1
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Harman RM, Sipka A, Oxford KA, Oliveira L, Huntimer L, Nydam DV, Van de Walle GR. The mammosphere-derived epithelial cell secretome modulates neutrophil functions in the bovine model. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1367432. [PMID: 38994364 PMCID: PMC11236729 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1367432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Innovative therapies against bacterial infections are needed. One approach is to focus on host-directed immunotherapy (HDT), with treatments that exploit natural processes of the host immune system. The goals of this type of therapy are to stimulate protective immunity while minimizing inflammation-induced tissue damage. We use non-traditional large animal models to explore the potential of the mammosphere-derived epithelial cell (MDEC) secretome, consisting of all bioactive factors released by the cells, to modulate host immune functions. MDEC cultures are enriched for mammary stem and progenitor cells and can be generated from virtually any mammal. We previously demonstrated that the bovine MDEC secretome, collected and delivered as conditioned medium (CM), inhibits the growth of bacteria in vitro and stimulates functions related to tissue repair in cultured endothelial and epithelial cells. Methods The immunomodulatory effects of the bovine MDEC secretome on bovine neutrophils, an innate immune cell type critical for resolving bacterial infections, were determined in vitro using functional assays. The effects of MDEC CM on neutrophil molecular pathways were explored by evaluating the production of specific cytokines by neutrophils and examining global gene expression patterns in MDEC CM-treated neutrophils. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays were used to determine the concentrations of select proteins in MDEC CM and siRNAs were used to reduce the expression of specific MDEC-secreted proteins, allowing for the identification of bioactive factors modulating neutrophil functions. Results Neutrophils exposed to MDEC secretome exhibited increased chemotaxis and phagocytosis and decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species and extracellular trap formation, when compared to neutrophils exposed to control medium. C-X-C motif chemokine 6, superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxin-2, and catalase, each present in the bovine MDEC secretome, were found to modulate neutrophil functions. Conclusion The MDEC secretome administered to treat bacterial infections may increase neutrophil recruitment to the site of infection, stimulate pathogen phagocytosis by neutrophils, and reduce neutrophil-produced ROS accumulation. As a result, pathogen clearance might be improved and local inflammation and tissue damage reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Harman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Anja Sipka
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Kelly A. Oxford
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Daryl V. Nydam
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Gerlinde R. Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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2
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Xu P, Xu X, Fotina H, Fotina T. Anti-inflammatory effects of chlorogenic acid from Taraxacum officinale on LTA-stimulated bovine mammary epithelial cells via the TLR2/NF-κB pathway. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282343. [PMID: 36947494 PMCID: PMC10032541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is an inflammatory disease caused by microbial infection. Chlorogenic acid (CGA), one of the major phenolic acids in Taraxacum officinale, has natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in various cell types; however, the effects of CGA on Lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-induced bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) have not been investigated. In this study, the CGA content in T. officinale was determined by High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). BMECs were infected with LTA to induce the mastitis model. Different concentrations of CGA were administered after establishing the LTA infection. The results showed that the T. officinale contained CGA 1.36 mg/g. CGA significantly reduced the pro-inflammatory gene and protein expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. In addition, CGA downregulated the NO, TLR2, and NF-κB signaling pathways in LTA-infected bovine mammary epithelial cells. Our results indicate that CGA reduced the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and TLR2 by inhibiting the phosphorylation of proteins in the NF-κB signaling pathways in a dose-dependent manner. This finding suggests that CGA may be a potential agent for the treatment of mastitis in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- School of Life Science and Basic Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, China
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sumy National Agrarian University, Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Xiaobo Xu
- School of Life Science and Basic Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hanna Fotina
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sumy National Agrarian University, Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Tetiana Fotina
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sumy National Agrarian University, Sumy, Ukraine
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3
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Yamauchi S, Furukawa M, Kawahara A, Sugahara T, Yamamoto S, Kitabayashi M, Sogabe A, Shimoda S, Hata E, Watanabe K, Yoneyama H, Aso H, Nochi T. Roles of mannosylerythritol lipid-B components in antimicrobial activity against bovine mastitis-causing Staphylococcus aureus. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:54. [PMID: 35149902 PMCID: PMC8837570 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mannosylerythritol lipid-B (MEL-B), which comprises ester-bonded hydrophilic ME and hydrophobic fatty acids, is a bio-surfactant with various unique properties, including antimicrobial activity against most gram-positive bacteria. The gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus is a causative pathogen of dairy cattle mastitis, which results in considerable economic loss in the dairy industry. Here, we demonstrate the efficacy of MEL-B as a disinfectant against bovine-derived S. aureus and elucidate a mechanism of action of MEL-B in the inhibition of bacterial growth. The growth of bovine mastitis causative S. aureus BM1006 was inhibited when cultured with MEL-B above 10 ppm. The activity of MEL-B required fatty acids (i.e., caprylic and myristoleic acids) as ME, the component of MEL-B lacking fatty acids, did not inhibit the growth of S. aureus even at high concentrations. Importantly, ME-bound fatty acids effectively inhibited the growth of S. aureus when compared with free fatty acids. Specifically, the concentrations of ME-bound fatty acids and free caprylic and myristoleic acids required to inhibit the growth of S. aureus were 10, 1442, and 226 ppm, respectively. The involvement of ME in the antimicrobial activity of MEL-B was confirmed by digestion of MEL-B with alkali, which dissociated ME and fatty acids. These results indicated that a mechanism of action of MEL-B in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus could be explained by the effective transporting of antimicrobial fatty acids to the bacterial surface via hydrophilic ME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Yamauchi
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan.,Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Furukawa
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan.,Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Akio Kawahara
- Toyobo Co., Ltd. Tsuruga Institute of Biotechnology, Fukui, 914-0047, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sugahara
- Toyobo Co., Ltd. Tsuruga Institute of Biotechnology, Fukui, 914-0047, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamamoto
- Toyobo Co., Ltd. Tsuruga Institute of Biotechnology, Fukui, 914-0047, Japan
| | | | - Atsushi Sogabe
- Toyobo Co., Ltd. Tsuruga Institute of Biotechnology, Fukui, 914-0047, Japan.,Toyobo Co., Ltd. Biochemical Department, Osaka, 530-8230, Japan
| | - So Shimoda
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Eiji Hata
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, Bacterial Pathogenesis Research Unit, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Kouichi Watanabe
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan.,Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoneyama
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Hisashi Aso
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan.,Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nochi
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan. .,Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan. .,Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan. .,Division of Mucosal Vaccines, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
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4
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Kawecka-Grochocka E, Zalewska M, Rzewuska M, Kościuczuk E, Ząbek T, Sakowski T, Marczak S, Bagnicka E. Expression of cytokines in dairy cattle mammary gland parenchyma during chronic staphylococcal infection. Vet Res 2021; 52:132. [PMID: 34663465 PMCID: PMC8522155 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-01003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aim was to determine the expression of genes potentially related to chronic mastitis at the mRNA and protein levels, viz. chemokine C–C motif receptor 1 (CCR1), C–C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), C–C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CXCL5), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), interleukin 18 (IL-18), in bovine mammary gland parenchyma. The study examines the differences in expression of selected genes between cows with chronic mastitis caused by coagulase-positive (CoPS) or coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and those with healthy udders (H). Samples were collected from the udder quarters from 40 Polish Holstein–Friesian cows; 54 of these samples were chosen for analysis based on microbiological analysis of milk taken two days before slaughter. They were categorized into three groups: CoPS (N = 27), CoNS (N = 14) and H (N = 13). The RNA expression was analyzed by RT-qPCR and protein concentration by ELISA. No differences in the mRNA levels of seven genes (TNFα, IL-18, CCR1, IL-1β, CCL2, IL-8, IL-6) and four proteins (TNFα, IL-18, CCR1, IL-1β) were identified between the CoPS and H groups. Higher transcript levels of CXCL5 (p ≤ 0.05) gene were noted in CoPS than in H. Compared to H, higher concentrations of IL-8 and CXCL5 (p ≤ 0.05) were observed in CoPS (0.05 < p < 0.1) and CCL2 (0.05 < p < 0.1) in CoNS, while lower levels of Il-6 were found in CoPS. This may suggest that during chronic mastitis the organism stops producing pro-inflammatory cytokines, probably to protect the host tissues against their damage during prolonged infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Kawecka-Grochocka
- Department of Biotechnology and Nutrigenomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology PAS, Postepu 36A, 05-552, Jastrzębiec, Poland.,Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW, Nowoursynowska 166f, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zalewska
- Department of Bacterial Physiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rzewuska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW, Nowoursynowska 166f, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Kościuczuk
- Department of Biotechnology and Nutrigenomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology PAS, Postepu 36A, 05-552, Jastrzębiec, Poland.,Present Address: Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Tomasz Ząbek
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083, Balice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sakowski
- Department of Biotechnology and Nutrigenomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology PAS, Postepu 36A, 05-552, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Sylwester Marczak
- Department of Biotechnology and Nutrigenomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology PAS, Postepu 36A, 05-552, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Emilia Bagnicka
- Department of Biotechnology and Nutrigenomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology PAS, Postepu 36A, 05-552, Jastrzębiec, Poland.
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5
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Gram Positive Bacterial Lipoteichoic Acid Role in a Root Canal Infection – A Literature Review. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.2.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria and its by-products are found to be the main cause of pulpal and periapical infection of tooth. Infected root canals of tooth harbours a wide variation of microbial flora that includes both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. Bacterial components such as Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram negative bacteria and Lipoteichoic Acid (LTA) of gram positive bacteria have the potential to enter the peri-apical tissue of tooth and initiate the inflammatory process. After microbial death that occurs either due to body’s defence cells or by antibiotic action, bacterial cell wall components such as LTA are released which can persist inside macrophages for prolonged periods causing chronic inflammation. Once these cell-wall components are recognized by the body immune surveillance cells, numerous inflammatory mediators are released leading to inflammation and subsequent pathological consequences. The purpose of this review is intend to summarize the role of gram positive bacterial component LTA in causing endodontic infection and use of potential therapeutic agents against LTA.
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6
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Zou Z, Bhandari J, Xiao B, Liang X, Zhang Y, Yan G. Effect of using diode laser on Enterococcus faecalis and its lipoteichoic acid (LTA) in chronic apical periodontitis. Lasers Med Sci 2020; 36:1059-1066. [PMID: 32965611 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-020-03146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of diode laser irradiation on Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and its lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Ninety-six freshly extracted single-rooted teeth were divided into six groups, n = 8 per group. Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 as laser group (810 nm PILOT™ Diode Laser, 400 μm fiber diameter, continuous mode, 30 s time) with powers at 1.0 W, 1.5 W, 2.0 W, and 2.5 W respectively. Group 5 or positive control group (3 ml of 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) irrigation) and group 6 or negative control group (3 ml of normal saline (0.9% NaCl) irrigation). Root canal samples were collected before and after receiving laser irradiation and irrigation solution. Cultivable bacteria were determined by counting the colony (CFU/ml). Evaluation of temperature on the external root surface of teeth was done with K type thermocouple using laser at different powers. Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) was performed to measure the LTA levels and the correlations between E. faecalis count, LTA levels, and rise in temperature were observed using Pearson's correlation test. E. faecalis LTA was subjected to laser irradiation and its structural damage was examined by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Compared with the control groups, all laser groups showed a decreased colony counts and decreased LTA levels with statistically significant difference (p ˂ 0.05). The bactericidal effect and LTA reduction of laser was better at 2.5 W power. Laser at 2.5 W power had temperature rise of more than 7 °C which is beyond the safe thermal threshold level. No statistically significant correlation was found between E. faecalis count, levels of LTA, and rise in external root surface temperature (p ˃ 0.05). TLC results showed a structural damage in the glycolipid moiety of E. faecalis LTA. Diode laser can effectively reduce the E. faecalis count and its LTA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Zou
- Department of Endodontics, Tianjin Medical University Stomatology Hospital, Building Number 12, Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Junu Bhandari
- Department of Endodontics, Tianjin Medical University Stomatology Hospital, Building Number 12, Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Baiyan Xiao
- Department of Endodontics, Tianjin Medical University Stomatology Hospital, Building Number 12, Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xiaoyue Liang
- Department of Endodontics, Tianjin Medical University Stomatology Hospital, Building Number 12, Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Endodontics, Tianjin Medical University Stomatology Hospital, Building Number 12, Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Guohui Yan
- Department of Endodontics, Tianjin Medical University Stomatology Hospital, Building Number 12, Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
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7
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Kim Y, Park JY, Kim H, Chung DK. Differential role of lipoteichoic acids isolated from Staphylococcus aureus and Lactobacillus plantarum on the aggravation and alleviation of atopic dermatitis. Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104360. [PMID: 32736014 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a cell wall component of gram-positive bacteria, up-regulates inflammatory cytokine production through the toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling pathway, and also contributes to anti-inflammatory responses against immune cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharides. In the current study, we examined the effects of LTAs isolated from Staphylococcus aureus (aLTA) and Lactobacillus plantarum (pLTA) on the aggravation and alleviation of atopic dermatitis (AD). aLTA strongly induced CCL2 production in THP-1 cells. CCL2 was regulated by the TLR2 pathway including the activation of IRAK2, NF-κB and JNK. CCL2 induced Th2 polarization of CD4+T cells through induction of interleukin (IL)-2, -4, and -5 and inhibition of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). CCL2 levels and immunoglobulin E (IgE) production were increased in aLTA-injected mice. On the other hand, pLTA moderately affected CCL2 production and it inhibited aLTA-mediated CCL2 production. The serum levels of CCL2 and IgE were inhibited by pLTA pre-injection followed by aLTA reinjection, which resulted in the alleviation of irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) symptoms. Our results suggest that S. aureus infection causes an increase in CCL2 production, and may exacerbate atopic dermatitis (AD)-like symptoms through the excessive IgE production. Alternatively, pLTA alleviated AD-like symptoms by inhibiting aLTA-induced CCL2 and IgE production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenny Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeon Park
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hangeun Kim
- Research & Development Center, Skin Biotechnology Center Inc., Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae Kyun Chung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea; Research & Development Center, Skin Biotechnology Center Inc., Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea.
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8
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The Synergism of PGN, LTA and LPS in Inducing Transcriptome Changes, Inflammatory Responses and a Decrease in Lactation as Well as the Associated Epigenetic Mechanisms in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060387. [PMID: 32545333 PMCID: PMC7354563 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is usually caused by a variety of pathogenic bacteria that include both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) of Gram-negative bacteria, and peptidoglycan (PGN) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) are those of Gram-positive bacteria. The effects of LPS, PGN and/or LTA on inflammatory response and lactation in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) are well studied, but the epigenetic mechanisms of their effects received less attention. Furthermore, since the three PAMPs are often simultaneously present in the udder of cows with mastitis, it has implications in practice to study their additive effects. The results show that co-stimulation of bovine mammary epithelial cells with PGN, LTA, and LPS induced a higher number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and greater expressions of inflammatory factors including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)1, and CXCL6. In addition, co-stimulation further increased DNA hypomethylation compared with sole LPS stimulation. Co-stimulation greatly decreased casein expression but did not further decrease histone acetylation levels and affect the activity of histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC), compared with sole LPS stimulation. Collectively, this study demonstrated that PGN, LTA, and LPS had an additive effect on inducing transcriptome changes and inflammatory responses in BMECs, probably through inducing a greater decrease in DNA methylation. Co-stimulation with PGN, LTA, and LPS decreased casein expression to a greater degree, but it might not be linked to histone acetylation and HAT and HDAC activity.
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9
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Murata E, Kozaki S, Murakami T, Shimizu K, Okada A, Ishiguro N, Inoshima Y. Differential expression of serum amyloid A1 and A3 in bovine epithelia. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:764-770. [PMID: 32378645 PMCID: PMC7324830 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is both an amyloidogenic protein of amyloid A amyloidosis and an acute phase protein in most animal species. Although SAA isoforms, such as SAA1, 2, 3, and 4, have been identified in cattle, their biological functions are not completely understood. Previous studies using mice indicated that SAA3 mRNA expression increased by stimulation with Escherichia coli and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in colonic epithelial cells, and subsequently the SAA3 protein enhanced the expression of mucin2 (MUC2) mRNA, which is the major component of the colonic mucus layer. These results suggest that SAA3 plays a role in host innate immunity against bacterial infection in the intestine. In this study, a novel anti-bovine SAA3 monoclonal antibody was produced and SAA3 expression levels in bovine epithelia were examined in vitro and in vivo using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). SAA3 mRNA expression, but not that of SAA1, was enhanced by LPS stimulus in bovine small intestinal and mammary glandular epithelial cells in vitro. Moreover, in bovine epithelia (small intestine, mammary gland, lung, and uterus) obtained from four Holstein dairy cows from a slaughterhouse, SAA3 mRNA expression was higher than that of SAA1. Furthermore, using IHC, SAA3 protein expression was observed in bovine epithelia, whereas SAA1 protein was not. These results suggest that in cattle, SAA3 plays an immunological role against bacterial infection in epithelial tissues, including the small intestine, mammary gland, lung, and uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Murata
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Satoi Kozaki
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Murakami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kaori Shimizu
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Ayaka Okada
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH), Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Naotaka Ishiguro
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yasuo Inoshima
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH), Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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10
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Cai M, Shi Y, Zheng T, Hu S, Du K, Ren A, Jia X, Chen S, Wang J, Lai S. Mammary epithelial cell derived exosomal MiR-221 mediates M1 macrophage polarization via SOCS1/STATs to promote inflammatory response. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106493. [PMID: 32289739 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Lactational mastitis seriously alters the normal physiological function of mammary gland and activates the innate immune. Mammary epithelial cells (MECs) secret cytokines and regulate the function of immune system. However, the mechanism MECs mediated crosstalk with immune cells, such as macrophages, during mastitis is unclear. In this study, mouse mammary epithelial cells (HC11), treated with Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and macrophages (RAW264.7) were used to mimic intercellular communication. Our results showed that exosomal miR-221 level was up-regulated and reached the peak at 12 h after infected by LTA. The expression of miR-211, CD11b protein and TNF-α mRNA were upregulated and the expression of CD206 protein and Arg-1 mRNA were inhibited in RAW264.7 treated with exosomes. In addition, miR-221 mimics and inhibitors enhanced and depressed HC11-derived exosomal miR-221 level, respectively. After treatment of Exo(mimic) in RAW264.7, the expression of CD11b protein and TNF-α mRNA were up-regulated, the expression of CD206 and Arg-1 mRNA were down-regulated. Additionally, Exo(inhibitor) enhanced CD206 protein and Arg-1 mRNA levels and inhibited CD11b protein and TNF-α mRNA levels. Furthermore, SOCS1 was identified to be a target gene of miR-221 by using Luciferase assays. And western blot assays showed that the expression of p-STAT1 and p-STAT3 were elevated and repressed, respectively. Taken together, we suggest that exosomal miR-221 promotes polarization of M1 macrophages via SOCS1, STAT1 and STAT3. And we reveal a novel crosstalk signaling pathway between mammary epithelial cells and macrophages in the process of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingcheng Cai
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Tianhao Zheng
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Shenqiang Hu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Kun Du
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Anyong Ren
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xianbo Jia
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.
| | - Shiyi Chen
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Songjia Lai
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.
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11
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Wu Y, Chen J, Sun Y, Dong X, Wang Z, Chen J, Dong G. PGN and LTA from Staphylococcus aureus Induced Inflammation and Decreased Lactation through Regulating DNA Methylation and Histone H3 Acetylation in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E238. [PMID: 32283626 PMCID: PMC7232188 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) are the most common pathogens of mastitis, and S. aureus generally causes subclinical mastitis which is more persistent and resistant to treatment. Peptidoglycan (PGN) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) are cell wall components of S. aureus. Although the roles of PGN and LTA in causing inflammation are well studied, the epigenetic mechanisms of the effects of PGN and LTA on the inflammation and lactation remain poorly understood. This study characterized the gene expression profiling by RNA sequencing and investigated DNA methylation and histone acetylation in relation to inflammation and lactation in the immortalized bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T). The cells were cultured for 24 h with neither PGN nor LTA (CON), PGN (30 μg/mL), LTA (30 μg/mL), and PGN (30 μg/mL) + LTA (30 μg/mL), respectively. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and the expression of proinflammatory factors including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)1, and CXCL6 of the treatments increased in the following order: CON < PGN < LTA < PGN + LTA, and the DEGs mainly enriched on the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and chemokine signaling pathway. LTA and PGN + LTA induced hypomethylation of global DNA by suppressing DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity. PGN and LTA, alone or combined, decreased the mRNA expression of casein genes (CSN1S1, CSN2, and CSN3) and the expression of two caseins (CSN2 and CSN3), and reduced histone H3 acetylation by suppressing histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity and promoting histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity. Collectively, this study revealed that PGN and LTA induced inflammation probably due to decreasing DNA methylation through regulating DNMT activity, and decreased lactation possibly through reducing histone H3 acetylation by regulating HAT and HDAC activity in bovine mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjiang Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Beibei District, Chongqing 400716, China; (Y.W.); (J.C.); (Y.S.); (Z.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Jingbo Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Beibei District, Chongqing 400716, China; (Y.W.); (J.C.); (Y.S.); (Z.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Yawang Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Beibei District, Chongqing 400716, China; (Y.W.); (J.C.); (Y.S.); (Z.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Xianwen Dong
- Institute for Herbivorous Livestock Research, Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing 402460, China;
| | - Zili Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Beibei District, Chongqing 400716, China; (Y.W.); (J.C.); (Y.S.); (Z.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Juncai Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Beibei District, Chongqing 400716, China; (Y.W.); (J.C.); (Y.S.); (Z.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Guozhong Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Beibei District, Chongqing 400716, China; (Y.W.); (J.C.); (Y.S.); (Z.W.); (J.C.)
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12
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Prototheca zopfii genotype II induces mitochondrial apoptosis in models of bovine mastitis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:698. [PMID: 31959834 PMCID: PMC6971270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57645-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prototheca zopfii is an alga increasingly isolated from bovine mastitis. Of the two genotypes of P. zopfii (genotype I and II (GT-I and -II)), P. zopfii GT-II is the genotype associated with acute mastitis and decreased milk production, although its pathogenesis is not well known. The objective was to determine inflammatory and apoptotic roles of P. zopfii GT-II in cultured mammary epithelial cells (from cattle and mice) and murine macrophages and using a murine model of mastitis. Prototheca zopfii GT-II (but not GT-I) invaded bovine and murine mammary epithelial cells (MECs) and induced apoptosis, as determined by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling assay. This P. zopfii GT-II driven apoptosis corresponded to mitochondrial pathways; mitochondrial transmembrane resistance (ΔΨm) was altered and modulation of mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis regulating genes changed (increased transcriptional Bax, cytochrome-c and Apaf-1 and downregulated Bcl-2), whereas caspase-9 and -3 expression increased. Apoptotic effects by P. zopfii GT-II were more pronounced in macrophages compared to MECs. In a murine mammary infection model, P. zopfii GT-II replicated in the mammary gland and caused severe inflammation with infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils and upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes (TNF-α, IL-1β and Cxcl-1) and also apoptosis of epithelial cells. Thus, we concluded P. zopfii GT-II is a mastitis-causing pathogen that triggers severe inflammation and also mitochondrial apoptosis.
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13
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Nagasawa Y, Kiku Y, Sugawara K, Hirose A, Kai C, Kitano N, Takahashi T, Nochi T, Aso H, Sawada SI, Akiyoshi K, Hayashi T. Staphylococcus aureus-specific IgA antibody in milk suppresses the multiplication of S. aureus in infected bovine udder. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:286. [PMID: 31399125 PMCID: PMC6688226 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is extremely difficult to control and new methods for its prevention and management are required. Nasal vaccines may prevent initial bovine mastitis infection caused by S. aureus. However, limited information is available regarding induction of mucosal immune response through nasal immunization with antigen and its suppression of S. aureus multiplication during bovine mastitis. This study sought to investigate whether induction of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in milk by nasal immunization could suppress multiplication of S. aureus in the bovine udder. Results Nasal immunization with formalin-killed S. aureus conjugated with a cationic cholesteryl-group-bearing pullulan-nanogel was performed. Anti-S. aureus-specific IgA antibodies were significantly more abundant in the milk of immunized cows than in non-immunized animals (P < 0.05). S. aureus counts in the quarter were negative in both non-immunized and nasal-immunized cows 1 week after mock infusion. In S. aureus-infused quarters, S. aureus multiplication was significantly suppressed in immunized compared with non-immunized cows (P < 0.05). Furthermore, a significant negative correlation was found between S. aureus-specific IgA antibodies and S. aureus counts in infused quarters of both non-immunized and nasal-immunized cows (r = − 0.811, P < 0.01). Conclusion In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that S. aureus-specific IgA antibodies in milk successfully suppressed the multiplication of S. aureus in infected bovine udders. Although the exact mechanism explaining such suppressive effect remains to be elucidated, nasal vaccines that can induce humoral immunity may help prevent initial infection with S. aureus and the onset of bovine mastitis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-2025-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Nagasawa
- Dairy Hygiene Unit, Division of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-0045, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kiku
- Dairy Hygiene Unit, Division of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-0045, Japan
| | - Kazue Sugawara
- Dairy Hygiene Unit, Division of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-0045, Japan
| | - Aya Hirose
- Dairy Hygiene Unit, Division of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-0045, Japan
| | - Chiaki Kai
- Dairy Hygiene Unit, Division of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-0045, Japan
| | - Nana Kitano
- Graduate school of Dairy Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582, Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Takahashi
- Graduate school of Dairy Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582, Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nochi
- Cellular Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-0845, Japan
| | - Hisashi Aso
- Cellular Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-0845, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Sawada
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazunari Akiyoshi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tomohito Hayashi
- Dairy Hygiene Unit, Division of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-0045, Japan.
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14
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Wang X, Zhang M, Jiang N, Zhang A. Sodium Phenylbutyrate Ameliorates Inflammatory Response Induced by Staphylococcus aureus Lipoteichoic Acid via Suppressing TLR2/NF-κB/NLRP3 Pathways in MAC-T Cells. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123056. [PMID: 30469547 PMCID: PMC6321250 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of sodium phenylbutyrate (SPB) against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-stimulated bovine mammary alveolar (MAC-T) cells. Quantitative PCR was performed to examine the effect of SPB on inflammatory cytokines and host defense peptide (HDP) gene expression. Western blot wanalysis was used to detect the effect of SPB on the TLR2/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. The results showed that SPB significantly suppressed the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6; meanwhile, the markedly decreased expression of LTA-stimulated TLR2, NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, and IL-1β, and the inhibited IkBα and p65 phosphorylation were also observed. However, increased TAP and Bac5 expression in LTA-stimulated MAC-T cells was further detected. In summary, these results suggest that SPB ameliorates the inflammatory response induced by S. aureus LTA via suppressing the TLR2/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway, which indicates that SPB may be a potential agent for the treatment of bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Heilongjiang, Daqing 163319, China.
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Heilongjiang, Daqing 163319, China.
| | - Ning Jiang
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Heilongjiang, Daqing 163319, China.
| | - Aizhong Zhang
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Heilongjiang, Daqing 163319, China.
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15
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Johnzon CF, Dahlberg J, Gustafson AM, Waern I, Moazzami AA, Östensson K, Pejler G. The Effect of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Experimental Bovine Mastitis on Clinical Parameters, Inflammatory Markers, and the Metabolome: A Kinetic Approach. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1487. [PMID: 29988549 PMCID: PMC6026673 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is an inflammatory condition of the mammary tissue and represents a major problem for the dairy industry worldwide. The present study was undertaken to study how experimentally induced acute bovine mastitis affects inflammatory parameters and changes in the metabolome. To this end, we induced experimental mastitis in nine cows by intramammary infusion of 100 µg purified Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) followed by kinetic assessments of cytokine responses (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), changes in the metabolome (assessed by nuclear magnetic resonance), clinical parameters (heat, local pain perception, redness, swelling, rectal temperature, clot formation, and color changes in the milk), and milk somatic cell counts, at several time points post LPS infusion. Intramammary LPS infusion induced clinical signs of mastitis, which started from 2 h post infusion and had returned to normal levels within 24–72 h. Milk changes were seen with a delay compared with the clinical signs and persisted for a longer time. In parallel, induction of IL-6 and TNF-α were seen in milk, and there was also a transient elevation of plasma IL-6 whereas plasma TNF-α was not significantly elevated. In addition, a robust increase in CCL2 was seen in the milk of LPS-infused cows, whereas G-CSF, CXCL1, and histamine in milk were unaffected. By using a metabolomics approach, a transient increase of plasma lactose was seen in LPS-induced cows. In plasma, significant reductions in ketone bodies (3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate) and decreased levels of short-chain fatty acids, known to be major products released from the gut microbiota, were observed after LPS infusion; a profound reduction of plasma citrate was also seen. Intramammary LPS infusion also caused major changes in the milk metabolome, although with a delay in comparison with plasma, including a reduction of lactose. We conclude that the LPS-induced acute mastitis rapidly affects the plasma metabolome and cytokine induction with similar kinetics as the development of the clinical signs, whereas the corresponding effects in milk occurred with a delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Fredrik Johnzon
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josef Dahlberg
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ann-Marie Gustafson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ida Waern
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ali A Moazzami
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Östensson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Furukawa M, Yoneyama H, Hata E, Iwano H, Higuchi H, Ando T, Sato M, Hayashi T, Kiku Y, Nagasawa Y, Niimi K, Usami K, Ito K, Watanabe K, Nochi T, Aso H. Identification of a novel mechanism of action of bovine IgG antibodies specific for Staphylococcus aureus. Vet Res 2018; 49:22. [PMID: 29482613 PMCID: PMC5828400 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0517-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen that causes subclinical mastitis associated with huge economic losses to the dairy industry. A few vaccines for bovine mastitis are available, and they are expected to induce the production of S. aureus-specific antibodies that prevent bacterial adherence to host cells or promote opsonization by phagocytes. However, the efficacy of such vaccines are still under debate; therefore, further research focusing on improving the current vaccines by seeking additional mechanisms of action is required to reduce economic losses due to mastitis in the dairy industry. Here, we generated S. aureus-specific bovine IgG antibodies (anti-S. aureus) that directly inhibited bacterial growth in vitro. Inhibition depended on specificity for anti-S. aureus, not the interaction between Protein A and the fragment crystallizable region of the IgG antibodies or bacterial agglutination. An in vitro culture study using S. aureus strain JE2 and its deletion mutant JE2ΔSrtA, which lacks the gene encoding sortase A, revealed that the effect of anti-S. aureus was sortase-A-independent. Sortase A is involved in the synthesis of cell-wall-associated proteins. Thus, other surface molecules, such as membrane proteins, cell surface polysaccharides, or both, may trigger the inhibition of bacterial growth by anti-S. aureus. Together, our findings contribute insights into developing new strategies to further improve the available mastitis vaccine by designing a novel antigen on the surface of S. aureus to induce inhibitory signals that prevent bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Furukawa
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-0845, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoneyama
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-0845, Japan
| | - Eiji Hata
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-0045, Japan
| | - Hidetomo Iwano
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Higuchi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Tasuke Ando
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-0845, Japan
| | - Mika Sato
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-0845, Japan
| | - Tomohito Hayashi
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-0045, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kiku
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-0045, Japan
| | - Yuya Nagasawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-0045, Japan
| | - Kanae Niimi
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-0845, Japan
| | - Katsuki Usami
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-0845, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ito
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-0845, Japan
| | - Kouichi Watanabe
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-0845, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nochi
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-0845, Japan. .,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Hisashi Aso
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-0845, Japan
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17
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2,4-Thiazolidinedione Treatment Improves the Innate Immune Response in Dairy Goats with Induced Subclinical Mastitis. PPAR Res 2017; 2017:7097450. [PMID: 28740504 PMCID: PMC5504968 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7097450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is a major disease in dairy cows resulting in significant economic losses. In vitro works suggest that ruminants peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) can aid in improving the response to mastitis and can control milk fat synthesis. The objectives of the present experiment were to test if treatment with the putative PPARγ agonist 2,4-thiazolidinedione (TZD) improves (1) the response to subclinical mastitis and (2) milk fat production. Lactating goats received daily injections of 8 mg/kg BW of TZD or saline for 3 weeks. After one week of TZD injection, half of the goats in each group received intramammary infusion of Strep. uberis or saline in both halves for a total of 4 groups (n = 6/group). TZD treatment did not affect milk fat but had positive effect on milk somatic cells count, blood nonesterified fatty acids, inflammatory markers, and liver function. TZD significantly increased myeloperoxidase but did not affect leukocytes phagocytosis or insulin. TZD increased adipocytes size and had minor effect on expression of PPARγ target genes in mammary epithelial cells but not in adipose tissue. Overall, TZD ameliorated the response to intramammary infection but the effect on milk fat synthesis and expression of related transcripts was less than expected.
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