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Wang Y, Gao B, Chen X, Shi X, Li S, Zhang Q, Zhang C, Piao F. Improvement of diabetes-induced spinal cord axon injury with taurine via nerve growth factor-dependent Akt/mTOR pathway. Amino Acids 2024; 56:32. [PMID: 38637413 PMCID: PMC11026277 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-024-03392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a common neurological complication caused by diabetes mellitus (DM). Axonal degeneration is generally accepted to be the major pathological change in peripheral DN. Taurine has been evidenced to be neuroprotective in various aspects, but its effect on spinal cord axon injury (SCAI) in DN remains barely reported. This study showed that taurine significantly ameliorated axonal damage of spinal cord (SC), based on morphological and functional analyses, in a rat model of DN induced by streptozotocin (STZ). Taurine was also found to induce neurite outgrowth in cultured cerebral cortex neurons with high glucose exposure. Moreover, taurine up-regulated the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurite outgrowth relative protein GAP-43 in rat DN model and cultured cortical neurons/VSC4.1 cells. Besides, taurine increased the activating phosphorylation signals of TrkA, Akt, and mTOR. Mechanistically, the neuroprotection by taurine was related to the NGF-pAKT-mTOR axis, because either NGF-neutralizing antibody or Akt or mTOR inhibitors was found to attenuate its beneficial effects. Together, our results demonstrated that taurine promotes spinal cord axon repair in a model of SCAI in STZ-induced diabetic rats, mechanistically associating with the NGF-dependent activation of Akt/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachen Wang
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China
| | - Bihu Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China
| | - Xiaochi Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China
| | - Xiaoxia Shi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuangyue Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Integrative Laboratory, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China.
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China.
| | - Fengyuan Piao
- Department of Scientific Research Project, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China.
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Animal models of diabetic microvascular complications: Relevance to clinical features. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112305. [PMID: 34872802 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes has become more common in recent years worldwide, and this growth is projected to continue in the future. The primary concern with diabetes is developing various complications, which significantly contribute to the disease's mortality and morbidity. Over time, the condition progresses from the pre-diabetic to the diabetic stage and then to the development of complications. Years and enormous resources are required to evaluate pharmacological interventions to prevent or delay the progression of disease or complications in humans. Appropriate screening models are required to gain a better understanding of both pathogenesis and potential therapeutic agents. Different species of animals are used to evaluate the pharmacological potentials and study the pathogenesis of the disease. Animal models are essential for research because they represent most of the structural, functional, and biochemical characteristics of human diseases. An ideal screening model should mimic the pathogenesis of the disease with identifiable characteristics. A thorough understanding of animal models is required for the experimental design to select an appropriate model. Each animal model has certain advantages and limitations. The present manuscript describes the animal models and their diagnostic characteristics to evaluate microvascular diabetic complications.
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Maekawa M, Tadaki H, Tomimoto D, Okuma C, Sano R, Ishii Y, Katsuda Y, Yoshiuchi H, Kakefuda R, Ohta T, Sasase T. A Novel TNF-α Converting Enzyme (TACE) Selective Inhibitor JTP-96193 Prevents Insulin Resistance in KK-A y Type 2 Diabetic Mice and Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 1 Diabetic Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 42:1906-1912. [PMID: 31685773 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) converting enzyme/a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17 (TACE/ADAM17) is a key sheddase that releases TNF-α from its inactive precursor and is thought as a new drug target to inhibit TNF-α production. In the present study, pharmacological effects of a novel TACE selective inhibitor, JTP-96193, on type 2 diabetes and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) as its major complication was examined. Enzyme inhibitory activity of JTP-96193 on TACE and other ADAMs was measured in in vitro. High fat-induced obese mice and type 2 diabetic KK-Ay mice were used to evaluate the effect of JTP-96193 on insulin resistance. Finally, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice were treated with JTP-96193 to evaluate the sciatic motor nerve conduction velocities (MNCV). JTP-96193 selectively inhibited human TACE activity with IC50 value of 5.4 nM and showed more than 1800-fold selectivity against other matrix metalloproteinases. In mouse models of obesity and diabetes, JTP-96193 reduced the TNF-α release from the fat tissue and prevented development of diabetes and improved insulin resistance, respectively. Furthermore, JTP-96193 prevented delay of sciatic MNCV without any effects on blood glucose or insulin levels in STZ-induced diabetic mice. TACE inhibitor is effective on insulin resistance and DPN independent from glucose-lowering effect. These pharmacological properties of JTP-96193 may be helpful to treat type 2 diabetes accompanied by its microvascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Maekawa
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc
| | - Hironobu Tadaki
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc
| | - Daisuke Tomimoto
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc
| | - Chihiro Okuma
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc
| | - Ryuhei Sano
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc
| | - Yukihito Ishii
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc
| | - Yoshiaki Katsuda
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc
| | - Hiromi Yoshiuchi
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc
| | - Reina Kakefuda
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc
| | - Takeshi Ohta
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Tomohiko Sasase
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc
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Tanaka Y, Takagi R, Ohta T, Sasase T, Kobayashi M, Toyoda F, Shimmura M, Kinoshita N, Takano H, Kakehashi A. Pathological Features of Diabetic Retinopathy in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii Fatty Rats. J Diabetes Res 2019; 2019:8724818. [PMID: 31637263 PMCID: PMC6766157 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8724818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rat, established by introducing the fa allele (obesity gene) of the Zucker fatty rat into the SDT rat genome, is a new model of obese type 2 diabetes. We studied the pathologic features of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in this animal. METHODS The eyes of SDT fatty, SDT (controls), and Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (normal controls) were enucleated at 8, 16, 24, 32, and 40 weeks of age (n = 5-6 for each rat type at each age). The retinal thicknesses, numbers of retinal folds, and choroidal thicknesses were evaluated. Immunostaining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was performed. Quantitative analyses of the immunopositive regions were performed using a cell-counting algorithm. RESULTS The retinas tended to be thicker in the SDT fatty rats and SDT rats than in the SD rats; the choroids tended to be thicker in the SDT fatty rats than in the SD rats. The retinal folds in the SDT fatty rats developed earlier and were more severe than in the SDT rats. Quantitative analyses showed that the GFAP- and VEGF-positive regions in the retinas of the SDT fatty rats were significantly larger than those of the SDT rats. CONCLUSIONS SDT fatty rats developed more severe DR earlier than the SDT rats. The SDT fatty rats might be useful as a type 2 diabetes animal model to study DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Tanaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jichi Medical University, Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanuma-cho, Omiya-ku, Saitama, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Rina Takagi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jichi Medical University, Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanuma-cho, Omiya-ku, Saitama, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohta
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Sasase
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Mina Kobayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jichi Medical University, Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanuma-cho, Omiya-ku, Saitama, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Toyoda
- Toyoda Eye Clinic, 7-1-10, Kisicho, Urawa-ku, Saitama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Machiko Shimmura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jichi Medical University, Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanuma-cho, Omiya-ku, Saitama, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Nozomi Kinoshita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jichi Medical University, Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanuma-cho, Omiya-ku, Saitama, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroko Takano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jichi Medical University, Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanuma-cho, Omiya-ku, Saitama, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kakehashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jichi Medical University, Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanuma-cho, Omiya-ku, Saitama, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
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Katsuhiro M, Hui Teoh S, Yamashiro H, Shinohara M, Fatchiyah F, Ohta T, Yamada T. Effects on Glycemic Control in Impaired Wound Healing in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) Fatty Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 72:4-8. [PMID: 29416209 PMCID: PMC5789560 DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2018.72.4-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Impaired diabetic wound healing is an important issue in diabetic complications. The present study aims to evaluate the protective effect on glycemic control against impaired diabetic wound healing using a diabetic rat model. We investigated the wound healing process and effect on the impaired wound repair by glycemic control in the Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rat, which is a new animal model of obese type 2 diabetes and may be a good model for study impaired wound healing. Material and methods Male SDT fatty rats at 15 weeks of age were administered orally with sodium glucose co-transporter (SGLT) 2 inhibitor for 3 weeks. Wounds were induced at 2 weeks after SGLT 2 inhibitor treatment, and the wound areas were periodically examined in morphological and histological analyses. Results The SDT fatty rats showed a delayed wound healing as compared with the normal rats, but a glycemic control improved the impaired wound healing. In histological analysis in the skin of SDT fatty rats showed severe infiltration of inflammatory cell, hemorrhage and many bacterial masses in the remaining and slight fibrosis of crust on skin tissue. Thought that this results skin performance to be a delay of crust formation and regeneration of epithelium; however, these findings were ameliorated in the SGLT 2 inhibitor treated group. Conclusion Glycemic control is effective for treatment in diabetic wounds and the SDT fatty rat may be useful to investigate pathophysiological changes in impaired diabetic wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyajima Katsuhiro
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soon Hui Teoh
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yamashiro
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Fatchiyah Fatchiyah
- Research Center of SMONAGENES UB, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Takeshi Ohta
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.,CLEA Japan Inc., Tokyo Animal & Diet Dept., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahisa Yamada
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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Maekawa T, Tadaki H, Sasase T, Motohashi Y, Miyajima K, Ohta T, Kume S. Pathophysiological profiles of SDT fatty rats, a potential new diabetic peripheral neuropathy model. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2017; 88:160-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.09.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Abstract
The study of diabetic neuropathy has relied primarily on the use of streptozotocin-treated rat and mouse models of type 1 diabetes. This chapter will review the creation and use of other rodent models that have been developed in order to investigate the contribution of factors besides insulin deficiency to the development and progression of diabetic neuropathy as it occurs in obesity, type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is a complex disorder with multiple mechanisms contributing to its development and progression. Even though many animal models have been developed and investigated, no single model can mimic diabetic peripheral neuropathy as it occurs in humans. Nonetheless, animal models can play an important role in improving our understanding of the etiology of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and in performing preclinical screening of potential new treatments. To date treatments found to be effective for diabetic peripheral neuropathy in rodent models have failed in clinical trials. However, with the identification of new endpoints for the early detection of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and the understanding that a successful treatment may require a combination therapeutic approach there is hope that an effective treatment will be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Yorek
- Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, United States; University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.
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Takakura S, Toyoshi T, Hayashizaki Y, Takasu T. Effect of ipragliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, on progression of diabetic microvascular complications in spontaneously diabetic Torii fatty rats. Life Sci 2016; 147:125-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Katsuda Y, Sasase T, Tadaki H, Mera Y, Motohashi Y, Kemmochi Y, Toyoda K, Kakimoto K, Kume S, Ohta T. Contribution of hyperglycemia on diabetic complications in obese type 2 diabetic SDT fatty rats: effects of SGLT inhibitor phlorizin. Exp Anim 2015; 64:161-9. [PMID: 25736710 PMCID: PMC4427731 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.14-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The spontaneously diabetic torii (SDT) fatty rat is a new model of type 2 diabetes
showing overt obesity, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. With early onset of diabetes
mellitus, diabetic microvascular complications, including nephropathy, peripheral
neuropathy and retinopathy, are observed at young ages. In the present study, blood
glucose levels of female SDT fatty rats were controlled with phlorizin, a non-selective
SGLT inhibitor, to examine whether and how these complications are caused by
hyperglycemia. Phlorizin treatment adequately controlled plasma glucose levels during the
experiment. At 29 weeks of age, urinary albumin excretion considerably increased in SDT
fatty rats. Glomerulosclerosis and tubular pathological findings also indicate diabetic
nephropathy. These renal parameters tended to decrease with phlorizin; however, effects
were partial. Sciatic nerve conduction velocities were significantly delayed in SDT fatty
rats compared with Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Intraepidermal nerve fiber density, an
indicator of subclinical small nerve fiber neuropathy, significantly decreased in SDT
fatty rats. Retinal dysfunction (prolongation of peak latency for oscillatory potential in
electroretinograms) and histopathological eye abnormalities, including retinal folding and
mature cataracts were also observed. Both nerve and eye disorders were prevented with
phlorizin. These findings indicate that severe hyperglycemia mainly causes diabetic
complications in SDT fatty rats. However, other factors, such as hyperlipidemia and
hypertension, may affect diabetic nephropathy. These characteristics of diabetic
complications will become helpful in evaluating new drugs for diabetic complications using
SDT fatty rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Katsuda
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
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Sanada LS, Tavares MR, Sato KL, Ferreira RDS, Neubern MCM, Castania JA, Salgado HC, Fazan VPS. Association of chronic diabetes and hypertension in sural nerve morphometry: an experimental study. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2015; 7:9. [PMID: 25717348 PMCID: PMC4339238 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-015-0005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prospective studies have shown incidence rates of hypertension in diabetes mellitus to be three times that of subjects without diabetes mellitus. The reverse also applies, with the incidence of diabetes two to three times higher in patients with hypertension. Despite this common clinical association, the contribution of each isolated entity in the development of a neuropathy is still not well understood. The aims of the present study were to investigate the presence of peripheral neuropathy in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and SHR with chronically induced diabetes, using a morphological and morphometric study of the sural nerves. METHODS Female SHR and normotensive Wistar rats (WR), 8 weeks old, received a single intravenous injection of streptozotocin (STZ) through the tail vein. Controls from both strains received vehicle. Twelve weeks after the injection, sural nerves were dissected and prepared for light microscopy. Morphometry of sural nerve fascicles and myelinated fibers was performed with the aid of computer software. RESULTS The sural nerve myelinated fibers were highly affected by experimental diabetes in normotensive rats, causing mainly the reduction of the fiber size. Hypertensive rats showed characteristics of small fiber neuropathy and a severe reduction of the number and density or Schwann cells. The association between diabetes and hypertension caused an increase on the average size of the myelinated fibers, pointing to a small fiber loss, associated to axonal atrophy. CONCLUSIONS Our study gives morphological support to the existence of a neuropathy due to hypertension, which is among one of the most common risk factors for diabetic neuropathy. The association between the two neuropathies showed to be a complex alteration, involving and including both, large and small fibers neuropathy. Hypertension caused, indeed, an exacerbation of the alterations already observed in experimental models of diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Sayuri Sanada
- />Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | | | - Karina Laurenti Sato
- />Departament of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE Brazil
| | - Renata da Silva Ferreira
- />Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Milena Cardoso Maia Neubern
- />Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Jaci Ayrton Castania
- />Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Helio Cesar Salgado
- />Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Valéria Paula Sassoli Fazan
- />Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
- />Department of Surgery and Anatomy, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, USP, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
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Katsuda Y, Ohta T, Miyajima K, Kemmochi Y, Sasase T, Tong B, Shinohara M, Yamada T. Diabetic complications in obese type 2 diabetic rat models. Exp Anim 2014; 63:121-32. [PMID: 24770637 PMCID: PMC4160981 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.63.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We overviewed the pathophysiological features of diabetes and its complications in obese
type 2 diabetic rat models: Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rat, Wistar fatty
rat, Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat and Spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rat.
Pancreatic changes with progression of diabetes were classified into early changes, such
as islet hypertrophy and degranulation of β cells, and degenerative changes, such as islet
atrophy and fibrosis of islet with infiltration of inflammatory cells. Renal lesions in
tubuli and glomeruli were observed, and nodular lesions in glomeruli were notable changes
in OLETF and SDT fatty rats. Among retinal changes, folding and thickening were
interesting findings in SDT fatty rats. A decrease of motor nerve conduction velocity with
progression of diabetes was presented in obese diabetic rats. Other diabetic
complications, osteoporosis and sexual dysfunction, were also observed. Observation of
bone metabolic abnormalities, including decrease of osteogenesis and bone mineral density,
and sexual dysfunction, including hypotestosteronemia and erectile dysfunction, in obese
type 2 diabetic rats have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Katsuda
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
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Ohta T, Katsuda Y, Miyajima K, Sasase T, Kimura S, Tong B, Yamada T. Gender differences in metabolic disorders and related diseases in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii-Lepr(fa) rats. J Diabetes Res 2014; 2014:841957. [PMID: 24892034 PMCID: PMC4033479 DOI: 10.1155/2014/841957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Spontaneously Diabetic Torii Lepr(fa) (SDT fatty) rat is a novel type 2 diabetic model wherein both male and female rats develop glucose and lipid abnormalities from a young age. In this study, we investigated gender differences in abnormalities and related complications in SDT fatty rats. Food intake was higher in males compared to female rats; however, body weight was not different between genders. Progression of diabetes, including increases in blood glucose and declines in blood insulin, was observed earlier in male rats than in females, and diabetic grade was more critical in male rats. Blood lipids tended to increase in female rats. Gonadal dysfunction was observed in both male and female rats with aging. Microangiopathies, such as nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and osteoporosis, were seen in both genders, and pathological grade and progression were more significant in males. Qualitative and quantitative changes were observed for metabolic disease gender differences in SDT fatty rats. The SDT fatty rat is a useful model for researching gender differences in metabolic disorders and related diseases in diabetes with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ohta
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Katsuda
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Miyajima
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Sasase
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kimura
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Bin Tong
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Takahisa Yamada
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
- *Takahisa Yamada:
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Expression of neuropeptides and cytokines in a rabbit model of diabetic neuroischemic wound healing. J Vasc Surg 2013; 58:766-75.e12. [PMID: 23755976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2012.11.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study is designed to understand the contribution of peripheral vascular disease and peripheral neuropathy to the wound-healing impairment associated with diabetes. Using a rabbit model of diabetic neuroischemic wound healing, we investigated rate of healing, leukocyte infiltration, and expression of cytokines, interleukin-8 and interleukin-6, and neuropeptides, substance P, and neuropeptide Y. METHODS Diabetes was induced in New Zealand White rabbits by administering alloxan while control rabbits received saline. Ten days later, animals in both groups underwent surgery. One ear served as a sham, and the other was made ischemic (ligation of central+rostral arteries) or neuroischemic (ischemia+ resection of central+rostral nerves). Four 6-mm punch biopsy wounds were created in both ears and wound healing was followed for 10 days using computerized planimetry. RESULTS Nondiabetic sham and ischemic wounds healed significantly more rapidly than diabetic sham and ischemic wounds. Healing was slowest in neuroischemic wounds, irrespective of diabetic status. A high M1/M2 macrophage ratio and a high proinflammatory cytokine expression, both indicators of chronic proinflammatory state, and low neuropeptide expression were seen in preinjury diabetic skin. Postinjury, in diabetic wounds, the M1/M2 ratio remained high, the reactive increase in cytokine expression was low, and neuropeptide expression was further decreased in neuroischemic wounds. CONCLUSIONS This rabbit model illustrates how a combination of a high M1/M2 ratio, a failure to mount postinjury cytokine response as well as a diminished neuropeptide expression, contribute to wound-healing impairment in diabetes. The addition of neuropathy to ischemia leads to equivalently severe impaired wound-healing irrespective of diabetes status, suggesting that in the presence of ischemia, loss of neuropeptide function contributes to the impaired healing associated with diabetes.
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Kemmochi Y, Fukui K, Maki M, Kimura S, Ishii Y, Sasase T, Miyajima K, Ohta T. Metabolic Disorders and Diabetic Complications in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii Lepr (fa) Rat: A New Obese Type 2 Diabetic Model. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:948257. [PMID: 23691524 PMCID: PMC3647577 DOI: 10.1155/2013/948257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneously Diabetic Torii Lepr (fa) (SDT fatty) rat, established by introducing the fa allele of the Zucker fatty rat into SDT rat genome, is a new model of obese type 2 diabetes. Both male and female SDT fatty rats show overt obesity, and hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia are observed at a young age as compared with SDT rats. With early incidence of diabetes mellitus, diabetic complications, such as nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy, in SDT fatty rats were seen at younger ages compared to those in the SDT rats. In this paper, we overview pathophysiological features in SDT fatty rats and also describe new insights regarding the hematology, blood pressure, renal complications, and sexual dysfunction. The SDT fatty rats showed an increase of leukocytes, especially the monocyte count, prominent hypertension associated with salt drinking, end-stage renal disease with aging, and hypogonadism. Unlike other diabetic models, the characteristic of SDT fatty rat is to present an incidence of diabetes in females, hypertension, and retinopathy. SDT fatty rat is a useful model for analysis of various metabolic disorders and the evaluation of drugs related to metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kemmochi
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Kenji Fukui
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Mimi Maki
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kimura
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Yukihito Ishii
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Sasase
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Miyajima
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohta
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
- *Takeshi Ohta:
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Sasase T, Ohta T, Masuyama T, Yokoi N, Kakehashi A, Shinohara M. The spontaneously diabetic torii rat: an animal model of nonobese type 2 diabetes with severe diabetic complications. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:976209. [PMID: 23691526 PMCID: PMC3647578 DOI: 10.1155/2013/976209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rat is an inbred strain of Sprague-Dawley rat and recently is established as a nonobese model of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Male SDT rats show high plasma glucose levels (over 700 mg/dL) by 20 weeks. Male SDT rats show pancreatic islet histopathology, including hemorrhage in pancreatic islets and inflammatory cell infiltration with fibroblasts. Prior to the onset of diabetes, glucose intolerance with hypoinsulinemia is also observed. As a result of chronic severe hyperglycemia, the SDT rats develop profound complications. In eyes, retinopathy, cataract, and neovascular glaucoma are observed. Proliferative retinopathy, especially, resulting from retinal neovascular vessels is a unique characteristic of this model. In kidney, mesangial proliferation and nodular lesion are observed. Both peripheral neuropathy such as decreased nerve conduction velocity and thermal hypoalgesia and autonomic neuropathy such as diabetic diarrhea and voiding dysfunction have been reported. Osteoporosis is another complication characterized in SDT rat. Decreased bone density and low-turnover bone lesions are observed. Taking advantage of these features, SDT rat has been used for evaluating antidiabetic drugs and drugs/gene therapy for diabetic complications. In conclusion, the SDT rat is potentially a useful T2D model for studies on pathogenesis and treatment of diabetic complications in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Sasase
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka 569-1125, Japan
- *Tomohiko Sasase:
| | - Takeshi Ohta
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Taku Masuyama
- Toxicology Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Kanagawa 257-0024, Japan
| | - Norihide Yokoi
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kakehashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Masami Shinohara
- Planning and Development Section, CLEA Japan Inc., Tokyo 153-8533, Japan
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16
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Islam MS. Animal models of diabetic neuropathy: progress since 1960s. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:149452. [PMID: 23984428 PMCID: PMC3745837 DOI: 10.1155/2013/149452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic or peripheral diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is one of the major complications among some other diabetic complications such as diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic cardiomyopathy. The use of animal models in the research of diabetes and diabetic complications is very common when rats and mice are most commonly used for many reasons. A numbers of animal models of diabetic and PDN have been developed in the last several decades such as streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat models, conventional or genetically modified or high-fat diet-fed C57BL/Ks (db/db) mice models, streptozotocin-induced C57BL6/J and ddY mice models, Chinese hamster neuropathic model, rhesus monkey PDN model, spontaneously diabetic WBN/Kob rat model, L-fucose-induced neropathic rat model, partial sciatic nerve ligated rat model, nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice model, spontaneously induced Ins2 Akita mice model, leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice model, Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat model, surgically-induced neuropathic model, and genetically modified Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rat model, none of which are without limitations. An animal model of diabetic or PDN should mimic the all major pathogeneses of human diabetic neuropathy. Hence, this review comparatively evaluates the animal models of diabetic and PDN which are developed since 1960s with their advantages and disadvantages to help diabetic research groups in order to more accurately choose an appropriate model to meet their specific research objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa.
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