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Khan MUZ, Humza M, Yang S, Alvi MA, Iqbal MZ, Zain-ul-Fatima H, Khalid S, Munir T, Cai J. Occurrence and Toxicogenetic Profiling of Clostridium perfringens in Buffalo and Cattle: An Update from Pakistan. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13030212. [PMID: 33805744 PMCID: PMC7999003 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive bacterium that possess seven toxinotypes (A, B, C, D, E, F, and G) that are responsible for the production of six major toxins, i.e., α, β, ε, ι, CPE, and NetB. The aim of this study is to find out the occurrence of toxinotypes in buffalo and cattle of Punjab province in Pakistan and their corresponding toxin-encoding genes from the isolated toxinotypes. To accomplish this aim, six districts in Punjab province were selected (i.e., Lahore, Sahiwal, Cheecha Watni, Bhakkar, Dera Ghazi Khan, and Bahawalpur) and a total of 240 buffalo and 240 cattle were selected for the collection of samples. From isolation and molecular analysis (16S rRNA), it was observed that out of seven toxinotypes (A–G), two toxinotypes (A and D) were found at most, whereas other toxinotypes, i.e., B, C, E, F, and G, were not found. The most frequently occurring toxinotype was type A (buffalo: 149/240; cattle: 157/240) whereas type D (buffalo: 8/240 cattle: 7/240) was found to occur the least. Genes encoding toxinotypes A and D were cpa and etx, respectively, whereas genes encoding other toxinotypes were not observed. The occurrence of isolated toxinotypes was studied using response surface methodology, which suggested a considerable occurrence of the isolated toxinotypes (A and D) in both buffalo and cattle. Association between type A and type D was found to be significant among the isolated toxinotypes in both buffalo and cattle (p ≤ 0.05). Correlation was also found to be positive and significant between type A and type D. C. perfringens exhibits a range of toxinotypes that can be diagnosed via genotyping, which is more reliable than classical toxinotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Zafar Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (M.U.Z.K.); (S.Y.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Muhammad Humza
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Shunli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (M.U.Z.K.); (S.Y.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Mughees Aizaz Alvi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Zahid Iqbal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Outfall Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Hafiza Zain-ul-Fatima
- Veterinary Research Institute, Zarrar Shaheed Road, Lahore Cantt., Lahore 54810, Pakistan;
| | - Shumaila Khalid
- Department of Livestock and Dairy Development, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (S.K.); (T.M.)
| | - Tahir Munir
- Department of Livestock and Dairy Development, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (S.K.); (T.M.)
| | - Jianping Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (M.U.Z.K.); (S.Y.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence:
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de Santi M, Schocken-Iturrino RP, Casagrande MF, Boarini L, de Souza Pollo A, Werther K. Necrotic Enteritis Caused by Clostridium perfringens in Blue and Gold Macaws ( Ara ararauna). J Avian Med Surg 2020; 34:65-69. [PMID: 32237684 DOI: 10.1647/1082-6742-34.1.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens types A and C, which are gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria, can cause necrotic enteritis in birds. Although Clostridium perfringens is considered a commensal organism in the avian intestinal tract, in association with severe stress, other infectious agents, or immunosuppressive conditions, it can cause disease outbreaks. This report describes a disease occurrence of necrotic enteritis caused by C perfringens in macaws (Ara ararauna). Two adult male blue and gold macaws maintained in a zoo exhibit were presented for postmortem examinations after histories of sudden death. Based on the gross examinations and microscopic evaluation of submitted tissue from both birds, the cause of death was determined to be necrotic enteritis. Microbiologic assays followed by polymerase chain reaction analyses identified the isolated strains as C perfringens type A, indicated by only being positive for the cpa gene that encodes the α-toxin. The birds were maintained in an exhibit in which patrons can interact with the animals within their environment. Thus, organisms, such as this pathogen, may present a danger for other birds because visitors could disperse the bacterium to other parts of the zoo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariele de Santi
- Laboratórios de Patologia de Animais Selvagens, Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, and Epidemiologia Molecular, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil,
| | - Rubén Pablo Schocken-Iturrino
- Microbiologia, Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, and Epidemiologia Molecular, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Froner Casagrande
- Microbiologia, Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, and Epidemiologia Molecular, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Lívia Boarini
- Microbiologia, Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, and Epidemiologia Molecular, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Andressa de Souza Pollo
- Epidemiologia Molecular, Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, and Epidemiologia Molecular, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Karin Werther
- Laboratórios de Patologia de Animais Selvagens, Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, and Epidemiologia Molecular, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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Diversity of toxin-genotypes among Clostridium perfringens isolated from healthy and diarrheic neonatal cattle and buffalo calves. Anaerobe 2018; 49:99-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bienes KM, Ito M, Shiotsuka K, Yamaguchi S, Fujioka T, Tashiro Y, Sakai K. Ecological distribution of extremely thermophilic bacteria belonging to the genus Calditerricola using the novel enrichment MPN-PCR method. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 124:559-563. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Fan YC, Wang CL, Wang C, Chen TC, Chou CH, Tsai HJ. Incidence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility to Clostridium perfringens in Premarket Broilers in Taiwan. Avian Dis 2017; 60:444-9. [PMID: 27309285 DOI: 10.1637/11315-110915-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens infection causes subclinical and clinical necrotic enteritis in poultry flocks, and it is estimated to result in US$2 billion of losses worldwide every year. The aims of this study were to determine the incidence, toxin types, and antimicrobial resistance levels to C. perfringens isolated from premarket, 5-wk-old, clinically healthy broiler chickens in Taiwan, and to examine the relationships between intestinal lesions and the numbers of C. perfringens in intestinal contents. In total, 435 samples of chicken ileum contents were collected from 98 broiler farms during June 2012 to February 2013. The C. perfringens isolation rate was 9.9% (43/435). The positive rate of tested farms was 29.6% (29/98). All the isolates were C. perfringens type A, only possessing the cpa gene encoding for toxin α. No netB gene encoding NetB toxin associated with necrotic enteritis, and no cpe gene encoding for the C. perfringens enterotoxin causing human intestinal disorder were detected. A quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the mean C. perfringens number in the intestinal contents was 3.9 × 10(6) colony-forming units (CFU)/g, ranging from 6.85 × 10(2) to 1.61 × 10(7) CFU/g. The gross and histopathologic lesions revealed a positive correlation (p < 0.05) between lesion score and C. perfringens number in the ilea of C. perfringens -positive chickens. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests of all C. perfringens isolates indicated that the minimum inhibitory concentration inhibiting 50% of isolates (MIC50) for amoxicillin, bacitracin, chlortetracycline, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, florfenicol, and lincomycin was ≤0.125, 0.5, 128, 0.25, ≥256, 2, and ≥256 μg/ml, respectively. Most of the C. perfringens isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin, bacitracin, and enrofloxacin but resistant to chlortetracycline, erythromycin, and lincomycin. Interestingly, C. perfringens isolated from chickens with severe lesions had higher MIC50 for erythromycin and lincomycin than those isolates from chickens with mild lesions. Conclusively, reductions in both the incidence of C. perfringens infection on farms and the concentrations of C. perfringens in intestines to improve broiler health are still needed in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Chi Fan
- A Zoonoses Research Center and School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lan Wang
- A Zoonoses Research Center and School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chinling Wang
- B Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 6100, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - Tsung-Cheng Chen
- A Zoonoses Research Center and School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsi Chou
- A Zoonoses Research Center and School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City, 106, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Jung Tsai
- A Zoonoses Research Center and School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City, 106, Taiwan
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Fohler S, Klein G, Hoedemaker M, Scheu T, Seyboldt C, Campe A, Jensen KC, Abdulmawjood A. Diversity of Clostridium perfringens toxin-genotypes from dairy farms. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:199. [PMID: 27577792 PMCID: PMC5006254 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0812-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridium (C.) perfringens is the causative agent of several diseases in animals and humans, including histotoxic and enteric infections. To gain more insight into the occurrence of its different toxin-genotypes in dairy herds, including those toxin genes previously associated with diseases in cattle or humans, 662 isolates cultivated from feces, rumen content and feed collected from 139 dairy farms were characterized by PCR (detecting cpa, cpb, iap, etx, cpe, and both allelic variants of cpb2). RESULTS Isolates from feces were assigned to type A (cpa positive, n = 442) and D (cpa and etx positive, n = 2). Those from rumen content (n = 207) and feed (n = 13) were all assigned to type A. The consensus and atypical variants of the cpb2 gene were detected in 64 (14.5 %) and 138 (31.22 %) of all isolates from feces, and 30 (14.5 %) and 54 (26.1 %) of all isolates from rumen content, respectively. CONCLUSION Both allelic variants of cpb2 occurred frequently in animals without signs of acute enteric disease, whereby the atypical variant dominated. Five (0.8 %) of all type A isolates were positive for the cpe gene. Therefore, the present study indicates that dairy cows are no primary source for potentially human pathogenic enterotoxin gene positive strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Fohler
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Guenter Klein
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martina Hoedemaker
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Theresa Scheu
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Seyboldt
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Amely Campe
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Charlotte Jensen
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Amir Abdulmawjood
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
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7
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The prevalence and molecular typing of Clostridium perfringens in ground beef and sheep meats. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-014-0866-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Guran HS, Oksuztepe G. Detection and typing of Clostridium perfringens
from retail chicken meat parts. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 57:77-82. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. S. Guran
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Dicle University; Diyarbakir Turkey
| | - G. Oksuztepe
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Firat University; Elazig Turkey
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Lahti P, Lindström M, Somervuo P, Heikinheimo A, Korkeala H. Comparative genomic hybridization analysis shows different epidemiology of chromosomal and plasmid-borne cpe-carrying Clostridium perfringens type A. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46162. [PMID: 23094024 PMCID: PMC3477167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens, one of the most common causes of food poisonings, can carry the enterotoxin gene, cpe, in its chromosome or on a plasmid. C. perfringens food poisonings are more frequently caused by the chromosomal cpe-carrying strains, while the plasmid-borne cpe-positive genotypes are more commonly found in the human feces and environmental samples. Different tolerance to food processing conditions by the plasmid-borne and chromosomal cpe-carrying strains has been reported, but the reservoirs and contamination routes of enterotoxin-producing C. perfringens remain unknown. A comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis with a DNA microarray based on three C. perfringens type A genomes was conducted to shed light on the epidemiology of C. perfringens food poisonings caused by plasmid-borne and chromosomal cpe-carrying strains by comparing chromosomal and plasmid-borne cpe-positive and cpe-negative C. perfringens isolates from human, animal, environmental, and food samples. The chromosomal and plasmid-borne cpe-positive C. perfringens genotypes formed two distinct clusters. Variable genes were involved with myo-inositol, ethanolamine and cellobiose metabolism, suggesting a new epidemiological model for C. perfringens food poisonings. The CGH results were complemented with growth studies, which demonstrated different myo-inositol, ethanolamine, and cellobiose metabolism between the chromosomal and plasmid-borne cpe-carrying strains. These findings support a ubiquitous occurrence of the plasmid-borne cpe-positive strains and their adaptation to the mammalian intestine, whereas the chromosomal cpe-positive strains appear to have a narrow niche in environments containing degrading plant material. Thus the epidemiology of the food poisonings caused by two populations appears different, the plasmid-borne cpe-positive strains probably contaminating foods via humans and the chromosomal strains being connected to plant material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Lahti
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Yang ZY, Shim WB, Kim KY, Chung DH. Rapid detection of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens in meat samples using immunomagnetic separation polymerase chain reaction (IMS-PCR). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:7135-7140. [PMID: 20507064 DOI: 10.1021/jf1009654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Rapid detection of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens in meat samples was accomplished with an immunomagnetic separation polymerase chain reaction (IMS-PCR). First, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific to C. perfringens was generated. The antibody showed strong binding to C. perfringens and no binding to non- Clostridia bacteria, except a weak cross-reaction to Staphylococcus aureus based on the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Then, magnetic beads were coated with the mAb, and the IMS-PCR system was developed. With the optimized conditions, the IMS-PCR assay was capable of detecting as few as 10 colony forming units (CFU)/g of C. perfringens cells in the meat sample within 10 h. Of the 116 collected samples (26 chicken samples, 20 beef samples, 30 pork samples, 20 fish samples, and 20 processed meat samples) examined with IMS-PCR, 36 (31%) were C. perfringens -positive samples and 2 (1.7%) were enterotoxigenic C. perfringens -positive samples. The IMS-PCR results gave a good agreement with the results obtained by conventional culture methods. In comparison to conventional culture methods, the IMS-PCR is a rapid and specific method and has potential use as a screening tool for enterotoxigenic C. perfringens in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-You Yang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Key Laboratory for Agriculture Microbiology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
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McReynolds J, Waneck C, Byrd J, Genovese K, Duke S, Nisbet D. Efficacy of multistrain direct-fed microbial and phytogenetic products in reducing necrotic enteritis in commercial broilers. Poult Sci 2009; 88:2075-80. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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12
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Martin TG, Smyth JA. Prevalence of netB among some clinical isolates of Clostridium perfringens from animals in the United States. Vet Microbiol 2009; 136:202-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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McReynolds JL, Byrd JA, Genovese KJ, Poole TL, Duke SE, Farnell MB, Nisbet DJ. Dietary Lactose and its Effect on the Disease Condition of Necrotic Enteritis. Poult Sci 2007; 86:1656-61. [PMID: 17626810 DOI: 10.1093/ps/86.8.1656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is the etiologic agent of necrotic enteritis (NE) and is ubiquitous in nature. The incidence of NE has increased in countries and commercial companies that have stopped using antibiotic growth promoters. The mechanisms of colonization of C. perfringens and the factors involved in onset of NE are not fully understood. Previously, our laboratory has demonstrated that lactose could potentially reduce Salmonella and C. perfringens in ceca of poultry. In the present investigation, we hypothesized that dietary lactose would reduce the clinical signs of NE and could be used as an alternative to antibiotics. In experiment 1, day-of-hatch broilers were fed either a nonlactose control diet, a diet with 2.5% lactose, or a diet with 4.5% lactose throughout the experiment. Birds were administered C. perfringens (10(7) cfu/mL) daily via oral gavage for 3 consecutive days starting on d 17. When evaluating the intestinal lesions associated with NE, birds fed 2.5% lactose had significantly lower (P < 0.05) lesion scores (0.70 +/- 0.52) compared with the control (1.55 +/- 0.52) or the 4.5% lactose (1.60 +/- 0.52). The data from the microbial analysis showed that the addition of lactose did not affect any bacterial populations when compared with the control birds that did not receive dietary lactose over the 21-d evaluation. The overall lesion scores in experiment 2 were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in birds fed 2.5% lactose compared with the birds fed the control diet with mean lesion scores of 1.10 +/- 0.73 and 1.80 +/- 0.73, respectively. These experiments suggest that lactose could be used as a potential alternative to growth-promoting antibiotics to help control this costly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L McReynolds
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, College Station, Texas 77845, USA.
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14
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Kamber U, Gokce HI, Elmali M. Clostridium perfringensand its toxins in minced meat from Kars, Turkey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 24:673-8. [PMID: 17613051 DOI: 10.1080/02652030601186129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Clostridium perfringens and its toxins in minced meat. A total of 96 minced meat samples were collected from local markets (16) and small butcher's shops (80) in Kars (Turkey). Samples were analysed for the presence of C. perfringens and its toxins using a commercially available ELISA kit. A total of 31 (32%) Clostridium spp. strains were isolated and 17 (55%) of these isolates were identified as C. perfringens. Four (25%) of the samples from local markets and 27 (34%) from small butcher's shops were contaminated with Clostridium spp. Furthermore, C. perfringens was isolated from two (12%) and 15 (19%) samples from local markets and small butcher's shops, respectively. Mean counts of Clostridium spp. were 2.2 +/- 0.83 x 10(2) CFU g(-1) for local markets and 4.35 +/- 8.53 x 10(2) CFU g(-1) for small butcher's shops; mean counts for C. porringers were 2.75 +/- 0.21 x 10(2) and 6.82 +/- 10.96 x 10(2) CFU g(-1) from markets and butcher's shops, respectively. The number of samples contaminated with both Clostridium spp. and C. perfringens was higher in small butcher's shops than in local markets. Moreover, higher numbers of Clostridium spp. and C. perfringens were isolated in samples from small butcher's shops than from local markets. A total of 13 (13%) samples were also positive for toxins produced by the organism, as detected by ELISA. Eleven samples from small butcher's shops and two samples from local markets were positive for the C. perfringens toxins tested. Moreover, two (12%), one (1%), four (4%) and two (2%) samples were contaminated with C. perfringens types A, B, C and D, respectively. In conclusion, some meat samples collected from local markets and small butcher's shops contained C. perfringens and its toxins and, therefore, present a potential risk of food poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kamber
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene, University of Kafkas, Kars 36040, Turkey.
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15
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Gholamiandekhordi AR, Ducatelle R, Heyndrickx M, Haesebrouck F, Van Immerseel F. Molecular and phenotypical characterization of Clostridium perfringens isolates from poultry flocks with different disease status. Vet Microbiol 2005; 113:143-52. [PMID: 16337097 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2005] [Revised: 10/18/2005] [Accepted: 10/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Due to the diminished use of growth-promoting antibiotics in the European Union, Clostridium perfringens induced necrotic enteritis and subclinical disease have become important threats to poultry health. A study was set up to genotypically and phenotypically characterise C. perfringens isolates from poultry flocks with different health status. Animals from healthy flocks were sampled by cloacal swabs, while intestinal and liver samples of animals suffering from necrotic enteritis were analysed. A total of 27 isolates was obtained from 23 broiler flocks without clinical problems and 36 isolates were obtained from 8 flocks with clinical problems. Using PFGE typing, high genetic diversity was detected between isolates from different flocks. Isolates derived from flocks where disease outbreaks occurred were clonal within each flock, but each flock harboured a different clone. All isolates were of toxin type A. Isolates from 5 out of 35 PFGE types carried the cpb2 gene, encoding the beta2 toxin, and isolates from 2 out of 35 PFGE types harboured the cpe gene, encoding the enterotoxin. In vitro alpha toxin production for all isolates was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. It was shown that in vitro alpha toxin production of C. perfringens isolates from diseased flocks was not higher than in vitro alpha toxin production from isolates derived from healthy flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad R Gholamiandekhordi
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Research Group Veterinary Public Health and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Heikinheimo A, Korkeala H. Multiplex PCR assay for toxinotyping Clostridium perfringens isolates obtained from Finnish broiler chickens. Lett Appl Microbiol 2005; 40:407-11. [PMID: 15892734 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2005.01702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the study was to determine the presence of genes coding for alpha (cpa), beta (cpb), epsilon (etx), iota (iA) and enterotoxin (cpe) from Clostridium perfringens broiler chicken isolates, using multiplex PCR assay established in the study. METHODS AND RESULTS The multiplex PCR assay was shown to be specific when tested with 10 C. perfringens strains representing different toxin types, and 15 strains of other bacterial species. All 118 broiler chicken C. perfringens isolates were shown to carry the cpa gene but not cpb, etx, iap or cpe genes, signifying that all isolates represented type A and were cpe-negative. CONCLUSIONS The assay established in the study enables the simultaneous detection of the major toxin genes and the cpe gene from C. perfringens isolates. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The present study offers a new primer pair for detecting cpa, combined with a multiplex PCR assay. In addition, the study provides data of the presence of different toxin genes in C. perfringens isolates obtained from broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Heikinheimo
- Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Van Immerseel F, De Buck J, Pasmans F, Huyghebaert G, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R. Clostridium perfringens in poultry: an emerging threat for animal and public health. Avian Pathol 2005; 33:537-49. [PMID: 15763720 DOI: 10.1080/03079450400013162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of Clostridium perfringens-associated necrotic enteritis in poultry has increased in countries that stopped using antibiotic growth promoters. Necrotic enteritis and the subclinical form of C. perfringens infection in poultry are caused by C. perfringens type A, producing the alpha toxin, and to a lesser extent type C, producing both alpha toxin and beta toxin. Some strains of C. perfringens type A produce an enterotoxin at the moment of sporulation and are responsible for foodborne disease in humans. The mechanisms of colonization of the avian small intestinal tract and the factors involved in toxin production are largely unknown. It is generally accepted, however, that predisposing factors are required for these bacteria to colonize and cause disease in poultry. The best known predisposing factor is mucosal damage, caused by coccidiosis. Diets with high levels of indigestible, water-soluble non-starch polysaccharides, known to increase the viscosity of the intestinal contents, also predispose to necrotic enteritis. Standardized models are being developed for the reproduction of colonization of poultry by C. perfringens and the C. perfringens-associated necrotic enteritis. One such model is a combined infection with Eimeria species and C. perfringens. Few tools and strategies are available for prevention and control of C. perfringens in poultry. Vaccination against the pathogen and the use of probiotic and prebiotic products has been suggested, but are not available for practical use in the field at the present time. The most cost-effective control will probably be achieved by balancing the composition of the feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Heikinheimo A, Lindström M, Korkeala H. Enumeration and isolation of cpe-positive Clostridium perfringens spores from feces. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:3992-7. [PMID: 15364981 PMCID: PMC516284 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.9.3992-3997.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A hydrophobic grid membrane filter-colony hybridization (HGMF-CH) method for the enumeration and isolation of cpe gene-carrying (cpe-positive) Clostridium perfringens spores from feces was developed. A 425-bp DNA probe specific for the cpe gene was sensitive and specific when tested with bacterial DNA and pure cultures. The enumeration of cpe-positive C. perfringens by the HGMF-CH method proved to be as sensitive as nested PCR combined with the most-probable number technique when tested with fecal samples from healthy individuals. With the aid of the HGMF-CH method, positive hybridization signals were detected from two out of seven fecal samples obtained from healthy individuals. Furthermore, cpe-positive C. perfringens was successfully isolated from both of these samples. The detection of cpe-positive C. perfringens by the HGMF-CH method is dependent on the ratio of cpe-positive C. perfringens colonies to total C. perfringens colonies growing on the HGMF-tryptose-sulfite-cycloserine plate. cpe-positive C. perfringens could be isolated if the ratio of cpe-positive C. perfringens spores to total C. perfringens spores was 6 x 10(-5) or higher. The HGMF-CH method provides an aid in the investigation of fecal samples of patients suffering from food poisoning or other diseases caused by cpe-positive C. perfringens. The method also offers a new approach in the investigation of the epidemiology of cpe-positive C. perfringens strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamari Heikinheimo
- Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, FIN-00014 Helsinki University, Finland.
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Jensen LB, Agersø Y, Sengeløv G. Presence of erm genes among macrolide-resistant Gram-positive bacteria isolated from Danish farm soil. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2002; 28:487-491. [PMID: 12503914 DOI: 10.1016/s0160-4120(02)00076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The presence of erm genes was investigated among macrolide-resistant Gram-positive bacteria isolated from soil samples collected from four Danish farms that had been treated with animal waste. Soil samples were collected before, a few days after spread and 1 1/2 months and 5 months later. In 33% (9/27) of these isolates, an erm gene was detected using PCR. Eight isolates were positive for erm(B) and one isolate was positive for erm(C). No isolates contained erm(A), erm(D) or erm(F). The positive isolates were identified to genus level. Two erm(B) positive isolates were identified as Enterococcus spp., and the erm(C)-positive isolate as a Streptococcus spp., probably indicating survival from animal waste. The remaining six erm(B) positive isolates all belonged to the Bacillus cereus group. The erm(B) gene has not previously been identified in B. cereus but is frequently found among enterococci. This result could indicate horizontal transfer from bacteria of animal origin to indigenous soil bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Bogø Jensen
- Danish Veterinary Institute, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1790 Copenhagen V, Denmark.
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Lukinmaa S, Takkunen E, Siitonen A. Molecular epidemiology of Clostridium perfringens related to food-borne outbreaks of disease in Finland from 1984 to 1999. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:3744-9. [PMID: 12147468 PMCID: PMC124042 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.8.3744-3749.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2001] [Accepted: 05/03/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
From 1975 to 1999, Clostridium perfringens caused 238 food-borne disease outbreaks in Finland, which is 20% of all such reported outbreaks during these years. The fact that C. perfringens is commonly found in human and animal stools and that it is also widespread in the environment is a disadvantage when one is searching for the specific cause of a food-borne infection by traditional methods. In order to strengthen the evidence-based diagnostics of food poisonings suspected to be caused by C. perfringens, we retrospectively investigated 47 C. perfringens isolates by PCR for the cpe gene, which encodes enterotoxin; by reversed passive latex agglutination to detect the enterotoxin production; and by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to compare their genotypes after restriction of DNA by the enzymes SmaI and ApaI. The strains were isolated during 1984 to 1999 from nine food-borne outbreaks of disease originally reported as having been caused by C. perfringens. In seven of the nine outbreaks our results supported the fact that the cause was C. perfringens. Our findings emphasize the importance of a more detailed characterization of C. perfringens isolates than mere identification to the species level in order to verify the cause of an outbreak. Also, to increase the probability of finding the significant cpe-positive C. perfringens strains, it is very important to isolate and investigate more than one colony from the fecal culture of a patient and screen all these isolates for the presence of the cpe gene before further laboratory work is done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Lukinmaa
- Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, National Public Health Institute, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland
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Weese JS, Staempfli HR, Prescott JF. A prospective study of the roles of clostridium difficile and enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens in equine diarrhoea. Equine Vet J 2001; 33:403-9. [PMID: 11469775 DOI: 10.2746/042516401776249534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Faecal samples from adult horses and from foals with diarrhoea or with normal faeces were evaluated for the presence of Clostridium difficile, C. difficile toxins, C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) and C. perfringens spore counts. Clostridium difficile was isolated from 7/55 horses (12.7%) and 11/31 foals (35.5%) with colitis, but from 1/255 normal adults (0.4%) and 0/47 normal foals (P<0.001). Clostridium difficile toxins A and/or B were detected in 12/55 diarrhoeic adults (21.8%) and 5/30 diarrhoeic foals (16.7%) but in only 1/83 adults (1.2%) and 0/21 foals with normal faeces (P<0.001 and P<0.05, respectively). Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin was detected in 9/47 diarrhoeic adults (19%) and 8/28 diarrhoeic foals (28.6%), but was not detected in 47 adult horses (P<0.002) or 4 foals (P = 0.22) with normal faeces. The positive predictive value of isolation of C. perfringens with respect to the presence of CPE was only 60% in adult horses and 64% in foals. There was no association between total C. perfringens spore count and CPE in the faeces. The overall mortality rate from colitis was 22% for adult horses and 18% for foals. Clostridium difficile toxin-positive adult horses with colitis were less likely to survive than C. difficile-negative horses with colitis (P = 0.03). This study provides further evidence that C. difficile and enterotoxigenic C. perfringens are associated with equine enterocolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Weese
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada
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Miwa N, Nishina T, Kubo S, Atsumi M, Honda H. Amount of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens in meat detected by nested PCR. Int J Food Microbiol 1998; 42:195-200. [PMID: 9728690 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(98)00082-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The incidence and quantity of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens in beef, pork, and chicken meat were determined and compared with that of the total enterotoxigenic and nonenterotoxigenic C. perfringens. The method for the detection and quantification of enterotoxigenic C. perfringens consisted of a combination of the most probable number (MPN) method and a nested polymerase chain reaction after culturing of the sample. The results obtained by this method for inoculated meat samples were significantly correlated with those obtained by the plate count method. When the method was applied to the detection and quantification of enterotoxigenic C. perfringens found in randomly selected meat samples, the organism was found in 2% of the beef pieces (< 10(2) MPN/100 g) and 12% of the chicken pieces (< 10(2)-4.3 x 10(2) MPN/100 g) out of the 50 pieces of each meat tested. No enterotoxigenic C. perfringens was found in pork. Total C. perfringens was found in 16% of the beef (< 10(2)-4.3 x 10(2) MPN/100 g), 10% of the pork (< 10(2) MPN/100 g), and 84% of the chicken (< 10(2)-9.3 x 10(3) MPN/100 g) when 50 pieces of each meat was tested by the conventional MPN method. As shown in the above methods, the majority of cells were not enterotoxigenic cells in the population of C. perfringens. A small number of enterotoxigenic cells of C. perfringens co-existed with a large number of nonenterotoxigenic cells in the same meat sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Miwa
- Shizuoka Prefectural Western Meat Inspection, Center, Kakegawa, Japan
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