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Yao X, Saikawa E, Warner S, D’Souza PE, Ryan PB, Barr DB. Phytoremediation of Lead-Contaminated Soil in the Westside of Atlanta, GA. GEOHEALTH 2023; 7:e2022GH000752. [PMID: 37637997 PMCID: PMC10450253 DOI: 10.1029/2022gh000752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Phytoremediation has been explored as a cost-effective method to remediate soil Pb contamination. A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Vigna unguiculata, Brassica pekinensis, Gomphrena globose, and Helianthus annuus for removing and immobilizing Pb in soil collected from the Westside Lead Superfund site in Atlanta. Plants were cultivated in sampled soil with a Pb concentration of 515 ± 10 mg/kg for 60 days. Soils growing H. annuus were additionally treated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (0.1 g/kg) or compost (20% soil blend) to assess their capabilities for enhancing phytoremediation. Mean post-phytoremediation Pb concentrations in the four plant species were 23.5, 25.7, 50.0, and 58.1 mg/kg dry weight (DW), respectively, and were substantially higher than 1.55 mg/kg DW in respective plant species grown in control soils with no Pb contamination. The highest Pb concentration, translocation factor, and biomass were found in V. unguiculate among four species without soil amendments. H. annuus treated with EDTA and compost resulted in a significant increase in the total Pb uptake and larger biomass compared to non-treated plants, respectively. Although this study found that V. unguiculata was the best candidate for Pb accumulation and immobilization among four species, soil remediation was limited to 54 mg/kg in a growing season. We find that it is critically important to perform phytostabilization in a secure manner, since Pb bioavailability of edible plant parts implies the potential risk associated with their unintentional consumption. Efficiently and effectively remediating Pb-contaminated soils in a low-cost manner needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Yao
- Department of Environmental SciencesEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - E. Saikawa
- Department of Environmental SciencesEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - S. Warner
- Department of Environmental SciencesEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - P. E. D’Souza
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - P. B. Ryan
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - D. B. Barr
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
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Wilson NJ, Friedman E, Kennedy K, Manolakos PT, Reierson L, Roberts A, Simon S. Using exterior housing conditions to predict elevated pediatric blood lead levels. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 218:114944. [PMID: 36473524 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Housing-based lead paint dust is the most common source of lead exposure for US-born children. Although year of housing construction is a critical indicator of the lead hazard to US children, not all housing of the same age poses the same risk to children. Additional information about housing condition is required to differentiate the housing-based lead risk at the parcel level. This study aimed to identify and assess a method for gathering and using observations of exterior housing conditions to identify active housing-based lead hazards at the parcel level. We used a dataset of pediatric blood lead observations (sample years 2000-2013, ages 6-72 months, n = 6,589) to assess associations between observations of exterior housing conditions and housing-based lead risk. We used graphical and Lasso regression methods to estimate the likelihood of an elevated blood lead observation (≥3.5 μg/dL). Our methods estimate a monotonic increase in the likelihood of an elevated blood lead observation as housing conditions deteriorate with the largest changes associated with homes in the greatest disrepair. Additionally we estimate that age of home construction works in consort with housing conditions to amplify risks among those houses built before 1952. Our analysis indicates that a survey of external housing conditions can be used in combination with age of housing in the identification process, at the parcel level, of homes that pose a housing-based lead hazard to children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal J Wilson
- Research Associate, Center of Economic Information, Department of Economics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Friedman
- Medical Director of Environmental Health Program, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA.
| | - Kevin Kennedy
- Director of Environmental Health Program, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, MO, USA.
| | - Panayiotis T Manolakos
- Director, Center of Economic Information, Department of Economics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.
| | - Lori Reierson
- Research Compliance Coordinator, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, MO, USA.
| | - Amy Roberts
- Program Manager, Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention and Healthy Homes Program, Kansas City Missouri Health Department, Kansas City, MO, USA.
| | - Steve Simon
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA.
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Zorena K, Jaskulak M, Michalska M, Mrugacz M, Vandenbulcke F. Air Pollution, Oxidative Stress, and the Risk of Development of Type 1 Diabetes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1908. [PMID: 36290631 PMCID: PMC9598917 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite multiple studies focusing on environmental factors conducive to the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), knowledge about the involvement of long-term exposure to air pollution seems insufficient. The main focus of epidemiological studies is placed on the relationship between exposure to various concentrations of particulate matter (PM): PM1, PM2.5, PM10, and sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (O3), versus the risk of T1DM development. Although the specific molecular mechanism(s) behind the link between increased air pollution exposure and a higher risk of diabetes and metabolic dysfunction is yet unknown, available data indicate air pollution-induced inflammation and oxidative stress as a significant pathway. The purpose of this paper is to assess recent research examining the association between inhalation exposure to PM and associated metals and the increasing rates of T1DM worldwide. The development of modern and more adequate methods for air quality monitoring is also introduced. A particular emphasis on microsensors, mobile and autonomous measuring platforms, satellites, and innovative approaches of IoT, 5G connections, and Block chain technologies are also presented. Reputable databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, were used to search for relevant literature. Eligibility criteria involved recent publication years, particularly publications within the last five years (except for papers presenting a certain novelty or mechanism for the first time). Population, toxicological and epidemiological studies that focused particularly on fine and ultra-fine PM and associated ambient metals, were preferred, as well as full-text publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Zorena
- Department of Immunobiology and Environment Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marta Jaskulak
- Department of Immunobiology and Environment Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Michalska
- Department of Immunobiology and Environment Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Mrugacz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
| | - Franck Vandenbulcke
- Laboratoire de Génie Civil et Géo-Environnement, Univ. Lille, IMT Lille Douai, University Artois, YncreaHauts-de-France, ULR4515-LGCgE, F-59000 Lille, France
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Ho WC, Lin YS, Caffrey JL, Faramawi MF. Evaluation of lead body burden in US adolescents. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2020; 77:219-226. [PMID: 33357119 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2020.1864257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to examine key determinants in the body burden of lead in adolescents as lead poisoning remains a major public health challenge. Data from 2,925 teenagers aged 12-18 older in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999-2012 were analyzed. Lead in both blood and urine was significantly correlated among individuals. Despite higher blood lead in males, urinary lead measures corrected for dilution were similar between male and female adolescents. Thus, the urine-to-blood ratio was approximately 30% lower in male than female adolescents, suggesting that differences in renal disposal contributed to the greater body burden for young males. Differences in urinary lead disposal appear to be a key determinant in lead accumulation and thus, the degree of lead poisoning. Direct renal studies should be conducted to determine mechanisms and potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chao Ho
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing and Graduate Institute of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Lin
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - James L Caffrey
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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Yeter D, Banks EC, Aschner M. Disparity in Risk Factor Severity for Early Childhood Blood Lead among Predominantly African-American Black Children: The 1999 to 2010 US NHANES. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E1552. [PMID: 32121216 PMCID: PMC7084658 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is no safe detectable level of lead (Pb) in the blood of young children. In the United States, predominantly African-American Black children are exposed to more Pb and present with the highest mean blood lead levels (BLLs). However, racial disparity has not been fully examined within risk factors for early childhood Pb exposure. Therefore, we conducted secondary analysis of blood Pb determinations for 2841 US children at ages 1-5 years with citizenship examined by the cross-sectional 1999 to 2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The primary measures were racial disparities for continuous BLLs or an elevated BLL (EBLL) ≥5 µg/dL in selected risk factors between non-Hispanic Black children (n = 608) and both non-Hispanic White (n = 1208) or Hispanic (n = 1025) children. Selected risk factors included indoor household smoking, low income or poverty, older housing built before 1978 or 1950, low primary guardian education <12th grade/general education diploma (GED), or younger age between 1 and 3 years. Data were analyzed using a regression model corrected for risk factors and other confounding variables. Overall, Black children had an adjusted +0.83 µg/dL blood Pb (95% CI 0.65 to 1.00, p < 0.001) and a 2.8 times higher odds of having an EBLL ≥5 µg/dL (95% CI 1.9 to 3.9, p < 0.001). When stratified by risk factor group, Black children had an adjusted 0.73 to 1.41 µg/dL more blood Pb (p < 0.001 respectively) and a 1.8 to 5.6 times higher odds of having an EBLL ≥5 µg/dL (p ≤ 0.05 respectively) for every selected risk factor that was tested. For Black children nationwide, one in four residing in pre-1950 housing and one in six living in poverty presented with an EBLL ≥5 µg/dL. In conclusion, significant nationwide racial disparity in blood Pb outcomes persist for predominantly African-American Black children even after correcting for risk factors and other variables. This racial disparity further persists within housing, socio-economic, and age-related risk factors of blood Pb outcomes that are much more severe for Black children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Yeter
- Independent Researcher, Kansas City, KS 66104, USA
| | | | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
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