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Mastitis: Impact of Dry Period, Pathogens, and Immune Responses on Etiopathogenesis of Disease and its Association with Periparturient Diseases. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland initiated by pathogenic bacteria. In fact, mastitis is the second most important reason for the culling of cows from dairy herds, after infertility. In this review we focus on various forms of mastitis, including subclinical and clinical mastitis. We also stress the importance of the dry-off period as an important time when pathogenic bacteria might start their insult to the mammary gland. An important part of the review is the negative effects of mastitis on milk production and composition, as well as economic consequences for dairy farms. The two most important groups of bacteria that are involved in infection of the udder, Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, are also discussed. Although all cows have both innate and adaptive immunity against most pathogens, some are more susceptible to the disease than others. That is why we summarize the most important components of innate and adaptive immunity so that the reader understands the specific immune responses of the udder to pathogenic bacteria. One of the most important sections of this review is interrelationship of mastitis with other diseases, especially retained placenta, metritis and endometritis, ketosis, and laminitis. Is mastitis the cause or the consequence of this disease? Finally, the review concludes with treatment and preventive approaches to mastitis.
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Vitenberga-Verza Z, Pilmane M, Šerstņova K, Melderis I, Gontar Ł, Kochański M, Drutowska A, Maróti G, Prieto-Simón B. Identification of Inflammatory and Regulatory Cytokines IL-1α-, IL-4-, IL-6-, IL-12-, IL-13-, IL-17A-, TNF-α-, and IFN-γ-Producing Cells in the Milk of Dairy Cows with Subclinical and Clinical Mastitis. Pathogens 2022; 11:372. [PMID: 35335696 PMCID: PMC8954094 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In naturally occurring bovine mastitis, effects of infection depend on the host inflammatory response, including the effects of secreted cytokines. Knowledge about the inflammatory and regulatory cytokines in milk cells of free-stall barn dairy cows and in naturally occurring mastitis is lacking as most studies focus on induced mastitis. Hereby, the aim of the study was to determine inflammatory and regulatory cytokines in the milk of dairy cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis. The following examinations of milk samples were performed: differential counting of somatic cells (SCC), bacteriological examination, and immunocytochemical analysis. Mean SCC increased in subclinical and clinical mastitis cases. The number of pathogenic mastitis-causing bacteria on plates increased in subclinical mastitis cases but decreased in clinical mastitis. The inflammatory and regulatory markers in the milk cells of healthy cows showed the highest mean cell numbers (%). In mastitis cases, immunoreactivity was more pronounced for IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17A, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. Data about subclinical and clinical mastitis demonstrate inflammatory responses to intramammary infection driven by IL-1α, IL-4, and IL-17A. Moreover, the host defense response in mastitis is characterized by continuation or resolution of initial inflammation. IL-12 and INF-γ immunoreactivity was recognized to differ mastitis cases from the relative health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Vitenberga-Verza
- The Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Rīga Stradiņš University, 1010 Rīga, Latvia; (M.P.); (K.Š.); (I.M.)
| | - Māra Pilmane
- The Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Rīga Stradiņš University, 1010 Rīga, Latvia; (M.P.); (K.Š.); (I.M.)
| | - Ksenija Šerstņova
- The Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Rīga Stradiņš University, 1010 Rīga, Latvia; (M.P.); (K.Š.); (I.M.)
| | - Ivars Melderis
- The Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Rīga Stradiņš University, 1010 Rīga, Latvia; (M.P.); (K.Š.); (I.M.)
| | - Łukasz Gontar
- Research and Innovation Centre Pro-Akademia, 95-050 Konstantynów Łódzki, Poland; (Ł.G.); (M.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Maksymilian Kochański
- Research and Innovation Centre Pro-Akademia, 95-050 Konstantynów Łódzki, Poland; (Ł.G.); (M.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Andżelika Drutowska
- Research and Innovation Centre Pro-Akademia, 95-050 Konstantynów Łódzki, Poland; (Ł.G.); (M.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Gergely Maróti
- Seqomics Biotechnology Ltd., 6782 Morahalom, Hungary;
- Biological Research Center, Plant Biology Institute, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Beatriz Prieto-Simón
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
- ICREA, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Roth Z, Dvir A, Furman O, Lavon Y, Kalo D, Leitner G, Wolfenson D. Oocyte maturation in plasma or follicular fluid obtained from lipopolysaccharide-treated cows disrupts its developmental competence. Theriogenology 2019; 141:120-127. [PMID: 31536861 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis has deleterious effects on ovarian function and reproductive performance. We studied the association between plasma or follicular fluid (FF) obtained from endotoxin-induced mastitic cows, and oocyte developmental competence. Lactating Holstein cows were synchronized using the Ovsynch protocol. On Day 6 of the synchronized cycle, an additional PGF2α dose was administered, and either Escherichia coli endotoxin (LPS, 10 μg; n = 3 cows) or saline (n = 3 cows) was administered to one udder quarter per cow, 36 h later. Milk samples were collected and rectal temperatures recorded. Cows treated with LPS showed a typical transient increase in body temperature (40.3 °C ± 0.4), whereas cows treated with saline maintained normal body temperature (38.9 °C ± 0.04). A higher (P < 0.05) somatic cell count was recorded for cows treated with LPS. Plasma samples were collected and FF was aspirated from the preovulatory follicles by transvaginal ultrasound probe, 6 h after LPS administration. Radioimmunoassay was performed on plasma samples to determine estradiol and cortisol concentrations. Either FF or plasma was further used as maturation medium. In the first experiment, oocytes were matured in TCM-199 (Control) or in FF aspirated from cows treated with saline (FF-Saline) or LPS (FF-LPS). Cleavage rate to the 2- to 4-cell stage embryo did not differ among groups. However, the proportion of developed blastocysts on Day 7 postfertilization in the FF-LPS group tended to be lower for that in FF-Saline and was lower (P < 0.05) than that in the Control groups (10.6 vs. 22.4 and 24.4%, respectively). In the second experiment, oocytes were matured in TCM-199 (Control), or in plasma obtained from cows treated with saline (Plasma-Saline) or LPS (Plasma-LPS). Similar to the FF findings, cleavage rate did not differ among groups; however, the proportion of developing blastocysts tended to be lower in the Plasma-LPS group than in the Plasma-Saline group and was lower (P < 0.05) from that in the Control group (11.0 vs. 25.5 and 34.7%, respectively). The proportion of apoptotic cells per blastocyst, determined by TUNEL assay, did not differ among the experimental groups. The findings shed light on the mechanism by which mastitis induces a disruption in oocyte developmental competence. Further studies are required to clarify whether the negative effect on oocyte developmental competence is a result of LPS, by itself, or due to elevation of secondary inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvi Roth
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Ayala Dvir
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Ori Furman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Yaniv Lavon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Dorit Kalo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Gabriel Leitner
- Mastitis Laboratory, The Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - David Wolfenson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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Ercan N, Tuzcu N, Başbug O, Tuzcu M, Alim A. Diagnostic value of serum procalcitonin, neopterin, and gamma interferon in neonatal calves with septicemic colibacillosis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:180-3. [PMID: 26965240 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715626488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of our study was to compare the serum concentrations of procalcitonin (PCT), neopterin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), prostaglandin E2, malondialdehyde, interleukin 8, and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in neonatal calves with septicemic colibacillosis (n = 15) with healthy controls (n = 15). Septicemic colibacillosis was diagnosed based on clinical signs and the isolation of Escherichia coli from heparinized blood in clinically suspected cases. PCT, neopterin, TNF-α (p < 0.05), and IFN-γ concentrations in calves with septicemic colibacillosis were significantly higher than in the healthy controls (p < 0.01). Serum PCT concentrations were ~4 times higher in the calves with septicemic colibacillosis than in the healthy calves, suggesting that PCT could be a useful marker of septicemic colibacillosis in neonatal calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazli Ercan
- Departments of Biochemistry (Ercan), Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas, TurkeyInternal Medicine (Başbug), Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas, TurkeyPathology (Tuzcu), Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas, TurkeyDepartment of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sivas, Turkey (Tuzcu, Alim)
| | - Nevin Tuzcu
- Departments of Biochemistry (Ercan), Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas, TurkeyInternal Medicine (Başbug), Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas, TurkeyPathology (Tuzcu), Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas, TurkeyDepartment of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sivas, Turkey (Tuzcu, Alim)
| | - Onur Başbug
- Departments of Biochemistry (Ercan), Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas, TurkeyInternal Medicine (Başbug), Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas, TurkeyPathology (Tuzcu), Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas, TurkeyDepartment of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sivas, Turkey (Tuzcu, Alim)
| | - Mehmet Tuzcu
- Departments of Biochemistry (Ercan), Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas, TurkeyInternal Medicine (Başbug), Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas, TurkeyPathology (Tuzcu), Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas, TurkeyDepartment of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sivas, Turkey (Tuzcu, Alim)
| | - Ahmet Alim
- Departments of Biochemistry (Ercan), Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas, TurkeyInternal Medicine (Başbug), Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas, TurkeyPathology (Tuzcu), Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas, TurkeyDepartment of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sivas, Turkey (Tuzcu, Alim)
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Dervishi E, Zhang G, Hailemariam D, Dunn SM, Ametaj BN. Innate immunity and carbohydrate metabolism alterations precede occurrence of subclinical mastitis in transition dairy cows. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015; 57:46. [PMID: 26705479 PMCID: PMC4690257 DOI: 10.1186/s40781-015-0079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background This study examined whether activation of innate immunity and alterations of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism precede development of subclinical mastitis (SCM). Methods Blood samples were collected from the coccygeal vein from 100 Holstein dairy cows at -8, -4, disease diagnosis week, and +4 weeks postpartum. Six healthy cows (controls – CON) and six cows that showed clinical signs of SCM were selected for serum analyses. All serum samples were analyzed for acute phase proteins (APP) haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA); proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and serum lactate, BHBA, and NEFA concentration. Data of DMI, milk production, and milk composition were recorded and analyzed. Results The results showed that cows with SCM had greater concentrations of SAA, TNF (P < 0.01), and lactate before expected day of parturition (P < 0.05) compared to CON cows. Cows with SCM showed greater concentrations of lactate starting at -8 weeks (P < 0.05) and TNF starting at -4 weeks prior to the expected day of parturition (P < 0.01). Interestingly, at -4 weeks, concentrations of IL-1 and Hp were lower in cows with SCM compared to healthy cows (P < 0.01) followed by an increase during the week of disease diagnosis (P < 0.05). Subclinical mastitis was associated with lower DMI, at -4 weeks before calving, milk production (P < 0.05) and increased somatic cell counts (SCC) (P < 0.01). Conclusions Results of this study suggest that SCM is preceded by activated innate immunity and altered carbohydrate metabolism in transition dairy cows. Moreover the results support the idea that Hp, lactate, and SAA, at -8 weeks, and TNF and IL-1 at -4 weeks can be used as early indicators to screen cows during dry off for disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elda Dervishi
- Department of Agricultural Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5 Canada
| | - Guanshi Zhang
- Department of Agricultural Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5 Canada
| | - Dagnachew Hailemariam
- Department of Agricultural Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5 Canada
| | - Suzana M Dunn
- Department of Agricultural Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5 Canada
| | - Burim N Ametaj
- Department of Agricultural Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5 Canada
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Asaf S, Leitner G, Furman O, Lavon Y, Kalo D, Wolfenson D, Roth Z. Effects of Escherichia coli- and Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis in lactating cows on oocyte developmental competence. Reproduction 2014; 147:33-43. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-13-0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is associated with decreased fertility in dairy cows. In the current study, we created an experimental model to simulate short-term mastitis by a single intramammary administration of Gram-negative endotoxin ofEscherichia coliorigin (G−), or Gram-positive toxin ofStaphylococcus aureusorigin (G+), to examine the effect of mastitis on oocyte developmental competence. Healthy Holstein cows were synchronized, and follicular fluid (FF) of cows treated with G+ or G− and of uninfected cows (controls) was aspirated from the preovulatory follicles by transvaginal ultrasound procedure. The aspirated FF was used as maturation medium forin vitroembryo production. The distribution of matured oocytes into different cortical granule classes and meiotic stages was affected by G− administration (P<0.05) but not by G+ administration. The proportion of oocytes that cleaved to two- and four-cell stage embryos (44 h postfertilization) was lower in both G+ and G− groups than in controls (P<0.05). Blastocyst formation rate (7–8 days postfertilization) was lower in the G− group (P<0.05) and numerically lower in the G+ group compared with their uninfected counterparts. The total cell number in blastocysts did not differ among groups; however, the apoptotic index was higher in the G+ group (P<0.05), but not in the G− group, relative to controls. Examining mRNA relative abundance in oocytes and early embryos revealed mastitis-induced alterations inPTGS2(COX2),POU5F1, andHSF1but not inSLC2A1(GLUT1) orGDF9. Results indicate a differential disruptive effect of mastitis induced by G− and G+ on oocyte developmental competence in association with alterations in maternal gene expression.
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7
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Influence of Dialyzed Whey on the Growth and Nutrient Absorption from Small Intestine of Chickens. J Poult Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0130054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Piotrowska-Tomala KK, Siemieniuch MJ, Szóstek AZ, Korzekwa AJ, Woclawek-Potocka I, Galváo AM, Okuda K, Skarzynski DJ. Lipopolysaccharides, cytokines, and nitric oxide affect secretion of prostaglandins and leukotrienes by bovine mammary gland epithelial cells. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2012; 43:278-88. [PMID: 22608768 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine the effects of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α), nitric oxide donor (NONOate), or the combination of TNF + IL-1α + NONOate on the following: (i) secretion of prostaglandin (PG)-F(2α), PGE(2), leukotriene (LT)-B(4), and LTC(4) by epithelial cells of the teat cavity and lactiferous sinus of bovine mammary gland; (ii) messenger RNA (mRNA) transcription of enzymes responsible for arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 [PTGS2], prostaglandin E synthase [PTGES], prostaglandin F synthase [PGFS], and arachidonate 5-lipooxygenase [ALOX5]); and (iii) proliferation of the cells. The cells were stimulated for 24 h. Prostaglandins and LT were measured by enzyme immunoassay, mRNA transcription of enzymes was determined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and the cell viability was measured by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide. All factors increased PG secretion, but the highest stimulation was observed after TNF and IL-1α (P < 0.001). Tumor necrosis factor, NONOate, and TNF + IL-1α + NONOate increased LTB(4) production (P < 0.01), whereas LTC(4) was increased by LPS, TNF, and IL-1α (P < 0.01). Lipopolysaccharides, TNF, IL-1α, and the reagents combination increased PTGS2, PTGES, and PGFS mRNA transcription (P < 0.01), whereas ALOX5 mRNA transcription was increased only by TNF (P < 0.001). Lipopolysaccharides, TNF, IL-1α, NONOate, and the combination of reagents increased the cell number (P < 0.001). Mediators of acute-clinical Escherichia coli mastitis locally modulate PG and LT secretion by the epithelial cells of the teat cavity and lactiferous sinus, which might be a useful first line of defense for the bovine mammary gland. Moreover, the modulation of PG and LT secretion and the changing ratio of luteotropic (PGE(2), LTB(4)) to luteolytic (PGF(2α), LTC(4)) metabolites may contribute to disorders in reproductive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Piotrowska-Tomala
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
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Proinflammatory cytokines and CD14 expression in mammary tissue of cows following intramammary inoculation of Panax ginseng at drying off. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 144:52-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Farney J, Mamedova L, Godsey B, Bradford B. Technical note: Validation of an ELISA for measurement of tumor necrosis factor alpha in bovine plasma. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:3504-9. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-4082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhu W, Gu B, Miao J, Lu J, Zou S. Dectin1 activation of β-(1-3)/(1-6)-d-glucan produces an anti-mastitis effect in rats. Inflamm Res 2011; 60:937-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-011-0354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2010] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Wenz J, Fox L, Muller F, Rinaldi M, Zeng R, Bannerman D. Factors associated with concentrations of select cytokine and acute phase proteins in dairy cows with naturally occurring clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:2458-70. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bannerman DD. Pathogen-dependent induction of cytokines and other soluble inflammatory mediators during intramammary infection of dairy cows. J Anim Sci 2008; 87:10-25. [PMID: 18708595 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is a highly prevalent and costly disease of dairy cows that is commonly caused by intramammary bacterial infection. The innate immune response to bacterial penetration of the mammary gland is evoked within hours of infection, and the rapidity and magnitude of this response have been demonstrated to influence the resolution of this disease. Cytokines and other mediators of inflammation are known to play critical roles in the innate immune response to intramammary infection. The objectives of this review are to summarize the current understanding of the cytokine response to intramammary infection, highlight recent findings identifying differences in the cytokine response to various bacterial pathogens, and discuss future research directions that will increase our knowledge of the role of inflammatory mediators in predicting and governing the outcome of mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Bannerman
- Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Ahmed M, Kimura K, Soliman M, Yamaji D, Okamatsu-Ogura Y, Ishioka K, Makondo K, Hagiwara K, Saito M. Leptin inhibits mitogen-induced proliferation of peripheral T lymphocytes from Holstein cows. Vet J 2008; 176:361-8. [PMID: 17449305 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the mitogenic response of bovine peripheral T lymphocytes to leptin, a pleiotropic hormone regulating food intake and energy expenditure. Leptin alone slightly suppressed proliferation of T lymphocytes in the presence of concanavalin A (ConA). Leptin also inhibited proliferation of T lymphocytes induced by anti-CD3 antibody. ConA treatment activated some protein kinases, including p44/p42(MAPK) and Akt/PKB, while anti-CD3 antibody treatment increased mRNA expression of suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) 3, interferon (IFN)gamma, interleukin (IL) 2 and IL4 in T lymphocytes. Leptin alone increased only SOCS3 mRNA expression. Simultaneous treatment with mitogens and leptin enhanced IFNgamma mRNA expression but decreased IL2 mRNA expression, without any synergistic effect on phosphorylation of protein kinases or mRNA expression of SOCS3 and IL4. These results suggest that leptin modulates bovine T lymphocyte functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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Oviedo-Boyso J, Valdez-Alarcón JJ, Cajero-Juárez M, Ochoa-Zarzosa A, López-Meza JE, Bravo-Patiño A, Baizabal-Aguirre VM. Innate immune response of bovine mammary gland to pathogenic bacteria responsible for mastitis. J Infect 2007; 54:399-409. [PMID: 16882453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2006.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2006] [Revised: 05/26/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mastitis (mammary gland inflammation) is one of the most important bovine diseases causing economic losses to dairy producers. Mammary gland inflammation is a consequence of the activity of a number of cell and soluble factors that function together to eliminate invading microorganisms. The factors involved in this inflammatory response differ depending on the infectious agent. This review analyzes the factors involved in the immunologic mechanisms against the main pathogenic bacteria causing mastitis, and emphasizes the innate immune response of the mammary gland. Knowledge, at the molecular level, of the mammary gland immune response during infection by pathogenic bacteria is fundamental to the design of effective therapies to control and eradicate bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Oviedo-Boyso
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Apdo. Postal 53, Administración Chapultepec, C.P. 58262 Morelia, Michoacán, México
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16
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McClenahan DJ, Sotos JP, Czuprynski CJ. Cytokine response of bovine mammary gland epithelial cells to Escherichia coli, coliform culture filtrate, or lipopolysaccharide. Am J Vet Res 2006; 66:1590-7. [PMID: 16261834 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define the cytokine response of a cultured mammary gland epithelial cell line (ie, Mac-T) when incubated with Escherichia coli or its products. SAMPLE POPULATION Mac-T cells and E coli from cows with mastitis. PROCEDURE Mac-T cells were incubated with E coli or its products. The cytokine response of Mac-T cells to these treatments was quantified by measuring mRNA content of interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha by use of a quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay. The amount of TNF-alpha secreted was also measured. RESULTS Treatment with E coli or its products resulted in significant increases in IL-1alpha, IL-8, and TNF-alpha mRNA content in Mac-T cells. This increase was reversible when culture filtrate was incubated with polymyxin B. The amount of IL-1beta mRNA in Mac-T cells increased only slightly over baseline after treatment with E coli or its products, but this increase was not diminished by incubation of E coli filtrate with polymyxin B. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Incubation of Mac-T cells with E coli or its products resulted in increased amounts of IL1alpha, IL-8, and TNF-alpha mRNA. Inhibition of this response by incubation of culture filtrate with polymyxin B suggested that lipopolysaccharide was the main bacterial product that stimulated the cytokine response. The small increase in IL-1beta content in Mac-T cells incubated with E coli or its products suggested that this cytokine had a smaller role in the Mac-T cell response to E coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J McClenahan
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Kim IH, Na KJ, Yang MP. Immune responses during the peripartum period in dairy cows with postpartum endometritis. J Reprod Dev 2005; 51:757-64. [PMID: 16210780 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.17036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the immune responses to the development of endometritis during the peripartum period may assist in the development of more efficient reproductive management regimens for dairy herds. In this study, we compared the peripartum immune responses of dairy cows that develop endometritis by 4 weeks postpartum (n = 11) to cows that did not develop this disease (n = 19). Blood samples were collected 1 week before calving, just after or during calving, and then at weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4 postpartum. Cows that developed endometriris had significantly higher total leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts than the control cows (P < 0.05) at all time points. The leukocytes from cows that developed endometritis were significantly less phagocytic than those from control cows at all sampling time points (P < 0.01). The serum TNFalpha concentrations of the control cows decreased linearly from the prepartum time point (P = 0.0029), but the endometritis cows showed a different profile (P > 0.05). As a result, the serum TNFalpha concentrations were greater in the endometritis group (P < 0.01) than in the control group during the third and fourth weeks postpartum. The greater total leukocyte numbers and neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts, and the maintenance of elevated serum TNFalpha levels in the cows with endometritis may be due to infection in the postpartum period. Furthermore, the decreased phagocytic capacity of leukocytes during the peripartum period, including at the prepartum time point, makes cows more susceptible to postpartum endometritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ill-Hwa Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Korea.
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18
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Alluwaimi AM. The cytokines of bovine mammary gland: prospects for diagnosis and therapy. Res Vet Sci 2004; 77:211-22. [PMID: 15276772 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2004.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The lack of efficacy of conventional strategies for the maintenance of healthy udders in domestic cattle has prompted studies on the use of cytokines for this purpose. The adjuvant use of recombinant bovine cytokines, such as IL-2, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, in normal mammary gland, mobilizes innate and acquired immunity. However, stimulated immunity does not prevent or eradicate infection, particularly in the case of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Cytokines do, however, improve the bactericidal efficiency of certain antibiotics. The subtle and sensitive changes in the cytokine network of normal and mastitic bovine mammary gland may encourage the use of cytokines in the diagnosis and prognosis of udder health. Numerous studies support this hypothesis, and detection and monitoring of cytokines could become an important alternative management for udder health. The use of cytokines in the immunotherapy, diagnosis and prognosis of mastitis will grow with knowledge of the cytokine network in bovine mammary glands and the development of efficient cytokine diagnostic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Alluwaimi
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, PO Box 35252, Al-Alhsaa 31982, Saudi Arabia.
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Alluwaimi AM, Leutenegger CM, Farver TB, Rossitto PV, Smith WL, Cullor JS. The cytokine markers in Staphylococcus aureus mastitis of bovine mammary gland. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. B, INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH 2003; 50:105-11. [PMID: 12667186 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2003.00628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
TaqMan real time PCR was used to study the transcriptional activity of the bovine IL-2, IL-6, IL-12p40, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor of whole milk cells in bovine mammary gland experimentally infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Cytokine transcriptional activity was monitored at 7, 24 and 32 h Post-infection (Pi). IL-12 and TNF-alpha levels were significantly elevated at 24 h Pi followed by sharp decrease at 32 h pi. IL-2 level was decreased at 32 h pi. IL-12 and IFN-gamma showed a significant interaction at 24 h pi. The significant elevations of the IL-12 and TNF-alpha transcriptional level most likely indicate their important role in regulation of the immune responses of bovine mammary gland in S. aureus infection. Depression of IL-2 could reflect the suppressive nature of the S. aureus mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Alluwaimi
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, PO Box 35252, Al-AHSAA, 31982 Saudi Arabia.
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