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Ata Teneler A, Hassoy H. Health effects of wind turbines: a review of the literature between 2010-2020. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2023; 33:143-157. [PMID: 34856842 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2021.2010671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although wind power is more acceptable in terms of its environmental impact, possible risks to human health are still being discussed. The aim of this study is to systematically evaluate the methodology and the outcomes of the articles that investigate the health effects of wind turbines on humans. Combinations of keywords were entered into the PubMed database. The search resulted in a total of 141 hits, 22 were included. It had been noticed that the most common problems in those living around the wind turbines are noise annoyance(n=18), risk perception and attitude towards wind turbines(n=11), general health symptoms and quality of life(n=11), sleep disturbance(n=10), annoyance(n=7) and shadow flicker effect(n=4). General annoyance is adversely affected by the noise level and sensitivity to noise. We can conclude that the knowledge of and attitude towards wind turbines can turn into annoyance and symptoms if the audio-visual effects of turbines limit daily life activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asli Ata Teneler
- Md, Public Health Specialist, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hur Hassoy
- Md, Assoc. Prof., Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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2
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Zaman M, Muslim M, Jehangir A. Environmental noise-induced cardiovascular, metabolic and mental health disorders: a brief review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:76485-76500. [PMID: 35931843 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22351-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental noise is a pervasive pollutant that is one of the greatest environmental threats to mental, physiological and psychological well-being and has a significant global health burden associated with it. Many epidemiological studies indicate long-term relationship of noise pollution with wide range of metabolic, cardio-vascular and respiratory disorders and diseases. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to thoroughly analyse available literature on public health implications and various underlying biological mechanisms associated with ambient noise exposure, taking into account both objective and subjective measures of noise exposure. METHODS A search of literature for review on environmental noise and associated cardiovascular, mental health and metabolic implications on human health was done using Web of Science, Google Scholar and PubMed databases. DISCUSSION Experimental studies indicate that noise exposure leads to endocrine effects, increased incidence of diabetes, impairment of cognitive performance, sleep disturbance and annoyance. Epidemiological evidence indicates that high levels of noise, particularly at night, may cause arterial hypertension and endothelial dysfunction due to higher level of stress hormones and oxidative stress. An increased incidence of cardio-vascular diseases like myocardial infarction, heart rate, ischemic heart disease, stroke and heart failure is associated with noise-induced mental stress. Furthermore, psychological and mental health issues like anxiety and depression are also related with exposure to noise pollution. CONCLUSION This article summarises a comprehensive and systematic knowledge established in recent noise research with the spotlight on cardiovascular, metabolic and mental health disorders of environmental noise, providing unique understanding into underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzafar Zaman
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mohammad Muslim
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Arshid Jehangir
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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Tortorella A, Menculini G, Moretti P, Attademo L, Balducci PM, Bernardini F, Cirimbilli F, Chieppa AG, Ghiandai N, Erfurth A. New determinants of mental health: the role of noise pollution. A narrative review. Int Rev Psychiatry 2022; 34:783-796. [PMID: 36786115 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2022.2095200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Urbanisation processes and anthropogenic actions led to a significant increase in pollution levels, with relevant consequences on global health. In particular, noise pollution demonstrated an association with cardiovascular, metabolic, and respiratory diseases. Furthermore, increasing evidence underlined the possible role of air and noise pollution in the development of psychiatric disorders. In this narrative review, evidence concerning the relationship between noise pollution and the emergence of psychiatric symptoms or psychiatric disorders is summarised. After the literature search process was completed, 40 papers were included in the present review. The exposure to road-, rail-, and air- traffic represented a risk factor for the emergence of affective disorders. This could also be mediated by the occurrence of circadian rhythms disturbances or by noise annoyance and noise sensitivity, both influencing psychological well-being and health-related quality of life. Fewer studies concentrated on special populations, particularly pregnant women and children, for whom noise pollution was confirmed as a risk factor for psychopathology. The better clarification of the complex interaction between noise pollution and mental health may help to identify subjects at risk and targeting specific prevention and intervention strategies in the urban environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luigi Attademo
- SPDC Potenza, Department of Mental Health, ASP Basilicata, Italian National Health Service, Potenza, Italy.,Planetary Health Lab, Old Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pierfrancesco Maria Balducci
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Department of Mental Health, CSM Terni, Terni, Italy
| | - Francesco Bernardini
- Planetary Health Lab, Old Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,SPDC Pordenone, Department of Mental Health, AsFO Friuli Occidentale, Italian National Health Service, Pordenone, Italy
| | | | | | - Nicola Ghiandai
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andreas Erfurth
- 1st Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Wiener Gesundheitsverbund Klinik Hietzing, Vienna, Austria
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Koch S, Holzheu S, Hundhausen M. Erwiderung. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2022; 147:1224-1227. [PMID: 36070742 DOI: 10.1055/a-1788-1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Koch
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Klinik für Anästhesiologie mit Schwerpunkt operative Intensivmedizin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin
| | - S Holzheu
- BayCEER, Bayreuther Zentrum für Ökologie und Umweltforschung, Universität Bayreuth
| | - M Hundhausen
- Department Physik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
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Koch S, Holzheu S, Hundhausen M. [Wind turbine and infrasound: No evidence for health-related impairment - a physical, medical and social report]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2022; 147:112-118. [PMID: 35100644 DOI: 10.1055/a-1685-5436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Based on the recent discussion about health impacts of wind turbine noise and infrasound emissions, we present the physical facts and summarize related studies in a narrative review. We are exposed to infrasound emissions from different sources, where wind turbine farms do not cause particularly high infrasound emissions. Epidemiological studies found no association between wind turbine farms and the incidence of diabetes mellitus, heart attacks, strokes and medication with antihypertensive drugs, but a more frequent prescription of sleep medication. In contrast, key indicators of objective sleep outcomes are not impacted by wind turbine noise. Health complaints are more frequently proven, if anti-wind-turbine-groups were active, which is consistent with the psychogenic hypotheses with nocebo effects likely play an important role. Without evidence of health impacts from wind turbine farms, an ongoing slowdown in the urgently needed expansion of renewable energies is not justifiable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Koch
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Klinik für Anästhesiologie mit Schwerpunkt operative Intensivmedizin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin
| | | | - Martin Hundhausen
- Department Physik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
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Effects of low-frequency noise from wind turbines on heart rate variability in healthy individuals. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17817. [PMID: 34497296 PMCID: PMC8426498 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wind turbines generate low-frequency noise (LFN, 20-200 Hz), which poses health risks to nearby residents. This study aimed to assess heart rate variability (HRV) responses to LFN exposure and to evaluate the LFN exposure (dB, LAeq) inside households located near wind turbines. Thirty subjects living within a 500 m radius of wind turbines were recruited. The field campaigns for LFN (LAeq) and HRV monitoring were carried out in July and December 2018. A generalized additive mixed model was employed to evaluate the relationship between HRV changes and LFN. The results suggested that the standard deviations of all the normal to normal R-R intervals were reduced significantly, by 3.39%, with a 95% CI = (0.15%, 6.52%) per 7.86 dB (LAeq) of LFN in the exposure range of 38.2-57.1 dB (LAeq). The indoor LFN exposure (LAeq) ranged between 30.7 and 43.4 dB (LAeq) at a distance of 124-330 m from wind turbines. Moreover, households built with concrete and equipped with airtight windows showed the highest LFN difference of 13.7 dB between indoors and outdoors. In view of the adverse health impacts of LFN exposure, there should be regulations on the requisite distances of wind turbines from residential communities for health protection.
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van Kamp I, van den Berg F. Health Effects Related to Wind Turbine Sound: An Update. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179133. [PMID: 34501721 PMCID: PMC8430592 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Commissioned by the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, an update of an earlier narrative review was prepared for the literature published between 2017 and mid-2020 about the effects of wind turbine sound on the health of local residents. Specific attention was hereby given to the health effects of low-frequency sound and infrasound. The Netherlands Institute for Public Health and the Environment and Mundonovo sound research collected the scientific literature on the effect of wind turbines on annoyance, sleep disturbance, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic effects, as well as mental and cognitive impacts. It also investigated what is known about annoyance from visual aspects of wind turbines and other non-acoustic factors, such as the local decision-making process. From the literature study, annoyance again came forward as the most important consequence of sound: the louder the sound (in dB) of wind turbines, the stronger the annoyance response was. The literature did not show that "low-frequency sound" (sound with a low pitch) results in extra annoyance on top of normal sound. Results of scientific research for other health effects are either not available or inconsistent, and we can conclude that a clear association with wind turbine related sound levels cannot be confirmed. There is evidence that long-term effects are related to the annoyance people experience. These results confirm earlier conclusions. There is increasing evidence that annoyance is lower when people can participate in the siting process. Worries of residents should be addressed in an early stage, by involving them in the process of planning and decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene van Kamp
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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Smith MG, Ögren M, Thorsson P, Hussain-Alkhateeb L, Pedersen E, Forssén J, Ageborg Morsing J, Persson Waye K. A laboratory study on the effects of wind turbine noise on sleep: results of the polysomnographic WiTNES study. Sleep 2020; 43:zsaa046. [PMID: 32211778 PMCID: PMC7487868 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Assess the physiologic and self-reported effects of wind turbine noise (WTN) on sleep. METHODS Laboratory sleep study (n = 50 participants: n = 24 living close to wind turbines and n = 26 as a reference group) using polysomnography, electrocardiography, salivary cortisol, and questionnaire endpoints. Three consecutive nights (23:00-07:00): one habituation followed by a randomized quiet Control and an intervention night with synthesized 32 dB LAEq WTN. Noise in WTN nights simulated closed and ajar windows and low and high amplitude modulation depth. RESULTS There was a longer rapid eye movement (REM) sleep latency (+16.8 min) and lower amount of REM sleep (-11.1 min, -2.2%) in WTN nights. Other measures of objective sleep did not differ significantly between nights, including key indicators of sleep disturbance (sleep efficiency: Control 86.6%, WTN 84.2%; wakefulness after sleep onset: Control 45.2 min, WTN 52.3 min; awakenings: Control n = 11.4, WTN n = 11.5) or the cortisol awakening response. Self-reported sleep was consistently rated as worse following WTN nights, and individuals living close to wind turbines had worse self-reported sleep in both the Control and WTN nights than the reference group. CONCLUSIONS Amplitude-modulated continuous WTN may impact on self-assessed and some aspects of physiologic sleep. Future studies are needed to generalize these findings outside of the laboratory and should include more exposure nights and further examine possible habituation or sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Smith
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mikael Ögren
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pontus Thorsson
- Division of Applied Acoustics, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Akustikverkstan AB, Lidköping, Sweden
| | - Laith Hussain-Alkhateeb
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eja Pedersen
- Department of Architecture and the Built Environment, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jens Forssén
- Division of Applied Acoustics, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Julia Ageborg Morsing
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Persson Waye
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Mucci N, Traversini V, Lorini C, De Sio S, Galea RP, Bonaccorsi G, Arcangeli G. Urban Noise and Psychological Distress: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E6621. [PMID: 32932901 PMCID: PMC7560223 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to urban noise is harmful for auditory perception, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and nervous systems, while also causing psychological annoyance. Around 25% of the EU population experience a deterioration in the quality of life due to annoyance and about 5-15% suffer from sleep disorders, with many disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost annually. This systematic review highlights the main sources of urban noise, the relevant principal clinical disorders and the most effected countries. This review included articles published on the major databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus), using a combination of some keywords. The online search yielded 265 references; after selection, the authors have analyzed 54 articles (5 reviews and 49 original articles). From the analysis, among the sources of exposure, we found the majority of items dealing with airports and wind turbines, followed by roads and trains; the main disorders that were investigated in different populations dealt with annoyance and sleep disorders, sometimes associated with cardiovascular symptoms. Regarding countries, studies were published from all over the world with a slight prevalence from Western Europe. Considering these fundamental health consequences, research needs to be extended in such a way as to include new sources of noise and new technologies, to ensure a health promotion system and to reduce the risk of residents being exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Mucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (N.M.); (G.A.)
| | | | - Chiara Lorini
- Department of Health Sciences, Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (C.L.); (G.B.)
| | - Simone De Sio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Locomotor Apparatus Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 5 Piazzale Aldo Moro, I-00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Raymond P. Galea
- Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta;
- Head of the Malta Postgraduate Medical Training Programme, Mater Dei Hospital Msida, MSD 2090 L-Imsida, Malta
| | - Guglielmo Bonaccorsi
- Department of Health Sciences, Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (C.L.); (G.B.)
| | - Giulio Arcangeli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (N.M.); (G.A.)
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Low-Frequency Noise and Its Main Effects on Human Health—A Review of the Literature between 2016 and 2019. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10155205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper summarizes the presently available knowledge about the association between low-frequency noise and its effects on health. A database was constructed with a total of 142 articles published between 2016 and 2019 regarding low-frequency noise exposure and its effects on health. A total of 39 articles were analysed in depth. The articles were divided into categories according to the effects on human health addressed. Regarding the emitting source, there was a greater number of articles addressing issues related to sources of environmental noise and noise from wind turbines. As for the effects generated on human health, there was a greater number of articles referring to the effects on sleep disorders, discomfort, sensitivity to and irritability from noise, annoyance, hearing loss, and cardiovascular diseases, and these effects are analysed in more detail in the present article.
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van Kamp I, Simon S, Notley H, Baliatsas C, van Kempen E. Evidence Relating to Environmental Noise Exposure and Annoyance, Sleep Disturbance, Cardio-Vascular and Metabolic Health Outcomes in the Context of IGCB (N): A Scoping Review of New Evidence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3016. [PMID: 32357581 PMCID: PMC7246943 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
WHO published the Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region in 2018, based on seven systematic reviews including studies published between 2000 and 2014. Since then, new studies were published. At the request of the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), a review on annoyance, sleep disturbance, cardiovascular and metabolic effects in relation to environmental noise was prepared. The aim was to advise the Interdepartmental Group on Costs and Benefits Noise Subject Group (IGCB(N)) whether this new evidence warrants an update of their recommendations. Four databases for observational studies were screened and data were extracted on design, type and measurements of exposures and outcomes and confounders and their associations. The quality of the studies was indirectly assessed for cardiovascular and metabolic effects by only including studies with a case control or cohort design. For studies on annoyance and sleep disturbance, the risk of bias was expressed in exposure misclassification, selective participation and confounding. The update yielded 87 papers, pertaining to 108 new studies of which 40 new studies were on annoyance, 42 on sleep disturbance and 26 concerning cardiovascular and metabolic effects. The number, size and quality of the new studies suggest new meta-analyses could be undertaken over the sources and effects included in the WHO reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene van Kamp
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (S.S.); (E.v.K.)
| | - Sendrick Simon
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (S.S.); (E.v.K.)
| | - Hilary Notley
- UK Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), Ground Floor, Seacole Building, 2 Marsham Street, London SW1P 4DF, UK;
| | - Christos Baliatsas
- Netherlands institute for health services research, 3513 CR Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Elise van Kempen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (S.S.); (E.v.K.)
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Abstract
This review is focussed on large-scale, horizontal-axis upwind turbines. Vertical-axis turbines are not considered here as they are not sufficiently efficient to be deployed in the commercial generation of electricity. Recent developments in horizontal-axis wind turbine noise research are summarised and topics that are pertinent to the problem, but are yet to be investigated, are explored and suggestions for future research are offered. The major portion of recent and current research on wind turbine noise generation, propagation and its effects on people and animals is being undertaken by groups in Europe, UK, USA, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. Considerable progress has been made in understanding wind turbine noise generation and propagation as well as the effect of wind farm noise on people, birds and animals. However, much remains to be done to answer many of the questions for which answers are still uncertain. In addition to community concerns about the effect of wind farm noise on people and how best to regulate wind farm noise and check installed wind farms for compliance, there is considerable interest from turbine manufacturers in developing quieter rotors, with the intention of allowing wind farm installations to be closer to populated areas. The purpose of this paper is to summarise recent and current wind farm noise research work and the research questions that remain to be addressed or are in the process of being addressed. Topics that are the subject of on-going research are discussed briefly and references to recent and current work are included.
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Seltenrich N. Assessing Potential Health Impacts of Wind Turbine Noise: A Longitudinal Look at Multiple End Points. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:94003. [PMID: 31509017 PMCID: PMC6791576 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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