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SODA K, MEKATA H, USUI T, ITO H, MATSUI Y, YAMADA K, YAMAGUCHI T, ITO T. Genetic and antigenic analyses of H5N8 and H5N1 subtypes high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds and poultry farms in Japan in the winter of 2021-2022. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:1180-1189. [PMID: 37766550 PMCID: PMC10686771 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the winter of 2021-2022, multiple subtypes (H5N8 and H5N1) of high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) were confirmed to be circulating simultaneously in Japan. Here, we phylogenetically and antigenically analyzed HPAIVs that were isolated from infected wild birds, an epidemiological investigation of affected poultry farms, and our own active surveillance study. H5 subtype hemagglutinin (HA) genes of 32 representative HPAIV isolates were classified into clade 2.3.4.4b lineage and subsequently divided into three groups (G2a, G2b, and G2d). All H5N8 HPAIVs were isolated in early winter and had HA genes belonging to the G2a group. H5N1 HPAIVs belong to the G2b and G2d groups. Although G2b viruses were widespread throughout the season, G2d viruses endemically circulated in Northeast Japan after January 2022. Deep sequence analysis showed that the four HPAIVs isolated at the beginning of winter had both N8 and N1 subtypes of neuraminidase genes. Environmental water-derived G2a HPAIV, A/water/Tottori/NK1201-2/2021 (H5N8), has unique polymerase basic protein 1 and nucleoprotein genes, similar to those of low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs). These results indicate that multiple H5 HPAIVs and LPAIVs disseminated to Japan via transboundary winter migration of wild birds, and HPAIVs with novel gene constellations could emerge in these populations. Cross-neutralization test revealed that G2a H5N8 HPAIVs were antigenically distinct from a G2b H5N1 HPAIV, suggesting that antibody pressure in wild birds was involved in the transition of the HPAIV groups during the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke SODA
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hirohisa MEKATA
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi USUI
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroshi ITO
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yuto MATSUI
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kentaro YAMADA
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi YAMAGUCHI
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Toshihiro ITO
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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Soda K, Tomioka Y, Usui T, Ozaki H, Ito H, Nagai Y, Yamamoto N, Okamatsu M, Isoda N, Kajihara M, Sakoda Y, Takada A, Ito T. Susceptibility of common dabbling and diving duck species to clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus: an experimental infection study. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:942-949. [PMID: 37495526 PMCID: PMC10539830 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the winter of 2010-2011, Japan experienced a large outbreak of infections caused by clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) in wild birds. Interestingly, many tufted ducks (Aythya fuligula), which are migratory diving ducks, succumbed to the infection, whereas only one infection case was reported in migratory dabbling duck species, the major natural hosts of the influenza A virus, during the outbreak. To assess whether the susceptibility of each duck species to HPAIVs was correlated with the number of cases, tufted duck and dabbling duck species (Eurasian wigeon, Mareca penelope; mallard, Anas platyrhynchos; Northern pintail, Anas acuta) were intranasally inoculated with A/Mandarin duck/Miyazaki/22M807-1/2011 (H5N1), an index clade 2.3.2.1 virus previously used for experimental infection studies in various bird species. All ducks observed for 10 days post-inoculation (dpi) mostly shed the virus via the oral route and survived. The tufted ducks shed a higher titer of the virus than the other dabbling duck species, and one of them showed apparent neurological symptoms after 7 dpi, which were accompanied by eye lesions. No clinical symptoms were observed in the dabbling ducks, although systemic infection and viremia were observed in some of them sacrificed at 3 dpi. These results suggest that the susceptibility of clade 2.3.2.1 HPAIVs might differ by duck species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Soda
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yukiko Tomioka
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi Usui
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroichi Ozaki
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yasuko Nagai
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- Present address: Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Norikazu Isoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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3
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Soda K, Tomioka Y, Usui T, Uno Y, Nagai Y, Ito H, Hiono T, Tamura T, Okamatsu M, Kajihara M, Nao N, Sakoda Y, Takada A, Ito T. Susceptibility of herons (family: Ardeidae) to clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 subtype high pathogenicity avian influenza virus. Avian Pathol 2021; 51:146-153. [PMID: 34967244 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2021.2022599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenicity of the H5 subtype high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) in Ardeidae bird species has not been investigated yet, despite the increasing infections reported. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the susceptibility of the Ardeidae species, which had already been reported to be susceptible to HPAIVs, to a clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 HPAIV. Juvenile herons (4 grey herons, 1 intermediate egret, 2 little egrets, and 3 black-crowned night herons) were intranasally inoculated with 106 50% egg infectious dose of the virus and observed for 10 days. Two of the four grey herons showed lethargy and conjunctivitis; among them, one died at 6 days post-inoculation (dpi). The viruses were transmitted to the other two cohoused naïve grey herons. Some little egrets and black-crowned night herons showing neurological disorders died at 4-5 dpi; these birds mainly shed the virus via the oral route. The viruses dominantly replicated in the brains of birds that died of infection. Seroconversion was observed in most surviving birds, except some black-crowned night herons. These results demonstrate that most Ardeidae species are susceptible to H5 HPAIVs, sometimes with lethal effects. Herons are mostly colonial and often share habitats with Anseriformes, natural hosts of influenza A viruses; therefore, the risks of cluster infection and contribution to viral dissemination should be continuously evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Soda
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.,Avian Zoonosis Research Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Yukiko Tomioka
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi Usui
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.,Avian Zoonosis Research Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Yukiko Uno
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Yasuko Nagai
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.,Avian Zoonosis Research Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hiono
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Tamura
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, 001-0020 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naganori Nao
- Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, 001-0020 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, 001-0020 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, 001-0020 Sapporo, Japan.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, 001-0020 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.,Avian Zoonosis Research Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
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Soda K, Ozaki H, Ito H, Usui T, Okamatsu M, Matsuno K, Sakoda Y, Yamaguchi T, Ito T. Dynamics of invasion and dissemination of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in 2016-2017 winter in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1891-1898. [PMID: 34732610 PMCID: PMC8762421 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Large highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks caused by clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6
viruses occurred in Japan during the 2016–2017 winter. To date, several reports regarding
these outbreaks have been published, however a comprehensive study including geographical
and time course validations has not been performed. Herein, 58 Japanese HPAI virus (HPAIV)
isolates from the 2016–2017 season were added for phylogenetic analyses and the antigenic
relationships among the causal viruses were elucidated. The locations where HPAIVs were
found in the early phase of the outbreaks were clustered into three regions. Genotypes C1,
C5, and C6–8 HPAIVs were found in specific areas. Two strains had phylogenetically
distinct hemagglutinin (HA) and non-structural (NS) genes from other previously identified
strains, respectively. The estimated latest divergence date between the viral genotypes
suggests that genetic reassortment occurred in bird populations before their winter
migration to Japan. Antigenic differences in 2016–2017 HPAIVs were not observed,
suggesting that antibody pressure in the birds did not contribute to the selection of
HPAIV genotypes. In the late phase, the majority of HPAI cases in wild birds occurred
south of the lake freezing line. At the end of the outbreak, HPAI re-occurred in East
coast region, which may be due to the spring migration route of Anas bird
species. These trends were similar to those observed in the 2010–2011 outbreaks,
suggesting there is a typical pattern of seeding and dissemination of HPAIV in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Soda
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Hiroichi Ozaki
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Tatsufumi Usui
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Keita Matsuno
- Division of Risk Analysis and Management, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University.,One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
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5
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Moriguchi S, Hosoda R, Ushine N, Kato T, Hayama SI. Surveillance system for avian influenza in wild birds and implications of its improvement with insights into the highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in Japan. Prev Vet Med 2020; 187:105234. [PMID: 33360671 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Since the re-emergence of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in 2004, outbreaks of the viral subtypes HPAI, H5N1, H5N8, and H5N6 in wild birds, poultry, and zoo birds have occurred in Japan. In 2008, a nation-wide avian influenza (AI) surveillance program was started for the early detection of the HPAI virus (HPAIV) and for the assessment of HPAIV infection among wild birds. In this study, we aimed to conduct an overview of the AI surveillance system of wild birds in Japan, including those in the regions and prefectures, to assess its overall performance and develop insights on its improvement. We analyzed past surveillance data in Japan and conducted questionnaire surveys for the officers in 11 regional branches of the Ministry of Environment and the nature conservation divisions of 47 prefectures to acquire details regarding those AI surveillance. We found that the early detection of HPAIV in wild birds was successfully achieved in only one of the five outbreak seasons during the 2008-2019 period in Japan, and the assessment of HPAIV infection had possibly not been adequate in the national surveillance system. In the winter season, AI surveillance in most prefectures were mainly conducted by means of passive surveillance through reported dead birds and active surveillance through collected waterbird feces. Conversely, less than half of the prefectures conducted bird monitoring, patrolling in migratory bird habitats, and AI antigen testing in rescued birds. In areas surrounding HPAI occurrence sites (<10 km), bird monitoring and patrolling efforts were enhanced. However, AI testing efforts in waterbird feces and rescued birds were decreased. The AI surveillance for endangered bird species and in national wildlife protection areas was conducted by the branches of the Ministry of Environment and by the prefectures. Based on our results, we concluded that for maximum efficiency, legislation which specialized in wildlife pathogens should be necessary to prepare adequate national budget and testing capacity for appropriate surveillance system with periodical assessment for surveillance results and the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Moriguchi
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Rin Hosoda
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nana Ushine
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Kato
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Hayama
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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Uno Y, Soda K, Tomioka Y, Ito T, Usui T, Yamaguchi T. Pathogenicity of clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in American kestrel ( Falco sparverius). Avian Pathol 2020; 49:515-525. [PMID: 32619103 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1787337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Birds of prey, including endangered species, have been infected with H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) in several countries. In this present study, we assessed the pathogenicity of the clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 HPAIV in American kestrels (Falco sparverius) with a view to preventing future outbreaks in raptors. The kestrels were intranasally inoculated with the virus or fed the meat of chicks that had died from viral infection. Kestrels in both groups initially had reduced food intake, showed clinical signs such as depression and neurologic manifestations, and succumbed to the infection within 6 days. The kestrels primarily shed the virus orally from 1 day post-inoculation until death, with an average titre of 104.5-5.7 EID50/ml, which is comparable to the inoculum titre. The viruses replicated in almost all tested tissues; notably, the feather calamuses also contained infectious virions and/or viral genes. Pancreatic lesions were present in several infected birds, as shown in previous cases of HPAIV infection in raptors. These results indicate that kestrels are highly susceptible to infection by clade 2.3.2.1 H5 HPAIVs, which readily occurs through the consumption of infected bird carcasses. Early detection and removal of HPAIV infected carcasses in the field is essential for preventing outbreaks in raptors. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Clade 2.3.2.1 H5 HPAIV caused lethal infection in American kestrels. Kestrels with the HPAIV showed neurologic signs and eye disorders. The HPAIV replicated in systemic tissues of kestrels, and was orally shed. The HPAIV was recovered from feather calamus of kestrels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Uno
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kosuke Soda
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yukiko Tomioka
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi Usui
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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Soda K, Tomioka Y, Usui T, Ozaki H, Yamaguchi T, Ito T. Pathogenicity of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in rooks ( Corvus frugilegus). Avian Pathol 2020; 49:261-267. [PMID: 32013539 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1724876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Rooks (Corvus frugilegus) are considered migratory crows in Japan. Some rooks share a wintering site in the Izumi plain in Kagoshima Prefecture with hooded cranes (Grus monacha) and white-necked cranes (Grus vipio), which are designated as "endangered" in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), caused by H5 subtype viruses, has recently been reported in these crane species in Japan, in conjunction with a massive decrease in their population. In the present study, the pathogenicity of HPAI virus was assessed in rooks to evaluate the likelihood that they are a source of infections in other bird species. One of four rooks intranasally inoculated with A/mandarin duck/Miyazaki/22M807-1/2011 (H5N1) died at 10 days post-inoculation (d.p.i.). The other three rooks exhibited seroconversion but no clinical signs. All the rooks had shed virus by the oral route at <103 50% egg infectious dose/ml until 7 d.p.i. Virus was also recovered from multiple tissues of the rook that succumbed to the infection. These results suggest that rooks are susceptible to infection with H5 HPAI viruses, leading to prolonged viral shedding. The rooks shed the virus at low titres however, indicating that they are likely to function as transmission vectors in wintering bird flocks. The rooks exhibited clear antibody responses against the H5 HPAI virus, and thus serological surveillance of them in the field should be helpful for assessing viral pervasion into the habitats of crane species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Soda
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yukiko Tomioka
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi Usui
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroichi Ozaki
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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Usui T, Soda K, Sumi K, Ozaki H, Tomioka Y, Ito H, Murase T, Kawamoto T, Miura M, Komatsu M, Imanishi T, Kurobe M, Ito T, Yamaguchi T. Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in zoo birds caused by HA clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 subtype viruses in Japan in winter 2016. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:686-697. [PMID: 31605424 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In late 2016, two zoos, one in northern Japan and the other in central Japan, experienced highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks, in which multiple zoo birds were infected with H5N6 subtype HPAI virus (HPAIV). Here, we report an overview of these HPAI outbreaks. HPAIV infections were confirmed by virus isolation in three black swans (Cygnus atratus) and three snowy owls (Bubo scandiacus) kept in the Omoriyama Zoo hospital. At Higashiyama Zoo and Botanical Gardens, following the death of a black swan at a zoo pond, nine waterfowl, including two black swans, four cackling geese (Branta hutchinsii leucopareia), two mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and a wigeon (Anas penelope), died after HPAIV infection in isolation facilities. Based on the presence of H5-specific antibodies in their sera, two surviving black swans and a surviving mallard at Higashiyama Zoo appeared to have HPAIV infection, although the virus was not isolated. The detectable levels of antibodies (≥10 HI) were maintained for at least 5-9 months, as determined by haemagglutinin inhibition test. Isolation of two H5N6 subtype HPAIVs from an open-air pond where affected zoo birds were previously housed at Higashiyama Zoo strongly indicates that wild waterfowl associated with aquatic environments brought the virus to the zoo. The phylogenetic relationships of the 18 isolates indicated direct viral transmission among birds within each zoo. In both zoos, containment of suspected birds in isolation facilities might have allowed the virus spread among birds inside the facility. However, maintaining containment measures and strict sanitation procedures could facilitate successful physical containment and clearance of HPAIV in both zoos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsufumi Usui
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kosuke Soda
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kanae Sumi
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroichi Ozaki
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yukiko Tomioka
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Murase
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Masami Kurobe
- Nagoya Higashiyama Zoo and Botanical Gardens, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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Moriguchi S, Onuma M, Goka K. Spatial assessment of the potential risk of avian influenza A virus infection in three raptor species in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1107-15. [PMID: 26972333 PMCID: PMC4976265 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza A, a highly pathogenic avian influenza, is a lethal infection in certain
species of wild birds, including some endangered species. Raptors are susceptible to avian
influenza, and spatial risk assessment of such species may be valuable for conservation
planning. We used the maximum entropy approach to generate potential distribution models
of three raptor species from presence-only data for the mountain hawk-eagle
Nisaetus nipalensis, northern goshawk Accipiter
gentilis and peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus, surveyed
during the winter from 1996 to 2001. These potential distribution maps for raptors were
superimposed on avian influenza A risk maps of Japan, created from data on incidence of
the virus in wild birds throughout Japan from October 2010 to March 2011. The avian
influenza A risk map for the mountain hawk-eagle showed that most regions of Japan had a
low risk for avian influenza A. In contrast, the maps for the northern goshawk and
peregrine falcon showed that their high-risk areas were distributed on the plains along
the Sea of Japan and Pacific coast. We recommend enhanced surveillance for each raptor
species in high-risk areas and immediate establishment of inspection systems. At the same
time, ecological risk assessments that determine factors, such as the composition of prey
species, and differential sensitivity of avian influenza A virus between bird species
should provide multifaceted insights into the total risk assessment of endangered
species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Moriguchi
- Invasive Alien Species Research Team, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
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10
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Mahmoud EA. Hemato-biochemical and pathological changes on avian influenza in naturally infected domestic ducks in Egypt. Vet World 2015; 8:1177-82. [PMID: 27047014 PMCID: PMC4774652 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.1177-1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Few studies have been made in regard to avian influenza (AI) in ducks, thus the aim of this work was planned to investigate the hematological, biochemical, and pathological changes in domestic Egyptian ducks naturally infected with AI. MATERIALS AND METHODS 30 duck from private backyards 3-month-old 15 were clinically healthy (Group 1) and the other fifteen (Group 2) were naturally diseased with AI (H5N1). The disease was diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction as H5N1. RESULTS Duck showed cyanosis, subcutaneous edema of head and neck with nervous signs (torticollis). Hematological studies revealed a microcytic hypochromic anemia. Biochemical studies revealed a significant decrease in total protein, albumin and globulin concentration with significant increase of activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, Υ-glutamyl transpeptidase, lactic acid dehydrogenase and creatine phsphokinase. Prominent increase in creatinine and uric acid in addition to hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia were significantly detected in the infected ducks. Histopathological finding confirm these investigations. CONCLUSION The highly pathogenic AIV (A/H5N1) became more severe infectious to ducks than before and causes nervous manifestations and blindness which were uncommon in ducks. Besides the significant increases of hepatic enzymes, brain, heart, and renal markers as a response to virus damage to these organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam A. Mahmoud
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, Sharkia Province, Egypt
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Bae YJ, Lee SB, Min KC, Mo JS, Jeon EO, Koo BS, Kwon HI, Choi YK, Kim JJ, Kim JN, Mo IP. Pathological Evaluation of Natural Cases of a Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus, Subtype H5N8, in Broiler Breeders and Commercial Layers in South Korea. Avian Dis 2015; 59:175-82. [PMID: 26292555 DOI: 10.1637/10921-081914-case] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, subtype H5N8, were observed in two different flocks of local broiler breeder farms and a commercial layer farm in South Korea. Clinically, the cases were characterized by a gradual increase in mortality, slow transmission, and unrecognizable clinical signs of HPAI. Gross observations in both cases included hemorrhagic or necrotic lesions in internal organs, such as serosal and mucosal membranes, spleen, and pancreas. Both cases exhibited similar histopathologic lesions, including multifocal malacia in the brain and multifocal or diffuse necrosis in the spleen and pancreas. Immunohistochemical results indicated that neurons and glial cells in the brain, myocytes in the heart, acinar cells in the pancreas, and mononuclear phagocytic cells in several visceral organs were immunopositive for avian influenza viral antigen. To experimentally reproduce the low pathogenicity and the mortality observed in these two cases, 18 specific-pathogen-free chickens and 18 commercial layers were divided into an H5N8 virus-inoculated group and a contact-exposed group. The mortality of the chickens in the inoculation group was 50%-100%, whereas the mean time to death was delayed or death did not occur in the contact-exposed group. The distributions of the viral antigens and histopathologic lesions in the experimental study were similar to those observed in the field cases. These findings suggest that the H5N8 virus induces a different pattern of pathobiology, including slow transmission and low mortality, compared with that of other HPAI viruses. This is the first pathologic description of natural cases of H5N8 in South Korea, and it may be helpful in understanding the pathobiology of novel H5N8 HPAI viruses.
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12
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Yiu Lai K, Wing Yiu Ng G, Fai Wong K, Fan Ngai Hung I, Kam Fai Hong J, Fan Cheng F, Kwok Cheung Chan J. Human H7N9 avian influenza virus infection: a review and pandemic risk assessment. Emerg Microbes Infect 2013; 2:e48. [PMID: 26038484 PMCID: PMC3824111 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2013.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
China is undergoing a recent outbreak of a novel H7N9 avian influenza virus (nH7N9) infection that has thus far involved 132 human patients, including 37 deaths. The nH7N9 virus is a reassortant virus originating from the H7N3, H7N9 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses. nH7N9 isolated from humans contains features related to adaptation to humans, including a Q226L mutation in the hemagglutinin cleavage site and E627K and D701N mutations in the PB2 protein. Live poultry markets provide an environment for the emergence, spread and maintenance of nH7N9 as well as for the selection of mutants that facilitate nH7N9 binding to and replication in the human upper respiratory tract. Innate immune suppression conferred by the internal genes of H9N2 may contribute to the virulence of nH7N9. The quail may serve as the intermediate host during the adaptation of avian influenza viruses from domestic waterfowl to gallinaceous poultry, such as chickens and related terrestrial-based species, due to the selection of viral mutants with a short neuraminidase stalk. Infections in chickens, common quails, red-legged partridges and turkeys may select for mutants with human receptor specificity. Infection in Ratitae species may lead to the selection of PB2-E627K and PB2-D701N mutants and the conversion of nH7N9 to a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Yiu Lai
- Department of Intensive Care, Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Hong Kong, China
| | - George Wing Yiu Ng
- Department of Intensive Care, Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Hong Kong, China
| | - Kit Fai Wong
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | - Fanny Fan Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Hong Kong, China
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