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Zimna M, Brzuska G, Salát J, Růžek D, Krol E. Influence of adjuvant type and route of administration on the immunogenicity of Leishmania-derived tick-borne encephalitis virus-like particles - A recombinant vaccine candidate. Antiviral Res 2024; 228:105941. [PMID: 38901737 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a tick-borne flavivirus that induces severe central nervous system disorders. It has recently raised concerns due to an expanding geographical range and increasing infection rates. Existing vaccines, though effective, face low coverage rates in numerous TBEV endemic regions. Our previous work demonstrated the immunogenicity and full protection afforded by a TBEV vaccine based on virus-like particles (VLPs) produced in Leishmania tarentolae cells in immunization studies in a mouse model. In the present study, we explored the impact of adjuvants (AddaS03™, Alhydrogel®+MPLA) and administration routes (subcutaneous, intramuscular) on the immune response. Adjuvanted groups exhibited significantly enhanced antibody responses, higher avidity, and more balanced Th1/Th2 response. IFN-γ responses depended on the adjuvant type, while antibody levels were influenced by both adjuvant and administration routes. The combination of Leishmania-derived TBEV VLPs with Alhydrogel® and MPLA via intramuscular administration emerged as a highly promising prophylactic vaccine candidate, eliciting a robust, balanced immune response with substantial neutralization potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zimna
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Gabriela Brzuska
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Jiří Salát
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Infections, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, CZ-37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Daniel Růžek
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Infections, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, CZ-37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 735/5, CZ-62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ewelina Krol
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland.
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2
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Finke F, Hungerland J, Solov'yov IA, Schuhmann F. Different receptor models show differences in ligand binding strength and location: a computational drug screening for the tick-borne encephalitis virus. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10850-8. [PMID: 38739227 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10850-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBE) is a neurotrophic disease that has spread more rapidly throughout Europe and Asia in the past few years. At the same time, no cure or specific therapy is known to battle the illness apart from vaccination. To find a pharmacologically relevant drug, a computer-aided drug screening was initiated. Such a procedure probes a possible binding of a drug to the RNA Polymerase of TBE. The crystal structure of the receptor, however, includes missing and partially modeled regions, which rendered the structure incomplete and of questionable use for a thorough drug screening procedure. The quality of the receptor model was addressed by studying three putative structures created. We show that the choice of receptor models greatly influences the binding affinity of potential drug molecules and that the binding location could also be significantly impacted. We demonstrate that some drug candidates are unsuitable for one model but show decent results for another. Without any prejudice on the three employed receptor models, the study reveals the imperative need to investigate the receptor structure before drug binding is probed whether experimentally or computationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Finke
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Hungerland
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ilia A Solov'yov
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany.
- Research Centre for Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany.
- Center for Nanoscale Dynamics (CENAD), Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Ammerländer Heerstr. 114-118, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Fabian Schuhmann
- Niels Bohr International Academy, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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3
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Du Y, Ou L, Zheng H, Lu D, Niu Y, Bao C, Zhang M, Mi Z. Proteomic and metabolomic analysis of the serum of patients with tick-borne encephalitis. J Proteomics 2024; 298:105111. [PMID: 38331167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2024.105111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a common virus in Europe and Asia, causing around 10,000 to 10,500 infections annually. It affects the central nervous system and poses threats to public health. However, the exact molecular mechanisms of TBE pathogenesis are not yet fully understood due to the complex interactions between the virus and its host. In this study, a comprehensive analysis was conducted to characterize the serum metabolome and proteome of adult patients infected with TBEV, in comparison to a control group of healthy individuals. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was employed to monitor metabolic and proteomic alternations throughout the progression of the disease, significant physiological changes associated with different stages of the disease were identified. A total of 44 proteins and 115 metabolites exhibited significantly alternations in the sera of patients diagnosed with TBE. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses of these metabolites and proteins revealed differential enrichment of genes associated with the extracellular matrix, complement binding, hemostasis, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism between TBE patients and healthy controls. We gained valuable understanding of the specific metabolites implicated in the host's responses to TBE, establishing a basis for further research on TBE disease. SIGNIFICANCE: The current investigation revealed a comprehensive and systematic differences on TBE using LC-MS platform from human serum samples of TBE patients and healthy individuals providing the immune response to the invasion of TBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanDan Du
- Department of clinical laboratory, Inner Mongolia Forestry General Hospital (The second Clinical Medical School of Inner Mongolia, University for the Nationalities), Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - LePing Ou
- Department of clinical laboratory, Inner Mongolia Forestry General Hospital (The second Clinical Medical School of Inner Mongolia, University for the Nationalities), Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - HaiJun Zheng
- Department of clinical laboratory, Inner Mongolia Forestry General Hospital (The second Clinical Medical School of Inner Mongolia, University for the Nationalities), Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - DeSheng Lu
- Department of clinical laboratory, Inner Mongolia Forestry General Hospital (The second Clinical Medical School of Inner Mongolia, University for the Nationalities), Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - YiQing Niu
- Department of clinical laboratory, Inner Mongolia Forestry General Hospital (The second Clinical Medical School of Inner Mongolia, University for the Nationalities), Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - ChunXi Bao
- Department of clinical laboratory, Inner Mongolia Forestry General Hospital (The second Clinical Medical School of Inner Mongolia, University for the Nationalities), Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Di An Feng Xin Medical Technology Co., LTD, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - ZhiHui Mi
- Inner Mongolia Di An Feng Xin Medical Technology Co., LTD, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia, China.
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4
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Xu Y, Wang J. The Vector Competence of Asian Longhorned Ticks in Langat Virus Transmission. Viruses 2024; 16:304. [PMID: 38400079 PMCID: PMC10893034 DOI: 10.3390/v16020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Haemaphysalis longicornis (the longhorned tick), the predominant tick species in China, serves as a vector for a variety of pathogens, and is capable of transmitting the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), the causative agent of tick-borne encephalitis. However, it is unclear how these ticks transmit TBEV. Langat virus (LGTV), which has a reduced pathogenicity in humans, has been used as a surrogate for TBEV. In this study, we aimed to investigate the vector competence of H. longicornis to transmit LGTV and demonstrate the efficient acquisition and transmission of LGTV between this tick species and mice. LGTV localization was detected in several tick tissues, such as the midgut, salivary glands, and synganglion, using quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical staining with a polyclonal antibody targeting the LGTV envelope protein. We demonstrated the horizontal transmission of LGTV to different developmental stages within the same generation but did not see evidence of vertical transmission. It was interesting to note that we observed mice acting as a bridge, facilitating the transmission of LGTV to neighboring naïve ticks during blood feeding. In conclusion, the virus-vector-host model employed in this study provides valuable insights into the replication and transmission of LGTV throughout its life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China;
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Gonzalo-Nadal V, Kohl A, Rocchi M, Brennan B, Hughes J, Nichols J, Da Silva Filipe A, Dunlop JI, Fares M, Clark JJ, Tandavanitj R, Patel AH, Cloquell-Miro A, Bongers J, Deacon J, Kaczmarska A, Stalin C, Liatis T, Irving J, Gutierrez-Quintana R. Suspected tick-borne flavivirus meningoencephalomyelitis in dogs from the UK: six cases (2021). J Small Anim Pract 2024; 65:132-143. [PMID: 37956993 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tick-borne encephalitis virus and louping ill virus are neurotropic flaviviruses transmitted by ticks. Epidemiologically, tick-borne encephalitis is endemic in Europe whereas louping ill's predominant geographical distribution is the UK. Rarely, these flaviviruses affect dogs causing neurological signs. This case series aimed to describe the clinical, clinicopathological, and imaging findings, as well as the outcomes in six dogs with meningoencephalitis and/or meningomyelitis caused by a flavivirus in the UK in 2021. MATERIALS AND METHODS Observational retrospective case-series study. Clinical data were retrieved from medical records of dogs with positive serological or immunohistochemical results from three different institutions from spring to winter 2021. RESULTS Six dogs were included in the study. All dogs presented an initial phase of pyrexia and/or lethargy followed by progressive signs of spinal cord and/or intracranial disease. Magnetic resonance imaging showed bilateral and symmetrical lesions affecting the grey matter of the thalamus, pons, medulla oblongata, and thoracic or lumbar intumescences with none or mild parenchymal and meningeal contrast enhancement. Serology for tick-borne encephalitis virus was positive in five dogs with the presence of seroconversion in two dogs. The viral distinction between flaviviruses was not achieved. One dog with negative serology presented positive immunohistochemistry at post-mortem examination. Three dogs survived but presented neurological sequelae. Three dogs were euthanased due to the rapid progression of the clinical signs or static neurological signs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE These cases raise awareness of the presence of tick-borne encephalitis as an emergent disease or the increased prevalence of louping ill virus affecting dogs in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gonzalo-Nadal
- Division of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - A Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - M Rocchi
- Moredun Research Institute, Midlothian, UK
| | - B Brennan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - J Hughes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - J Nichols
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - J I Dunlop
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - M Fares
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - J J Clark
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - R Tandavanitj
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - A H Patel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - A Cloquell-Miro
- Division of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - J Bongers
- Division of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Moorview Vets, Cramlington, UK
| | | | - A Kaczmarska
- Division of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - C Stalin
- Division of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Moorview Vets, Cramlington, UK
| | - T Liatis
- Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - J Irving
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
- Harper & Keele Veterinary School, Newport, Shropshire, UK
| | - R Gutierrez-Quintana
- Division of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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6
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Zenchenko AA, Drenichev MS, Khvatov EV, Uvarova VI, Goryashchenko AS, Frolenko VS, Karpova EV, Kozlovskaya LI, Osolodkin DI, Ishmukhametov AA, Mikhailov SN, Oslovsky VE. Elongation of N 6-benzyladenosine scaffold via Pd-catalyzed C-C bond formation leads to derivatives with antiflaviviral activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 98:117552. [PMID: 38128296 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Decoration of nucleoside analogues with lipophilic groups often leads to compounds with improved antiviral activity. For example, N6-benzyladenosine derivatives containing elongated lipophilic substituents in the benzyl core efficiently inhibit reproduction of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), while N6-benzyladenosine itself potently inhibits reproduction of human enterovirus A71 (EV-A71). We have extended a series of N6-benzyladenosine analogues using effective synthetic methods of CC bond formation based on Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions (Sonogashira and Suzuki) in order to study the influence of bulky lipophilic substituents in the N6 position of adenosine on the antiviral activity against flaviviruses, such as TBEV, yellow fever virus (YFV) and West Nile virus (WNV), as well as a panel of enteroviruses including EV-A71, Echovirus 30 (E30), and poliovirus type 2 (PV2). Reproduction of tested flaviviruses appeared to be inhibited by the micromolar concentrations of the compounds, while cytotoxicity in most cases was beyond the detection limit. Time-of-addition studies demonstrated that the hit compounds inhibited the stage of viral RNA synthesis, but not the stages of the viral entry or protein translation. As a result, several new promising antiflaviviral leads have been identified. On the other hand, none of the synthesized compounds inhibited enterovirus reproduction, indicating a possibility of involvement of flavivirus-specific pathways in their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Evgeny V Khvatov
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia
| | - Victoria I Uvarova
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia
| | | | - Vasilisa S Frolenko
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Evgenia V Karpova
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Liubov I Kozlovskaya
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry I Osolodkin
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Aydar A Ishmukhametov
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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7
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Worku DA. Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): From Tick to Pathology. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6859. [PMID: 37959323 PMCID: PMC10650904 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12216859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral arthropod infection, endemic to large parts of Europe and Asia, and is characterised by neurological involvement, which can range from mild to severe, and in 33-60% of cases, it leads to a post-encephalitis syndrome and long-term morbidity. While TBE virus, now identified as Orthoflavivirus encephalitidis, was originally isolated in 1937, the pathogenesis of TBE is not fully appreciated with the mode of transmission (blood, tick, alimentary), viral strain, host immune response, and age, likely helping to shape the disease phenotype that we explore in this review. Importantly, the incidence of TBE is increasing, and due to global warming, its epidemiology is evolving, with new foci of transmission reported across Europe and in the UK. As such, a better understanding of the symptomatology, diagnostics, treatment, and prevention of TBE is required to inform healthcare professionals going forward, which this review addresses in detail. To this end, the need for robust national surveillance data and randomised control trial data regarding the use of various antivirals (e.g., Galidesivir and 7-deaza-2'-CMA), monoclonal antibodies, and glucocorticoids is required to improve the management and outcomes of TBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Adam Worku
- Infectious Diseases, Morriston Hospital, Heol Maes Eglwys, Morriston, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK;
- Public Health Wales, 2 Capital Quarter, Cardiff CF10 4BZ, UK
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8
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Butler LR, Gonzalez J, Pedra JHF, Oliva Chavez AS. Tick extracellular vesicles in host skin immunity and pathogen transmission. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:873-885. [PMID: 37591719 PMCID: PMC10528898 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Ticks can transmit a variety of human pathogens, including intracellular and extracellular bacteria, viruses, and protozoan parasites. Historically, their saliva has been of immense interest due to its anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, and anesthetic properties. Only recently, it was discovered that tick saliva contains extracellular vesicles (EVs). Briefly, it has been observed that proteins associated with EVs are important for multiple tick-borne intracellular microbial lifestyles. The impact of tick EVs on viral and intracellular bacterial pathogen transmission from the tick to the mammalian host has been shown experimentally. Additionally, tick EVs interact with the mammalian skin immune system at the bite site. The interplay between tick EVs, the transmission of pathogens, and the host skin immune system affords opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rainer Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Julia Gonzalez
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Joao H F Pedra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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9
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Shah JS, Burrascano JJ, Ramasamy R. Recombinant protein immunoblots for differential diagnosis of tick-borne relapsing fever and Lyme disease. J Vector Borne Dis 2023; 60:353-364. [PMID: 38174512 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.383641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease (LD) is caused by a group of tick-borne bacteria of the genus Borrelia termed Lyme disease Borreliae (LDB). The detection of serum antibodies to specific LDB antigens is widely used to support diagnosis of LD. Recent findings highlight a need for serological tests that can differentiate LD from tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) caused by a separate group of Borrelia species termed relapsing fever Borreliae. This is because LD and TBRF share some clinical symptoms and can occur in overlapping locations. The development of serological tests for TBRF is at an early stage compared with LD. This article reviews the application of line immunoblots (IBs), where recombinant proteins applied as lines on nitrocellulose membrane strips are used to detect antibodies in patient sera, for the diagnosis and differentiation of LD and TBRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsna S Shah
- IGeneX Inc. Milpitas; ID-FISH Technology Inc., California, USA
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10
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Svoboda P, Haviernik J, Bednar P, Matkovic M, Cervantes Rincón T, Keeffe J, Palus M, Salat J, Agudelo M, Nussenzweig MC, Cavalli A, Robbiani DF, Ruzek D. A combination of two resistance mechanisms is critical for tick-borne encephalitis virus escape from a broadly neutralizing human antibody. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113149. [PMID: 37715951 PMCID: PMC10591882 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a flavivirus that causes human neuroinfections and represents a growing health problem. The human monoclonal antibody T025 targets envelope protein domain III (EDIII) of TBEV and related tick-borne flaviviruses, potently neutralizing TBEV in vitro and in preclinical models, representing a promising candidate for clinical development. We demonstrate that TBEV escape in the presence of T025 or T028 (another EDIII-targeting human monoclonal antibody) results in virus variants of reduced pathogenicity, characterized by distinct sets of amino acid changes in EDII and EDIII that are jointly needed to confer resistance. EDIII substitution K311N impairs formation of a salt bridge critical for T025-epitope interaction. EDII substitution E230K is not on the T025 epitope but likely induces quaternary rearrangements of the virus surface because of repulsion of positively charged residues on the adjacent EDI. A combination of T025 and T028 prevents virus escape and improves neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Svoboda
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Haviernik
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bednar
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Milos Matkovic
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Tomás Cervantes Rincón
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin Palus
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Salat
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marianna Agudelo
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Davide F Robbiani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel Ruzek
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City, Japan.
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11
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Matulis GA, Sakolvaree J, Boldbaatar B, Cleary N, Takhampunya R, Poole-Smith BK, Lilak AA, Altantogtokh D, Tsogbadrakh N, Chanarat N, Youngdech N, Lindroth EJ, Fiorenzano JM, Letizia AG, von Fricken ME. Applying next generation sequencing to detect tick-pathogens in Dermacentor nuttalli, Ixodes persulcatus, and Hyalomma asiaticum collected from Mongolia. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102203. [PMID: 37290396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ticks and tick-borne diseases represent major threats to the public health of the Mongolian population, of which an estimated 26% live a traditional nomadic pastoralist lifestyle that puts them at increased risk for exposure. Ticks were collected by dragging and removal from livestock in Khentii, Selenge, Tuv, and Umnugovi aimags (provinces) during March-May 2020. Using next-generation sequencing (NGS) with confirmatory PCR and DNA sequencing, we sought to characterize the microbial species present in Dermacentor nuttalli (n = 98), Hyalomma asiaticum (n = 38), and Ixodes persulcatus (n = 72) tick pools. Rickettsia spp. were detected in 90.4% of tick pools, with Khentii, Selenge, and Tuv tick pools all having 100% pool positivity. Coxiella spp. were detected at an overall pool positivity rate of 60%, while Francisella spp. were detected in 20% of pools and Borrelia spp. detected in 13% of pools. Additional confirmatory testing for Rickettsia-positive pools demonstrated Rickettsia raoultii (n = 105), Candidatus Rickettsia tarasevichiae (n = 65) and R. slovaca/R. sibirica (n = 2), as well as the first report of Candidatus Rickettsia jingxinensis (n = 1) in Mongolia. For Coxiella spp. reads, most samples were identified as a Coxiella endosymbiont (n = 117), although Coxiella burnetii was detected in eight pools collected in Umnugovi. Borrelia species that were identified include Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (n = 3), B. garinii (n = 2), B. miyamotoi (n = 16), and B. afzelii (n = 3). All Francisella spp. reads were identified as Francisella endosymbiont species. Our findings emphasize the utility of NGS to provide baseline data across multiple tick-borne pathogen groups, which in turn can be used to inform health policy, determine regions for expanded surveillance, and guide risk mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham A Matulis
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Jira Sakolvaree
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate of the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMD-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bazartseren Boldbaatar
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Nora Cleary
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Ratree Takhampunya
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate of the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMD-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - B Katherine Poole-Smith
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate of the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMD-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Abigail A Lilak
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Nitima Chanarat
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate of the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMD-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nittayaphon Youngdech
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate of the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMD-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Erica J Lindroth
- Department of Entomology, US Army Medical Directorate of the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMD-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Michael E von Fricken
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
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12
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Pereira PDC, Diniz DG, da Costa ER, Magalhães NGDM, da Silva ADJF, Leite JGS, Almeida NIP, Cunha KDN, de Melo MAD, Vasconcelos PFDC, Diniz JAP, Brites D, Anthony DC, Diniz CWP, Guerreiro-Diniz C. Genes, inflammatory response, tolerance, and resistance to virus infections in migratory birds, bats, and rodents. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1239572. [PMID: 37711609 PMCID: PMC10497949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1239572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Normally, the host immunological response to viral infection is coordinated to restore homeostasis and protect the individual from possible tissue damage. The two major approaches are adopted by the host to deal with the pathogen: resistance or tolerance. The nature of the responses often differs between species and between individuals of the same species. Resistance includes innate and adaptive immune responses to control virus replication. Disease tolerance relies on the immune response allowing the coexistence of infections in the host with minimal or no clinical signs, while maintaining sufficient viral replication for transmission. Here, we compared the virome of bats, rodents and migratory birds and the molecular mechanisms underlying symptomatic and asymptomatic disease progression. We also explore the influence of the host physiology and environmental influences on RNA virus expression and how it impacts on the whole brain transcriptome of seemingly healthy semipalmated sandpiper (Calidris pusilla) and spotted sandpiper (Actitis macularius). Three time points throughout the year were selected to understand the importance of longitudinal surveys in the characterization of the virome. We finally revisited evidence that upstream and downstream regulation of the inflammatory response is, respectively, associated with resistance and tolerance to viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Douglas Corrêa Pereira
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Daniel Guerreiro Diniz
- Seção de Hepatologia, Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Ramos da Costa
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Nara Gyzely de Morais Magalhães
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Anderson de Jesus Falcão da Silva
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Gizele Sousa Leite
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Natan Ibraim Pires Almeida
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Kelle de Nazaré Cunha
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Mauro André Damasceno de Melo
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Seção de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - José Antonio Picanço Diniz
- Seção de Hepatologia, Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Dora Brites
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniel Clive Anthony
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cristovam Wanderley Picanço Diniz
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Cristovam Guerreiro-Diniz
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
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13
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Jakimovski D, Mateska S, Dimitrova E, Bosilkovski M, Mijatović D, Simin V, Bogdan I, Grujić J, Budakov-Obradović Z, Meletis E, Kostoulas P, Cabezas-Cruz A, Banović P. Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus and Borrelia burgdorferi Seroprevalence in Balkan Tick-Infested Individuals: A Two-Centre Study. Pathogens 2023; 12:922. [PMID: 37513769 PMCID: PMC10385890 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lyme borreliosis (LB) and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) are important tick-borne diseases in Europe. This study aimed to investigate the seroreactivity against Borrelia burgdorferi and TBE virus (TBEV) in tick-infested individuals in North Macedonia and Serbia. Serum samples were collected from tick-infested individuals and from healthy individuals in the same regions. Samples were tested for anti-Borrelia IgG reactivity and TBEV-neutralizing antibodies. Results showed higher seroreactivity against Borrelia antigens in patients and healthy donors from Novi Sad compared to those from the Skopje region. However, there was no statistically significant difference between tick-infested patients and healthy donors within each region. No TBEV-neutralizing antibodies were detected in participants from Novi Sad or in the control groups, except for one person from North Macedonia who had a moderate TBEV-neutralizing reaction. The study highlights the need for improved surveillance and diagnostic capabilities for LB and TBE in these regions. It also suggests the potential existence of TBEV foci in North Macedonia. The findings provide a complementary understanding of the LB and TBE epidemiology in the studied regions; however, further research is needed to investigate the presence and distribution of Borrelia spp. and TBEV in ticks to assess the significance of detected seroreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Jakimovski
- Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
- University Clinic for Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Sofija Mateska
- University Clinic for Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Emilija Dimitrova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, City General Hospital 8th September, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Mile Bosilkovski
- Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
- University Clinic for Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Dragana Mijatović
- Department for Research and Monitoring of Rabies and Other Zoonoses, Pasteur Institute Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Verica Simin
- Department of Microbiology, Pasteur Institute Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ivana Bogdan
- Department of Microbiology, Pasteur Institute Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Grujić
- Blood Transfusion Institute Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Zorana Budakov-Obradović
- Blood Transfusion Institute Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Eleftherios Meletis
- Faculty of Public and One Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 24410 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Polychronis Kostoulas
- Faculty of Public and One Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 24410 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Pavle Banović
- Clinic for Lyme Borreliosis and Other Tick-Borne Diseases, Pasteur Institute Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Department of Microbiology with Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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14
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Tang WD, Tang HL, Peng HR, Ren RW, Zhao P, Zhao LJ. Inhibition of tick-borne encephalitis virus in cell cultures by ribavirin. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1182798. [PMID: 37378295 PMCID: PMC10291047 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1182798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) belonging to arboviruses is a major member of zoonotic pathogens. TBEV infection causes severe human encephalitis without specific antiviral drugs. Due to its use of antiviral drug against a wide range of viruses, we investigated antiviral effect of ribavirin against TBEV in susceptible human cell lines A549 and SH-SY5Y. Ribavirin displayed minor cytotoxicity on multiple cell lines. Ribavirin obviously impaired TBEV replication and protected the infected cells from cytopathic effect. Importantly, ribavirin markedly inhibited TBEV propagation, as evidenced by impairment of TBEV production and viral RNA replication. Treatment with ribavirin (co-treatment and post-treatment) led to a dose-dependent reduction in TBEV titers as well as the viral RNA levels. Antiviral protein myxovirus resistance A mRNA expression was significantly up-regulated and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 was activated in TBEV-infected A549 cells upon the ribavirin treatment. Induction of inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha by TBEV was decreased in A549 cells with the treatment of ribavirin, whereas interleukin 1 beta release appeared to be unaffected. These results suggest that ribavirin might represent a promising safe and effective antiviral drug against TBEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Da Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Lin Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao-Ran Peng
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-Wen Ren
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Southern Theater Command, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan-Juan Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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15
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Wójcik-Fatla A, Krzowska-Firych J, Czajka K, Nozdryn-Płotnicka J, Sroka J. The Consumption of Raw Goat Milk Resulted in TBE in Patients in Poland, 2022 "Case Report". Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050653. [PMID: 37242323 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The alimentary route is the second most important route of tick-borne encephalitis infection. In Poland, the last TBE case due to the consumption of unpasteurized milk or dairy products of infected animals was recorded in 2017 as the fourth documented outbreak of TBEV infection in the country. In this study, two patients infected with TBEV through consumption of unpasteurized goat's milk from one source are described from a cluster of eight cases. In August and September 2022, a 63- and 67-year-old woman were hospitalized at the Infectious Diseases Clinic of the Institute of Rural Health (Lublin, Poland). The patients denied been recently bitten by a tick, and neither had been vaccinated against TBEV. The disease had a biphasic course. In the first case, the patient suffered from a fever, spine pain, and muscle weakness and paresis of the lower left limb. The second patient suffered from fever, vertigo, headaches, abdominal pain, and diarrhoea. The results of IgM and IgG antibodies were positive in both cases. After three weeks hospitalization, the patients were discharged in good condition. In one case, slight hearing impairment was observed. Vaccination and avoiding the consumption of unpasteurized milk remain the most effective ways to prevent tick-borne encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Wójcik-Fatla
- Department of Health Biohazards and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Krzowska-Firych
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Czajka
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Jacek Sroka
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Aleja Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
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16
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Luan Y, Gou J, Zhong D, Ma L, Yin C, Shu M, Liu G, Lin Q. The Tick-Borne Pathogens: An Overview of China's Situation. Acta Parasitol 2023; 68:1-20. [PMID: 36642777 PMCID: PMC9841149 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00658-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ticks are important medical arthropods that can transmit hundreds of pathogens, such as parasites, bacteria, and viruses, leading to serious public health burdens worldwide. Unexplained fever is the most common clinical manifestation of tick-borne diseases. Since the emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the surge of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases led to the hospital overload and fewer laboratory tests for tick-borne diseases. Therefore, it is essential to review the tick-borne pathogens and further understand tick-borne diseases. PURPOSE The geographic distribution and population of ticks in the Northern hemisphere have expanded while emerging tick-borne pathogens have been introduced to China continuously. This paper focused on the tick-borne pathogens that are threatening public health in the world. Their medical significant tick vectors, as well as the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control measures, are emphasized in this document. METHODS In this study, all required data were collected from articles indexed in English databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. RESULTS Ticks presented a great threat to the economy and public health. Although both infections by tick-borne pathogens and SARS-CoV-2 have fever symptoms, the history of tick bite and its associated symptoms such as encephalitis or eschar could be helpful for the differential diagnosis. Additionally, as a carrier of vector ticks, migratory birds may play a potential role in the geographical expansion of ticks and tick-borne pathogens during seasonal migration. CONCLUSION China should assess the risk score of vector ticks and clarify the potential role of migratory birds in transmitting ticks. Additionally, the individual and collective protection, vector control, comprehensive surveillance, accurate diagnosis, and symptomatic treatment should be carried out, to meet the challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Luan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jingmin Gou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongjie Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Li Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuansong Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Minfeng Shu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Qing Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China.
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17
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Trozzi G, Adjadj NR, Vervaeke M, Matthijs S, Sohier C, De Regge N. Comparison of Serological Methods for Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus-Specific Antibody Detection in Wild Boar and Sheep: Impact of the Screening Approach on the Estimated Seroprevalence. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020459. [PMID: 36851673 PMCID: PMC9958861 DOI: 10.3390/v15020459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a flavivirus transmitted by ticks. Serological screenings in animals are performed to estimate the prevalence and distribution of TBEV. Most screenings consist of a primary screening by ELISA, followed by confirmation of positive samples by plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNTs). In this study, 406 wild boar sera were tested with 2 regularly used commercial ELISAs for flavivirus screening in animals (Immunozym FSME (TBEV) IgG All Species (Progen) and ID Screen West Nile Competition (Innovative Diagnostics)) and PRNTs for TBEV and USUTU virus. The results showed that the Immunozym and IDScreen ELISAs had low relative sensitivities of 23% and 20%, respectively, compared to the PRNT results. The relative specificities were 88% and 84% due to cross reactions with USUTU virus-specific antibodies. The minimal TBEV prevalence in our sample set was 8.6% when determined by PRNT. When the screening approach of ELISA testing followed by PRNT confirmation was applied, a TBEV seroprevalence of only 2.0% and 1.7% was found. The suboptimal performance of the ELISAs was confirmed by testing sera collected from experimentally TBEV-infected sheep. While the PRNT detected TBEV specific antibodies in 94% of samples collected between 7 and 18 days post-infection, the ELISAs classified only 50% and 31% of the samples as positive. Both routinely used ELISAs for TBEV antibody screening in animal sera were shown to have a low sensitivity, potentially leading to an underestimation of the true prevalence, and furthermore cross-react with other flavivirus antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Trozzi
- Unit of Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence:
| | - Nadjah Radia Adjadj
- Unit of Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Severine Matthijs
- Viral Reemerging, Enzootic and Bee Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Sohier
- Unit of Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nick De Regge
- Unit of Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
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18
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Zimna M, Brzuska G, Salát J, Svoboda P, Baranska K, Szewczyk B, Růžek D, Krol E. Functional characterization and immunogenicity of a novel vaccine candidate against tick-borne encephalitis virus based on Leishmania-derived virus-like particles. Antiviral Res 2023; 209:105511. [PMID: 36581050 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a major cause of neurological infections in many regions of central, eastern and northern Europe and northern Asia. In approximately 15% of cases, TBEV infections lead to the development of severe encephalitis or meningitis. The main route of TBEV transmission is tick bites; however, ingestion of dairy products from infected animals (goats, cattle and sheep) is also a frequent cause of the disease. Therefore, vaccination of livestock in virus endemic regions could also contribute to the decrease in TBEV infection among humans. Although few vaccines against TBEV based on inactivated viruses are available for humans, due to high costs, vaccination is not mandatory in most of the affected countries. Moreover, there is still no vaccine for veterinary use. Here, we present a characterization and immunogenicity study of a new potential TBEV vaccine based on virus-like particles (VLPs) produced in Leishmania tarentolae cells. VLPs, which mimic native viral particles but do not contain genetic material, show good immunogenic potential. For the first time, we showed that the protozoan L. tarentolae expression system can be successfully used for the production of TBEV virus-like particles with highly efficient production. We confirmed that TBEV recombinant structural proteins (prM/M and E) from VLPs are highly recognized by neutralizing antibodies in in vitro analyses. Therefore, VLPs in combination with AddaVax adjuvant were used in immunization studies in a mouse model. VLPs proved to be highly immunogenic and induced the production of high levels of neutralizing antibodies. In a challenge experiment, immunization with VLPs provided full protection from lethal TBE in mice. Thus, we suggest that Leishmania-derived VLPs may be a good candidate for a safe alternative human vaccine with high efficiency of production. Moreover, this potential vaccine candidate may constitute a low-cost candidate for veterinary use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zimna
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Gabriela Brzuska
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Jiří Salát
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Infections, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ, 62100, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, CZ, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Svoboda
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Infections, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ, 62100, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, CZ, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 735/5, CZ, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackeho Tr. 1946/1, 61242, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Klaudia Baranska
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Boguslaw Szewczyk
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Daniel Růžek
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Infections, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ, 62100, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, CZ, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 735/5, CZ, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ewelina Krol
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland.
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19
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Liu X, Chen X, Dong Y, Zhang C, Qu X, Lei Y, Jiang Z, Wei X. Multiple virus sorting based on aptamer-modified microspheres in a TSAW device. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:64. [PMID: 37213822 PMCID: PMC10192341 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00523-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Due to the overlapping epidemiology and clinical manifestations of flaviviruses, differential diagnosis of these viral diseases is complicated, and the results are unreliable. There is perpetual demand for a simplified, sensitive, rapid and inexpensive assay with less cross-reactivity. The ability to sort distinct virus particles from a mixture of biological samples is crucial for improving the sensitivity of diagnoses. Therefore, we developed a sorting system for the subsequent differential diagnosis of dengue and tick-borne encephalitis in the early stage. We employed aptamer-modified polystyrene (PS) microspheres with different diameters to specifically capture dengue virus (DENV) and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), and utilized a traveling surface acoustic wave (TSAW) device to accomplish microsphere sorting according to particle size. The captured viruses were then characterized by laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT‒PCR). The characterization results indicated that the acoustic sorting process was effective and damage-free for subsequent analysis. Furthermore, the strategy can be utilized for sample pretreatment in the differential diagnosis of viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglian Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
| | - Xuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
| | - Yangchao Dong
- Department of Microbiology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Chuanyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
| | - Xiaoli Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
| | - Yingfeng Lei
- Department of Microbiology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Zhuangde Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
| | - Xueyong Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
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20
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Avila-Bonilla RG, Salas-Benito JS. Interactions of host miRNAs in the flavivirus 3´UTR genome: From bioinformatics predictions to practical approaches. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:976843. [PMID: 36310869 PMCID: PMC9606609 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.976843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Flavivirus of the Flaviviridae family includes important viruses, such as Dengue, Zika, West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, Murray Valley encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, Yellow fever, Saint Louis encephalitis, and Usutu viruses. They are transmitted by mosquitoes or ticks, and they can infect humans, causing fever, encephalitis, or haemorrhagic fever. The treatment resources for these diseases and the number of vaccines available are limited. It has been discovered that eukaryotic cells synthesize small RNA molecules that can bind specifically to sequences present in messenger RNAs to inhibit the translation process, thus regulating gene expression. These small RNAs have been named microRNAs, and they have an important impact on viral infections. In this review, we compiled the available information on miRNAs that can interact with the 3’ untranslated region (3’UTR) of the flavivirus genome, a conserved region that is important for viral replication and translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Gamaliel Avila-Bonilla
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Rodolfo Gamaliel Avila-Bonilla, ; Juan Santiago Salas-Benito,
| | - Juan Santiago Salas-Benito
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Moleculart 3, Maestría en Ciencias en Biomedicina Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Rodolfo Gamaliel Avila-Bonilla, ; Juan Santiago Salas-Benito,
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21
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Zhang M, Tian J, Li H, Cang M. The comparative genomic analysis provides insights into the phylogeny and virulence of tick-borne encephalitis virus vaccine strain Senzhang. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273565. [PMID: 36018897 PMCID: PMC9417034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is one of the most dangerous tick-borne viral pathogens for humans. It can cause severe tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), multiple neurological complications, and death. The European subtype (TBEV-Eu), Siberian subtype (TBEV-Sib), and Far-Eastern subtype (TBEV-FE) are three main TBEV subtypes, causing varying clinical manifestations. Though TBEV-FE is the most virulent TBEV subtype, the degree of variation in the amino acid sequence of TBEV polyprotein is not high, leaving an issue without proper explanation. We performed phylogenic analysis on 243 TBEV strains and then took Senzhang strain as a query strain and representative strains of three major TBEV subtypes as reference strains to perform the comparative genomic analysis, including synteny analysis, SNP analysis, InDel analysis, and multiple sequence alignment of their envelope (E) proteins. The results demonstrated that insertions or deletions of large fragments occurred at the 3’ end but not at the 5’ end or in the CDS region of TBEV Senzhang strain. In addition, SNP sites are mainly located in the CDS region, with few SNP sites in the non-coding region. Our data highlighted the insertions or deletions of large fragments at the 3’ end and SNP sites in the CDS region as genomic properties of the TBEV Senzhang strain compared to representative strains with the main subtypes. These features are probably related to the virulence of the TBEV Senzhang strain and could be considered in future vaccine development and drug target screening for TBEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingyong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongying Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongliao City General Hospital, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Cang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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22
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The Prevalence of Asymptomatic Infections with Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus and Attitude towards Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccine in the Endemic Area of Northeastern Poland. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081294. [PMID: 36016182 PMCID: PMC9412675 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In Poland, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccination rate is low despite high incidence of severe infections with TBE virus (TBEV). However, infection with TBEV can be asymptomatic or mild, which makes the total number of cases difficult to assess. We aimed at assessing asymptomatic TBEV infections and describing attitudes towards the TBE vaccine. We studied 298 healthy adult blood donors and 180 children from the TBE endemic area of northeastern Poland for the presence of anti-TBEV IgG antibodies. We also surveyed a separate cohort of 444 adults. Thirty-eight blood donors (13%) and 38 survey respondents (9%) reported a history of a prior anti-TBEV vaccination. Forty respondents (9%) reported vaccinating their child in the past. Fourteen unvaccinated blood donors (5%) and four children (2%) were seropositive for specific anti-TBEV antibodies, suggesting a history of an undiagnosed TBEV infection. In the surveyed cohort, 130 (32%) expressed their intention to be vaccinated and 144 (36%) expressed their intention to vaccinate their child. This intention was significantly higher in respondents with a recent tick-bite, a diagnosis of tick-borne disease in a close relative, and in males. Our study shows that asymptomatic TBEV infections are common. The acceptance of TBE vaccine is low, but might be increased by communicating risks associated with tick bites.
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23
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Imported Infectious Diseases, Tropical Diseases and Local Endemic Infectious Diseases in Japan. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2022; 41:e275-e282. [PMID: 35421047 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to describe the historical perspectives and the current epidemiology of tropical, imported and local endemic infectious diseases in Japan in this review. Public health legislation for infectious diseases and immigration statistics were overviewed to provide the background of the infectious disease situation in Japan. Many tropical diseases were successfully controlled and eliminated in the latter half of the 20th century and the majority of those diseases are imported today. The trend of the main 15 imported infectious diseases before the advent of COVID-19 was summarized as well as local endemic infectious diseases in Japan. Transmission risks of traditional cuisines, lifestyles and nature exposures in Japan are introduced to guide clinicians for travel advice to prevent those local infectious diseases.
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24
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Molecular basis of Tick Born encephalitis virus NS5 mediated subversion of apico-basal cell polarity signalling. Biochem J 2022; 479:1303-1315. [PMID: 35670457 PMCID: PMC9317960 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Scribble (Scrib) protein is a conserved cell polarity regulator with anti-tumorigenic properties. Viruses like the Tick-born encephalitis virus (TBEV) target Scribble to establish a cellular environment supporting viral replication, which is ultimately associated with poor prognosis upon infection. The TBEV NS5 protein has been reported to harbour both an internal as well as a C-terminal PDZ binding motif (PBM), however only the internal PBM was shown to be an interactor with Scribble, with the interaction being mediated via the Scribble PDZ4 domain to antagonize host interferon responses. We examined the NS5 PBM motif interactions with all Scribble PDZ domains using isothermal titration calorimetry, which revealed that the proposed internal PBM did not interact with any Scribble PDZ domains. Instead, the C-terminal PBM of NS5 interacted with Scrib PDZ3. We then established the structural basis of these interactions by determining crystal structures of Scrib PDZ3 bound to the NS5 C-terminal PBM. Our findings provide a structural basis for Scribble PDZ domain and TBEV NS5 interactions and provide a platform to dissect the pathogenesis of TBEV and the role of cell polarity signalling using structure guided approaches.
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25
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Maqbool M, Sajid MS, Saqib M, Anjum FR, Tayyab MH, Rizwan HM, Rashid MI, Rashid I, Iqbal A, Siddique RM, Shamim A, Hassan MA, Atif FA, Razzaq A, Zeeshan M, Hussain K, Nisar RHA, Tanveer A, Younas S, Kamran K, Rahman SU. Potential Mechanisms of Transmission of Tick-Borne Viruses at the Virus-Tick Interface. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:846884. [PMID: 35602013 PMCID: PMC9121816 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.846884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks (Acari; Ixodidae) are the second most important vector for transmission of pathogens to humans, livestock, and wildlife. Ticks as vectors for viruses have been reported many times over the last 100 years. Tick-borne viruses (TBVs) belong to two orders (Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales) containing nine families (Bunyaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Asfarviridae, Orthomyxovirida, Reoviridae, Flaviviridae, Phenuviridae, Nyamiviridae, and Nairoviridae). Among these TBVs, some are very pathogenic, causing huge mortality, and hence, deserve to be covered under the umbrella of one health. About 38 viral species are being transmitted by <10% of the tick species of the families Ixodidae and Argasidae. All TBVs are RNA viruses except for the African swine fever virus from the family Asfarviridae. Tick-borne viral diseases have also been classified as an emerging threat to public health and animals, especially in resource-poor communities of the developing world. Tick-host interaction plays an important role in the successful transmission of pathogens. The ticks' salivary glands are the main cellular machinery involved in the uptake, settlement, and multiplication of viruses, which are required for successful transmission into the final host. Furthermore, tick saliva also participates as an augmenting tool during the physiological process of transmission. Tick saliva is an important key element in the successful transmission of pathogens and contains different antimicrobial proteins, e.g., defensin, serine, proteases, and cement protein, which are key players in tick-virus interaction. While tick-virus interaction is a crucial factor in the propagation of tick-borne viral diseases, other factors (physiological, immunological, and gut flora) are also involved. Some immunological factors, e.g., toll-like receptors, scavenger receptors, Janus-kinase (JAK-STAT) pathway, and immunodeficiency (IMD) pathway are involved in tick-virus interaction by helping in virus assembly and acting to increase transmission. Ticks also harbor some endogenous viruses as internal microbial faunas, which also play a significant role in tick-virus interaction. Studies focusing on tick saliva and its role in pathogen transmission, tick feeding, and control of ticks using functional genomics all point toward solutions to this emerging threat. Information regarding tick-virus interaction is somewhat lacking; however, this information is necessary for a complete understanding of transmission TBVs and their persistence in nature. This review encompasses insight into the ecology and vectorial capacity of tick vectors, as well as our current understanding of the predisposing, enabling, precipitating, and reinforcing factors that influence TBV epidemics. The review explores the cellular, biochemical, and immunological tools which ensure and augment successful evading of the ticks' defense systems and transmission of the viruses to the final hosts at the virus-vector interface. The role of functional genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in profiling tick-virus interaction is also discussed. This review is an initial attempt to comprehensively elaborate on the epidemiological determinants of TBVs with a focus on intra-vector physiological processes involved in the successful execution of the docking, uptake, settlement, replication, and transmission processes of arboviruses. This adds valuable data to the existing bank of knowledge for global stakeholders, policymakers, and the scientific community working to devise appropriate strategies to control ticks and TBVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahvish Maqbool
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail Sajid
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saqib
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Rasheed Anjum
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Haleem Tayyab
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Narowal, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Rashid
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Imaad Rashid
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asif Iqbal
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, Riphah College of Veterinary Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rao Muhammad Siddique
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, Riphah College of Veterinary Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asim Shamim
- Department of Pathobiology, University of the Poonch Rawalakot, Rawalakot, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adeel Hassan
- Department of Parasitology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Farhan Ahmad Atif
- Medicine Section, Department of Clinical Sciences, Collège of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Pakistan
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Razzaq
- Agricultural Linkages Program, Pakistan Agriculture Research Council, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zeeshan
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Hussain
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Akasha Tanveer
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sahar Younas
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Kamran
- Department of Zoology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad ur Rahman
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Takahashi Y, Kobayashi S, Nakao R, Kariwa H, Yoshii K. Characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus isolated from tick infesting dog in central Hokkaido in 2018. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:101900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.101900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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27
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Inactivation of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Genome Using Two Methods. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020272. [PMID: 35215864 PMCID: PMC8878209 DOI: 10.3390/v14020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an Alphavirus in the Togaviridae family of positive-strand RNA viruses. The viral genome of positive-strand RNA viruses is infectious, as it produces infectious virus upon introduction into a cell. VEEV is a select agent and samples containing viral RNA are subject to additional regulations due to their infectious nature. Therefore, RNA isolated from cells infected with BSL-3 select agent strains of VEEV or other positive-strand viruses must be inactivated before removal from high-containment laboratories. In this study, we tested the inactivation of the viral genome after RNA fragmentation or cDNA synthesis, using the Trinidad Donkey and TC-83 strains of VEEV. We successfully inactivated VEEV genomic RNA utilizing these two protocols. Our cDNA synthesis method also inactivated the genomic RNA of eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses (EEEV and WEEV). We also tested whether the purified VEEV genomic RNA can produce infectious virions in the absence of transfection. Our result showed the inability of the viral genome to cause infection without being transfected into the cells. Overall, this work introduces RNA fragmentation and cDNA synthesis as reliable methods for the inactivation of samples containing the genomes of positive-strand RNA viruses.
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28
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The manifestation of myositis in tick-borne encephalitis as a prophet of severe disease course: a rare case report. Clin Rheumatol 2022; 41:1241-1245. [PMID: 35024987 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-022-06058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is one of the most serious neurological tick-transmitted diseases. The initial phase usually occurs with non-specific symptoms such as fever, headache, and muscular pain. The clinical spectrum of the second phase of the disease typically ranges from mild meningitis to severe meningoencephalitis. Our case demonstrates a rare clinical case of acute myositis as manifestation of TBE virus infection. A 33-year-old female was admitted to the Rheumatology centre with a fever followed by proximal muscle pain and weakness. Despite the tick bite history and marginally positive anti-TBE virus IgM titre, the patient did not present any neurological symptoms. Laboratory test results showed elevated creatine kinase (CK) and myoglobin. Other infections, idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, were excluded. TBE virus infection was confirmed by rapid seroconversion of specific IgG class antibodies in serum. The second phase of the disease was followed by neurological symptoms and a repeated increase of CK and myoglobin. We suggest that in the case of acute myositis of unknown cause and the history of thick bite, TBE virus infection should be considered and creatine kinase might be considered as a laboratory marker of disease activity that correlates with the severity of the disease.
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29
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Czupryna P, Kulczyńka-Przybik A, Mroczko B, Wondim MA, Grygorczuk S, Borawski K, Pancewicz S, Moniuszko-Malinowska A. Assessment of the YKL-40 concentration in patients with tick-borne encephalitis. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:101895. [PMID: 35042079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.101895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). It might take several clinical courses such as: meningitis, meningoencephalitis or meningoencephalomyelitis. The aim this study was to compare the YKL-40 concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with different clinical presentations of TBE and patients with excluded meningitis (control group). The concentration of YKL-40 in CSF was determined using Fujirebio tests (Ghent, Belgium) in 32 patients with TBE: Group I-patients with meningoencephalitis (n = 16); Group II-patients with meningitis (n = 16). The control group (CG) consisted of 17 patients in whom any inflammatory process in central nervous system was excluded. The concentration of YKL-40 was significantly higher in encephalitis group than in the CG after 7 days from the last dose of treatment. The concentration in patients with neuroinflammation had a significantly different concentration of YKL-40 compared to patients from the neuroinflammation control group. The ROC curve analysis indicates that CSF YKL-40 concentration at cut-off 783.87 differentiated TBE patients from CG with 100% specificity and 70% sensitivity and CSF YKL-40 concentration at cut-off 980.11 differentiated meningitis from meningoencephalitis with 87.5% specificity and 62.5% sensitivity. YKL-40 takes part in TBE pathogenesis, its concentration is the highest at the early stage of CNS involvement and decreases in the convalescent period. As YKL-40 was significantly higher in the meningitis than in the meningoencephalitis group, it might be used as biomarker in differentiation of these clinical forms of TBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Czupryna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, Zurawia 14, Białystok 15-540, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Kulczyńka-Przybik
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University in Białystok, Jerzego Waszyngtona 15A, Białystok 15-269, Poland.
| | - Barbara Mroczko
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University in Białystok, Jerzego Waszyngtona 15A, Białystok 15-269, Poland.
| | - Mulugeta A Wondim
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, Zurawia 14, Białystok 15-540, Poland.
| | - Sambor Grygorczuk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, Zurawia 14, Białystok 15-540, Poland.
| | - Karol Borawski
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, Zurawia 14, Białystok 15-540, Poland.
| | - Sławomir Pancewicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, Zurawia 14, Białystok 15-540, Poland.
| | - Anna Moniuszko-Malinowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, Zurawia 14, Białystok 15-540, Poland.
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30
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Ličková M, Fumačová Havlíková S, Sláviková M, Klempa B. Alimentary Infections by Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus. Viruses 2021; 14:56. [PMID: 35062261 PMCID: PMC8779402 DOI: 10.3390/v14010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) causes serious the neurological disease, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). TBEV can be transmitted to humans by ticks as well as by the alimentary route, which is mediated through the consumption of raw milk products from infected ruminants such as sheep, goats, and cows. The alimentary route of TBEV was recognized in the early 1950s and many important experimental studies were performed shortly thereafter. Nowadays, alimentary TBEV infections are recognized as a relevant factor contributing to the overall increase in TBE incidences in Europe. This review aims to summarize the history and current extent of alimentary TBEV infections across Europe, to analyze experimental data on virus secretion in milk, and to review possible alimentary infection preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Boris Klempa
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.L.); (S.F.H.); (M.S.)
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31
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Viglietta M, Bellone R, Blisnick AA, Failloux AB. Vector Specificity of Arbovirus Transmission. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:773211. [PMID: 34956136 PMCID: PMC8696169 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.773211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 25% of human infectious diseases are vector-borne diseases (VBDs). These diseases, caused by pathogens shared between animals and humans, are a growing threat to global health with more than 2.5 million annual deaths. Mosquitoes and ticks are the main vectors of arboviruses including flaviviruses, which greatly affect humans. However, all tick or mosquito species are not able to transmit all viruses, suggesting important molecular mechanisms regulating viral infection, dissemination, and transmission by vectors. Despite the large distribution of arthropods (mosquitoes and ticks) and arboviruses, only a few pairings of arthropods (family, genus, and population) and viruses (family, genus, and genotype) successfully transmit. Here, we review the factors that might limit pathogen transmission: internal (vector genetics, immune responses, microbiome including insect-specific viruses, and coinfections) and external, either biotic (adult and larvae nutrition) or abiotic (temperature, chemicals, and altitude). This review will demonstrate the dynamic nature and complexity of virus–vector interactions to help in designing appropriate practices in surveillance and prevention to reduce VBD threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Viglietta
- Unit of Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Rachel Bellone
- Unit of Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Albert Blisnick
- Unit of Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Unit of Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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Kleeb C, Golini L, Beckmann K, Torgerson P, Steffen F. Canine Tick-Borne Encephalitis: Clinical Features, Survival Rate and Neurological Sequelae: A Retrospective Study of 54 Cases (1999-2016). Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:782044. [PMID: 34859094 PMCID: PMC8631292 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.782044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is one of the most important infectious diseases of the central nervous system in dogs from endemic areas. While in humans survival rate and long-term outcomes are well described, these data are lacking in veterinary literature. The aim of the present paper is to characterize the clinical aspects of TBE and to investigate fatality rate, long-term outcome and the long-term neurological sequelae in a population of dogs infected with TBE. We performed a retrospective analysis of 54 dogs diagnosed with TBE at the veterinary hospital of the University of Zurich between 1999 and 2016. Medical data such as signalment, clinical presentation, results of diagnostic procedures, treatment and outcome were collected and analyzed. Statistical analysis including a cox proportional hazard model using a backward stepwise regression approach was performed. In 62% of the TBE cases unspecific signs were described before the onset of neurological signs, resembling a biphasic appearance that is well known in human TBE. Case fatality rate was 33% and all dogs died within the first 4 months after diagnosis. Long-term neurological sequalae were detected in 17% of the TBE cases. For each day of clinical signs before hospital entry the odds of sequalae increased by a factor of 1.88 (CI 1.04–3.15). Older dogs and dogs presented with seizure activity had an increased hazard risk of death (Hazard ration = 1.2, p = 0.03; and 9.38, p = 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, despite TBE being a life-threatening disease with severe clinical signs, the survival rate in our study was 67%. However, long-term sequalae can be of concern especially in dogs with longer clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kleeb
- Section of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Small Animal Clinic, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Marigin Tierarztpraxis Farnenbüel, Eschenbach, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Golini
- Section of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Small Animal Clinic, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Beckmann
- Section of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Small Animal Clinic, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Torgerson
- Section of Veterinary Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frank Steffen
- Section of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Small Animal Clinic, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Luvai EAC, Uchida L, Tun MMN, Inoue S, Weiyin H, Shimoda H, Morita K, Hayasaka D. Seroepidemiological surveys of tick-borne encephalitis virus and novel tick-borne viruses in wild boar in Nagasaki, Japan. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 13:101860. [PMID: 34763307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In Japan, tick-borne viruses such as tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus have been identified in humans, animals, and ticks. In addition, novel tick-borne viruses have been isolated from ticks in Japan. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of TBEV and novel viruses, particularly Tofla virus (TFLV), Kabuto Mountain virus (KAMV), and Muko virus (MUV) in wild boar in Nagasaki, Japan. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and neutralization tests were performed to detect antibodies against each virus. Wild boar serum tested positive for antibodies against KAMV, TFLV, and TBEV, but not MUV. This study revealed the seroprevalence of newly identified tick-borne viruses and TBEV in animals residing in the Nagasaki area. The seroprevalence of these viruses in sentinel animals may inform policies aimed at preventing tick-borne virus disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ajema Chebichi Luvai
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Leo Uchida
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Mya Myat Ngwe Tun
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Shingo Inoue
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Hu Weiyin
- Laboratory of veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimoda
- Laboratory of veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
| | - Kouichi Morita
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hayasaka
- Laboratory of veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan.
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Gudowska-Sawczuk M, Mroczko B. Selected Biomarkers of Tick-Borne Encephalitis: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910615. [PMID: 34638953 PMCID: PMC8509006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an acute disease caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus. Due to the viral nature of the condition, there is no effective causal treatment for full-blown disease. Current and nonspecific TBE treatments only relieve symptoms. Unfortunately, the first phase of TBE is characterized by flu-like symptoms, making diagnosis difficult during this period. The second phase is referred to as the neurological phase as it involves structures in the central nervous system-most commonly the meninges and, in more severe cases, the brain and the spinal cord. Therefore, it is important that early markers of TBE that will guide clinical decision-making and the choice of treatment are established. In this review, we performed an extensive search of literature reports relevant to biomarkers associated with TBE using the MEDLINE/PubMed database. We observed that apart from routinely determined specific immunoglobulins, free light chains may also be useful in the evaluation of intrathecal synthesis in the central nervous system (CNS) during TBEV infection. Moreover, selected metalloproteinases, chemokines, or cytokines appear to play an important role in the pathogenesis of TBE as a consequence of inflammatory reactions and recruitment of white blood cells into the CNS. Furthermore, we reported promising findings on tau protein or Toll-like receptors. It was also observed that some people may be predisposed to TBE. Therefore, to understand the role of selected tick-borne encephalitis biomarkers, we categorized these factors and discussed their potential application in the diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring, or management of TBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Gudowska-Sawczuk
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-85-831-8703
| | - Barbara Mroczko
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland;
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
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Recovery of a Far-Eastern Strain of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus with a Full-Length Infectious cDNA Clone. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1375-1386. [PMID: 34191223 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00396-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a pathogenic virus known to cause central nervous system (CNS) diseases in humans, and has become an increasing public health threat nowadays. The rates of TBEV infection in the endemic countries are increasing. However, there is no effective antiviral against the disease. This underscores the urgent need for tools to study the emergence and pathogenesis of TBEV and to accelerate the development of vaccines and antivirals. In this study, we reported an infectious cDNA clone of TBEV that was isolated in China (the WH2012 strain). A beta-globin intron was inserted in the coding region of nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) gene to improve the stability of viral genome in bacteria. In mammalian cells, the inserted intron was excised and spliced precisely, which did not lead to the generation of inserted mutants. High titers of infectious progeny viruses were generated after the transfection of the infectious clone. The cDNA-derived TBEV replicated efficiently, and caused typical cytopathic effect (CPE) and plaques in BHK-21 cells. In addition, the CPE and growth curve of cDNA-derived virus were similar to that of its parental isolate in cells. Together, we have constructed the first infectious TBEV cDNA clone in China, and the clone can be used to investigate the genetic determinants of TBEV virulence and disease pathogenesis, and to develop countermeasures against the virus.
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36
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Free Immunoglobulin Light Chains in Patients with Tick-Borne Encephalitis: Before and after Treatment. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10132922. [PMID: 34209994 PMCID: PMC8269011 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10132922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by a viral infection which may be associated with increased synthesis of immunoglobulins. It can lead to inter alia, breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), or even death and, unfortunately, treatment is only symptomatic. Therefore, the aim of the present study was assessment of the concentrations of free light chains (FLC) kappa (κ) and lambda (λ in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of patients with TBE. Methods: A total of 58 cerebrospinal fluid and serum sample pairs were analyzed. Samples were collected from patients with TBE before and after treatment. FLC were measured using the turbidimetric method. The values of κIgG-index, λIgG-index, κFLC-index and λFLC-index were calculated using relevant formulas. Results: Pre-treatment serum λFLC concentrations were higher in comparison to post-treatment levels. Moreover, it was observed that CSF λFLC, TBEV IgM, TBEV IgG, and serum TBEV IgG, as well as the values of λFLC-index, κFLC-index, and λIgG-index were elevated after treatment. In the total study group, the concentrations of CSF κFLC and λFLC, and values of four indexes: κFLC-index, λFLC-index, κIgG-index, and λIgG-index correlated with each other and with CSF TBEV IgM and IgG antibodies. The CSF level of TBEV IgG was also associated with serum IgG TBEV and CSF IgM TBEV antibodies. Additionally, serum κFLC correlated with serum and CSF λFLC. Conclusion: This is the first study that demonstrates statistically significant differences in serum and CSF λFLC, as well as in the calculated values of three algorithms: λIgG-index, κFLC-index, and λIgG-index prior to and following treatment of TBE. Our findings may indicate that these differences reflect the intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulins and increased permeability of BBB in patients with TBE. Moreover, it could provide the basis for developing new therapeutic strategies.
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Tanaka D, Abe M, Kuroshima K, Ura S, Yoshida K, Yabe I. [A case of tick-borne encephalitis without any sequelae]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2021; 61:310-313. [PMID: 33867414 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-001555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A 43-year-old woman with a history of tick bite in the mountains in Hokkaido presented with a fever of 39°C, headache, and nausea. Cerebrospinal fluid findings indicated meningitis. On day 3 after admission, she presented with restlessness, disturbance of consciousness, and ataxic breathing, indicative of encephalitis. We administered steroid pulse therapy, tracheal intubation, and a respirator. Her symptoms improved gradually and she was able to breathe without the respirator on day 10 after admission. She was discharged on day 24 after admission with no sequelae. This is the fifth reported case of tick-borne encephalitis in Japan. In the previous four cases, the patients died or suffered severe sequelae. This is the first case without any sequelae in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Asahikawa Hospital
| | - Megumi Abe
- Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Asahikawa Hospital
| | | | - Shigehisa Ura
- Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Asahikawa Hospital
| | - Kazuto Yoshida
- Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Asahikawa Hospital
| | - Ichiro Yabe
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University
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38
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Agudelo M, Palus M, Keeffe JR, Bianchini F, Svoboda P, Salát J, Peace A, Gazumyan A, Cipolla M, Kapoor T, Guidetti F, Yao KH, Elsterová J, Teislerová D, Chrdle A, Hönig V, Oliveira T, West AP, Lee YE, Rice CM, MacDonald MR, Bjorkman PJ, Růžek D, Robbiani DF, Nussenzweig MC. Broad and potent neutralizing human antibodies to tick-borne flaviviruses protect mice from disease. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20210236. [PMID: 33831141 PMCID: PMC8040517 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is an emerging human pathogen that causes potentially fatal disease with no specific treatment. Mouse monoclonal antibodies are protective against TBEV, but little is known about the human antibody response to infection. Here, we report on the human neutralizing antibody response to TBEV in a cohort of infected and vaccinated individuals. Expanded clones of memory B cells expressed closely related anti-envelope domain III (EDIII) antibodies in both groups of volunteers. However, the most potent neutralizing antibodies, with IC50s below 1 ng/ml, were found only in individuals who recovered from natural infection. These antibodies also neutralized other tick-borne flaviviruses, including Langat, louping ill, Omsk hemorrhagic fever, Kyasanur forest disease, and Powassan viruses. Structural analysis revealed a conserved epitope near the lateral ridge of EDIII adjoining the EDI-EDIII hinge region. Prophylactic or early therapeutic antibody administration was effective at low doses in mice that were lethally infected with TBEV.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cohort Studies
- Cross Reactions/immunology
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/drug effects
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/physiology
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/prevention & control
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/virology
- Epitopes/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Survival Analysis
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Agudelo
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Martin Palus
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jennifer R. Keeffe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
| | - Filippo Bianchini
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Pavel Svoboda
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Salát
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Avery Peace
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Anna Gazumyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Melissa Cipolla
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Tania Kapoor
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Francesca Guidetti
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Kai-Hui Yao
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Jana Elsterová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Aleš Chrdle
- Hospital České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Václav Hönig
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Thiago Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Anthony P. West
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
| | - Yu E. Lee
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
| | - Charles M. Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Margaret R. MacDonald
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Pamela J. Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
| | - Daniel Růžek
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Davide F. Robbiani
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Michel C. Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
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Sasaki K, Honma M, Nakao M, Sasaki M, Hashimoto Y, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Yoshii K. Survey to detect tick-borne encephalitis virus from human-feeding ticks in Hokkaido, Japan. J Dermatol 2021; 48:1094-1097. [PMID: 33755237 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A tick infestation is one of the most common arthropod-related skin diseases in Hokkaido, the northernmost island of Japan. Ticks also act as an infectious disease vector for humans. Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), a highly mortal central nervous system infection caused by TBE virus (TBEV), has sporadically occurred there recently. However, there have been no epidemiological data on the current surveillance of human tick bites and the prevalence of TBEV in human-feeding ticks. This study was performed to clarify those indeterminate issues. One hundred and fifty-three ixodid ticks feeding on humans were collected from 150 outpatients in Hokkaido during the season of April to August 2018. None of the cases showed any infectious symptoms. These ticks were morphologically identified to species, and a cytopathic assay on baby hamster kidney cells was carried out to detect TBEV from each tick. The tick collection consisted of 108 Ixodes persulcatus (one nymph and 107 adult females), 44 female Ixodes ovatus, and one female Haemaphysalis japonica. No tick extracts showed positive results of the cytopathic assay, suggesting the non-existence of TBEV in the present specimens. However, the survey to detect TBEV from human-feeding ticks is still important to monitor the occurrence of TBE, because human tick bites by I. ovatus, a possible vector of TBEV, are increasing even in the northern and eastern areas of Hokkaido.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Sasaki
- Department of Dermatology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Masaru Honma
- Department of Dermatology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Minoru Nakao
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Mizuki Sasaki
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hashimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Asahikawa Kosei Hospital, Asahikawa, Japan
| | | | - Kentaro Yoshii
- National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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40
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Role of Zoo-Housed Animals in the Ecology of Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens-A Review. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020210. [PMID: 33669161 PMCID: PMC7919684 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are ubiquitous ectoparasites, feeding on representatives of all classes of terrestrial vertebrates and transmitting numerous pathogens of high human and veterinary medical importance. Exotic animals kept in zoological gardens, ranches, wildlife parks or farms may play an important role in the ecology of ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TBPs), as they may serve as hosts for local tick species. Moreover, they can develop diseases of varying severity after being infected by TBPs, and theoretically, can thus serve as reservoirs, thereby further propagating TBPs in local ecosystems. The definite role of these animals in the tick-host-pathogen network remains poorly investigated. This review provides a summary of the information currently available regarding ticks and TBPs in connection to captive local and exotic wildlife, with an emphasis on zoo-housed species.
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41
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Conclusions. ZIKA AND OTHER NEGLECTED AND EMERGING FLAVIVIRUSES 2021. [PMCID: PMC7933788 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-82501-6.00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We are currently experiencing two pandemics, one caused by a coronavirus and one by the reemerging dengue flaviviruses. Strict protective measures have been taken to safeguard against this coronavirus, which may have saved many lives. Fear, depression, and suicide have also resulted from these measures. In addition to dengue, other flaviviruses of humans or animals may also rapidly spread and become more pathogenic, as have Zika and West Nile viruses. Many viruses may have originated in bats or rodents. Several bats are seropositive for dengue, Saint Louis encephalitis, and Japanese encephalitis viruses. Some rodents are seropositive for tickborne encephalitis, West Nile, Usutu, and Wesselsbron viruses. Domestic animals, especially cattle and sheep, but also dogs and cats, have a much higher incidence of flavivirus infection than bats and rodents and have closer contact with humans. Less-toxic, broad-spectrum antiviral agents that are active against these and other emerging flaviviruses are needed to protect against future viral threats.
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42
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Rónai Z, Egyed L. Survival of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus in Goat Cheese and Milk. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2020; 12:264-268. [PMID: 32388731 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09427-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Survival of tick-borne encephalitis virus was studied from pasteurized and unpasteurized goat milk and from salted/unsalted and spiced/unspiced cheese made from goat milk inoculated with low and high litres of infective virus. Both soft (63 °C, 30 min) and fast (72 °C, 15 s) pasteurization conditions destroyed viable virus particles. A small amount of infective virus could be detected only for 5‒10 days from milk, and from unsalted cheese. From milk inoculated with a higher amount of virus, infectious viral particles were detectable for 20‒25 days and from unsalted cheese samples for 10‒15 days, independently of the use of spices. Pasteurization and salt treatment made goat milk and cheese safely consumable. These two methods must be used when making any human food from goat milk to avoid milk-borne human TBEV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Rónai
- Molecular Biology Department, National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Institute, Tábornok u 2, Budapest, 1143, Hungary
| | - László Egyed
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 18, Budapest, 1581, Hungary.
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43
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Murugesan BG, Jafroodifar A, Anilkumar AC, Leontieva L. Differential Diagnosis of Landau-Kleffner Syndrome Versus Post Encephalitis Syndrome in a 13-year-old Boy With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Cureus 2020; 12:e9385. [PMID: 32850252 PMCID: PMC7445094 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.9385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) is a rare childhood neurological condition that causes developmental regression, loss of language skills and abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns. Its etiology is unknown. This report describes a case of a 13-year-old boy who at 3.5 years of age was bitten by a tick. Two months thereafter, he began losing previously acquired developmental and language skills, and developed seizures. The seizures subsided with valproic acid treatment, but the developmental delays persisted. Family history and disease progression reports obtained from the patient’s father revealed that the patient displayed repetitive behaviors prior to the age of three. Clinical observation also showed the patient having numerous repetitive vocalizations and movements along with difficulty with switching sets. His developmental age at the time of presentation was determined to be 3 to 4 years of age. During the course of diagnostic testing, we were able to rule out tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and rule in LKS in a premorbidly autistic child. This case describes the similarities between the three conditions and the diagnostic investigations used to arrive at a final diagnosis.
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Masouris I, Klein M, Ködel U. The potential for CXCL13 in CSF as a differential diagnostic tool in central nervous system infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:875-885. [PMID: 32479125 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1770596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Central nervous system (CNS) infections can be life-threatening and are often associated with disabling sequelae. One important factor in most CNS infections is a timely pathogen-specific treatment. The diagnostic methods available, however, do not always reach a satisfying sensitivity and specificity. In these cases, there is need for additional diagnostic biomarkers. Chemokines represent potential candidates as biomarkers, since they are an important pillar of the host immune response. The aim of this review is to discuss the diagnostic potential of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) CXCL13 in patients with CNS infections. Areas covered: Data were obtained from a literature search in PubMed up to October 2019. This review focusses on articles on the potential of CXCL13 as a diagnostic tool. The majority of identified studies aimed to characterize its role in two diseases, namely Lyme neuroborreliosis and neurosyphilis. Expert opinion: CSF CXCL13 has a significant potential as a diagnostic and monitoring add-on marker in Lyme neuroborreliosis. Differences in study design, control groups and clinical parameters between studies, however, affect sensitivity, specificity and cutoff values, underlining the need of further studies to address these issues and pave the way for a generalized clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Masouris
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University , Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Klein
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University , Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe Ködel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University , Munich, Germany
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Takahashi Y, Kobayashi S, Ishizuka M, Hirano M, Muto M, Nishiyama S, Kariwa H, Yoshii K. Characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus isolated from a tick in central Hokkaido in 2017. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:497-509. [PMID: 32134377 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a zoonotic virus in the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. TBEV is widely distributed in northern regions of the Eurasian continent, including Japan, and causes severe encephalitis in humans. Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) was recently reported in central Hokkaido, and wild animals with anti-TBEV antibodies were detected over a wide area of Hokkaido, although TBEV was only isolated in southern Hokkaido. In this study, we conducted a survey of ticks to isolate TBEV in central Hokkaido. One strain, designated Sapporo-17-Io1, was isolated from ticks (Ixodes ovatus) collected in Sapporo city. Sequence analysis revealed that the isolated strain belonged to the Far Eastern subtype of TBEV and was classified in a different subcluster from Oshima 5-10, which had previously been isolated in southern Hokkaido. Sapporo-17-Io1 showed similar growth properties to those of Oshima 5-10 in cultured cells and mouse brains. The mortality rate of mice infected intracerebrally with each virus was similar, but the survival time of mice inoculated with Sapporo-17-Io1 was significantly longer than that of mice inoculated with Oshima 5-10. These results indicate that the neurovirulence of Sapporo-17-Io1 was lower than that of Oshima 5-10. Using an infectious cDNA clone, the replacement of genes encoding non-structural genes from Oshima 5-10 with those from Sapporo-17-Io1 attenuated the neuropathogenicity of the cloned viruses. This result indicated that the non-structural proteins determine the neurovirulence of these two strains. Our results provide important insights for evaluating epidemiological risk in TBE-endemic areas of Hokkaido.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Takahashi
- Laboratory of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mariko Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Minato Hirano
- Laboratory of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Memi Muto
- Laboratory of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shoko Nishiyama
- Laboratory for Zoonotic Disease, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kariwa
- Laboratory of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yoshii
- Laboratory of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Understanding Flavivirus Capsid Protein Functions: The Tip of the Iceberg. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9010042. [PMID: 31948047 PMCID: PMC7168633 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA arboviruses, infectious to humans and many other animals and are transmitted primarily via tick or mosquito vectors. Capsid is the primary structural protein to interact with viral genome within virus particles and is therefore necessary for efficient packaging. However, in cells, capsid interacts with many proteins and nucleic acids and we are only beginning to understand the broad range of functions of flaviviral capsids. It is known that capsid dimers interact with the membrane of lipid droplets, aiding in both viral packaging and storage of capsid prior to packaging. However, capsid dimers can bind a range of nucleic acid templates in vitro, and likely interact with a range of targets during the flavivirus lifecycle. Capsid may interact with host RNAs, resulting in altered RNA splicing and RNA transcription. Capsid may also bind short interfering-RNAs and has been proposed to sequester these species to protect flaviviruses from the invertebrate siRNA pathways. Capsid can also be found in the nucleolus, where it wreaks havoc on ribosome biogenesis. Here we review flavivirus capsid structure, nucleic acid interactions and how these give rise to multiple functions. We also discuss how these features might be exploited either in the design of effective antivirals or novel vaccine strategies.
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