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Wang Y, Ding Y, Zhuang Q, Luan J. Comparison of the cytokines levels in aqueous humor in vitrectomized eyes versus non-vitrectomized eyes with diabetic macular edema. Int Ophthalmol 2024; 44:220. [PMID: 38713261 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-024-03136-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted to compare concentrations of VEGF family growth factors, inflammation-related factors, and adhesion molecules in the aqueous humor of eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME), with and without prior vitrectomy. METHODS A total of 31 eyes were included, 11 with DME that had undergone vitrectomy, 9 with DME but without vitrectomy, and 11 from age-related cataract patients as controls. The concentrations of cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1, IFN-γ, MIP-1 α, MIP-1 β, PECAM-1, MIF, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, PIGF were quantified using Luminex Human Discovery Assay. Central macular thickness (CMT) values of all eyes were measured using optical coherence tomography (OCT). RESULTS (1) Vitrectomized DME eyes exhibited significantly higher levels of IL-6 and IL-8 compared to non-vitrectomized eyes (P < 0.05). (2) In vitrectomized group, after Benjamini-Hochberg correction, there was a significant positive correlation between the levels of VEGF and PlGF (rs = 0.855, P < 0.05), as well as the levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ (rs = 0.858, P < 0.05). In non-vitrectomized group, significant positive correlations were found between VEGF and PlGF levels after correcting for multiple comparisons (rs = 0.9, P < 0.05). (3) In non-vitrectomized group, the concentrations of VEGF and PlGF in aqueous humor were significantly positively correlated with CMT values (rs = 0.95, P < 0.05; rs = 0.9, P < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8 in the aqueous humor were significantly higher in vitrectomized DME eyes compared to nonvitrectomized DME eyes and the levels of VEGF were similar in the two groups, suggesting that inflammation after vitrectomy may be a key factor in the occurrence and development of DME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiheng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuzhi Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qiuyu Zhuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Luan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Park J, Hwang SH, Nam DH, Lee DY. Changes in Aqueous Concentrations of Various Cytokines after Intravitreal Bevacizumab Injection for Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. KOREAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2023; 37:453-461. [PMID: 37899289 PMCID: PMC10721406 DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2023.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate changes in cytokine levels after intravitreal bevacizumab injection in patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). METHODS In a prospective interventional trial, 12 eyes from 12 patients with chronic CSC and six eyes from six patients who underwent cataract surgery were included as controls. Patients diagnosed as with CSC received a single intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (1.25 mg/0.05 mL). Aqueous humor samples were collected from the patients and controls. Best-corrected visual acuity and foveal thickness were evaluated, and aqueous samples were obtained before and 4 weeks after injection. The aqueous concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, interferon-induced protein (IP)-10, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured using a multiplex bead assay. RESULTS After injection, the foveal thickness decreased significantly from 328.08 μm (range, 210-477 μm) to 283.91 μm (range, 168-356 μm; p = 0.048), but the best-corrected visual acuity was not significantly different (p = 0.066). The aqueous levels of IL-8 increased significantly from 3.3 pg/mL (range, 1.5-8.3 pg/mL) to 4.7 pg/mL (range, 2.2-11.6 pg/mL) at 4 weeks after the injection (p = 0.046). The aqueous levels of VEGF decreased significantly from 31.4 pg/mL (range, 17.0-53.3 pg/mL) to 15.2 pg/mL (range, 7.7-21.5 pg/mL; p < 0.01). No significant changes in levels of IL-6 (p = 0.455), IP-10 (p = 0.055), MCP-1 (p = 0.076), and PDGF-AA (p = 0.339) were noted 4 weeks after injection. CONCLUSIONS In this study we found intravitreal bevacizumab injection decreased VEGF and increased IL-8 in the eyes of patients with chronic CSC. This study suggests the possibility that the pathogenesis of CSC may be related to abnormal circulation of the choroidal blood vessels through VEGF and IL-8 cytokine level changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooye Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sung Ha Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Dong Heun Nam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Dae Yeong Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
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Dalan R, Ang LW, Tan WYT, Fong SW, Tay WC, Chan YH, Renia L, Ng LFP, Lye DC, Chew DEK, Young BE. The association of hypertension and diabetes pharmacotherapy with COVID-19 severity and immune signatures: an observational study. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL. CARDIOVASCULAR PHARMACOTHERAPY 2021; 7:e48-e51. [PMID: 32766831 PMCID: PMC7454507 DOI: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvaa098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rinkoo Dalan
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Li Wei Ang
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore
| | | | - Siew-Wai Fong
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Yi-Hao Chan
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Laurent Renia
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - David Chien Lye
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Daniel E K Chew
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Barnaby E Young
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
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Ji X, Tan W, Zhang C, Zhai Y, Hsueh Y, Zhang Z, Zhang C, Lu Y, Duan B, Tan G, Na R, Deng G, Niu G. TWIRLS, a knowledge-mining technology, suggests a possible mechanism for the pathological changes in the human host after coronavirus infection via ACE2. Drug Dev Res 2020; 81:1004-1018. [PMID: 32657473 PMCID: PMC7404951 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Faced with the current large-scale public health emergency, collecting, sorting, and analyzing biomedical information related to the "SARS-CoV-2" should be done as quickly as possible to gain a global perspective, which is a basic requirement for strengthening epidemic control capacity. However, for human researchers studying viruses and hosts, the vast amount of information available cannot be processed effectively and in a timely manner, particularly if our scientific understanding is also limited, which further lowers the information processing efficiency. We present TWIRLS (Topic-wise inference engine of massive biomedical literatures), a method that can deal with various scientific problems, such as liver cancer, acute myeloid leukemia, and so forth, which can automatically acquire, organize, and classify information. Additionally, this information can be combined with independent functional data sources to build an inference system via a machine-based approach, which can provide relevant knowledge to help human researchers quickly establish subject cognition and to make more effective decisions. Using TWIRLS, we automatically analyzed more than three million words in more than 14,000 literature articles in only 4 hr. We found that an important regulatory factor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) may be involved in host pathological changes on binding to the coronavirus after infection. On triggering functional changes in ACE2/AT2R, the cytokine homeostasis regulation axis becomes imbalanced via the Renin-Angiotensin System and IP-10, leading to a cytokine storm. Through a preliminary analysis of blood indices of COVID-19 patients with a history of hypertension, we found that non-ARB (Angiotensin II receptor blockers) users had more symptoms of severe illness than ARB users. This suggests ARBs could potentially be used to treat acute lung injury caused by coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Ji
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region College of Animal ScienceInner Mongolia Agricultural UniversityHohhotChina
- Joint Turing‐Darwin Laboratory of Phil Rivers Technology Ltd. and Institute of Computing TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of Computational Biology, Phil Rivers Technology LtdBeijingChina
| | - Wenting Tan
- Department of Infectious DiseasesSouthwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Chunming Zhang
- Joint Turing‐Darwin Laboratory of Phil Rivers Technology Ltd. and Institute of Computing TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of Computational Biology, Phil Rivers Technology LtdBeijingChina
- Institute of Computing TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- West Institute of Computing TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesChongqingChina
| | - Yubo Zhai
- Institute of Computing TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yiching Hsueh
- Joint Turing‐Darwin Laboratory of Phil Rivers Technology Ltd. and Institute of Computing TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of Computational Biology, Phil Rivers Technology LtdBeijingChina
| | - Zhonghai Zhang
- Institute of Computing TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chunli Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, Phil Rivers Technology LtdBeijingChina
| | - Yanqiu Lu
- Department of Infectious DiseasesChongqing Public Health Medical CenterChongqingChina
| | - Bo Duan
- Institute of Computing TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- West Institute of Computing TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesChongqingChina
| | - Guangming Tan
- Institute of Computing TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- West Institute of Computing TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesChongqingChina
| | - Renhua Na
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region College of Animal ScienceInner Mongolia Agricultural UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Guohong Deng
- Department of Infectious DiseasesSouthwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Gang Niu
- Joint Turing‐Darwin Laboratory of Phil Rivers Technology Ltd. and Institute of Computing TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of Computational Biology, Phil Rivers Technology LtdBeijingChina
- West Institute of Computing TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesChongqingChina
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Torres-Costa S, Alves Valente MC, Falcão-Reis F, Falcão M. Cytokines and Growth Factors as Predictors of Response to Medical Treatment in Diabetic Macular Edema. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 373:445-452. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.262956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Yu SY, Nam DH, Lee DY. Changes in aqueous concentrations of various cytokines after intravitreal bevacizumab and subtenon triamcinolone injection for diabetic macular edema. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2017; 256:39-47. [PMID: 29030692 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3819-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare the changes in the aqueous cytokine levels after intravitreal bevacizumab with those after combined intravitreal bevacizumab and subtenon triamcinolone injection in diabetic macular edema (DME). METHODS This study examined 24 eyes of 23 patients with DME. Each patient with DME received randomly either an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (IVBe) or IVBe with a subtenon triamcinolone injection (IVBe + STTA). Best corrected visual acuity and foveal thickness were evaluated and aqueous samples were obtained before and 4 weeks after the injection. The aqueous concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, interferon-induced protein (IP)-10, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured using a multiplex bead assay. RESULTS After the injection, the foveal thickness decreased more in the IVBe + STTA group than in the IVBe group (P = 0.042). The MCP-1, PDGF-AA, and VEGF levels decreased significantly in the IVBe + STTA group (p = 0.013, p = 0.004 and p = 0.018 respectively), but only the VEGF level decreased in the IVBe group (p = 0.001). IL-8 was significantly increased in the IVBe + STTA group (p = 0.003) but the changes in the VEGF levels were smaller than in the IVBe group (p = 0.025). CONCLUSION Intravitreal bevacizumab and subtenon triamcinolone injection reduces the VEGF, MCP-1 and PDGF-AA levels and increases the IL-8 level in the plural cytokine profiles of patients with DME, which might explain the limited therapeutic effect of combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Young Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyung Hee University, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Heun Nam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gachon University, Gil Hospital, #21 774 Beon-gil, Namdong-daero, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 405-760, South Korea
| | - Dae Yeong Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gachon University, Gil Hospital, #21 774 Beon-gil, Namdong-daero, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 405-760, South Korea.
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Nosalski R, Guzik TJ. Perivascular adipose tissue inflammation in vascular disease. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3496-3513. [PMID: 28063251 PMCID: PMC5610164 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. In vascular pathologies, perivascular adipose tissue increases in volume and becomes dysfunctional, with altered cellular composition and molecular characteristics. PVAT dysfunction is characterized by its inflammatory character, oxidative stress, diminished production of vaso-protective adipocyte-derived relaxing factors and increased production of paracrine factors such as resistin, leptin, cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) and chemokines [RANTES (CCL5) and MCP-1 (CCL2)]. These adipocyte-derived factors initiate and orchestrate inflammatory cell infiltration including primarily T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells and NK cells. Protective factors such as adiponectin can reduce NADPH oxidase superoxide production and increase NO bioavailability in the vessel wall, while inflammation (e.g. IFN-γ or IL-17) induces vascular oxidases and eNOS dysfunction in the endothelium, vascular smooth muscle cells and adventitial fibroblasts. All of these events link the dysfunctional perivascular fat to vascular dysfunction. These mechanisms are important in the context of a number of cardiovascular disorders including atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes and obesity. Inflammatory changes in PVAT's molecular and cellular responses are uniquely different from classical visceral or subcutaneous adipose tissue or from adventitia, emphasizing the unique structural and functional features of this adipose tissue compartment. Therefore, it is essential to develop techniques for monitoring the characteristics of PVAT and assessing its inflammation. This will lead to a better understanding of the early stages of vascular pathologies and the development of new therapeutic strategies focusing on perivascular adipose tissue. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Perivascular Adipose Tissue - Potential Pharmacological Targets? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.20/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Nosalski
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical SciencesUniversity of GlasgowScotlandUK
- Department of Internal and Agricultural MedicineJagiellonian University, Collegium MedicumKrakowPoland
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical SciencesUniversity of GlasgowScotlandUK
- Department of Internal and Agricultural MedicineJagiellonian University, Collegium MedicumKrakowPoland
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The expression of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis components in infantile hemangioma tissue and the impact of propranolol treatment. Pediatr Res 2017; 82:155-163. [PMID: 28376078 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundPropranolol's mechanism of action for controlling infantile hemangioma (IH) remains unclear. We hypothesize that this nonselective beta antagonist downregulates renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) axis components, preventing angiogenic substrate induction of IH.MethodsIH tissue and serum were collected from children with propranolol-treated or -untreated IH during surgery. Normal skin and serum from demographically matched children were used as controls. Real-time PCR and western blot quantified RAA components in proliferative (n=10), involuting (n=10), propranolol-treated (n=12) IH, and normal specimens (n=11). Serum was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).ResultsThere were significantly greater messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of angiotensinogen (AGT) in proliferating IH, but not in involuting or treated IH, when compared with controls (P<0.05). Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin II receptor 1 (AGTR1) mRNA expression was higher in all IH specimens when comparedwith controls (P<0.05). ACE and AGTR1 protein expression was greater in proliferating IH tissue compared with that in controls and in involuting and treated IH tissue (P<0.05). ELISA showed no significant difference in ACE serum levels but did show a significant reduction in renin in involuting compared with proliferating IH (P<0.05).ConclusionsThe protein and mRNA expression of several RAA pathway constituents is elevated in IH tissue when compared with that in normal tissue. The action of propranolol on IH may be the result of reductions in ACE and AGTR1.
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Kim M, Kim Y, Lee SJ. Comparison of aqueous concentrations of angiogenic and inflammatory cytokines based on optical coherence tomography patterns of diabetic macular edema. Indian J Ophthalmol 2016; 63:312-7. [PMID: 26044469 PMCID: PMC4463554 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.158069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose was to compare aqueous inflammatory and angiogenic cytokine levels in diabetic macular edema (DME). Materials and Methods: Aqueous samples were obtained from 50 eyes with DME and 12 normal eyes (control group). DME was classified according to the morphologic pattern based on optical coherence tomography: Diffuse retinal thickening (DRT; n = 19), cystoid macular edema (CME; n = 17), or serous retinal detachment (SRD; n = 14). Aqueous samples were collected just before intravitreal injection and at the beginning of cataract surgery in the control group. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, interferon-induced protein (IP)-10, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were measured by multiplex bead assay. Results: The IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, and PDGF-AA levels differed significantly among the three groups of DME (P = 0.014, P = 0.038, P = 0.021, and P = 0.041, respectively). However, there were no differences between groups in aqueous concentration levels of MCP-1 and VEGF (P = 0.205 and P = 0.062, respectively). IL-6 (P = 0.026) and IL-8 (P = 0.023) correlated positively with central foveal thickness (CFT) in the CME group. None of the cytokine levels correlated significantly with CFT in any of the DRT and SRD groups. Conclusions: Aqueous concentrations of cytokines varied according to the morphologic pattern of DME, which might explain the variable response to treatments such as intravitreal bevacizumab or triamcinolone injection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seung-Jun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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The CXCL10/CXCR3 Axis and Cardiac Inflammation: Implications for Immunotherapy to Treat Infectious and Noninfectious Diseases of the Heart. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:4396368. [PMID: 27795961 PMCID: PMC5066021 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4396368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence reveals involvement of T lymphocytes and adaptive immunity in the chronic inflammation associated with infectious and noninfectious diseases of the heart, including coronary artery disease, Kawasaki disease, myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathies, Chagas, hypertensive left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, and nonischemic heart failure. Chemokine CXCL10 is elevated in cardiovascular diseases, along with increased cardiac infiltration of proinflammatory Th1 and cytotoxic T cells. CXCL10 is a chemoattractant for these T cells and polarizing factor for the proinflammatory phenotype. Thus, targeting the CXCL10 receptor CXCR3 is a promising therapeutic approach to treating cardiac inflammation. Due to biased signaling CXCR3 also couples to anti-inflammatory signaling and immunosuppressive regulatory T cell formation when activated by CXCL11. Numbers and functionality of regulatory T cells are reduced in patients with cardiac inflammation, supporting the utility of biased agonists or biologicals to simultaneously block the pro-inflammatory and activate the anti-inflammatory actions of CXCR3. Other immunotherapy strategies to boost regulatory T cell actions include intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy, adoptive transfer, immunoadsorption, and low-dose interleukin-2/interleukin-2 antibody complexes. Pharmacological approaches include sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 agonists and vitamin D supplementation. A combined strategy of switching CXCR3 signaling from pro- to anti-inflammatory and improving Treg functionality is predicted to synergistically lessen adverse cardiac remodeling.
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Serum Cytokines in Young Pediatric Patients with Congenital Cardiac Shunts and Altered Pulmonary Hemodynamics. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:7672048. [PMID: 27656048 PMCID: PMC5021473 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7672048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective. Inflammation is central in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension. We investigated how serum cytokines correlate with clinical features, hemodynamics, and lung histology in young patients with pulmonary hypertension associated with congenital cardiac shunts. Design. Prospective, observational study. Methods and Results. Patients (n = 44) were aged 2.6 to 37.6 months. Group I patients (n = 31) were characterized by pulmonary congestion and higher pulmonary blood flow compared to group II (p = 0.022), with no need for preoperative cardiac catheterization. Group II patients (n = 13) had no congestive features. At catheterization, they had elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (5.7 [4.4–7.4] Wood units·m2, geometric mean with 95% CI). Cytokines were measured by chemiluminescence. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was found to be inversely related to pulmonary blood flow (r = −0.33, p = 0.026) and was higher in group II (high pulmonary vascular resistance) compared to group I (high pulmonary blood flow) (p = 0.017). In contrast, RANTES chemokine (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) was characteristically elevated in Group I (p = 0.022). Interleukin 16 was also negatively related to pulmonary blood flow (rS = −0.33, p = 0.029) and was higher in patients with obstructive vasculopathy at intraoperative lung biopsy (p = 0.021). Conclusion. Cytokines seem to be important and differentially regulated in subpopulations of young patients with cardiac shunts.
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Del Pino-García R, Gerardi G, Rivero-Pérez MD, González-SanJosé ML, García-Lomillo J, Muñiz P. Wine pomace seasoning attenuates hyperglycaemia-induced endothelial dysfunction and oxidative damage in endothelial cells. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Cheng J, Li H, Jie S. Association of the Serum Angiotensin II Level with Disease Severity in Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Patients. Intern Med 2016; 55:895-900. [PMID: 27086801 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.55.5296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease caused by a novel Bunyavirus. Recent data suggest that the physiological balance of multiple proinflammatory cytokines is substantially changed in cases of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) infection, and the inflammatory response probably plays an important role in disease progression. Angiotensin II is an important active substance of the renin-angiotensin system, and studies have demonstrated that angiotensin II is involved in key events in the inflammatory process and can regulate inflammatory cell responses. METHODS In order to elucidate the role of angiotensin II in the pathogenesis of SFTS, we collected serum samples from SFTS patients in the acute or convalescent phase and tested the angiotensin II levels using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as well as SFTSV viral RNA with real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, we explored possible correlations between the angiotensin II levels and clinical parameters in SFTS patients. RESULTS Our data showed that the serum level of angiotensin II was significantly increased in the acute phase compared with that seen in the convalescent phase and the healthy controls, while there were no significant differences between the convalescent cases and healthy controls (p>0.05). A correlation analysis demonstrated that the level of angiotensin II positively correlated with the SFTS viral RNA load. The angiotensin II levels were also found to be correlated with clinical parameters indicating impairments in organ functions. Moreover, we also found that the angiotensin II levels were significantly increased in the severe cases versus the non-severe cases (p<0.001). CONCLUSION The serum angiotensin II levels in SFTS patients may be used to stratify the disease severity and are possibly predictive of disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Cheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
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Explanation of Metastasis by Homeostatic Inflammation. INFLAMMATION AND METASTASIS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7153410 DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-56024-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
If inflammation caused by either non-self or self molecules can disseminate throughout the body and inflammatory sites actively allow entry of circulating tumor cells and assist regrowth, then circulating tumor cells metastasize to the sites of inflammation. However, disrupted sites of homeostatic inflammation do not necessarily guarantee metastatic spread and subsequent regrowth.
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Klinghammer L, Urschel K, Cicha I, Lewczuk P, Raaz-Schrauder D, Achenbach S, Garlichs CD. Impact of telmisartan on the inflammatory state in patients with coronary atherosclerosis – Influence on IP-10, TNF-α and MCP-1. Cytokine 2013; 62:290-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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16
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Velez JCQ, Ierardi JL, Bland AM, Morinelli TA, Arthur JM, Raymond JR, Janech MG. Enzymatic processing of angiotensin peptides by human glomerular endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 302:F1583-94. [PMID: 22461301 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00087.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The intraglomerular renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is linked to the pathogenesis of progressive glomerular diseases. Glomerular podocytes and mesangial cells play distinct roles in the metabolism of angiotensin (ANG) peptides. However, our understanding of the RAS enzymatic capacity of glomerular endothelial cells (GEnCs) remains incomplete. We explored the mechanisms of endogenous cleavage of ANG substrates in cultured human GEnCs (hGEnCs) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and isotope-labeled peptide quantification. Overall, hGEnCs metabolized ANG II at a significantly slower rate compared with podocytes, whereas the ANG I processing rate was comparable between glomerular cell types. ANG II was the most abundant fragment of ANG I, with lesser amount of ANG-(1-7) detected. Formation of ANG II from ANG I was largely abolished by an ANG-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, whereas ANG-(1-7) formation was decreased by a prolylendopeptidase (PEP) inhibitor, but not by a neprilysin inhibitor. Cleavage of ANG II resulted in partial conversion to ANG-(1-7), a process that was attenuated by an ACE2 inhibitor, as well as by an inhibitor of PEP and prolylcarboxypeptidase. Further fragmentation of ANG-(1-7) to ANG-(1-5) was mediated by ACE. In addition, evidence of aminopeptidase N activity (APN) was demonstrated by detecting amelioration of conversion of ANG III to ANG IV by an APN inhibitor. While we failed to find expression or activity of aminopeptidase A, a modest activity attributable to aspartyl aminopeptidase was detected. Messenger RNA and gene expression of the implicated enzymes were confirmed. These results indicate that hGEnCs possess prominent ACE activity, but modest ANG II-metabolizing activity compared with that of podocytes. PEP, ACE2, prolylcarboxypeptidase, APN, and aspartyl aminopeptidase are also enzymes contained in hGEnCs that participate in membrane-bound ANG peptide cleavage. Injury to specific cell types within the glomeruli may alter the intrarenal RAS balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Q Velez
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
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Nakamura T, Hasegawa-Nakamura K, Sakoda K, Matsuyama T, Noguchi K. Involvement of angiotensin II type 1 receptors in interleukin-1β-induced interleukin-6 production in human gingival fibroblasts. Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119:345-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2011.00850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Mustafa SA, Hoheisel JD, Alhamdani MSS. Secretome profiling with antibody microarrays. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:1795-801. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05071k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Pérez-López FR, Larrad-Mur L, Kallen A, Chedraui P, Taylor HS. Gender differences in cardiovascular disease: hormonal and biochemical influences. Reprod Sci 2010; 17:511-31. [PMID: 20460551 PMCID: PMC3107852 DOI: 10.1177/1933719110367829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis is a complex process characterized by an increase in vascular wall thickness owing to the accumulation of cells and extracellular matrix between the endothelium and the smooth muscle cell wall. There is evidence that females are at lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) as compared to males. This has led to an interest in examining the contribution of genetic background and sex hormones to the development of CVD. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of factors, including those related to gender, that influence CVD. METHODS Evidence analysis from PubMed and individual searches concerning biochemical and endocrine influences and gender differences, which affect the origin and development of CVD. RESULTS Although still controversial, evidence suggests that hormones including estradiol and androgens are responsible for subtle cardiovascular changes long before the development of overt atherosclerosis. CONCLUSION Exposure to sex hormones throughout an individual's lifespan modulates many endocrine factors involved in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faustino R Pérez-López
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Clínico de Zaragoza Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
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Surmi BK, Hasty AH. The role of chemokines in recruitment of immune cells to the artery wall and adipose tissue. Vascul Pharmacol 2009; 52:27-36. [PMID: 20026286 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The role of the immune system is to recognize pathogens, tumor cells or dead cells and to react with a very specific and localized response. By taking advantage of a highly sophisticated system of chemokines and chemokine receptors, leukocytes such as neutrophils, macrophages, and T-lymphocytes are targeted to the precise location of inflammation. While this is a beneficial process for acute infection and inflammation, recruitment of immune cells to sites of chronic inflammation can be detrimental. It is becoming clear that these inflammatory cells play a significant role in the initiation and progression of metabolic disorders such as atherosclerosis and insulin resistance by infiltrating the artery wall and adipose tissue (AT), respectively. Data from human studies indicate that elevated plasma levels of chemokines are correlated with these metabolic diseases. Recruitment of macrophages to the artery wall is well known to be one of the first steps in early atherosclerotic lesion formation. Likewise, recruitment of macrophages to AT is thought to contribute to insulin resistance associated with obesity. Based on this knowledge, much recent work in these areas has focused on the role of chemokines in attracting immune cells (monocytes/macrophages in particular) to these 2 sites. Thus, understanding the potential for chemokines to contribute to metabolic disease can help direct studies of chemokines as therapeutic targets. In this article, we will review current literature regarding the role of chemokines in atherosclerosis and obesity-related insulin resistance. We will focus on novel work showing that chemokine secretion from endothelial cells, platelets, and adipocytes can contribute to immune cell recruitment, with a diagram showing the time course of chemokine expression and leukocyte recruitment to AT. We will also highlight a few of the less-commonly known chemokine-chemokine receptor pairs. Finally, we will discuss the potential for chemokines as therapeutic targets for treatment of atherosclerosis and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie K Surmi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Pelisch N, Hosomi N, Ueno M, Masugata H, Murao K, Hitomi H, Nakano D, Kobori H, Nishiyama A, Kohno M. Systemic candesartan reduces brain angiotensin II via downregulation of brain renin-angiotensin system. Hypertens Res 2009; 33:161-4. [PMID: 19942928 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2009.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system has an important function in the regulation of blood pressure as well as in pathophysiological processes in the central nervous system. We examined the effects of the angiotensin receptor blocker candesartan (10 mg kg(-1) per day, p.o.) on brain angiotensin II levels in angiotensin II-infused hypertensive rats. Angiotensin II or vehicle was infused subcutaneously for 14 days in Sprague-Dawley rats. Angiotensin II infusion resulted in increased blood pressure, an effect that was blocked by candesartan treatment. There was no effect of the angiotensin II infusion on Angiotensin II levels in the brain or on blood-brain barrier permeability. Brain tissue angiotensinogen and angiotensin converting enzyme mRNA levels were not changed by angiotensin II infusion but were decreased by candesartan treatment. At 2 weeks of treatment, CV11974, an active form of candesartan, was detectable in the plasma but was not detectable in brain tissue. These data suggest that treatment with candesartan decreases brain angiotensin II by decreasing brain angiotensinogen and angiotensin converting enzyme gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pelisch
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Kagawa University Medical School, Kagawa, Japan.
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