.
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Affiliation(s)
- David McLean
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.
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Nichkova M, Feng J, Sanchez-Baeza F, Marco MP, Hammock BD, Kennedy IM. Competitive quenching fluorescence immunoassay for chlorophenols based on laser-induced fluorescence detection in microdroplets. Anal Chem 2003; 75:83-90. [PMID: 12530822 DOI: 10.1021/ac025933n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An improved biomonitoring system for the analysis of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) in urine samples has been developed. The principle of the biosensor device is the detection of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) in single microdroplets by a homogeneous quenching fluorescence immunoassay (QFIA). The competitive immunoassay occurs in microdroplets (d = 58,4 microm) produced by a piezoelectric generator system with 10-microm-diameter orifice. A continuous Ar ion laser (488 nm) excites the fluorescent tracer; its fluorescence is detected by a spectrometer attached to a 512 x 512 cooled, charge-coupled device camera. Fluorescence is quenched by specific binding of TCP polyclonal antibodies to the fluorescent tracer (hapten A-fluorescein); the quenching effect is diminished by the presence of the analyte. Thus, an increase in the signal is produced in a positive dose-dependent manner when TCP is present in the sample. In 10 mM PBS buffer, the IC50 of the LIF-microdroplet QFIA is 0.45 microg L(-1) reaching a LOD of 0.04 microg L(-1). The QFIA with the same reagents performed in microtiter plate format achieved a LOD of 0.36 microg L(-1) in buffer solution. Performance in human urine was similar to that observed in the buffer. A LOD of 1.6 ,g L(-1), with a dynamic range between 4 and 149.5 microg L(-1) in urine, was obtained without any sample treatment other than dilution with the assay buffer. The detectability achieved is sufficient for occupational exposure risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela Nichkova
- Department of Biological Organic Chemistry. IIQAB-CSIC, Jorge Girona, 18-26, 08034-Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Abstract
Despite being banned in many countries and having its use severely restricted in others, pentachlorophenol (PCP) remains an important pesticide from a toxicological perspective. It is a stable and persistent compound. In humans it is readily absorbed by ingestion and inhalation but is less well absorbed dermally. Its distribution is limited, its metabolism extensive and it is eliminated only slowly. Assessment of the toxicity of PCP is confounded by the presence of contaminants known to cause effects identical to those attributed to PCP. However, severe exposure by any route may result in an acute and occasionally fatal illness that bears all the hallmarks of being mediated by uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Tachycardia, tachypnoea, sweating, altered consciousness, hyperthermia, convulsions and early onset of marked rigor (if death occurs) are the most notable features. Pulmonary oedema, intravascular haemolysis, pancreatitis, jaundice and acute renal failure have been reported. There is no antidote and no adequate data to support the use of repeat-dose oral cholestyramine, forced diuresis or urine alkalinisation as effective methods of enhancing PCP elimination in poisoned humans. Supportive care and vigorous management of hyperthermia should produce a satisfactory outcome. Chronic occupational exposure to PCP may produce a syndrome similar to acute systemic poisoning, together with conjunctivitis and irritation of the upper respiratory and oral mucosae. Long-term exposure has also been reported to result in chronic fatigue or neuropsychiatric features in combination with skin infections (including chloracne), chronic respiratory symptoms, neuralgic pains in the legs, and impaired fertility and hypothyroidism secondary to endocrine disruption. PCP is a weak mutagen but the available data for humans are insufficient to classify it more strongly than as a probable carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex T Proudfoot
- National Poisons Information Service (Birmingham Centre), City Hospital, Birmingham, UK
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Lee J, Koh D, Andijani M, Saw SM, Munoz C, Chia SE, Wong ML, Hong CY, Ong CN. Effluents from a pulp and paper mill: a skin and health survey of children living in upstream and downstream villages. Occup Environ Med 2002; 59:373-9. [PMID: 12040112 PMCID: PMC1740298 DOI: 10.1136/oem.59.6.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A health survey of three villages (upstream village Rantau Baru and two downstream villages, Sering and Pelalawan) in the vicinity of a pulp and paper mill along the Kampar river in the province of Riau, Indonesia was conducted to find whether exposure to the effluents from the mill was related to skin conditions and ill health. METHODS A cross sectional survey was carried out of children living in the three villages. RESULTS Common skin conditions such as dermatitis, fungal infections, insect bites, and miliaria were found. No significantly increased risk of dermatitis or any illness in general was found with increasing levels of exposure to river water for downstream villages when compared with the upstream village. However, there was an increased risk of diarrhoea in Sering especially with drinking water directly from the river (prevalence rate ratio (PRR) 4.9, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.4 to 63.9). An increased risk was also found within the upstream village Rantau Baru (PRR 2.3, 95% CI 0.9 to 5.8) and downstream village Sering (PRR 1.4, 95% CI 0.4 to 5.2) when children who drank water directly from the river were compared with those who never did. Analysis of the river water also showed physical and chemical variables within the acceptable range except for faecal coliforms (6 MPN/100 ml) found in the sample taken from Sering. CONCLUSIONS The effluent from the mill is unlikely to be causing skin conditions and ill health. Diarrhoea may be due to faecal coliform contamination of the water because all raw sewerage is deposited in the river. Community health outreach programmes are being implemented based on these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lee
- Community, Occupational, and Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Abstract
TCDD is a highly immunosuppressive chemical that induces potent suppression of immune responses in laboratory animals. However, apart from the requisite role of the AhR and the identification of bone-marrow-derived cells as critical AhR-expressing targets, the specific cells and the underlying biochemical mechanisms by which TCDD disrupts immunological functions remain unclear. Recent data suggest that a new paradigm for the mechanism of immunotoxic action of TCDD may be more accurate, moving from one focused on the suppression of immune functions to one focused on the inappropriate activation of cells, leading to anergy or death, and the consequent premature termination of the immune response. Enhanced activation of B cells, DC and CD4+ T cells by TCDD has been described as well as the earlier disappearance of the latter two populations from peripheral lymphoid organs. Although much remains to be learned about how inappropriate cellular activation via the AhR induces immune suppression, deducing this mechanism of action and the signaling pathways involved, should lead to new insight into basic mechanisms of immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy I Kerkvliet
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331, USA.
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Galve R, Nichkova M, Camps F, Sanchez-Baeza F, Marco MP. Development and evaluation of an immunoassay for biological monitoring chlorophenols in urine as potential indicators of occupational exposure. Anal Chem 2002; 74:468-78. [PMID: 11811424 DOI: 10.1021/ac010419n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trichlorophenols (TCP) eliminated by the urine can be considered as potential biomarkers of exposure of many chemicals (chlorophenols, chlorophenoxy acid herbicides, prochloraz, lindane, hexachlorobenzene, etc). High-throughput screening methods are necessary to carry out efficient monitoring programs that may help to prevent certain occupational health diseases. For this purpose, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol detection has been developed using polyclonal antisera raised against 3-(3-hydroxy-2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)propanoic acid (hapten 5) covalently coupled by the mixed anhydride (MA) method to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). The indirect ELISA uses a heterologous coating antigen prepared by conjugation of 3-(2-hydroxy-3,6-dichlorophenyl)propanoic acid (hapten 4) to bovine serum albumin (BSA) using the active ester (AE) method. The optimum hapten density for the coating antigen was found to be 3 mol of hapten/mol of protein. The assay shows a limit of detection of 0.245 +/- 0.116 microg L(-1), and it is performed on 96-well microtiter plates in about 1.5 h. The ELISA reported recognizes on a much less extent other chlorinated phenols, such as 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol (2,3,4,6-TtCP, 21%), 2,4,5-TCP (12%) and 2,3,5-TCP (15%); however, brominated phenols (BP) are even more recognized than the corresponding chlorinated analogues (ex. 2,4,6-TBP, 710%; 2,4-DBP, 119%). With the aim of finding an explanation for this behavior, theoretical calculations have been performed for those and other halogenated phenols (2,4,6-triiodophenol and 2,4,6-trifluorophenol) to clarify which physicochemical parameter can explain better the recognition pattern observed. Finally, the assay has been adapted to the analysis of urine samples. The studies have shown that a limit of detection of 1 microg L(-1) can be accomplished on this biological matrix by combining the ELISA procedure with a C18 solid-phase extraction method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Galve
- Department of Biological Organic Chemistry, IIQAB-CSIC, Jorge Girona, Barcelona, Spain
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Daniel V, Huber W, Bauer K, Suesal C, Mytilineos J, Melk A, Conradt C, Opelz G. Association of elevated blood levels of pentachlorophenol (PCP) with cellular and humoral immunodeficiencies. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2001; 56:77-83. [PMID: 11256860 DOI: 10.1080/00039890109604057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
It has long been suspected that pentachlorophenol (PCP) exerts a damaging influence on the immune system. In this study, the possible relationship between blood levels of PCP and immune function was studied in 190 patients who had been exposed for more than 6 mo to PCP-containing pesticides. The patients suffered from frequent respiratory infections and general fatigue. Lymphocyte subpopulations, in-vitro responses to mitogens, allogeneic stimulator cells, plasma neopterin, cytokines, soluble cytokine receptors, soluble adhesion molecules, and immunoglobulin autoantibodies were determined. A dose-response relationship between blood levels of PCP and cellular and humoral immune parameters was established. Blood levels of PCP were associated negatively with (a) total lymphocyte counts (p = .0002), CD4/CD8 ratios (p = .0015), and absolute counts of CD3+ (p < .0001), CD4+ (p < .0001), CD16+ (p < .0001), CD25+ (p = .0003), DR+ (p < .0001), CD8+/56+ (p = .020), and CD19+ cells (p = .092); (b) plasma levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) (p < .0001), soluble IL-2R (p < .0001), IL-6 (p < .0001), IL-10 (p = .0039), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) (p < .0001), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (p < .0001), transforming-growth factor-beta2 (p = .023), soluble IL-1 receptor antagonist (sIL-1 RA) (p < .0001), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (p = .0003); and (c) immunoglobulin (Ig) M-anti-Fab type autoantibodies (p = .0353). PCP levels were associated positively with (a) number of impaired stimulation assays per patient (p = .041); (b) number of circulating CD11b+ monocytes (p = .0015); and (c) plasma levels of neopterin (p < .0001), IL-4 (p = .020), and sIL-6R (p = .020). Compared with patients who had PCP plasma levels that were less than or equal to 10 microg/l, patients with blood levels of PCP that exceeded 10 microg/l experienced the following more often: low numbers of total blood lymphocytes (p = .054), CD3+ (p = .0014), CD4+ (p = .0001), DR+ (p = .0003), CD16+ (p = .0033), and CD25+ cells (p = .0033). In addition, the same aforementioned patients experienced the following more frequently: undetectable plasma levels of IL-2 (p = .0057), IL-6 (p = .042), IL-8 (p = .038), IL-10 (p = .0001), TNF-alpha (p = .0062), and IFN-gamma (p = .016); and impaired in-vitro responses of lymphocytes (p = .071). The authors concluded that increased blood levels of PCP were associated significantly with cellular and humoral immunodeficiencies. Recurrent respiratory infections and general fatigue could originate from PCP-associated immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Daniel
- Department of Transplantation Immunology Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
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Abstract
This article covers the major chemicals and gases that are considered to be of the most clinical relevance to the primary care provider. The reader is referred to other comprehensive textbooks of toxicology and occupational medicine for a complete discussion of the numerous additional products found in the workplace that may result in occupational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Harrison
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA.
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Lampi P, Vohlonen I, Tuomisto J, Heinonen OP. Increase of specific symptoms after long-term use of chlorophenol polluted drinking water in a community. Eur J Epidemiol 2000; 16:245-51. [PMID: 10870939 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007622317866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophenols contaminated the drinking water system and a local lake in the village of Järvelä in southern Finland. Period prevalence rates of symptoms, signs and diseases among the residents 15 years or older who responded (69%) to a survey in the contaminated area (1773 subjects) were compared with the rates of three uncontaminated areas (2018 subjects). Gastrointestinal and skin symptoms, in particular, were significantly (p < 0.05) more common in the contaminated area than in each control area. Nausea, general malaise, headache, anorexia, exceptional tiredness, and respiratory infections were significantly increased compared to the control areas combined. A dose-response was also observed: higher consumption of drinking water and contaminated fish further significantly increased (p < 0.05) reported symptoms. In conclusion, long-term use of chlorophenol polluted household water and fish can cause symptoms already familiar in connection with occupational chlorophenol exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lampi
- National Public Health Institute, Division of Environmental Health, Kuopio, Finland
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