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Wattanasuntorn P, Phuektes P, Poapolathep S, Mimapan S, Tattiyapong M, Fink-Gremmels J, Oswald IP, Poapolathep A. Individual cytotoxicity of three major type A trichothecene, T-2, HT-2, and diacetoxyscirpenol in human Jurkat T cells. Toxicon 2024; 243:107718. [PMID: 38614246 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic, fungal secondary metabolites that contaminate agricultural commodities, food, and feed. Among them, T-2, HT-2, and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS; the major type A trichothecene) are primarily produced from Fusarium species. These mycotoxins exert numerous toxicological effects in animals and humans, such as dermatotoxicity, haematotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and immunotoxicity. In the present study, human Jurkat T cells were used as a model to investigate apoptotic cell death induced by T-2, HT-2, and DAS. The results showed that T-2, HT-2, and DAS decreased cell viability and increased production of Reactive Oxygen Species in a time- and dose-dependency. Based on their IC50 values, they could be ranked in decreasing order of cytotoxicity as T-2 > HT-2 > DAS. All tested mycotoxins caused DNA fragmentation, up-regulated cytochrome C, caspase 3, and caspase 9 mRNA levels, and down-regulated the relative expression of Bcl-2 and caspase 8. The effects of these trichothecenes on apoptosis were determined based on flow cytometry. At the IC50 concentrations, the percentages of apoptotic cells were significantly higher than for the controls. Taken together, these data suggested that T-2, HT-2, and DAS could induce apoptosis through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phattarawadee Wattanasuntorn
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Patchara Phuektes
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khonkaen University, Khonkaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Sontana Mimapan
- National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Muncharee Tattiyapong
- National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Johanna Fink-Gremmels
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Toulouse University, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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2
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Ning X, Ye Y, Ji J, Hui Y, Li J, Chen P, Jin S, Liu T, Zhang Y, Cao J, Sun X. Restricted-Access Media Column Switching Online Solid-Phase Extraction UHPLC-MS/MS for the Determination of Seven Type B Trichothecenes in Whole-Grain Preprocessed Foods and Human Exposure Risk Assessment. TOXICS 2024; 12:336. [PMID: 38787115 PMCID: PMC11126074 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12050336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
With increasing health awareness and the accelerating pace of life, whole-grain prepared foods have gained popularity due to their health benefits and convenience. However, the potential risk of type B trichothecene toxins has also increased, and these mycotoxins in such foods are rarely regulated. In this study, a quantitative method combining a single-valve dual-column automatic online solid-phase extraction system with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was developed for the first time using restricted-access media columns. This method can simultaneously determine trace residues of seven type B trichothecenes within 15 min. The method is convenient, sensitive (limit of detection and quantification of 0.05-0.6 μg/kg and 0.15-2 μg/kg, respectively), accurate (recovery rates of 90.3%-106.6%, relative standard deviation < 4.3%), and robust (>1000 times). The established method was applied to 160 prepared food samples of eight categories sold in China. At least one toxin was detected in 70% of the samples. Whole-wheat dumpling wrappers had the highest contamination rate (95%) and the highest total content of type B trichothecenes in a single sample (2077.3 μg/kg). Exposure risk assessment indicated that the contamination of whole-grain prepared foods has been underestimated. The total health risk index of whole-wheat dumpling wrappers, which are susceptible to deoxynivalenol, reached 136.41%, posing a significant threat to human health. Effective measures urgently need to be taken to control this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ning
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.N.); (Y.Y.); (J.J.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China; (J.L.)
| | - Yongli Ye
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.N.); (Y.Y.); (J.J.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jian Ji
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.N.); (Y.Y.); (J.J.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yanchun Hui
- Sanyo Fine Trading Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, China
| | - Jingyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China; (J.L.)
| | - Po Chen
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China; (J.L.)
| | - Shaoming Jin
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China; (J.L.)
| | - Tongtong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China; (J.L.)
| | - Yinzhi Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.N.); (Y.Y.); (J.J.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China; (J.L.)
| | - Xiulan Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.N.); (Y.Y.); (J.J.); (Y.Z.)
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3
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Mastanjević K, Kovačević D, Nešić K, Krstanović V, Habschied K. Traditional Meat Products-A Mycotoxicological Review. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2211. [PMID: 38004351 PMCID: PMC10671907 DOI: 10.3390/life13112211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional meat products are commonly produced in small family businesses. However, big industries are also involved in the production of this kind of product, especially since a growing number of consumers crave the traditional taste and aromas. The popularization of original and organic products has resulted in a return to traditional production methods. Traditional meat products are produced worldwide. However, in such (domesticated) conditions there is a potential danger for mycotoxin contamination. This review aims to present the sources of mycotoxins in traditional meat products, the most common mycotoxins related to such meat products, and future prospects regarding the suppression of their occurrence. Special attention should be paid to reducing the transfer of mycotoxins via the food chain from animal feed to animals to humans (stable-to-table principle), which is also described in this review. Other sources of mycotoxins (spices, environment, etc.) should also be monitored for mycotoxins in traditional production. The importance of monitoring and regulating mycotoxins in meat products, especially in traditional meat products, is slowly being recognized by the institutions and hopefully, in the future, can deliver legally regulated limits for such products. This is especially important since meat products are available to the general population and can seriously affect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krešimir Mastanjević
- Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (K.M.); (D.K.); (V.K.)
| | - Dragan Kovačević
- Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (K.M.); (D.K.); (V.K.)
| | - Ksenija Nešić
- Food and Feed Department, Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Smolućska 11, 11070 Beograd, Serbia;
| | - Vinko Krstanović
- Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (K.M.); (D.K.); (V.K.)
| | - Kristina Habschied
- Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (K.M.); (D.K.); (V.K.)
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4
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Lin C, Feng XL, Liu Y, Li ZC, Li XZ, Qi J. Bioinformatic Analysis of Secondary Metabolite Biosynthetic Potential in Pathogenic Fusarium. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:850. [PMID: 37623621 PMCID: PMC10455296 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium species are among the filamentous fungi with the most pronounced impact on agricultural production and human health. The mycotoxins produced by pathogenic Fusarium not only attack various plants including crops, causing various plant diseases that lead to reduced yields and even death, but also penetrate into the food chain of humans and animals to cause food poisoning and consequent health hazards. Although sporadic studies have revealed some of the biosynthetic pathways of Fusarium toxins, they are insufficient to satisfy the need for a comprehensive understanding of Fusarium toxin production. In this study, we focused on 35 serious pathogenic Fusarium species with available genomes and systematically analyzed the ubiquity of the distribution of identified Fusarium- and non-Fusarium-derived fungal toxin biosynthesis gene clusters (BGCs) in these species through the mining of core genes and the comparative analysis of corresponding BGCs. Additionally, novel sesterterpene synthases and PKS_NRPS clusters were discovered and analyzed. This work is the first to systematically analyze the distribution of related mycotoxin biosynthesis in pathogenic Fusarium species. These findings enhance the knowledge of mycotoxin production and provide a theoretical grounding for the prevention of fungal toxin production using biotechnological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xi-long Feng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Zhao-chen Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xiu-Zhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Jianzhao Qi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
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5
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Mycotoxins and Essential Oils-From a Meat Industry Hazard to a Possible Solution: A Brief Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223666. [PMID: 36429263 PMCID: PMC9688991 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The preservation of food supplies has been humankind's priority since ancient times, and it is arguably more relevant today than ever before. Food sustainability and safety have been heavily prioritized by consumers, producers, and government entities alike. In this regard, filamentous fungi have always been a health hazard due to their contamination of the food substrate with mycotoxins. Additionally, mycotoxins are proven resilient to technological processing. This study aims to identify the main mycotoxins that may occur in the meat and meat products "Farm to Fork" chain, along with their effect on the consumers' health, and also to identify effective methods of prevention through the use of essential oils (EO). At the same time, the antifungal and antimycotoxigenic potential of essential oils was considered in order to provide an overview of the subject. Targeting the main ways of meat products' contamination, the use of essential oils with proven in vitro or in situ efficacy against certain fungal species can be an effective alternative if all the associated challenges are addressed (e.g., application methods, suitability for certain products, toxicity).
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6
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Bryła M, Pierzgalski A, Zapaśnik A, Uwineza PA, Ksieniewicz-Woźniak E, Modrzewska M, Waśkiewicz A. Recent Research on Fusarium Mycotoxins in Maize—A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11213465. [PMID: 36360078 PMCID: PMC9659149 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most susceptible crops to pathogenic fungal infections, and in particular to the Fusarium species. Secondary metabolites of Fusarium spp.—mycotoxins are not only phytotoxic, but also harmful to humans and animals. They can cause acute or chronic diseases with various toxic effects. The European Union member states apply standards and legal regulations on the permissible levels of mycotoxins in food and feed. This review summarises the most recent knowledge on the occurrence of toxic secondary metabolites of Fusarium in maize, taking into account modified forms of mycotoxins, the progress in research related to the health effects of consuming food or feed contaminated with mycotoxins, and also the development of biological methods for limiting and/or eliminating the presence of the same in the food chain and in compound feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Bryła
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Pierzgalski
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zapaśnik
- Department of Microbiology, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pascaline Aimee Uwineza
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
| | - Edyta Ksieniewicz-Woźniak
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Modrzewska
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61-848-78-41
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7
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van den Brand AD, Bokkers BGH, te Biesebeek JD, Mengelers MJB. Combined Exposure to Multiple Mycotoxins: An Example of Using a Tiered Approach in a Mixture Risk Assessment. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050303. [PMID: 35622550 PMCID: PMC9145316 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans are exposed to mycotoxins on a regular basis. Exposure to a mixture of mycotoxins may, therefore, result in a combination of adverse effects, or trigger the same effects. This should be accounted for when assessing the combined risk of multiple mycotoxins. Here, we show the outcome of using different approaches in assessing the risks related to the combined exposure to mycotoxins. We performed a tiered approach using assessment groups with a common target organ (kidney, liver and haematologic system), or a common adverse effect (phenomenon) (reduced white blood cell count), to combine the exposure to mycotoxins. The combined exposure was calculated for the individuals in this assessment, using the Monte Carlo Risk Assessment (MCRA) tool. The risk related to this combined exposure was assessed using toxicological reference values, e.g., health based guidance values. We show that estimating the combined risk by adding the single compounds’ risk distributions slightly overestimates the combined risk in the 95th percentile, as compared to combining the exposures at an individual level. We also show that relative potency factors can be used to refine the mixture risk assessment, as compared to ratios of toxicological reference values with different effect sizes and assessment factors.
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8
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Determination of Multiple Mycotoxins and Their Natural Occurrence in Edible Vegetable Oils Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112795. [PMID: 34829076 PMCID: PMC8619327 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of mycotoxins is often increased by the climatic conditions prevailing in tropical regions. Reports have revealed the contamination of mycotoxins in some types of vegetable oil. However, vegetable oil is one of the essential ingredients used in food preparation. Thus, this study determined the occurrence of multi-mycotoxins in six types of vegetable oils commercially available in Thailand to assess the consumer health risk. In total, 300 vegetable oil samples (olive oil, palm oil, soybean oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, and rice bran oil) collected from various markets in Thailand were analyzed for the presence of nine mycotoxins, namely, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), aflatoxin G2 (AFG2), beauvericin (BEA), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisin B1 (FB1), and fumonisin B2 (FB2) using a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS)-based procedure and a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization source. The incidences of mycotoxin contamination varied among the different types of oil samples. AFB1, AFB2, ZEA, FB1, and FB2 were most frequently found in contaminated samples. AFB2, BEA, ZEA, FB1, and FB2 contaminated olive oil samples, whereas AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, and OTA contaminated palm oil samples. AFB1, AFB2, and ZEA were found in soybean oils, whereas ZEA, FB1, and FB2 contaminated corn oil samples. AFB1 and AFG1 contaminated sunflower oil samples, whereas AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and OTA were detected in rice bran oil samples. However, the contamination levels of the analyzed mycotoxins were below the regulatory limits.
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9
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Gnat S, Łagowski D, Nowakiewicz A, Dyląg M. A global view on fungal infections in humans and animals: opportunistic infections and microsporidioses. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:2095-2113. [PMID: 33556223 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
After cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases are the second most common cause of death worldwide. Although these infections are caused mainly by viruses or bacteria, a systematically growing prevalence of human and animal opportunistic fungal infections is noticeable worldwide. More attention is being paid to this problem, especially due to the growing frequency of recalcitrant and recurrent mycoses. The latter are classically divided into superficial, which are the most common type, subcutaneous, and systemic. This work discusses opportunistic fungal pathogens without proven horizontal transmission between different animal species including humans and microsporidia as spore-forming unicellular parasites related to fungi; however, with a yet undetermined taxonomic position. The review also mentions aetiological agents, risk factors, epidemiology, geographical distribution, and finally symptoms characteristic for individual disease entities. This paper provides insight into fungal infections from a global perspective and simultaneously draws attention to emerging pathogens, whose prevalence is continuously increasing. Finally, this work also takes into consideration the correct nomenclature of fungal disease entities and the importance of secondary metabolites in the pathogenesis of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gnat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - D Łagowski
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - A Nowakiewicz
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - M Dyląg
- Department of Mycology and Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
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10
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Poapolathep S, Klangkaew N, Zhang Z, Giorgi M, Logrieco AF, Poapolathep A. Simultaneous Determination of Ergot Alkaloids in Swine and Dairy Feeds Using Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:724. [PMID: 34679017 PMCID: PMC8540808 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergot alkaloids (EAs) are mycotoxins mainly produced by the fungus Claviceps purpurea. EAs are known to affect the nervous system and to be vasoconstrictors in humans and animals. This work presents recent advances in swine and dairy feeds regarding 11 major EAs, namely ergometrine, ergosine, ergotamine, ergocornine, ergocryptine, ergocristine, ergosinine, ergotaminine, ergocorninine, ergocryptinine, and ergocristinine. A reliable, sensitive, and accurate multiple mycotoxin method, based on extraction with a Mycosep 150 multifunctional column prior to analysis using UHPLC-MS/MS, was validated using samples of swine feed (100) and dairy feed (100) for the 11 targeted EAs. Based on the obtained validation results, this method showed good performance recovery and inter-day and intra-day precision that are in accordance with standard criteria to ensure reliable occurrence data on EA contaminants. More than 49% of the swine feed samples were contaminated with EAs, especially ergocryptine(-ine) (40%) and ergosine (-ine) and ergotamine (-ine) (37%). However, many of the 11 EAs were not detectable in any swine feed samples. In addition, there were contaminated (positive) dairy feed samples, especially for ergocryptine (-ine) (50%), ergosine (-ine) (48%), ergotamine (-ine), and ergocristine (-ine) (49%). The mycotoxin levels in the feed samples in this study almost complied with the European Union regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (S.P.); (N.K.)
| | - Narumol Klangkaew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (S.P.); (N.K.)
| | - Zhaowei Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China;
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
| | | | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (S.P.); (N.K.)
- Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology (AG-BIO/MHESI), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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11
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Schaarschmidt S, Fauhl-Hassek C. The fate of mycotoxins during secondary food processing of maize for human consumption. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 20:91-148. [PMID: 33443798 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are naturally occurring fungal metabolites that are associated with health hazards and are widespread in cereals including maize. The most common mycotoxins in maize that occur at relatively high levels are fumonisins (FBs), zearalenone, and aflatoxins; furthermore, other mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A are frequently present in maize. For these toxins, maximum levels are laid down in the European Union (EU) for maize raw materials and maize-based foods. The current review article gives a comprehensive overview on the different mycotoxins (including mycotoxins not regulated by EU law) and their fate during secondary processing of maize, based on the data published in the scientific literature. Furthermore, potential compliance with the EU maximum levels is discussed where appropriate. In general, secondary processing can impact mycotoxins in various ways. Besides changes in mycotoxin levels due to fractionation, dilution, and/or concentration, mycotoxins can be affected in their chemical structure (causing degradation or modification) or be released from or bound to matrix components. In the current review, a special focus is set on the effect on mycotoxins caused by different heat treatments, namely, baking, roasting, frying, (pressure) cooking, and extrusion cooking. Production processes involving multiple heat treatments are exemplified with the cornflakes production. For that, potential compliance with FB maximum levels was assessed. Moreover, effects of fermentation of maize matrices and production of maize germ oil are covered by this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Schaarschmidt
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Fauhl-Hassek
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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12
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Mwihia EW, Lyche JL, Mbuthia PG, Ivanova L, Uhlig S, Gathumbi JK, Maina JG, Eshitera EE, Eriksen GS. Co-Occurrence and Levels of Mycotoxins in Fish Feeds in Kenya. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100627. [PMID: 33008105 PMCID: PMC7600487 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined the presence, levels and co-occurrence of mycotoxins in fish feeds in Kenya. Seventy-eight fish feeds and ingredients were sampled from fish farms and fish feed manufacturing plants and analysed for 40 mycotoxins using high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Twenty-nine (73%) mycotoxins were identified with 76 (97%) samples testing positive for mycotoxins presence. Mycotoxins with the highest prevalences were enniatin B (91%), deoxynivalenol (76%) and fumonisin B1 (54%) while those with the highest maximum levels were sterigmatocystin (<30.5–3517.1 µg/kg); moniliformin (<218.9–2583.4 µg/kg) and ergotamine (<29.3–1895.6 µg/kg). Mycotoxin co-occurrence was observed in 68 (87%) samples. Correlations were observed between the fumonisins; enniatins B and zearalenone and its metabolites. Fish dietary exposure estimates ranged between <0.16 and 43.38 µg/kg body weight per day. This study shows evidence of mycotoxin presence and co-occurrence in fish feeds and feed ingredients in Kenya. Fish exposure to these levels of mycotoxins over a long period of time may lead to adverse health effects due to their possible additive, synergistic or antagonist toxic effects. Measures to reduce fish feed mycotoxin contamination should be taken to avoid mycotoxicosis in fish and subsequently in humans and animals through residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evalyn Wanjiru Mwihia
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton 20115, Kenya
- Department of Food Safety and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 8146, 0454 Oslo, Norway;
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Kangemi 00625, Kenya; (P.G.M.); (J.K.G.)
- Correspondence: (E.W.M.); (G.S.E.); Tel.: +254-721-417716 (E.W.M.); +47-9380-8479 (G.S.E.)
| | - Jan Ludvig Lyche
- Department of Food Safety and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 8146, 0454 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Paul Gichohi Mbuthia
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Kangemi 00625, Kenya; (P.G.M.); (J.K.G.)
| | - Lada Ivanova
- Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, Pb 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway; (L.I.); (S.U.)
| | - Silvio Uhlig
- Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, Pb 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway; (L.I.); (S.U.)
| | - James K. Gathumbi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Kangemi 00625, Kenya; (P.G.M.); (J.K.G.)
| | - Joyce G. Maina
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Kangemi 00625, Kenya;
| | - Eric Emali Eshitera
- Department of Animal Health and Production, School of Natural Resource and Animal Sciences, Maasai Mara University, P.O. Box 861, Narok 20500, Kenya;
| | - Gunnar Sundstøl Eriksen
- Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, Pb 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway; (L.I.); (S.U.)
- Correspondence: (E.W.M.); (G.S.E.); Tel.: +254-721-417716 (E.W.M.); +47-9380-8479 (G.S.E.)
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Tominaga M, Ichikawa S, Sakashita F, Tadaishi M, Shimizu M, Kobayashi-Hattori K. Anorexic action of fusarenon-x in the hypothalamus and intestine. Toxicon 2020; 187:57-64. [PMID: 32882257 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of information available on the anorexic action of fusarenon-x (FX), which is a sesquiterpenoid mycotoxin. In this study, we investigated the changes in the hypothalamus and small intestine related to appetite after oral FX exposure. The time-course change of food intake after oral FX exposure (0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 mg/kg bw) in B6C3F1 mice showed that 2.5 mg/kg bw of FX significantly suppressed food intake during 3-6 h compared to the control. Furthermore, the total food intake for 24 h was lower in the group exposed to FX than in the control. The FX exposure (2.5 mg/kg bw for 3 h) significantly increased mRNA levels of anorexic hormones (pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcription (CART)) without changing the mRNA levels of orexigenic hormones. In addition, FX exposure indicated significantly higher mRNA levels of possible downstream targets of anorexic POMC neurons, such as the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB), in the hypothalamus compared to the control. FX exposure also significantly increased the mRNA level of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β)) and activated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), which is a regulatory factor for POMC in the hypothalamus. In the intestine, FX exposure did not affect the mRNA level of anorexic peptide YY but significantly elevated that of anorexic cholecystokinin (CCK) and regulatory factors for CCK (calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), the transient receptor potential ankyrin-1 channel (TRPA1), and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 5 (TRPM5)). These results suggest that FX sequentially induces inflammatory cytokine expression, NF-κB activation, and POMC expression in the hypothalamus. FX also induces CCK expression in the intestine possibly via induction of CaSR, TRPM5, and TRPA1 expression. These changes will eventually lead to the anorexic action of FX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Tominaga
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Saori Ichikawa
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Fumiko Sakashita
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Miki Tadaishi
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Makoto Shimizu
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kobayashi-Hattori
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan.
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Li Y, Chen A, Mao X, Sun M, Yang S, Li J, You Y, Wu Y, Jiang G. Multiple antibodied based immunoaffinity columns preparation for the simultaneous analysis of deoxynivalenol and T-2 toxin in cereals by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2020; 337:127802. [PMID: 32795851 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxin are major trichothecenes contaminated in cereals, which might bring harmful effects to humans. In this research, mixed anti-DON and anti-T-2 mAb were used for multiple immunoaffinity columns (mIACs) preparation. Under the optimal conditions, column capacities were tested at 1280 ng/mL for DON and 1160 ng/mL for T-2 toxin. Regeneration investigation showed mIACs capacities were over 510 ng/mL for DON and 440 ng/mL for T-2 toxin in 10 recycle usages. Good performances were obtained when applying mIACs purification coupled UHPLC-MS/MS for spiked samples with limit of detection at 3-13 μg/kg and mean recoveries at 79.0-97.6%. Applying to estimate the exposure of DON and T-2 toxin in commercial samples, maize samples were 100% DON positive and rice samples were 40% DON positive while T-2 toxin was negative in all tested samples. The proposed method is reliable and suitable for monitoring DON and T-2 toxin in cereal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshen Li
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China.
| | - Anqi Chen
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Xin Mao
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Mingxue Sun
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Shupeng Yang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A5B9, Canada
| | - Yanli You
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Yongning Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100017, PR China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
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16
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Li X, Kleinstreuer NC, Fourches D. Hierarchical Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship Modeling Approach for Integrating Binary, Multiclass, and Regression Models of Acute Oral Systemic Toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:353-366. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinhao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Nicole C. Kleinstreuer
- Division of Intramural Research/Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, NIEHS, Research Triangle
Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Denis Fourches
- Department of Chemistry, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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Zhang X, Hu Q, Weng Q. Secondary metabolites (SMs) of Isaria cicadae and Isaria tenuipes. RSC Adv 2018; 9:172-184. [PMID: 35521576 PMCID: PMC9059538 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09039d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Both Isaria cicadae and Isaria tenuipes are important entomopathogenic fungi used in health foods and traditional herbal medicines in East Asia. However, the safety concerns for both fungal species have been attracting significant attention. Thus, surveying their secondary metabolites (SMs) will be beneficial to improving the safety of their fungal products. In the case of I. cicadae, its SMs mainly include nucleosides, amino acids, beauvericins, myriocin, and oosporein. In contrast, trichothecene derivatives, isariotins, cyclopenta benzopyrans and PKs, are found in the case of I. tenuipes. Among them, beauvericins, myriocin, oosporein and many trichothecene derivatives are toxic compounds. The toxicity and side effects of the fungal products may be related to these SMs. Thus, to ensure the safety of fungal products, the residues standards of SMs need to be reported. Furthermore, methods for the detection of their SMs and biological identification of their strains must be considered. This review gives new insight into the secondary metabolites of medical and edible fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhang
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Qiongbo Hu
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Qunfang Weng
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
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18
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Seyedmousavi S, Bosco SDMG, de Hoog S, Ebel F, Elad D, Gomes RR, Jacobsen ID, Jensen HE, Martel A, Mignon B, Pasmans F, Piecková E, Rodrigues AM, Singh K, Vicente VA, Wibbelt G, Wiederhold NP, Guillot J. Fungal infections in animals: a patchwork of different situations. Med Mycol 2018. [PMID: 29538732 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of fungal infections in both human and animals has increased over the last decades. This article represents an overview of the different categories of fungal infections that can be encountered in animals originating from environmental sources without transmission to humans. In addition, the endemic infections with indirect transmission from the environment, the zoophilic fungal pathogens with near-direct transmission, the zoonotic fungi that can be directly transmitted from animals to humans, mycotoxicoses and antifungal resistance in animals will also be discussed. Opportunistic mycoses are responsible for a wide range of diseases from localized infections to fatal disseminated diseases, such as aspergillosis, mucormycosis, candidiasis, cryptococcosis and infections caused by melanized fungi. The amphibian fungal disease chytridiomycosis and the Bat White-nose syndrome are due to obligatory fungal pathogens. Zoonotic agents are naturally transmitted from vertebrate animals to humans and vice versa. The list of zoonotic fungal agents is limited but some species, like Microsporum canis and Sporothrix brasiliensis from cats, have a strong public health impact. Mycotoxins are defined as the chemicals of fungal origin being toxic for warm-blooded vertebrates. Intoxications by aflatoxins and ochratoxins represent a threat for both human and animal health. Resistance to antifungals can occur in different animal species that receive these drugs, although the true epidemiology of resistance in animals is unknown, and options to treat infections caused by resistant infections are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi
- Molecular Microbiology Section, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology (LCMI), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sandra de M G Bosco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences-UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, and Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboudumc/CWZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Ebel
- Institut für Infektionsmedizin und Zoonosen, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Elad
- Department of Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Renata R Gomes
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Graduate Programme, Curitiba Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ilse D Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | | | - An Martel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bernard Mignon
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH (Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Frank Pasmans
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Elena Piecková
- Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karuna Singh
- Department of Zoology, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vania A Vicente
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Gudrun Wibbelt
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nathan P Wiederhold
- Fungus Testing Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jacques Guillot
- Department of Parasitology, Mycology and Dermatology, EA Dynamyc UPEC, EnvA, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
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19
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Phruksawan W, Poapolathep S, Giorgi M, Imsilp K, Sakulthaew C, Owen H, Poapolathep A. Toxicokinetic profile of fusarenon-X and its metabolite nivalenol in the goat (Capra hircus). Toxicon 2018; 153:78-84. [PMID: 30172791 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of this research was to evaluate the toxicokinetic characteristics of fusarenon-X (FX) and its metabolite, nivalenol (NIV), in goats. The amounts of FX and NIV in post-mitochondrial (S-9), microsomal and cytosolic fractions of diverse tissues of the goat were also investigated. FX was intravenously (iv) or orally (po) administered to goats at dosages of 0.25 and 1 mg/kg bw, respectively. The concentrations of FX and NIV in plasma, feces and urine were quantified by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The concentrations of FX in plasma were quantified up to 8 h with both routes of administration. A large amount of NIV (metabolite) was quantifiable in plasma, urine and feces after both administrations. The Cmax value of FX was 413.39 ± 206.84 ng/ml after po administration. The elimination half-life values were 1.64 ± 0.32 h and 4.69 ± 1.25 h after iv and po administration, respectively. In vitro experiments showed that the conversion FX-to-NIV mainly occurs in the liver microsomal fraction. This is the first study that evaluates the fate and metabolism of FX in ruminant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchalerm Phruksawan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese (lato monte), San Piero a Grado, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - Kanjana Imsilp
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Helen Owen
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Gatton, Brisbane, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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20
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Vidal A, Mengelers M, Yang S, De Saeger S, De Boevre M. Mycotoxin Biomarkers of Exposure: A Comprehensive Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1127-1155. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Vidal
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Dept. of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ghent Univ.; Ghent Belgium
| | - Marcel Mengelers
- Dept. of Food Safety; National Inst. of Public Health and the Environment; Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - Shupeng Yang
- Inst. of Apicultural Research, Chinese Acad. of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products; Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center; Ministry of Agriculture Beijing 100093 People's Republic of China
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Dept. of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ghent Univ.; Ghent Belgium
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Dept. of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ghent Univ.; Ghent Belgium
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Wu Q, Wang X, Nepovimova E, Miron A, Liu Q, Wang Y, Su D, Yang H, Li L, Kuca K. Trichothecenes: immunomodulatory effects, mechanisms, and anti-cancer potential. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3737-3785. [PMID: 29152681 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Paradoxically, trichothecenes have both immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory effects. The underlying mechanisms have not been fully explored. Early studies show that dose, exposure timing, and the time at which immune function is assessed influence whether trichothecenes act in an immunosuppressive or immunostimulatory fashion. Recent studies suggest that the immunomodulatory function of trichothecenes is also actively shaped by competing cell-survival and death-signaling pathways. Autophagy may also promote trichothecene immunosuppression, although the mechanism may be complicated. Moreover, trichothecenes may generate an "immune evasion" milieu that allows pathogens to escape host and vaccine immune defenses. Some trichothecenes, especially macrocyclic trichothecenes, also potently kill cancer cells. T-2 toxin conjugated with anti-cancer monoclonal antibodies significantly suppresses the growth of thymoma EL-4 cells and colon cancer cells. The type B trichothecene diacetoxyscirpenol specifically inhibits the tumor-promoting factor HIF-1 in cancer cells under hypoxic conditions. Trichothecin markedly inhibits the growth of multiple cancer cells with constitutively activated NF-κB. The type D macrocyclic toxin Verrucarin A is also a promising therapeutic candidate for leukemia, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and pancreatic cancer. The anti-cancer activities of trichothecenes have not been comprehensively summarized. Here, we first summarize the data on the immunomodulatory effects of trichothecenes and discuss recent studies that shed light on the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. These mechanisms include autophagy and major signaling pathways and their crosstalk. Second, the anti-cancer potential of trichothecenes and the underlying mechanisms will be discussed. We hope that this review will show how trichothecene bioactivities can be exploited to generate therapies against pathogens and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China. .,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Anca Miron
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa, Iasi, Romania
| | - Qianying Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yun Wang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Dongxiao Su
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Hualin Yang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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