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Salahuddin M, Hiramatsu K, Al-Amin M, Imai Y, Kita K. Low dietary carbohydrate induces structural alterations in enterocytes of the chicken ileum. Anim Sci J 2024; 95:e13919. [PMID: 38287469 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the role of dietary carbohydrates in the maintenance of the enterocyte microvillar structure in the chicken ileum. Male chickens were divided into the control and three experimental groups, and the experimental groups were fed diets containing 50%, 25%, and 0% carbohydrates of the control diet. The structural alterations in enterocytes were examined using transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescent techniques for β-actin and villin. Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-2 and proglucagon mRNA were detected by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, respectively. Fragmentation and wide gap spaces were frequently observed in the microvilli of the 25% and 0% groups. The length, width, and density of microvilli were also decreased in the experimental groups. The experimental groups had shorter terminal web extensions, and there were substantial changes in the mitochondrial density between the control and experimental groups. Intensities of β-actin and villin immunofluorescence observed on the apical surface of enterocytes were lower in the 0% group. The frequency of GLP-2-immunoreactive and proglucagon mRNA-expressing cells decreased with declining dietary carbohydrate levels. This study revealed that dietary carbohydrates contribute to the structural maintenance of enterocyte microvilli in the chicken ileum. The data from immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization assays suggest the participation of GLP-2 in this maintenance system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Salahuddin
- Department of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Kami-ina, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kohzy Hiramatsu
- Laboratory of Animal Functional Anatomy (LAFA), Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Kami-ina, Nagano, Japan
| | - Md Al-Amin
- Department of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Kami-ina, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yuriko Imai
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Kami-ina, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kita
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
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2
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Lee J, Kim WK. Applications of Enteroendocrine Cells (EECs) Hormone: Applicability on Feed Intake and Nutrient Absorption in Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2975. [PMID: 37760373 PMCID: PMC10525316 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of hormones derived from enteroendocrine cells (EECs) on appetite and nutrient absorption in chickens. In response to nutrient intake, EECs release hormones that act on many organs and body systems, including the brain, gallbladder, and pancreas. Gut hormones released from EECs play a critical role in the regulation of feed intake and the absorption of nutrients such as glucose, protein, and fat following feed ingestion. We could hypothesize that EECs are essential for the regulation of appetite and nutrient absorption because the malfunction of EECs causes severe diarrhea and digestion problems. The importance of EEC hormones has been recognized, and many studies have been carried out to elucidate their mechanisms for many years in other species. However, there is a lack of research on the regulation of appetite and nutrient absorption by EEC hormones in chickens. This review suggests the potential significance of EEC hormones on growth and health in chickens under stress conditions induced by diseases and high temperature, etc., by providing in-depth knowledge of EEC hormones and mechanisms on how these hormones regulate appetite and nutrient absorption in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
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3
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Salahuddin M, Hiramatsu K, Kita K. Dietary carbohydrate influences the colocalization pattern of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 with neurotensin in the chicken ileum. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2022; 79:106693. [PMID: 34973620 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2021.106693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 colocalizes with neurotensin (NT) in the same enteroendocrine cells (EECs) of the chicken ileum. The present study was designed to clarify the influence of dietary carbohydrate (CHO) on the colocalization pattern of GLP-1 with NT in the chicken distal ileum. Male White Leghorn chickens at 6 weeks of age (n = 15) were divided into three groups, a control and two experimental (low-CHO and CHO-free), with five chickens in each, and fed control or experimental diets for 7 d. Distal ileum was collected from each bird as a tissue sample and subjected to double immunofluorescence staining to detect GLP-1 and NT. Three types of EEC, GLP-1+/NT+, GLP-1+/NT- and GLP-1-/NT+, were demonstrated in the chicken ileum. GLP-1+/NT+ cells in the control group had a spindle-like shape with a long cytoplasmic process, but those in the experimental groups were round and lacked a cytoplasmic process. The ratio of GLP-1+/NT+ cells was significantly decreased in the two experimental groups compared with that in the control group. The ratio of GLP-1+/NT+ cells was significantly lower than those of GLP-1+/NT- and GLP-1-/NT+ cells in the two experimental groups. Most cells that were immunoreactive for GLP-1 and NT antisera lacked signals of proglucagon (PG) and NT precursor (NTP) mRNA in the experimental groups. The number of EECs expressing PG and NTP mRNA signals showed tendencies for decreases with a reduction of dietary CHO level. These findings suggest that dietary CHO could be a significant regulator of the pattern of colocalization pattern of GLP-1 with NT in the chicken ileum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salahuddin
- Department of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - K Hiramatsu
- Laboratory of Animal Functional Anatomy (LAFA), Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan.
| | - K Kita
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
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Salahuddin M, Hiramatsu K, Nishimoto I, Kita K. Dietary carbohydrate modifies the density of L cells in the chicken ileum. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:265-274. [PMID: 34980756 PMCID: PMC8920715 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) are secreted from intestinal L cells and stimulate various
physiological functions in the gastrointestinal tract. The secretion of GLPs is influenced
by macronutrient ingestion. This study aims to clarify the effects of dietary carbohydrate
(CHO) on L cells in the chicken ileum. Six-week-old, male White Leghorn chickens were
divided into three groups: control, low-CHO and CHO-free, with five chickens in each
group. Paraffin sections were made from the proximal and distal ileum of each animal and
subjected to immunohistochemistry for GLP-1 and GLP-2 peptides and in
situ hybridization for proglucagon (PG) mRNA. A significant reduction of GLP-1-
and GLP-2-immunoreactive cells was observed in the two experimental groups compared with
that in the control. A reduction of cells expressing PG mRNA was observed in the proximal
and distal ileum of the CHO-free group compared with that in the control. The ratio of
GLP-1-immunoreactive cells showing Ki-67 immunoreactivity was significantly lower in the
distal ileum of the CHO-free group than that in the control group. These data suggest that
dietary CHO is an effective stimulator for modifying L cell density in the chicken
ileum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Salahuddin
- Department of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Kohzy Hiramatsu
- Laboratory of Animal Functional Anatomy (LAFA), Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Iori Nishimoto
- Laboratory of Animal Functional Anatomy (LAFA), Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kita
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
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Intra-amniotic administration of l-glutamine promotes intestinal maturation and enteroendocrine stimulation in chick embryos. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2645. [PMID: 35173228 PMCID: PMC8850624 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06440-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Initial nutritional stimulation is a key driving force for small intestinal maturation. In chick embryos, administration of l-glutamine (Gln) into the amniotic fluid stimulates early development of the small intestinal epithelium by promoting enterocyte differentiation. In this study, we evaluated the effects of intra-amniotic administration of Gln on enterocyte morphology and function, and elucidated a potential enteroendocrine pathway through which Gln stimulates small intestinal maturation. Our results show that Gln stimulation at embryonic day 17 significantly increased enterocyte and microvilli dimensions by 10 and 20%, respectively, within 48 h. Post-hatch, enterocytes and microvilli were 20% longer in Gln-treated chicks. Correspondingly, Gln stimulation significantly upregulated mRNA expression of brush border nutrient transporters PepT-1 and SGLT-1 and tight junction proteins TJP-1 and TJP-2, before and after hatch (P < 0.05). Since GLP-2 signaling from intestinal L-cells is associated with enterocyte growth, functionality and integrity, we examined the effects of Gln stimulation on mRNA expression of key hormones and receptors within this enteroendocrine pathway and found significant increases in GLP-2R, IGF-1 and IGF-1R expression before and after hatch (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our findings link primary nutrient stimulation in the developing small intestine with enterocyte morphological and functional maturation and enteroendocrine signaling.
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Honda K. Peripheral regulation of food intake in chickens: adiposity signals, satiety signals and others. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2021.1898296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Honda
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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7
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McCarty MF, Lerner A. Perspective: Prospects for Nutraceutical Support of Intestinal Barrier Function. Adv Nutr 2020; 12:316-324. [PMID: 33126251 PMCID: PMC8243597 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of intestinal barrier function is linked to certain pathologies and to aging, and can be a cause of bacterial infections, systemic and hepatic inflammation, food allergies, and autoimmune disorders. The formation and maintenance of intestinal tight junctions is supported by glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), which via insulin-like growth factor I activity boosts phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (PI3K/Akt/mTORC1) signaling in enterocytes. 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity as well as estrogen receptor-β (ERβ) activity are also protective in this regard. Conversely, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and cellular Src (c-Src) under inflammatory conditions can induce dissociation of tight junctions. Hence, nutraceuticals that promote GLP-2 secretion from L cells-effective pre/probiotics, glycine, and glutamine-as well as diets rich in soluble fiber or resistant starch, can support intestinal barrier function. AMPK activators-notably berberine and the butyric acid produced by health-promoting microflora-are also beneficial in this regard, as are soy isoflavones, which function as selective agonists for ERβ. The adverse impact of MAPK and c-Src overactivation on the intestinal barrier can be combatted with various antioxidant measures, including phycocyanobilin, phase 2-inducer nutraceuticals, and N-acetylcysteine. These considerations suggest that rationally designed functional foods or complex supplementation programs could have clinical potential for supporting and restoring healthful intestinal barrier function.
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8
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Abstract
Neurotensin is secreted from intestinal N cells in response to the food ingestion. Influences of different dietary protein levels on neurotensin-immunoreactive cells in the chicken ileum were examined by using immunohistochemical and morphometrical techniques. The results showed that dietary protein had an obvious influence on neurotensin-immunoreactive cells in the chicken ileum. Four experimental groups were used, with dietary crude protein (CP) levels of 18% (control), 9%, 4.5% and 0%. Enteroendocrine cells showing neurotensin-immunoreactivity were located in crypts and villous epithelium in all groups. Most of the neurotensin-immunoreactive cells in the villous epithelium showed pyramidal or spindle-like shape with a long cytoplasmic process reaching the intestinal lumen, but cells with round or oval shape were found in the CP4.5% and 0% groups. Frequencies of occurrence of neurotensin-immunoreactive cells in the CP18%, 9%, 4.5% and 0% groups were 42.4±3.3, 36.6±2.2, 30.8±2.6 and 25.4±3.8 (cell count per mucosal area: cells/mm2, mean±SD), respectively. There were significant differences in neurotensin-immunoreactive cell frequency between the control and lower CP level, 4.5% and 0%, groups. A significant correlation was found between frequency of occurrence of neurotensin-immunoreactive cells and daily protein intake. These results indicate that ingested protein is likely to be a potential signal for neurotensin production and secretion of N cells in the chicken ileum.
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9
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Te Pas MFW, Borg R, Buddiger NJH, Wood BJ, Rebel JMJ, van Krimpen MM, Calus MPL, Park JE, Schokker D. Regulating appetite in broilers for improving body and muscle development - A review. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:1819-1834. [PMID: 32592266 PMCID: PMC7754290 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Appetite is the desire for feed and water and the voluntary intake of feed and is an important regulator of livestock productivity and animal health. Economic traits such as growth rate and muscle development (meat deposition) in broilers are directly correlated to appetite. Factors that may influence appetite include environmental factors, such as stress and temperature variation, and animal‐specific factors, such as learning period, eating capacity and preferences. Feed preferences have been reported to be determined in early life, and this period is important in broilers due to their fast growth and relatively short growth trajectories. This may be of importance when contemplating the use of more circular and sustainable feeds and the optimization of appetite for these feeds. The objective of this review was to review the biological mechanisms underlying appetite using data from human, animal and bird models and to consider the option for modulating appetite particularly as it relates to broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinus F W Te Pas
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Benjamin J Wood
- Hendrix Genetics North America Office, Kitchener, ON, Canada
| | - Johanna M J Rebel
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marinus M van Krimpen
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mario P L Calus
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jong-Eun Park
- Animal Genomics & Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Dirkjan Schokker
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Hiramatsu K. Chicken Intestinal L Cells and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion. J Poult Sci 2020; 57:1-6. [PMID: 32174759 PMCID: PMC7063072 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0190003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many types of endocrine cells have been identified in the gastroenteropancreatic system of vertebrates, which have subsequently been named with alphabet (s). L cells which secrete the glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 are scattered in the intestinal epithelium. This review discusses the morphological features of chicken L cells and GLP-1 secretion from intestinal L cells. L cells, identified using GLP-1 immunohistochemistry, are open-type endocrine cells that are distributed in the jejunum and ileum of chickens. GLP-1 co-localizes with GLP-2 and neurotensin in the same cells of the chicken ileum. Intestinal L cells secrete GLP-1 in response to food ingestion. Proteins and amino acids, such as lysine and methionine, in the diet trigger GLP-1 secretion from the chicken intestinal L cells. The receptor that specifically binds chicken GLP-1 is expressed in pancreatic D cells, implying that the physiological functions of chicken GLP-1 differ from its functions as an incretin in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohzy Hiramatsu
- Laboratory of Animal Functional Anatomy (LAFA), Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa 8304, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
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11
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Fothergill LJ, Ringuet MT, Sioras E, Hunne B, Fazio Coles TE, Martins PR, Furness JB. Cellular and sub-cellular localisation of oxyntomodulin-like immunoreactivity in enteroendocrine cells of human, mouse, pig and rat. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:359-369. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2921-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Brubaker PL. Glucagon‐like Peptide‐2 and the Regulation of Intestinal Growth and Function. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:1185-1210. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Watanabe T, Hiramatsu K, Nishimura K, Ono T. Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Expression in the Pancreatic D Cells of Three Avian Species; White Leghorn Chickens, Northern Bobwhites, and Common Ostriches. J Poult Sci 2018; 55:199-203. [PMID: 32055175 PMCID: PMC6756505 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0170185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 is released from the intestinal L cells in response to food ingestion and stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreatic B cells, by binding to its specific receptor (GLP-1R), which is expressed on the pancreatic B cells in the mammalian pancreas. Previously, we demonstrated that chicken GLP-1R was expressed on the pancreatic D cells by using a specific antibody against chicken GLP-1R. In the present study, we compared the localization of GLP-1R in the pancreases of three avian species; white leghorn chicken, northern bobwhite, and common ostrich, using the double immunofluorescence technique. We found that the types of pancreatic islets in the northern bobwhite pancreas were similar to those found in the chicken pancreas. The ostrich pancreas contained several types of pancreatic islets. GLP-1R-immunoreactive cells were found in all types of pancreatic islets in both northern bobwhite and ostrich and expressed somatostatin immunoreactivity. The present results indicate that the pancreatic D cells are the target cells of GLP-1, and GLP-1 might play a physiological role via somatostatin in the avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Animal Functional Anatomy (LAFA), Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa 8304, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Kohzy Hiramatsu
- Laboratory of Animal Functional Anatomy (LAFA), Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa 8304, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Kei Nishimura
- Laboratory of Animal Functional Anatomy (LAFA), Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa 8304, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Tamao Ono
- Laboratory of Animal Developmental Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa 8304, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
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14
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Honda K, Saneyasu T, Kamisoyama H. Gut Hormones and Regulation of Food Intake in Birds. J Poult Sci 2017; 54:103-110. [PMID: 32908415 PMCID: PMC7477125 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0160100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut hormones act as appetite regulatory hormones in mammals. For example, the hunger hormone ghrelin, which is released from the stomach before food intake, stimulates appetite. In contrast, satiety hormones such as cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1, and peptide YY, which are released from the intestines after food intake, suppress appetite. The effects of these peptides on food intake have been shown to be similar in both mammals and fishes. However, evidence suggests that the physiological roles of these gut hormones may be different between birds and other vertebrates. This review summarizes the current information on the roles of gut hormones in the regulation of food intake in birds, especially in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Honda
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takaoki Saneyasu
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamisoyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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15
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Glucagon-like peptide-1 is co-localized with neurotensin in the chicken ileum. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 368:277-286. [PMID: 28108848 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2561-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and neurotensin (NT) are distributed throughout the chicken ileum. Here, we attempt to determine if GLP-1 and NT co-localize in the chicken ileum by using immunofluorescence, immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization techniques. Three types of enteroendocrine cells, GLP-1+/NT+, GLP-1+/NT- and GLP-1-/NT+ cells, were detected in the mucosal epithelium by the double immunofluorescence method. The ratio of GLP-1+/NT+ cells at the crypts in the distal ileum was significantly higher than that in the proximal ileum. The ratios of the three cell types were similar along the crypt-villous axis in the proximal ileum but the percentage of GLP-1+/NT+ cells significantly decreased at the middle part of villi relative to crypts and the bottom part of villi in the distal ileum. Enteroendocrine cells that were immunoreactive to both GLP-1 and NT peptides and showed both proglucagon and NT precursor mRNA signals were found in the crypts of the distal ileum but not in the villous epithelium. The results from performing an immunocytochemical method with colloidal gold indicated that the GLP-1 content within GLP-1+/NT+ cell secretory granules decreased stepwise from the crypt to the middle part of the villus but the NT content in these granules increased in this direction. These findings reveal that the cells producing both GLP-1 and NT are mainly localized in the crypts of the chicken ileum but these endocrine cells specialize in NT-producing cells at the villous epithelium of the distal ileum.
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16
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Baldassano S, Amato A, Mulè F. Influence of glucagon-like peptide 2 on energy homeostasis. Peptides 2016; 86:1-5. [PMID: 27664588 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a gastrointestinal hormone released from enteroendocrine L-type cells together with glucagon like peptide-1 in response to dietary nutrients. GLP-2 acts through a specific receptor, the GLP-2 receptor, mainly located in the gut and in the brain. Classically, GLP-2 is considered a trophic hormone involved in the maintenance of intestinal epithelial morphology and function. This role has been targeted for therapies promoting repair and adaptive growth of the intestinal mucosa. Recently, GLP-2 has been shown to exert beneficial effects on glucose metabolism specially in conditions related to increased uptake of energy, such as obesity. Several actions of GLP-2 are related to a positive energy balance: GLP-2 increases not only the absorptive surface, but also expression and activity of epithelial brush-border nutrient transporters and digestive enzymes, intestinal blood flow, postprandial chylomicron secretion and it inhibits gastrointestinal motility, providing the opportunity to increase absorption of nutrients. Other actions, including anorexigenic effects, appear in opposition to the energy intake. In this review, we discuss the GLP-2 functions related to energy homeostasis. GLP-2 could be considered an hormone causing positive energy balance, which, however has the role to mitigate the metabolic dysfunctions associated with hyper-adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Baldassano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128, Italy
| | - Antonella Amato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128, Italy
| | - Flavia Mulè
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128, Italy.
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17
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Nishimura K, Hiramatsu K, Watanabe T. Dynamics of L cells along the crypt-villous axis in the chicken ileum. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2016; 56:70-4. [PMID: 27131336 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of L cells along the crypt-villous axis were investigated in the ileum of male White Leghorn chicks (7 d of age, n = 5). Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and an in situ hybridization technique to detect proglucagon messenger RNA (mRNA). Immunocytochemistry using colloidal gold was also applied to quantitatively evaluate the GLP-1 content. The cells expressing a proglucagon mRNA signal were distributed mainly in the crypts and the bottom of the villi but were never found in the upper part of the villi. Most of the cells expressing a proglucagon mRNA signal (97%) were immunoreactive for GLP-1 antiserum. In contrast, GLP-1 immunoreactive cells were distributed from the crypts to the middle part of the villi, and only 55% of them expressed a proglucagon mRNA signal. Quantitative evaluation by immunocytochemistry of GLP-1 using colloidal gold revealed that the GLP-1 content was significantly lower in L cells located in the villous epithelium than that of L cells located in the crypts (P < 0.01). These findings indicate that L cells in the chicken ileum mature and complete GLP-1 production in the crypts. L cells in the villous epithelium secrete GLP-1 but do not synthesize this peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nishimura
- Department of Bioscience and Food Production Science, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - K Hiramatsu
- Laboratory of Animal Functional Anatomy (LAFA), Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan.
| | - T Watanabe
- Laboratory of Animal Functional Anatomy (LAFA), Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
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Honda K. Glucagon-related peptides and the regulation of food intake in chickens. Anim Sci J 2016; 87:1090-8. [PMID: 27150835 PMCID: PMC5084811 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory mechanisms underlying food intake in chickens have been a focus of research in recent decades to improve production efficiency when raising chickens. Lines of evidence have revealed that a number of brain‐gut peptides function as a neurotransmitter or peripheral satiety hormone in the regulation of food intake both in mammals and chickens. Glucagon, a 29 amino acid peptide hormone, has long been known to play important roles in maintaining glucose homeostasis in mammals and birds. However, the glucagon gene encodes various peptides that are produced by tissue‐specific proglucagon processing: glucagon is produced in the pancreas, whereas oxyntomodulin (OXM), glucagon‐like peptide (GLP)‐1 and GLP‐2 are produced in the intestine and brain. Better understanding of the roles of these peptides in the regulation of energy homeostasis has led to various physiological roles being proposed in mammals. For example, GLP‐1 functions as an anorexigenic neurotransmitter in the brain and as a postprandial satiety hormone in the peripheral circulation. There is evidence that OXM and GLP‐2 also induce anorexia in mammals. Therefore, it is possible that the brain‐gut peptides OXM, GLP‐1 and GLP‐2 play physiological roles in the regulation of food intake in chickens. More recently, a novel GLP and its specific receptor were identified in the chicken brain. This review summarizes current knowledge about the role of glucagon‐related peptides in the regulation of food intake in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Honda
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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Zhang H, Sun T, Jiang X, Yu H, Wang M, Wei T, Cui H, Zhuang W, Liu Z, Zhang Z, Dong H. PEDF and PEDF-derived peptide 44mer stimulate cardiac triglyceride degradation via ATGL. J Transl Med 2015; 13:68. [PMID: 25890298 PMCID: PMC4344780 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0432-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a 50-kDa secreted glycoprotein that is highly expressed in cardiomyocytes. A variety of peptides derived from PEDF exerts diverse physiological activities including anti-angiogenesis, antivasopermeability, and neurotrophic activities. Recent studies demonstrated that segmental functional peptides of PEDF, 44mer peptide (Val78-Thr121), show similar neurotrophic and cytoprotective effect to that of the holoprotein. We found that PEDF can reduce infarct size and protect cardiac function after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, the effects of PEDF on cardiac triglyceride (TG) accumulation after AMI remain unknown. The present study was performed to demonstrate the influence of PEDF and its functional peptides 44mer on TG degradation in AMI. METHODS The left ascending coronary artery (LAD) was ligated to induce AMI. PEDF-small interfering RNA (siRNA)-lentivirus (PEDF-RNAi-LV) or PEDF-LV was delivered to the ischemic myocardium in order to knock down or overexpress PEDF, respectively. Oil Red O staining and a TG assay kit were used to analyze the TG content in cardiomyocytes and infarcted areas. RESULTS The TG content significantly decreased in the PEDF-overexpressing heart compared to the sham group (P < 0.05). Both rPEDF and 44mer administration stimulate the TG degradation in cultured cardiomyocytes (P < 0.05). Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)-specific inhibitor, atglistatin, attenuated the PEDF or 44mer-induced TG lipolysis activation of cardiomyocytes at 10 μmol/L. The effects of PEDF and 44mer on myocardial TG degradation were also abolished when ATGL was downregulated. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that PEDF and 44mer promote TG degradation in cardiomyocytes after AMI via ATGL. The substitution of PEDF and 44mer may be a novel therapeutic strategy for cardiac TG accumulation after AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China. .,Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, 221006, China.
| | - Teng Sun
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, 221006, China.
| | - Xia Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, 221006, China.
| | - Hongli Yu
- Research Facility Center for Morphology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
| | - Meng Wang
- Research Facility Center for Morphology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
| | - Tengteng Wei
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, 221006, China.
| | - Huazhu Cui
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, 221006, China.
| | - Wei Zhuang
- Research Facility Center for Morphology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Research Facility Center for Morphology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
| | - Zhongming Zhang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China. .,Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, 221006, China.
| | - Hongyan Dong
- Research Facility Center for Morphology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
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Furness JB, Cottrell JJ, Bravo DM. COMPARATIVE GUT PHYSIOLOGY SYMPOSIUM: Comparative physiology of digestion1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:485-91. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Glucagon-like Peptide-2 Functions as an Anorexigenic Peptide not only in the Central Nervous System but also in the Peripheral Circulation in Broiler Chicks. J Poult Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0150011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Amino Acid Supplementation to Diet Influences the Activity of the L Cells in Chicken Small Intestine. J Poult Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0150031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Monir MM, Hiramatsu K, Matsumoto S, Nishimura K, Takemoto C, Shioji T, Watanabe T, Kita K, Yonekura S, Roh SG. Influences of protein ingestion on glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1-immunoreactive endocrine cells in the chicken ileum. Anim Sci J 2014; 85:581-7. [PMID: 24506838 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Influences of a specific dietary nutrient on glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1-containing cells in the chicken intestine are not yet clear. Significance of dietary protein level on GLP-1-containing cells in the chicken ileum was investigated. Chickens fed control or experimental diets of varying protein levels were examined using immunohistochemical and morphometrical techniques. We show that the protein ingestion had an impact on the activities of GLP-1-immunoreactive cells in the chicken ileum. Weight gains declined with decreasing dietary crude protein (CP) levels, but no significant differences were detected in the daily feed intake and villous height. GLP-1-immunoreactive cells with a round or oval shape were frequently observed in the lower CP level groups (4.5% and 0%). Frequencies of occurrence of GLP-1-immunoreactive cells were 41.1 ± 4.1, 38.5 ± 4, 34.8 ± 3.1 and 34.3 ± 3.7 (cells/mm(2) , mean ± SD) for dietary CP level of 18%, 9%, 4.5% and 0% groups, respectively and significant differences were recognized between the control and lower CP level groups (P<0.05). Multiple regression analysis indicated a significant correlation between the daily protein intake and frequencies of occurrence of GLP-1-immunoreactive cells. The protein ingestion is one of the signals that influence GLP-1-containing cells in the chicken small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Monir
- Department of Bioscience and Food Production Science, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kami-ina, Japan
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Monir MM, Hiramatsu K, Nishimura K, Takemoto C, Watanabe T. Distribution of glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-2-immunoreactive cells in the chicken small intestine: antigen retrieval immunohistochemistry. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 76:565-8. [PMID: 24334814 PMCID: PMC4064143 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An antigen retrieval method for immunohistochemical staining of glucagon-like
peptide (GLP)-2-immunoreactive cells was investigated in the chicken small intestine.
GLP-2-immunoreactive cells were observed as open-typed endocrine cells in the villous
epithelium and crypts on both antigen retrieval agent-treated and untreated preparations.
No obvious differences were detected in morphological features of GLP-2-immunoreactive
cells between treated and untreated preparations. The frequencies of occurrence of
GLP-2-immunoreactive cells, however, were significantly different in treated and untreated
preparations: in the proximal and distal regions of jejunum and ileum obtained from
untreated preparations, the frequencies of occurrence were 0.5 ± 0.2, 0.7 ± 0.1, 0.9 ± 0.2
and 1.5 ± 0.3, respectively (cell numbers per mucosal area: cells/mm2, mean ±
SD), whereas those from treated sections were 14.7 ± 2.3, 19.8 ± 2.3, 23.5 ± 4.7 and 34.6
± 4.9 cells/mm2, respectively. These data indicate that this antigen retrieval
method is able to make immunoreactive GLP-2 available for detection and that GLP-2 may act
as one of the common hormones secreted by L cells in the chicken small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Monir
- Department of Bioscience and Food Production Science, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
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Watanabe T, Nishimura K, Monir MM, Takemoto C, Hiramatsu K. Immunoelectron microscopic observation of chicken glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1-containing cells in tissues derived from thin section, paraffin block and conventional method. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 76:389-94. [PMID: 24257328 PMCID: PMC4013365 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possibility of
immunoelectron microscopic observation of endocrine cells in paraffin-embedded tissues.
The procedure, which involves reprocessing from sliced tissues and immunohistochemical
staining by colloidal-gold immunolabeling of paraffin sections from paraffin blocks, was
able to reveal the fine characteristics of secretory granules containing glucagon-like
peptide-1. Morphometric analyses of the secretory granules showed no significant
differences between the reprocessing procedure and a conventional post-embedding
procedure, which was performed as a control. The reprocessing procedure has some
advantages besides providing information on secretory granules containing the amino acid
peptide. For example, the same cell can be observed under both a light microscope and the
electron microscope. In addition, the high-electron densities of silver-enhanced gold
particles are easily recognized, and the boundary between the profile of the granules and
the immunogold labeling is clearly shown at the electron microscopic level. Furthermore,
the procedure, which is inexpensive and does not require special devices, can effectively
use precious samples that are already paraffin-embedded and unable to be obtained twice,
such as the case for endangered animals and rare pathological tissues. To the best of our
knowledge, the present study is the first to report the advantages of the reprocessing
method for sliced paraffin sections of gut endocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Animal Functional Anatomy (LAFA), Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
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