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Hassan MSH, Ali A, Mahmoud ME, Altakrouni D, Najimudeen SM, Abdul-Careem MF. Protection of laying chickens against the Canadian DMV/1639 infectious bronchitis virus infection through priming with heterologous live vaccine and boosting with heterologous or homologous inactivated vaccine. Virus Res 2024; 339:199281. [PMID: 37995965 PMCID: PMC10751723 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of the Canadian Delmarva (DMV)/1639 infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) type strains was associated with egg production disorders in Eastern Canadian layer operations. While developing vaccines for novel IBV variants is not typically a reasonable approach, the consideration of an autogenous vaccine becomes more appealing, particularly when the new variant presents significant economic challenges. The current study aimed to compare the efficacies of two vaccination programs that included heterologous live priming by Massachusetts (Mass) and Connecticut (Conn) type vaccines followed by either a commercial inactivated Mass type vaccine or a locally prepared autogenous inactivated DMV/1639 type vaccine against DMV/1639 IBV challenge. The protection parameters evaluated were egg production, viral shedding, dissemination of the virus in tissues, gross and microscopic lesions, and immunological responses. The challenge with the DMV/1639 caused severe consequences in the non-vaccinated laying hens including significant drop in egg production, production of low-quality eggs, serious damage to the reproductive organs, and yolk peritonitis. The two vaccination programs protected the layers from the poor egg-laying performance and the pathology. The vaccination program incorporating the autogenous inactivated DMV/1639 type vaccine was more effective in reducing vial loads in renal and reproductive tissues. This was associated with a higher virus neutralization titer compared to the group that received the commercial inactivated Mass type vaccine. Additionally, the autogenous vaccine boost led to a significant reduction in the viral shedding compared to the non-vaccinated laying hens. However, both vaccination programs induced significant level of protection considering all parameters examined. Overall, the findings from this study underscore the significance of IBV vaccination for protecting laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S H Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Motamed Elsayed Mahmoud
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 84524, Egypt
| | - Danah Altakrouni
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shahnas M Najimudeen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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Isham IM, Abd-Elsalam RM, Mahmoud ME, Najimudeen SM, Ranaweera HA, Ali A, Hassan MSH, Cork SC, Gupta A, Abdul-Careem MF. Comparison of Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Pathogenesis and Host Responses in Young Male and Female Chickens. Viruses 2023; 15:2285. [PMID: 38140526 PMCID: PMC10747771 DOI: 10.3390/v15122285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an avian coronavirus that causes a disease in chickens known as infectious bronchitis (IB). The pathogenesis of IBV and the host immune responses against it depend on multiple factors such as the IBV variant, breed and age of the chicken, and the environment provided by the management. Since there is limited knowledge about the influence of the sex of chickens in the pathogenesis of IBV, in this study we aim to compare IBV pathogenesis and host immune responses in young male and female chickens. One-week-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) White Leghorn male and female chickens were infected with Canadian Delmarva (DMV)/1639 IBV variant at a dose of 1 × 106 embryo infectious dose (EID)50 by the oculo-nasal route while maintaining uninfected controls, and these chickens were euthanized and sampled 4- and 11-days post-infection (dpi). No significant difference was observed between the infected male and female chickens in IBV shedding, IBV genome load in the trachea, lung, kidney, bursa of Fabricius (BF), thymus, spleen, and cecal tonsils (CT), and IBV-induced lesion in all the examined tissues at both 4 and 11 dpi. In addition, there was no significant difference in the percentage of IBV immune-positive area observed between the infected male and female chickens in all tissues except for the kidney, which expressed an increased level of IBV antigen in infected males compared with females at both 4 and 11 dpi. The percentage of B lymphocytes was not significantly different between infected male and female chickens in all the examined tissues. The percentage of CD8+ T cells was not significantly different between infected male and female chickens in all the examined tissues except in the trachea at 11 dpi, where female chickens had higher recruitment when compared with male chickens. Overall, although most of the findings of this study suggest that the sex of chickens does not play a significant role in the pathogenesis of IBV and the host immune response in young chickens, marginal differences in viral replication and host responses could be observed to indicate that IBV-induced infection in male chickens is more severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishara M. Isham
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (I.M.I.); (R.M.A.-E.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.N.); (H.A.R.); (A.A.); (M.S.H.H.); (S.C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Reham M. Abd-Elsalam
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (I.M.I.); (R.M.A.-E.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.N.); (H.A.R.); (A.A.); (M.S.H.H.); (S.C.C.); (A.G.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Motamed E. Mahmoud
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (I.M.I.); (R.M.A.-E.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.N.); (H.A.R.); (A.A.); (M.S.H.H.); (S.C.C.); (A.G.)
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Shahnas M. Najimudeen
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (I.M.I.); (R.M.A.-E.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.N.); (H.A.R.); (A.A.); (M.S.H.H.); (S.C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Hiruni A. Ranaweera
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (I.M.I.); (R.M.A.-E.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.N.); (H.A.R.); (A.A.); (M.S.H.H.); (S.C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (I.M.I.); (R.M.A.-E.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.N.); (H.A.R.); (A.A.); (M.S.H.H.); (S.C.C.); (A.G.)
- Department of Pathology, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. H. Hassan
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (I.M.I.); (R.M.A.-E.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.N.); (H.A.R.); (A.A.); (M.S.H.H.); (S.C.C.); (A.G.)
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Susan C. Cork
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (I.M.I.); (R.M.A.-E.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.N.); (H.A.R.); (A.A.); (M.S.H.H.); (S.C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Ashish Gupta
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (I.M.I.); (R.M.A.-E.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.N.); (H.A.R.); (A.A.); (M.S.H.H.); (S.C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (I.M.I.); (R.M.A.-E.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.N.); (H.A.R.); (A.A.); (M.S.H.H.); (S.C.C.); (A.G.)
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Immunopathogenesis of the Canadian Delmarva (DMV/1639) infectious bronchitis virus (IBV): Impact on the reproductive tract in layers. Microb Pathog 2022; 166:105513. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Qin Y, Teng Q, Feng D, Pei Y, Zhao Y, Zhang G. Development of a Nanoparticle Multiepitope DNA Vaccine against Virulent Infectious Bronchitis Virus Challenge. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1396-1405. [PMID: 35217582 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To develop a safe and effective nanoparticle (NP) multiepitope DNA vaccine for controlling infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection, we inserted the multiepitope gene expression box SBNT into a eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1(+) to construct a recombinant plasmid pcDNA/SBNT. The NP multiepitope DNA vaccine pcDNA/SBNT-NPs were prepared using chitosan to encapsulate the recombinant plasmid pcDNA/SBNT, with a high encapsulation efficiency of 94.90 ± 1.35%. These spherical pcDNA/SBNT-NPs were 140.9 ± 73.2 nm in diameter, with a mean ζ potential of +16.8 ± 4.3 mV. Our results showed that the chitosan NPs not only protected the plasmid DNA from DNase degradation but also mediated gene transfection in a slow-release manner. Immunization with pcDNA/SBNT-NPs induced a significant IBV-specific immune response and partially protected chickens against homologous IBV challenge. Therefore, the chitosan NPs could be a useful gene delivery system, and NP multiepitope DNA vaccines may be a potential alternative for use in the development of a novel, safe, and effective IBV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyuan Teng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Delan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Pei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Ganapathy K. Infectious Bronchitis Virus Infection of Chicken: The Essential Role of Mucosal Immunity. Avian Dis 2021; 65:619-623. [DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Ganapathy
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecology Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
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Bhuiyan MSA, Amin Z, Rodrigues KF, Saallah S, Shaarani SM, Sarker S, Siddiquee S. Infectious Bronchitis Virus (Gammacoronavirus) in Poultry Farming: Vaccination, Immune Response and Measures for Mitigation. Vet Sci 2021; 8:273. [PMID: 34822646 PMCID: PMC8623603 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8110273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) poses significant financial and biosecurity challenges to the commercial poultry farming industry. IBV is the causative agent of multi-systemic infection in the respiratory, reproductive and renal systems, which is similar to the symptoms of various viral and bacterial diseases reported in chickens. The avian immune system manifests the ability to respond to subsequent exposure with an antigen by stimulating mucosal, humoral and cell-mediated immunity. However, the immune response against IBV presents a dilemma due to the similarities between the different serotypes that infect poultry. Currently, the live attenuated and killed vaccines are applied for the control of IBV infection; however, the continual emergence of IB variants with rapidly evolving genetic variants increases the risk of outbreaks in intensive poultry farms. This review aims to focus on IBV challenge-infection, route and delivery of vaccines and vaccine-induced immune responses to IBV. Various commercial vaccines currently have been developed against IBV protection for accurate evaluation depending on the local situation. This review also highlights and updates the limitations in controlling IBV infection in poultry with issues pertaining to antiviral therapy and good biosecurity practices, which may aid in establishing good biorisk management protocols for its control and which will, in turn, result in a reduction in economic losses attributed to IBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Safiul Alam Bhuiyan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jln UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia; (M.S.A.B.); (Z.A.); (K.F.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Zarina Amin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jln UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia; (M.S.A.B.); (Z.A.); (K.F.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Kenneth Francis Rodrigues
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jln UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia; (M.S.A.B.); (Z.A.); (K.F.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Suryani Saallah
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jln UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia; (M.S.A.B.); (Z.A.); (K.F.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Sharifudin Md. Shaarani
- Food Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, Nilai 71800, Malaysia;
| | - Subir Sarker
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia;
| | - Shafiquzzaman Siddiquee
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jln UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia; (M.S.A.B.); (Z.A.); (K.F.R.); (S.S.)
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Identification of Novel T-Cell Epitopes on Infectious Bronchitis Virus N Protein and Development of a Multi-epitope Vaccine. J Virol 2021; 95:e0066721. [PMID: 34105997 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00667-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular immune responses play a key role in the control of viral infection. The nucleocapsid (N) protein of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a major immunogenic protein that can induce protective immunity. To screen for potential T-cell epitopes on IBV N protein, 40 overlapping peptides covering the entirety of the N protein were designed and synthesized. Four T-cell epitope peptides were identified by gamma interferon (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot), intracellular cytokine staining, and carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) lymphocyte proliferation assays; among them, three peptides (N211-230, N271-290, and N381-400) were cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes, and one peptide (N261-280) was a dual-specific T-cell epitope, which can be recognized by both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Multi-epitope gene transcription cassettes comprising four neutralizing epitope domains and four T-cell epitope peptides were synthesized and inserted into the genome of Newcastle disease virus strain La Sota between the P and M genes. Recombinant IBV multi-epitope vaccine candidate rLa Sota/SBNT was generated via reverse genetics, and its immune protection efficacy was evaluated in specific-pathogen-free chickens. Our results show that rLa Sota/SBNT induced IBV-specific neutralizing antibody and T-cell responses and provided significant protection against homologous and heterologous IBV challenge. Thus, the T-cell epitope peptides identified in this study could be good candidates for IBV vaccine development, and recombinant Newcastle disease virus-expressing IBV multi-epitope genes represent a safe and effective vaccine candidate for controlling infectious bronchitis. IMPORTANCE T-cell-mediated immune responses are critical for the elimination of IBV-infected cells. To screen conserved T-cell epitopes in the IBV N protein, 40 overlapping peptides covering the entirety of the N protein were designed and synthesized. By combining IFN-γ ELISpot, intracellular cytokine staining, and CFSE lymphocyte proliferation assays, we identified three CTL epitopes and one dual-specific T-cell epitope. The value of T-cell epitope peptides identified in the N protein was further verified by the design of an IBV multi-epitope vaccine. Results show that IBV multi-epitope vaccine candidate rLa Sota/SBNT provided cross protection against challenges with a QX-like or a TW-like IBV strain. So, T-cell-mediated immune responses play an important role in the control of viral infection, and conserved T-cell epitopes serve as promising candidates for use in multi-epitope vaccine construction. Our results provide a new perspective for the development of a safer and more effective IBV vaccine.
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Host immune response to infectious bronchitis virus Q1 in two commercial broiler chicken lines. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:587-594. [PMID: 33892367 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the pathogenesis of infectious bronchitis virus (Gammacoronavirus) strain Q1 in two commercial broiler chicken lines, and the host immune response to infection. Chicks from each line were grouped into either infected or control. Following Q1 infection at day-old, fast (Line-A) and slow (Line-B) growing chicks were monitored for clinical signs and body weights. At 3, 7, 9, 14, 21 and 28 days post infection (dpi), five birds were humanely euthanised, and trachea, kidney and proventriculus tissues were collected for quantitative RT-PCR and histopathology. Blood was collected weekly to determine IBV-specific ELISA antibody titres. Q1 infection significantly reduced the body weights of Line-A chicks at 14 and 21 dpi, but there were no significant differences in Line-B. Through qRT-PCR, significantly higher viral loads were found in the trachea, proventriculus and kidney tissues of Line-A chicks at 7-9 dpi. At day-old and at 28 dpi, the mean antibody titre in Line-B was notably higher than Line-A. Significant IFN-α mRNA expression was noted in the trachea and kidneys of Line-A, whereas no change occurred in Line-B. Chicks in Line-B, compared to those in Line-A, demonstrated a tissue-dependent increase of IFN-β, TLR3, IL-1β and IL-6 and LITAF gene transcription responses to IBV Q1. It appears that the level of maternal antibodies, growth rates, and other inherent host genetic factors could have influenced the differences in viral loads and immune responses.
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Immunopathogenesis of infectious bronchitis virus Q1 in specific pathogen free chicks. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104535. [PMID: 32980469 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immunopathogenesis of avian coronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) Q1, was investigated in specific pathogen free chicks. Following infection, chicks exhibited respiratory clinical signs and reduced body weight. Oropharyngeal (OP) and cloacal (CL) swabs were collected at intervals and found to be RT-PCR positive, with a greater number of partial-S1 amino acid changes noted in CL swabs compared to OP swabs. In tissue samples, IBV viral load peaked 9 days post infection (dpi) in the trachea and kidneys, and 14 dpi in the proventriculus. At 28 dpi, ELISA data showed that 63% of infected chicks seroconverted. There was significantly higher mRNA up-regulation of IFN-α, TLR3, MDA5, LITAF, IL-1β and IL-6 in the trachea compared to the kidneys. Findings presented here demonstrate that this Q1 isolate induces greater lesions and host innate immune responses in chickens' tracheas compared to the kidneys.
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Regulation of Immunity-Related Genes by Infectious Bronchitis Virus Challenge in Spleen of Laying Chickens. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:413-420. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Recombinant infectious bronchitis coronavirus H120 with the spike protein S1 gene of the nephropathogenic IBYZ strain remains attenuated but induces protective immunity. Vaccine 2020; 38:3157-3168. [PMID: 32057575 PMCID: PMC7115396 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly infectious viral disease responsible for major economic losses in the poultry industry. A reverse genetic vaccine is a safe, rapid, and effective method of achieving IB prevention and control. In this study, we constructed the recombinant strain, rH120-S1/YZ, using a reverse genetic system, based on the backbone of the H120 vaccine strain, with the S1 gene replaced with that of the QX-like nephropathogenic strain, ck/CH/IBYZ/2011, isolated in China. The results of dwarf chicken embryos, growth kinetics, and viral titration in the embryos demonstrated that the biological characteristics of the recombinant virus remained unchanged. Like the rH120-infected group and in contrast to the rIBYZ-infected group, no mortality, clinical signs, or lesions were observed in the lungs or kidneys of young chickens inoculated with rH120-S1/YZ. The viral loads in various tissues, cloacal, and oral swabs was lower in most types of samples, indicating that the rH120-S1/YZ strain was highly safe in chicks. Compared to rH120 vaccination group, when the efficacy of this strain was evaluated against the QX-like IBV strain, better protection, with 100% survival rate and no disease symptom or gross lesion was observed in the chickens vaccinated with rH120-S1/YZ. Increased levels of IBV-specific antibodies were detected in the serum of the rH120-S1/YZ-vaccinated animals 14 days post-vaccination. Collectively, our results suggest that the recombinant strain, rH120-S1/YZ, may represent a promising vaccine candidate against QX-like IBVs.
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Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is caused by avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) belonging to Coronaviridae family. The disease is prevalent in all countries with almost 100% incidence rate. Chicken and commercially reared pheasant are the natural host for IBV. Virus causes respiratory diseases, poor weight gain, feed efficiency in broiler, damage to oviduct, and abnormal egg production in mature hens resulting in economic losses. IBV also replicates in tracheal and renal epithelial cells leading to prominent tracheal and kidney lesions. Virus undergoes spontaneous mutation leading to continual emergence of new variants. The effectiveness of immunization program is diminished because of poor cross-protection among the serotypes. Identification of circulating serotypes is important in controlling IBV infection. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR21 are involved in early recognition of virus resulting in induction of inflammatory cytokines. Both humoral and cellular immune responses are important in the control of infection. Humoral immunity plays an important role in recovery and clearance of viral infection. IBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes induce lysis of IBV-infected cells. Effective diagnostic tools are required at field level to identify different IBV variants. Embryonated chicken eggs are effective model for virus isolation. Identification by other specific methods like virus neutralization (VN), hemagglutination inhibition (HI), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunohistochemistry, or nucleic acid analysis or by electron microscopy is also indispensable. VN test in tracheal organ culture is the best method for antigenic typing for surveillance purposes. Continuous epidemiological surveillance, strict biosecurity measures, and vaccine effective against various serotypes are necessary for controlling IB in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashpal Singh Malik
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Mahendra Pal Yadav
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, India
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Santos RMD, Fernando FS, Montassier MDFS, Silva KR, Lopes PD, Pavani C, Borzi MM, Okino CH, Montassier HJ. Memory immune responses and protection of chickens against a nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus strain by combining live heterologous and inactivated homologous vaccines. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:612-619. [PMID: 30867350 PMCID: PMC6483904 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated antibody and cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses in the mucosal and systemic compartments and protection against challenge with a nephropathogenic Brazilian (BR-I) strain of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in chickens submitted to a vaccination regime comprising a priming dose of heterologous live attenuated Massachusetts vaccine followed by a booster dose of an experimental homologous inactivated vaccine two weeks later. This immunization protocol elicited significant increases in serum and lachrymal levels of anti-IBV IgG antibodies and upregulated the expression of CMI response genes, such as those encoding CD8β chain and Granzyme homolog A in tracheal and kidney tissues at 3, 7, and 11 days post-infection in the vaccinated chickens. Additionally, vaccinated and challenged chickens showed reduced viral loads and microscopic lesion counts in tracheal and kidney tissues, and their antibody and CMI responses were negatively correlated with viral loads in the trachea and kidney. In conclusion, the combination of live attenuated vaccine containing the Massachusetts strain with a booster dose of an inactivated vaccine, containing a BR-I IBV strain, confers effective protection against infection with nephropathogenic homologous IBV strain because of the induction of consistent memory immune responses mediated by IgG antibodies and TCD8 cells in the mucosal and systemic compartments of chickens submitted to this vaccination regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeu Moreira Dos Santos
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (FCAV-UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Filipe Santos Fernando
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (FCAV-UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Silva Montassier
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (FCAV-UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Ketherson Rodrigues Silva
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (FCAV-UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Priscila Diniz Lopes
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (FCAV-UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Caren Pavani
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (FCAV-UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana Monezi Borzi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (FCAV-UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | | | - Helio José Montassier
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (FCAV-UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
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14
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Abozeid HH, Paldurai A, Varghese BP, Khattar SK, Afifi MA, Zouelfakkar S, El-Deeb AH, El-Kady MF, Samal SK. Development of a recombinant Newcastle disease virus-vectored vaccine for infectious bronchitis virus variant strains circulating in Egypt. Vet Res 2019; 50:12. [PMID: 30744668 PMCID: PMC6371441 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0631-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes a major disease problem for the poultry industry worldwide. The currently used live-attenuated vaccines have the tendency to mutate and/or recombine with circulating field strains resulting in the emergence of vaccine-derived variant viruses. In order to circumvent these issues, and to develop a vaccine that is more relevant to Egypt and its neighboring countries, a recombinant avirulent Newcastle disease virus (rNDV) strain LaSota was constructed to express the codon-optimized S glycoprotein of the Egyptian IBV variant strain IBV/Ck/EG/CU/4/2014 belonging to GI-23 lineage, that is prevalent in Egypt and in the Middle East. A wild type and two modified versions of the IBV S protein were expressed individually by rNDV. A high level of S protein expression was detected in vitro by Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses. All rNDV-vectored IBV vaccine candidates were genetically stable, slightly attenuated and showed growth patterns comparable to that of parental rLaSota virus. Single-dose vaccination of 1-day-old SPF White Leghorn chicks with the rNDVs expressing IBV S protein provided significant protection against clinical disease after IBV challenge but did not show reduction in tracheal viral shedding. Single-dose vaccination also provided complete protection against virulent NDV challenge. However, prime-boost vaccination using rNDV expressing the wild type IBV S protein provided better protection, after IBV challenge, against clinical signs and significantly reduced tracheal viral shedding. These results indicate that the NDV-vectored IBV vaccines are promising bivalent vaccine candidates to control both infectious bronchitis and Newcastle disease in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassanein H Abozeid
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Anandan Paldurai
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Berin P Varghese
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sunil K Khattar
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Manal A Afifi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Ayman H El-Deeb
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Magdy F El-Kady
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Siba K Samal
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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15
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Ellis S, Keep S, Britton P, de Wit S, Bickerton E, Vervelde L. Recombinant Infectious Bronchitis Viruses Expressing Chimeric Spike Glycoproteins Induce Partial Protective Immunity against Homologous Challenge despite Limited Replication In Vivo. J Virol 2018; 92:e01473-18. [PMID: 30209177 PMCID: PMC6232476 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01473-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination regimes against Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), which are based on a single virus serotype, often induce insufficient levels of cross-protection against serotypes and two or more antigenically diverse vaccines are used in attempt to provide broader protection. Amino acid differences in the surface protein, spike (S), in particular the S1 subunit, are associated with poor cross-protection. Here, homologous vaccination trials with recombinant IBVs (rIBVs), based on the apathogenic strain, BeauR, were conducted to elucidate the role of S1 in protection. A single vaccination of specific-pathogen-free chickens with rIBV expressing S1 of virulent strains M41 or QX, BeauR-M41(S1) and BeauR-QX(S1), gave incomplete protection against homologous challenge, based on ciliary activity and clinical signs. There could be conformational issues with the spike if heterologous S1 and S2 are linked, suggesting a homologous S2 might be essential. To address this, a homologous vaccination-challenge trial incorporating rIBVs expressing full spike from M41, BeauR-M41(S), and S2 subunit from M41, BeauR-M41(S2) was conducted. All chimeric viruses grew to similar titers in vitro, induced virus-specific partial protective immunity, evident by cellular infiltrations, reductions in viral RNA load in the trachea and conjunctiva and higher serum anti-IBV titers. Collectively, these findings show that vaccination with rIBVs primed the birds for challenge but the viruses were cleared rapidly from the mucosal tissues in the head. Chimeric S1 and S2 viruses did not protect as effectively as BeauR-M41(S) based on ciliary activity and clinical signs. Booster vaccinations and an rIBV with improved in vivo replication may improve the levels of protection.IMPORTANCE Infectious bronchitis virus causes an acute, highly contagious respiratory disease, responsible for significant economic losses to the poultry industry. Amino acid differences in the surface protein, spike (S), in particular the S1 subunit, have been associated with poor cross-protection. Available vaccines give poor cross-protection and rationally designed live attenuated vaccines, based on apathogenic BeauR, could address these. Here, to determine the role of S1 in protection, a series of homologous vaccination trials with rIBVs were conducted. Single vaccinations with chimeric rIBVs induced virus-specific partial protective immunity, characterized by reduction in viral load and serum antibody titers. However, BeauR-M41(S) was the only vaccination to improve the level of protection against clinical signs and the loss of tracheal ciliary activity. Growth characteristics show that all of the rIBVs replicated in vitro to similar levels. Booster vaccinations and an rIBV with improved in vivo replication may improve the levels of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Ellis
- Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Penicuik, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Keep
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Britton
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Lonneke Vervelde
- Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Penicuik, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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Chhabra R, Ball C, Chantrey J, Ganapathy K. Differential innate immune responses induced by classical and variant infectious bronchitis viruses in specific pathogen free chicks. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 87:16-23. [PMID: 29751011 PMCID: PMC7173069 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) continues to cause serious economic losses in global chicken production. Concurrent circulation of both classic and variant IBVs have been identified in most parts of the world, raising major challenges to global prevention and control efforts. Therefore, immunopathogenesis, particularly early host responses, needs to be better understood for effective control of diseases caused by different strains of IBVs. We investigated differing immunopathogenesis in chickens following infection with IS/885/00-like (885), QX-like (QX) and M41 IBV strains. We confirmed that the histopathological changes, proinflammatory and innate immune gene responses were induced to different magnitudes, depending on the IBV strain. Results indicated that upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines (such as IL-6 and IL-1β) and lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha factor (LITAF) expression is induced by IBV M41 in the trachea and by IBV 885 and QX in the kidney, which mainly coincides with tracheal and renal histopathological lesions respectively caused by these strains. In addition, elevated levels of TLR3, MDA5 and IFN-β expression occurred concurrently with greater lesion severity in IBV infected trachea and kidney tissues. Overall, this study reports marked differences in the activation of early host responses by pathogenic IBV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Chhabra
- University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK; College Central Laboratory, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, India.
| | - Christopher Ball
- University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - Julian Chantrey
- University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - Kannan Ganapathy
- University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK.
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17
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Awad F, Hutton S, Forrester A, Baylis M, Ganapathy K. Heterologous live infectious bronchitis virus vaccination in day-old commercial broiler chicks: clinical signs, ciliary health, immune responses and protection against variant infectious bronchitis viruses. Avian Pathol 2017; 45:169-77. [PMID: 26743315 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1137866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Groups of one-day-old broiler chicks were vaccinated via the oculo-nasal route with different live infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccines: Massachusetts (Mass), 793B, D274 or Arkansas (Ark). Clinical signs and gross lesions were evaluated. Five chicks from each group were humanely killed at intervals and their tracheas collected for ciliary activity assessment and for the detection of CD4+, CD8+ and IgA-bearing B cells by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Blood samples were collected at intervals for the detection of anti-IBV antibodies. At 21 days post-vaccination (dpv), protection conferred by different vaccination regimes against virulent M41, QX and 793B was assessed. All vaccination programmes were able to induce high levels of CD4+, CD8+ and IgA-bearing B cells in the trachea. Significantly higher levels of CD4+ and CD8+ expression were observed in the Mass2 + 793B2-vaccinated group compared to the other groups (subscripts indicate different manufacturers). Protection studies showed that the group of chicks vaccinated with Mass2 + 793B2 produced 92% ciliary protection against QX challenge; compared to 53%, 68% and 73% ciliary protection against the same challenge virus by Mass1 + D274, Mass1 + 793B1 and Mass3 + Ark, respectively. All vaccination programmes produced more than 85% ciliary protection against M41 and 793B challenges. It appears that the variable levels of protection provided by different heterologous live IBV vaccinations are dependent on the levels of local tracheal immunity induced by the respective vaccine combination. The Mass2 + 793B2 group showed the worst clinical signs, higher mortality and severe lesions following vaccination, but had the highest tracheal immune responses and demonstrated the best protection against all three challenge viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faez Awad
- a Institute of Infection and Global Health, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire , UK.,b Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Omar Al-Mukhtar , Al-Bayda , Libya
| | - Sally Hutton
- a Institute of Infection and Global Health, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire , UK
| | - Anne Forrester
- a Institute of Infection and Global Health, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire , UK
| | - Matthew Baylis
- a Institute of Infection and Global Health, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire , UK.,c NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections , Liverpool , UK
| | - Kannan Ganapathy
- a Institute of Infection and Global Health, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire , UK
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18
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Okino CH, Mores MAZ, Trevisol IM, Coldebella A, Montassier HJ, Brentano L. Early immune responses and development of pathogenesis of avian infectious bronchitis viruses with different virulence profiles. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172275. [PMID: 28199419 PMCID: PMC5310907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) primarily replicates in epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract of chickens, inducing both morphological and immune modulatory changes. However, the association between the local immune responses induced by IBV and the mechanisms of pathogenesis has not yet been completely elucidated. This study compared the expression profile of genes related to immune responses in tracheal samples after challenge with two Brazilian field isolates (A and B) of IBV from the same genotype, associating these responses with viral replication and with pathological changes in trachea and kidney. We detected a suppressive effect on the early activation of TLR7 pathway, followed by lower expression levels of inflammatory related genes induced by challenge with the IBV B isolate when compared to the challenge with to the IBV A isolate. Cell-mediated immune (CMI) related genes presented also lower levels of expression in tracheal samples from birds challenged with B isolate at 1dpi. Increased viral load and a higher percentage of birds with relevant lesions were observed in both tracheal and renal samples from chickens exposed to challenge with IBV B isolate. This differential pattern of early immune responses developed after challenge with IBV B isolate, related to the downregulation of TLR7, leading to insufficient pro-inflammatory response and lower CMI responses, seem to have an association with a most severe renal lesion and an enhanced capability of replication of this isolate in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hélio José Montassier
- Laboratory of Immunology and Virology (Imunovir), Department of Veterinary Pathology, Universidade Estadual Paulista—UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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19
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Yin L, Zeng Y, Wang W, Wei Y, Xue C, Cao Y. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant fusion proteins containing spike protein of infectious bronchitis virus and hemagglutinin of H3N2 influenza virus in chickens. Virus Res 2016; 223:206-12. [PMID: 27497621 PMCID: PMC7114550 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We generate fused S1 proteins with HA2 (rS1-HA2) or HA transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail (rS1-H3(TM)) of H3N2 influenza virus. The two recombinant fusion proteins rS1-HA2 and rS1-H3(TM) are superior to rS1 protein in terms of immunogenicity and protective efficacy. The strategy of fusing TMs or HA2 of HA proteins may provide a new strategy for development of high efficacy recombinant vaccine against IBV.
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute and highly contagious viral respiratory disease of chickens and vaccination is the main method for disease control. The S1 protein, which contains several virus neutralization epitopes, is considered to be a target site of vaccine development. However, although protective immune responses could be induced by recombinant S1 protein, the protection rate in chickens was still low (<50%). Here, we generated fused S1 proteins with HA2 protein (rS1-HA2) or transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail (rS1-H3(TM)) from hemagglutinin of H3N2 influenza virus. After immunization, animals vaccinated with fusion proteins rS1-HA2 and rS1-H3(TM) demonstrated stronger robust humoral and cellular immune responses than that of rS1 and inactivated M41 vaccine. The protection rates of groups immunized with rS1-HA2 (87%) were significantly higher than the groups inoculated with rS1 (47%) and inactivated M41 vaccine (53%). And chickens injected with rS1-H3(TM) had similar level of protection (73%) comparing to chickens vaccinated with rS1 (47%) (P = 0.07). Our data suggest that S1 protein fused to the HA2 or TM proteins from hemagglutinin of H3N2 influenza virus may provide a new strategy for high efficacy recombinant vaccine development against IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yuyao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Linyi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Linyi, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Ying Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Chunyi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yongchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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20
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Chhabra R, Chantrey J, Ganapathy K. Immune Responses to Virulent and Vaccine Strains of Infectious Bronchitis Viruses in Chickens. Viral Immunol 2015; 28:478-88. [PMID: 26301315 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute and highly contagious chicken viral disease, causing severe economic losses to poultry producers worldwide. In the last few decades, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has been extensively studied, but knowledge of immune responses to virulent or vaccine strains of IBVs remains limited. This review focuses on fundamental aspects of immune responses against IBV, including the role of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in identification of conserved viral structures and the role of different components of innate immunity (e.g., heterophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, acute phase protein, and cytokines). Studies on adaptive immune activation and the role of humoral and cellular immunity in IBV clearance are also reviewed. Multiple interlinking immune responses are essential for protection against virulent IBVs, including passive, innate, adaptive, and effector T cells active at mucosal surfaces. Although the development of approaches for chicken transcriptome and proteome analyses have greatly helped the understanding of the underlying genetic mechanisms for immunity, there are still major knowledge gaps, such as the role of mucosal and cellular responses to IBVs. In view of recent reports of emergent IBV variants in many countries, there is renewed interest in a more complete understanding of poultry immune responses to both virulent and vaccine strains of IBVs. This will be critical for developing new vaccine or vaccination strategies and other intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Chhabra
- 1 University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection and Global Health , School of Veterinary Science, Neston, United Kingdom .,2 College Central Laboratory, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences (LUVAS) , Hisar, India
| | - Julian Chantrey
- 1 University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection and Global Health , School of Veterinary Science, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Kannan Ganapathy
- 1 University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection and Global Health , School of Veterinary Science, Neston, United Kingdom
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21
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Mucosal, Cellular, and Humoral Immune Responses Induced by Different Live Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccination Regimes and Protection Conferred against Infectious Bronchitis Virus Q1 Strain. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015. [PMID: 26202435 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00368-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to assess the mucosal, cellular, and humoral immune responses induced by two different infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccination regimes and their efficacy against challenge by a variant IBV Q1. One-day-old broiler chicks were vaccinated with live H120 alone (group I) or in combination with CR88 (group II). The two groups were again vaccinated with CR88 at 14 days of age (doa). One group was kept as the control (group III). A significant increase in lachrymal IgA levels was observed at 4 doa and then peaked at 14 doa in the vaccinated groups. The IgA levels in group II were significantly higher than those in group I from 14 doa. Using immunohistochemistry to examine changes in the number of CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells in the trachea, it was found that overall patterns of CD8(+) cells were dominant compared to those of CD4(+) cells in the two vaccinated groups. CD8(+) cells were significantly higher in group II than those in group I at 21 and 28 doa. All groups were challenged oculonasally with a virulent Q1 strain at 28 doa, and their protection was assessed. The two vaccinated groups gave excellent ciliary protection against Q1, although group II's histopathology lesion scores and viral RNA loads in the trachea and kidney showed greater levels of protection than those in group I. These results suggest that greater protection is achieved from the combined vaccination of H120 and CR88 of 1-day-old chicks, followed by CR88 at 14 doa.
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22
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Okino CH, dos Santos IL, Fernando FS, Alessi AC, Wang X, Montassier HJ. Inflammatory and cell-mediated immune responses in the respiratory tract of chickens to infection with avian infectious bronchitis virus. Viral Immunol 2014; 27:383-91. [PMID: 25105981 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2014.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tracheal mucosa is the primary site of replication of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), which leads to both morphologic and immune modulatory changes in this organ. To increase the understanding of the mechanisms involved in these processes, we focused on the evaluation of local inflammatory and cell-mediated immune responses after challenge with the M41 strain of IBV, associating these responses with pathologic changes in the tracheal mucosa. At 24 h post-infection, inflammatory cytokines related genes were significantly upregulated, including peaks of TNFSF15 and TGFβ mRNA production, although no tracheal microscopic alterations were observed and only a slightly increase in viral load occurred. At 3 days post-infection (dpi), we observed that the highest upregulation of IL6, IL1β, and IFNγ coincided with highest scores of viral load and microscopic lesions, suggesting a role of both these cytokines and virus load on the development of tracheal lesions. Later, at 7 dpi, the most prominent increases of CD8αα mRNA and Granzyme homolog A mRNA were followed by a significant decrease of scores of tracheal lesions and viral load. In conclusion, an early upregulation of expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL6, IL1β, and IFNγ induced by the M41 strain of IBV may be partially implicated in the viral pathogenicity on trachea tissues of nonimmune challenged chickens, in addition to a late induction of a putative protective immune responses by this virus through upregulation of CD8αα and Granzyme homolog A genes in this organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Hiromi Okino
- 1 Laboratory of Immunology and Virology, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP , Jaboticabal, Brazil
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23
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Effects of avian infectious bronchitis virus antigen on eggshell formation and immunoreaction in hen oviduct. Theriogenology 2014; 81:1129-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Okino CH, Alessi AC, Montassier MDFS, Rosa AJDM, Wang X, Montassier HJ. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to different doses of attenuated vaccine against avian infectious bronchitis virus. Viral Immunol 2013; 26:259-67. [PMID: 23865943 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2013.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibody and cellular immune responses against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were evaluated at mucosal sites of chickens after immunization with various doses of an attenuated vaccine at 1 day of age. The correlation of these immune responses with protection of tracheal tissues was evaluated after experimental infection of these birds. Significantly reduced tracheal pathologic effects, measured according to ciliostasis and histology lesions, and reduced viral load were observed only in the full-dose vaccinated group at 5 days post-infection (dpi), while incomplete protection was observed for the subdose vaccinated groups. Moreover, birds of vaccinated groups, especially with full dose, developed higher levels of lachrymal IBV-specific IgG and IgA and increased the expression of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) genes, such as gamma interferon (IFNγ), CD8+ T cell marker, and granzyme homolog A more rapidly. In addition, these humoral and cellular immune responses evaluated at mucosal sites correlated significantly with tracheal protection against homologous IBV challenge in a vaccine dose-dependent manner. The results indicate that IgG, IgA and CD8+ T cell responses developed at mucosal sites after IBV vaccination of day-old chicks, could be taken as good correlates of protection against this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Hiromi Okino
- Laboratory of Immunology and Virology, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
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25
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Geus EDD, Rebel JM, Vervelde L. Induction of respiratory immune responses in the chicken; implications for development of mucosal avian influenza virus vaccines. Vet Q 2012; 32:75-86. [DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2012.711956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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26
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van Ginkel FW, van Santen VL, Gulley SL, Toro H. Infectious bronchitis virus in the chicken Harderian gland and lachrymal fluid: viral load, infectivity, immune cell responses, and effects of viral immunodeficiency. Avian Dis 2009; 52:608-17. [PMID: 19166051 DOI: 10.1637/8349-050908-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We compared detection of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) in tears and trachea of IBV-infected chickens and found that quantitative detection of IBV RNA in tears is more sensitive than in tracheal homogenates. Furthermore, we demonstrated that IBV contained in chicken lachrymal fluid is infectious and that tears of IBV-infected chickens can be used to infect naive chickens. We compared the immune responses to IBV in the Harderian gland and cecal tonsils of immunocompetent chickens and chickens infected with chicken anemia virus (CAV) and/or infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Flow cytometry analyses of lymphocytes in Harderian glands and cecal tonsils indicated that the relative abundance of IgM+ B cells in the Harderian glands and cecal tonsils following exposure to IBV in combination with immunosuppressive viruses was reduced compared to chickens infected with IBV alone. CAV, but not IBDV, reduced the CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratios compared to chickens infected with IBV alone. Enzyme-linked immuno-spot forming assays on cells in the Harderian glands and cecal tonsils of IBV-infected chickens indicated that maximum IBV-specific IgA-secreting cell responses were reduced in chickens infected with CAV. IBDV co-infected chickens displayed a delayed IgA response to IBV. Thus immunosuppressive viruses reduced B cells and T helper cells in the Harderian glands and cecal tonsils in response to IBV, and slowed the kinetics and/or reduced the magnitude of the mucosal immune response against IBV. We have shown for the first time that CAV affects pathogen-specific B cell responses in a mucosal effector site.
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Affiliation(s)
- F W van Ginkel
- Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, 166 Greene Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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27
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YANG T, WANG HN, WANG X, TANG JN, GAO R, LI J, GUO ZC, LI YL. Multivalent DNA Vaccine Enhanced Protection Efficacy against Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Chickens. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:1585-90. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.001585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tai YANG
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Lab of Sichuan Province, School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University
| | - Hong-Ning WANG
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Lab of Sichuan Province, School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University
| | - Xue WANG
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Lab of Sichuan Province, School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University
| | - Jun-Ni TANG
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Lab of Sichuan Province, School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University
| | - Rong GAO
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Lab of Sichuan Province, School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University
| | - Juan LI
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Lab of Sichuan Province, School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University
| | - Zi-Cheng GUO
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Lab of Sichuan Province, School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University
| | - Yu-Ling LI
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Lab of Sichuan Province, School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University
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28
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Guo X, Rosa AJM, Chen DG, Wang X. Molecular mechanisms of primary and secondary mucosal immunity using avian infectious bronchitis virus as a model system. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 121:332-43. [PMID: 17983666 PMCID: PMC7112697 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Although mucosal immune responses are critical for protection of hosts from clinical illness and even mortality caused by mucosal pathogens, the molecular mechanism of mucosal immunity, which is independent of systemic immunity, remains elusive. To explore the mechanistic basis of mucosal protective immunity, gene transcriptional profiling in mucosal tissues was evaluated after the primary and secondary immunization of animals with an attenuated avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a prototype of Coronavirus and a well-characterized mucosal pathogen. Results showed that a number of innate immune factors including toll-like receptors (TLRs), retinoic-acid-inducible gene-1 (RIG-1), type I interferons (IFNs), complements, and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) were activated locally after the primary immunization. This was accompanied or immediately followed by a potent Th1 adaptive immunity as evidenced by the activation of T-cell signaling molecules, surface markers, and effector molecules. A strong humoral immune response as supported by the significantly up-regulated immunoglobulin (Ig) gamma chain was observed in the absence of innate, Th1 adaptive immunity, or IgA up-regulation after the secondary immunization, indicating that the local memory response is dominated by IgG. Overall, the results provided the first detailed kinetics on the molecular basis underlying the development of primary and secondary mucosal immunity. The key molecular signatures identified may provide new opportunities for improved prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to combat mucosal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueshui Guo
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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29
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Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Brown TP, Huff GR. Proventriculitis in broiler chickens: immunohistochemical characterization of the lymphocytes infiltrating the proventricular glands. Vet Pathol 2005; 41:641-8. [PMID: 15561672 DOI: 10.1354/vp.41-6-641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Broiler chickens with transmissible proventriculitis have severe lymphocytic infiltration of the proventricular glands. The distribution of T cells and B cells in these infiltrates was studied histopathologically, and their identity was confirmed immunohistochemically (CD3, CD4, CD8, and B cells). To reproduce this disease, 1-day-old commercial boilers were orally gavaged with homogenized proventriculi from broilers with proventriculitis. Resulting lesions were examined at both acute (7 days postinoculation [i]) and chronic (14 and 21 dpi) time points. Lymphocytic infiltrates in the proventricular glands and the mucosal lamina propria were present at all time points and were most prominent and demarcated at 14 dpi. T and B lymphocytes were present during acute and chronic proventriculitis, but their distribution varied within the glands. Lymphocytic infiltrates in the proventricular glands and in the lamina propria were predominantly CD3+T cells, and most of these were also CD8+. B cells and CD4+ T cells formed aggregates in chronic proventriculitis. Thus, both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses are induced during transmissible proventriculitis, and the cell-mediated immune response is morphologically greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Pantin-Jackwood
- Department of Avian Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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30
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Ono M, Okuda Y, Yazawa S, Imai Y, Shibata I, Sato S, Okada K. Adenoviral gizzard erosion in commercial broiler chickens. Vet Pathol 2003; 40:294-303. [PMID: 12724571 DOI: 10.1354/vp.40-3-294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pathologic and immunohistochemical changes caused by group I of the fowl adenovirus (FAV) serotype-1 99ZH strain, isolated from broiler chickens exhibiting gizzard erosion, were investigated in commercial broiler chickens. One hundred twenty-two chickens were inoculated with the strain by both oral and ocular routes at 1, 3, or 5 weeks of age and euthanatized for necropsy within 4-18 days of inoculation. Focal gizzard erosions were observed in the inoculated chickens of each age group. A histologically degenerative koilin layer, necrotic mucosa, intranuclear inclusion bodies in the glandular epithelial cells, inflammatory cell infiltrations in the lamina propria, submucosa, and a muscle layer were seen in the gizzards. Immunohistochemical staining showed evidence of FAV antigens in the intranuclear inclusion bodies. These findings were recognized regardless of their maternal antibody levels for FAV serotype-1. Gizzard lesions appeared later in the lower-dose-inoculated chickens than in the higher-dose-inoculated chickens. Numerous CD3-positive cells and IgY-positive plasma cells were seen in the gizzard lesions. In 5-week-old chickens the heterophil infiltrations in the lesions were milder than in younger chickens. Intranuclear inclusion bodies also were observed in the epithelial cells of the ileum or cecal tonsils of some chickens. Thus, this study shows that FAV-99ZH causes adenoviral gizzard erosion in broiler chickens without hepatic or pancreatic lesions and that cell infiltration is more severe than in dietary gizzard erosions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ono
- Zen-noh Institute of Animal Health, Sakura, Chiba, Japan.
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31
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Lee JE, Austic RE, Naqi SA, Golemboski KA, Dietert RR. Dietary arginine intake alters avian leukocyte population distribution during infectious bronchitis challenge. Poult Sci 2002; 81:793-8. [PMID: 12079045 DOI: 10.1093/ps/81.6.793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although dietary arginine is a factor in immune function and disease resistance, the full range of effects has yet to be described. In this study, the effects of dietary arginine on leukocyte population changes were examined in the peripheral blood and the respiratory tract of chickens inoculated with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strain M41. At 2 wk of age, female line P2a White Leghorn-type chickens were randomly assigned to one of three diets with different arginine levels: a marginally deficient diet (0.5%), an adequate diet (1.0%), and a diet containing a high level of arginine (3.0%). All birds were inoculated with IBV at 4 wk of age, and then the peripheral blood and the respiratory lavage were collected at 1 and 7 d postinfection (DPI). The growth rate of birds that received 0.5% arginine was significantly lower than that of birds receiving 1.0 or 3.0% arginine, whereas the growth of the latter groups did not differ. The percentage and absolute number of heterophil (H) and the H/lymphocyte (L) ratio in the peripheral blood at 1 DPI significantly increased as dietary arginine increased. In the respiratory lavage at 1 DPI, the percentage of H also increased with dietary arginine increase. At 7 DPI, the percentage of CD8+ cells from birds fed the deficient diet was lower than those from birds fed the adequate diet and the diet containing a high level of arginine, whereas the cell surface density of CD8 antigen did not vary among groups. These results show that dietary arginine influences the character of the chicken cellular response to IBV and the distribution of responding leukocyte subpopulations in a target tissue for the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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