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Guse AH. Enzymology of Ca 2+-Mobilizing Second Messengers Derived from NAD: From NAD Glycohydrolases to (Dual) NADPH Oxidases. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040675. [PMID: 36831342 PMCID: PMC9954121 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its 2'-phosphorylated cousin NADP are precursors for the enzymatic formation of the Ca2+-mobilizing second messengers adenosine diphosphoribose (ADPR), 2'-deoxy-ADPR, cyclic ADPR, and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP). The enzymes involved are either NAD glycohydrolases CD38 or sterile alpha toll/interleukin receptor motif containing-1 (SARM1), or (dual) NADPH oxidases (NOX/DUOX). Enzymatic function(s) are reviewed and physiological role(s) in selected cell systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas H Guse
- The Calcium Signalling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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2
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The Role of CD38 in the Pathogenesis of Cardiorenal Metabolic Disease and Aging, an Approach from Basic Research. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040595. [PMID: 36831262 PMCID: PMC9954496 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for the leading causes of mortality, and the incidence of age-related diseases including cardiovascular disease, kidney disease and metabolic disease increases with age. NAD+ is a classic coenzyme that exists in all species, and that plays a crucial role in oxidation-reduction reactions. It is also involved in the regulation of many cellular functions including inflammation, oxidative stress and differentiation. NAD+ declines with aging in various organs, and the reduction in NAD+ is possibly involved in the development of age-related cellular dysfunction in cardiorenal metabolic organs through the accumulation of inflammation and oxidative stress. Levels of NAD+ are regulated by the balance between its synthesis and degradation. CD38 is the main NAD+-degrading enzyme, and CD38 is activated in response to inflammation with aging, which is associated with the reduction in NAD+ levels. In this review, focusing on CD38, we discuss the role of CD38 in aging and the pathogenesis of age-related diseases, including cardiorenal metabolic disease.
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Takasawa S, Makino M, Uchiyama T, Yamauchi A, Sakuramoto-Tsuchida S, Itaya-Hironaka A, Takeda Y, Asai K, Shobatake R, Ota H. Downregulation of the Cd38-Cyclic ADP-Ribose Signaling in Cardiomyocytes by Intermittent Hypoxia via Pten Upregulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158782. [PMID: 35955916 PMCID: PMC9368863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) is characterized by recurrent episodes of oxygen desaturation and reoxygenation (intermittent hypoxia, IH), and it is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes. However, the mechanisms linking IH stress and CVD remain elusive. We exposed rat H9c2 and mouse P19.CL6 cardiomyocytes to experimental IH or normoxia for 24 h to analyze the mRNA expression of the components of Cd38-cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) signaling. We found that the mRNA levels of cluster of differentiation 38 (Cd38), type 2 ryanodine receptor (Ryr2), and FK506-binding protein 12.6 (Fkbp12.6) in H9c2 and P19.CL6 cardiomyocytes were significantly decreased by IH, whereas the promoter activities of these genes were not decreased. By contrast, the expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted from chromosome 10 (Pten) was upregulated in IH-treated cells. The small interfering RNA for Pten (siPten) and a non-specific control RNA were introduced into the H9c2 cells. The IH-induced downregulation of Cd38, Ryr2, and Fkbp12.6 was abolished by the introduction of the siPten, but not by the control RNA. These results indicate that IH stress upregulated the Pten in cardiomyocytes, resulting in the decreased mRNA levels of Cd38, Ryr2, and Fkbp12.6, leading to the inhibition of cardiomyocyte functions in SAS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Takasawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Nara, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-74-422-3051 (ext. 2227); Fax: +81-744-24-9525
| | - Mai Makino
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Nara, Japan
| | - Tomoko Uchiyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Nara, Japan
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8522, Nara, Japan
| | - Akiyo Yamauchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Nara, Japan
| | | | - Asako Itaya-Hironaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Nara, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takeda
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Nara, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8522, Nara, Japan
| | - Keito Asai
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Nara, Japan
| | - Ryogo Shobatake
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Nara, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroyo Ota
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Nara, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8522, Nara, Japan
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4
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CD38–Cyclic ADP-Ribose Signal System in Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084306. [PMID: 35457121 PMCID: PMC9033130 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is a ubiquitous and fundamental signaling component that is utilized by cells to regulate a diverse range of cellular functions, such as insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells of the islets of Langerhans. Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR), synthesized from NAD+ by ADP-ribosyl cyclase family proteins, such as the mammalian cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38), is important for intracellular Ca2+ mobilization for cell functioning. cADPR induces Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum via the ryanodine receptor intracellular Ca2+ channel complex, in which the FK506-binding protein 12.6 works as a cADPR-binding regulatory protein. Recently, involvements of the CD38-cADPR signal system in several human diseases and animal models have been reported. This review describes the biochemical and molecular biological basis of the CD38-cADPR signal system and the diseases caused by its abnormalities.
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Galione A, Chuang KT. Pyridine Nucleotide Metabolites and Calcium Release from Intracellular Stores. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1131:371-394. [PMID: 31646518 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12457-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ signals are probably the most common intracellular signaling cellular events, controlling an extensive range of responses in virtually all cells. Many cellular stimuli, often acting at cell surface receptors, evoke Ca2+ signals by mobilizing Ca2+ from intracellular stores. Inositol trisphosphate (IP3) was the first messenger shown to link events at the plasma membrane to release Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), through the activation of IP3-gated Ca2+ release channels (IP3 receptors). Subsequently, two additional Ca2+ mobilizing messengers were discovered, cADPR and NAADP. Both are metabolites of pyridine nucleotides, and may be produced by the same class of enzymes, ADP-ribosyl cyclases, such as CD38. Whilst cADPR mobilizes Ca2+ from the ER by activation of ryanodine receptors (RyRs), NAADP releases Ca2+ from acidic stores by a mechanism involving the activation of two pore channels (TPCs). In addition, other pyridine nucleotides have emerged as intracellular messengers. ADP-ribose and 2'-deoxy-ADPR both activate TRPM2 channels which are expressed at the plasma membrane and in lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Galione
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Kai-Ting Chuang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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CD38 Deficiency Promotes Inflammatory Response through Activating Sirt1/NF- κB-Mediated Inhibition of TLR2 Expression in Macrophages. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:8736949. [PMID: 29977153 PMCID: PMC6011090 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8736949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CD38 was first identified as a lymphocyte-specific antigen and then has been found to be widely expressed in a variety of cell types. The functions of CD38 are involved in numerous biological processes including immune responses. Here, we showed the downregulations of both TLR2 mRNA and protein in macrophages from CD38−/− mice and in CD38 knockdown RAW264.7 cells. Several NF-κB-binding motifs in the promoter region of the TLR2 gene were identified by the bioinformatics analysis and were confirmed by the luciferase activity assay with the different truncated TLR2 promoters. CD38 deficiency resulted in the reduction of NF-κB p65 and acetyl-NF-κB p65 (Ac-p65) levels as determined by Western blot. The expression of Sirt1 did not change, but an increased activity of Sirt1 was observed in CD38-deficient macrophages. Inhibition of the Sirt1/NF-κB signaling pathway resulted in downregulation of TLR2 expression in RAW264.7 cells. However, re-expression of CD38 in the knockdown clones reversed the effect on Sirt1/NF-κB/TLR2 signaling, which is NAD-dependent. Moreover, the inflammatory cytokines including G-CSF, IL-1alpha, IL-6, MCP-1, MIP-1alpha, and RANTES were increased in CD38 knockdown RAW264.7 cells. Taken together, our data demonstrated that CD38 deficiency enhances inflammatory response in macrophages, and the mechanism may be partly associated with increased Sirt1 activity, which promoted NF-κB deacetylation and then inhibited expression of the TLR2 gene. Obviously, our study may provide an insight into the molecular mechanisms in CD38-mediated inflammation.
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7
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Pyridine nucleotide metabolites and calcium release from intracellular stores. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 740:305-23. [PMID: 22453948 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2888-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ca(2+) signals are probably the most common intracellular signaling elements, controlling an extensive range of responses in virtually all cells. Many cellular stimuli, often acting at cell surface receptors, evoke Ca(2+) signals by mobilizing Ca(2+) from intracellular stores. Inositol trisphosphate (IP₃) was the first messenger shown to link events at the plasma membrane to release of Ca(2+) from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), through activation of IP₃-gated Ca(2+) release channels (IP₃ receptors). Subsequently, two additional Ca(2+) mobilizing messengers were discovered, cADPR and NAADP. Both are metabolites of pyridine nucleotides, and may be produced by the same class of enzymes, ADP-ribosyl cyclases, such as CD38. Whilst cADPR mobilizes Ca(2+) from the ER by activation of ryanodine receptors (RyRs), NAADP releases Ca(2+) from acidic stores by a mechanism involving the activation of two pore channels (TPCs).
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8
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Kwong AKY, Chen Z, Zhang H, Leung FP, Lam CMC, Ting KY, Zhang L, Hao Q, Zhang LH, Lee HC. Catalysis-based inhibitors of the calcium signaling function of CD38. Biochemistry 2011; 51:555-64. [PMID: 22142305 DOI: 10.1021/bi201509f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CD38 is a signaling enzyme responsible for catalyzing the synthesis of cyclic ADP ribose (cADPR) and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate; both are universal Ca(2+) messenger molecules. Ablation of the CD38 gene in mice causes multiple physiological defects, including impaired oxytocin release, that result in altered social behavior. A series of catalysis-based inhibitors of CD38 were designed and synthesized, starting with arabinosyl-2'-fluoro-2'-deoxynicotinamide mononucleotide. Structure-function relationships were analyzed to assess the structural determinants important for inhibiting the NADase activity of CD38. X-ray crystallography was used to reveal the covalent intermediates that were formed with the catalytic residue, Glu226. Metabolically stable analogues that were resistant to inactivation by phosphatase and esterase were synthesized and shown to be effective in inhibiting intracellular cADPR production in human HL-60 cells during induction of differentiation by retinoic acid. The inhibition was species-independent, and the analogues were similarly effective in blocking the cyclization reaction of CD38 in rat ventricular tissue extracts, as well as inhibiting the α-agonist-induced constriction in rat mesentery arteries. These compounds thus represent the first generally applicable and catalysis-based inhibitors of the Ca(2+) signaling function of CD38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ka Yee Kwong
- Department of Physiology, 4/F Lab Block, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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9
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Lee HC. Cyclic ADP-ribose and NAADP: fraternal twin messengers for calcium signaling. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2011; 54:699-711. [PMID: 21786193 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-011-4197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The concept advanced by Berridge and colleagues that intracellular Ca(2+)-stores can be mobilized in an agonist-dependent and messenger (IP(3))-mediated manner has put Ca(2+)-mobilization at the center stage of signal transduction mechanisms. During the late 1980s, we showed that Ca(2+)-stores can be mobilized by two other messengers unrelated to inositol trisphosphate (IP(3)) and identified them as cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR), a novel cyclic nucleotide from NAD, and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP), a linear metabolite of NADP. Their messenger functions have now been documented in a wide range of systems spanning three biological kingdoms. Accumulated evidence indicates that the target of cADPR is the ryanodine receptor in the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum, while that of NAADP is the two pore channel in endolysosomes.As cADPR and NAADP are structurally and functionally distinct, it is remarkable that they are synthesized by the same enzyme. They are thus fraternal twin messengers. We first identified the Aplysia ADP-ribosyl cyclase as one such enzyme and, through homology, found its mammalian homolog, CD38. Gene knockout in mice confirms the important roles of CD38 in diverse physiological functions from insulin secretion, susceptibility to bacterial infection, to social behavior of mice through modulating neuronal oxytocin secretion. We have elucidated the catalytic mechanisms of the Aplysia cyclase and CD38 to atomic resolution by crystallography and site-directed mutagenesis. This article gives a historical account of the cADPR/NAADP/CD38-signaling pathway and describes current efforts in elucidating the structure and function of its components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hon Cheung Lee
- Department of Physiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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10
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Dong M, Si YQ, Sun SY, Pu XP, Yang ZJ, Zhang LR, Zhang LH, Leung FP, Lam CMC, Kwong AKY, Yue J, Zhou Y, Kriksunov IA, Hao Q, Lee HC. Design, synthesis and biological characterization of novel inhibitors of CD38. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:3246-57. [PMID: 21431168 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00768d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human CD38 is a novel multi-functional protein that acts not only as an antigen for B-lymphocyte activation, but also as an enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of a Ca(2+) messenger molecule, cyclic ADP-ribose, from NAD(+). It is well established that this novel Ca(2+) signaling enzyme is responsible for regulating a wide range of physiological functions. Based on the crystal structure of the CD38/NAD(+) complex, we synthesized a series of simplified N-substituted nicotinamide derivatives (Compound 1-14). A number of these compounds exhibited moderate inhibition of the NAD(+) utilizing activity of CD38, with Compound 4 showing the highest potency. The crystal structure of CD38/Compound 4 complex and computer simulation of Compound 7 docking to CD38 show a significant role of the nicotinamide moiety and the distal aromatic group of the compounds for substrate recognition by the active site of CD38. Biologically, we showed that both Compounds 4 and 7 effectively relaxed the agonist-induced contraction of muscle preparations from rats and guinea pigs. This study is a rational design of inhibitors for CD38 that exhibit important physiological effects, and can serve as a model for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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11
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Thai TL, Arendshorst WJ. Mice lacking the ADP ribosyl cyclase CD38 exhibit attenuated renal vasoconstriction to angiotensin II, endothelin-1, and norepinephrine. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 297:F169-76. [PMID: 19403649 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00079.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ADP ribosyl (ADPR) cyclases comprise a family of ectoenzymes recently shown to influence cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration in a variety of cell types. At least two ADPR cyclase family members have been identified in mammals: CD38 and CD157. We recently found reduced renal vascular reactivity to angiotensin II (ANG II), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and norepinephrine (NE) in the presence of the broad ADPR cyclase inhibitor nicotinamide. We hypothesized that CD38 mediates effects attributed to ADPR cyclase. We found expression of ADPR cyclases CD38 and CD157 mRNA in spleen, thymus, skin, and preglomerular arterioles of wild-type (WT) animals. Mice lacking CD38 showed decreased CD157 expression in most tissues tested. No difference in systolic or mean arterial pressure was observed between strains in either conscious or anesthetized states, whereas heart rate was reduced 10-20% in CD38-/- animals (P < 0.05). During anesthesia, CD38-/- mice had reduced basal renal blood flow (RBF) and urine excretion (P < 0.05). RBF responses to intravenous injection of ANG II, ET-1, and NE were attenuated approximately 50% in CD38-/- vs. WT mice (P < 0.01 for all). The systemic pressor response to ANG II was decreased in the absence of CD38 (P < 0.01), whereas that to NE was normal (P > 0.05); ET-1 was administered at a nonpressor dose. Nicotinamide effectively inhibited ANG II-induced renal vasoconstriction in WT mice (P < 0.001), but had no effect on renal responses to ANG II in CD38-/- mice (P > 0.5). Overall, our observations indicate the presence of two ADPR cyclase family members in renal preglomerular resistance arterioles and the importance of CD38 participation in acute vascular responses to all three vasoconstrictors in the renal microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany L Thai
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Regulation of the renal microcirculation by ryanodine receptors and calcium-induced calcium release. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2009; 18:40-9. [DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e32831cf5bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Covalent and noncovalent intermediates of an NAD utilizing enzyme, human CD38. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 15:1068-78. [PMID: 18940667 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic utilization of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) has increasingly been shown to have fundamental roles in gene regulation, signal transduction, and protein modification. Many of the processes require the cleavage of the nicotinamide moiety from the substrate and the formation of a reactive intermediate. Using X-ray crystallography, we show that human CD38, an NAD-utilizing enzyme, is capable of catalyzing the cleavage reactions through both covalent and noncovalent intermediates, depending on the substrate used. The covalent intermediate is resistant to further attack by nucleophiles, resulting in mechanism-based enzyme inactivation. The noncovalent intermediate is stabilized mainly through H-bond interactions, but appears to remain reactive. Our structural results favor the proposal of a noncovalent intermediate during normal enzymatic utilization of NAD by human CD38 and provide structural insights into the design of covalent and noncovalent inhibitors targeting NAD-utilization pathways.
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Malavasi F, Deaglio S, Funaro A, Ferrero E, Horenstein AL, Ortolan E, Vaisitti T, Aydin S. Evolution and function of the ADP ribosyl cyclase/CD38 gene family in physiology and pathology. Physiol Rev 2008; 88:841-86. [PMID: 18626062 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00035.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 619] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane proteins CD38 and CD157 belong to an evolutionarily conserved family of enzymes that play crucial roles in human physiology. Expressed in distinct patterns in most tissues, CD38 (and CD157) cleaves NAD(+) and NADP(+), generating cyclic ADP ribose (cADPR), NAADP, and ADPR. These reaction products are essential for the regulation of intracellular Ca(2+), the most ancient and universal cell signaling system. The entire family of enzymes controls complex processes, including egg fertilization, cell activation and proliferation, muscle contraction, hormone secretion, and immune responses. Over the course of evolution, the molecules have developed the ability to interact laterally and frontally with other surface proteins and have acquired receptor-like features. As detailed in this review, the loss of CD38 function is associated with impaired immune responses, metabolic disturbances, and behavioral modifications in mice. CD38 is a powerful disease marker for human leukemias and myelomas, is directly involved in the pathogenesis and outcome of human immunodeficiency virus infection and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and controls insulin release and the development of diabetes. Here, the data concerning diseases are examined in view of potential clinical applications in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. The concluding remarks try to frame all of the currently available information within a unified working model that takes into account both the enzymatic and receptorial functions of the molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Malavasi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Biology, and Biochemistry and Centro di Ricerca in Medicina Sperimentale, University of Torino Medical School, Torino, Italy.
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15
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Thai TL, Arendshorst WJ. ADP-ribosyl cyclase and ryanodine receptors mediate endothelin ETA and ETB receptor-induced renal vasoconstriction in vivo. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295:F360-8. [PMID: 18524860 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00512.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosyl cyclase (ADPR cyclase) and ryanodine receptors (RyR) participate in calcium transduction in isolated afferent arterioles. We hypothesized that this signaling pathway is activated by ETA and ETB receptors in the renal vasculature to mediate vasoconstriction in vivo. To test this, we measured acute renal blood flow (RBF) responses to ET-1 in anesthetized rats and mice in the presence and absence of functional ADPR cyclase and/or RyR. Inhibitors of ADPR cyclase (nicotinamide) or RyR (ruthenium red) reduced RBF responses to ET-1 by 44% (P < 0.04 for both) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Mice lacking the predominant form of ADPR cyclase (CD38-/-) had RBF responses to ET-1 that were 47% weaker than those seen in wild-type mice (P = 0.01). Selective ETA receptor stimulation (ET-1+BQ788) produced decreases in RBF that were attenuated by 43 and 56% by nicotinamide or ruthenium red, respectively (P < 0.02 for both). ADPR cyclase or RyR inhibition also reduced vasoconstrictor effects of the ETB receptor agonist sarafotoxin 6c (S6c; 77 and 54%, respectively, P < 0.02 for both). ETB receptor stimulation by ET-1 + the ETA receptor antagonist BQ123 elicited responses that were attenuated by 59 and 60% by nicotinamide and ruthenium red, respectively (P < 0.01 for both). Nicotinamide attenuated RBF responses to S6c by 54% during inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis (P = 0.001). We conclude that in the renal microcirculation in vivo 1) ET-1-induced vasoconstriction is mediated by ADPR cyclase and RyR; 2) both ETA and ETB receptors activate this pathway; and 3) ADPR cyclase participates in ETB receptor signaling independently of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany L Thai
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7545, USA.
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Thai TL, Fellner SK, Arendshorst WJ. ADP-ribosyl cyclase and ryanodine receptor activity contribute to basal renal vasomotor tone and agonist-induced renal vasoconstriction in vivo. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 293:F1107-14. [PMID: 17652368 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00483.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An important role for the enzyme ADP-ribosyl cyclase (ADPR cyclase) and its downstream targets, the ryanodine receptors (RyR), is emerging for a variety of vascular systems. We hypothesized that the ADPR cyclase/RyR pathway contributes to regulation of renal vasomotor tone in vivo. To test this, we continuously measured renal blood flow (RBF) in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. Infusion of the ADPR cyclase inhibitor nicotinamide intrarenally at low doses inhibits angiotensin II (ANG II)- and norepinephrine (NE)-induced vasoconstriction by 72 and 67%, respectively ( P < 0.001). RBF studies in rats were extended to mice lacking the predominant form of ADPR cyclase (CD38). Acute renal vasoconstrictor responses to ANG II and NE are impaired by 59 and 52%, respectively, in anesthetized CD38−/− mice compared with wild-type controls ( P < 0.05). Intrarenal injection of the RyR activator FK506 decreases RBF by 22% ( P > 0.03). Furthermore, RyR inhibition with ruthenium red attenuates ANG II and NE responses by 50 and 59%, respectively ( P ≤ 0.01). Given at higher doses, nicotinamide increases basal RBF by 22% ( P > 0.001). Non-receptor-mediated renal vasoconstriction by L-type voltage-gated Ca2+channels is also dependent on ADPR cyclase and RyRs. Nicotinamide and ruthenium red inhibit constriction by the L-type channel agonist BAY K 8644 by 59% ( P > 0.02) and 63% ( P > 0.001). We conclude that 1) ADPR cyclase activity contributes to regulation of renal vasomotor tone under resting conditions, 2) renal vasoconstriction induced by G protein-coupled receptor agonists ANG II and NE is mediated in part by ADPR cyclase and RyRs, and 3) ADPR cyclase and RyRs participate in L-type channel-mediated renal vasoconstriction in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany L Thai
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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17
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Abstract
CD38 is a novel multifunctional protein that serves not only as an antigen but also as an enzyme. It catalyzes the metabolism of cyclic ADP-ribose and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate, two structurally and functionally distinct Ca(2+) messengers targeting, respectively, the endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomal Ca(2+) stores. The protein has recently been crystallized and its three-dimensional structure solved to a resolution of 1.9 A. The crystal structure of a binary complex reveals critical interactions between residues at the active site and a bound substrate, providing mechanistic insights to its novel multi-functional catalysis. This article reviews the current advances in the understanding of the structural determinants that control the multiple enzymatic reactions catalyzed by CD38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hon Cheung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Lee HC. Structure and enzymatic functions of human CD38. MOLECULAR MEDICINE (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2007; 12:317-23. [PMID: 17380198 PMCID: PMC1829193 DOI: 10.2119/2006–00086.lee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD38 is a novel multifunctional protein that serves not only as an antigen but also as an enzyme. It catalyzes the metabolism of cyclic ADP-ribose and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate, two structurally and functionally distinct Ca(2+) messengers targeting, respectively, the endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomal Ca(2+) stores. The protein has recently been crystallized and its three-dimensional structure solved to a resolution of 1.9 A. The crystal structure of a binary complex reveals critical interactions between residues at the active site and a bound substrate, providing mechanistic insights to its novel multi-functional catalysis. This article reviews the current advances in the understanding of the structural determinants that control the multiple enzymatic reactions catalyzed by CD38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hon Cheung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Guedes AGP, Paulin J, Rivero-Nava L, Kita H, Lund FE, Kannan MS. CD38-deficient mice have reduced airway hyperresponsiveness following IL-13 challenge. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006; 291:L1286-93. [PMID: 16891391 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00187.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane glycoprotein CD38 in airway smooth muscle is the source of cyclic-ADP ribose, an intracellular calcium-releasing molecule, and is subject to regulatory effects of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-13, a cytokine implicated in asthma. We investigated the role of CD38 in airway hyperresponsiveness using a mouse model of IL-13-induced airway disease. Wild-type (WT) and CD38-deficient (CD38KO) mice were intranasally challenged with 5 microg of IL-13 three times on alternate days under isoflurane anesthesia. Lung resistance (R(L)) in response to inhaled methacholine was measured 24 h after the last challenge in pentobarbital-anesthetized, tracheostomized, and mechanically ventilated mice. Bronchoalveolar cytokines, bronchoalveolar and parenchymal inflammation, and smooth muscle contractility and relaxation using tracheal segments were also evaluated. Changes in methacholine-induced R(L) were significantly greater in the WT than in the CD38KO mice following intranasal IL-13 challenges. Airway reactivity after IL-13 exposure, as measured by the slope of the methacholine dose-response curve, was significantly higher in the WT than in the CD38KO mice. The rate of isometric force generation in tracheal segments (e.g., smooth muscle reactivity) was greater in the WT than in the CD38KO mice following incubation with IL-13. IL-13 treatment reduced isoproterenol-induced relaxations to similar magnitudes in tracheal segments obtained from WT and CD38KO mice. Both WT and CD38KO mice developed significant bronchoalveolar and parenchymal inflammation after IL-13 challenges compared with naïve controls. The results indicate that CD38 contributes to airway hyperresponsiveness in lungs exposed to IL-13 at least partly by increasing airway smooth muscle reactivity to contractile agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso G P Guedes
- Department of Veterinary Clinicial Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Krebs C, Adriouch S, Braasch F, Koestner W, Leiter EH, Seman M, Lund FE, Oppenheimer N, Haag F, Koch-Nolte F. CD38 controls ADP-ribosyltransferase-2-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of T cell surface proteins. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:3298-305. [PMID: 15749861 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.6.3298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
ADP-ribosyltransferase-2 (ART2), a GPI-anchored, toxin-related ADP-ribosylating ectoenzyme, is prominently expressed by murine T cells but not by B cells. Upon exposure of T cells to NAD, the substrate for ADP-ribosylation, ART2 catalyzes ADP-ribosylation of the P2X7 purinoceptor and other functionally important cell surface proteins. This in turn activates P2X7 and induces exposure of phosphatidylserine and shedding of CD62L. CD38, a potent ecto-NAD-glycohydrolase, is strongly expressed by most B cells but only weakly by T cells. Following incubation with NAD, CD38-deficient splenocytes exhibited lower NAD-glycohydrolase activity and stronger ADP-ribosylation of cell surface proteins than their wild-type counterparts. Depletion of CD38(high) cells from wild-type splenocytes resulted in stronger ADP-ribosylation on the remaining cells. Similarly, treatment of total splenocytes with the CD38 inhibitor nicotinamide 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroarabinoside adenine dinucleotide increased the level of cell surface ADP-ribosylation. Furthermore, the majority of T cells isolated from CD38-deficient mice "spontaneously" exposed phosphatidylserine and lacked CD62L, most likely reflecting previous encounter with ecto-NAD. Our findings support the notion that ecto-NAD functions as a signaling molecule following its release from cells by lytic or nonlytic mechanisms. ART2 can sense and translate the local concentration of ecto-NAD into corresponding levels of ADP-ribosylated cell surface proteins, whereas CD38 controls the level of cell surface protein ADP-ribosylation by limiting the substrate availability for ART2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Krebs
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital, Hamburg, Germany
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Bai N, Lee HC, Laher I. Emerging role of cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) in smooth muscle. Pharmacol Ther 2004; 105:189-207. [PMID: 15670626 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2004] [Accepted: 10/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose (cADPR) is a naturally occurring cyclic nucleotide and represents a novel class of endogenous Ca(2+) messengers implicated in the regulation of the gating properties of ryanodine receptors (RyRs). This action of cADPR occurs independently from the inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)) receptor. The regulation of intracellular Ca(2+) release is a fundamental element of cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis since a number of smooth muscle functions (tone, proliferation, apoptosis, and gene expression) are modulated by intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)). There has been a surge in the efforts aimed at understanding the mechanisms of cADPR-mediated Ca(2+) mobilization and its impact on smooth muscle function. This review summarizes the proposed roles of cADPR in the regulation of smooth muscle tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Bai
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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Ferrero E, Orciani M, Vacca P, Ortolan E, Crovella S, Titti F, Saccucci F, Malavasi F. Characterization and phylogenetic epitope mapping of CD38 ADPR cyclase in the cynomolgus macaque. BMC Immunol 2004; 5:21. [PMID: 15383153 PMCID: PMC524171 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-5-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2004] [Accepted: 09/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The CD38 transmembrane glycoprotein is an ADP-ribosyl cyclase that moonlights as a receptor in cells of the immune system. Both functions are independently implicated in numerous areas related to human health. This study originated from an inherent interest in studying CD38 in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis), a species closely related to humans that also represents a cogent animal model for the biomedical analysis of CD38. Results A cDNA was isolated from cynomolgus macaque peripheral blood leukocytes and is predicted to encode a type II membrane protein of 301 amino acids with 92% identity to human CD38. Both RT-PCR-mediated cDNA cloning and genomic DNA PCR surveying were possible with heterologous human CD38 primers, demonstrating the striking conservation of CD38 in these primates. Transfection of the cDNA coincided with: (i) surface expression of cynomolgus macaque CD38 by immunofluorescence; (ii) detection of ~42 and 84 kDa proteins by Western blot and (iii) the appearance of ecto-enzymatic activity. Monoclonal antibodies were raised against the cynomolgus CD38 ectodomain and were either species-specific or cross-reactive with human CD38, in which case they were directed against a common disulfide-requiring conformational epitope that was mapped to the C-terminal disulfide loop. Conclusion This multi-faceted characterization of CD38 from cynomolgus macaque demonstrates its high genetic and biochemical similarities with human CD38 while the immunological comparison adds new insights into the dominant epitopes of the primate CD38 ectodomain. These results open new prospects for the biomedical and pharmacological investigations of this receptor-enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enza Ferrero
- Department of Genetics, Biology & Biochemistry, University of Torino, Via Santena 19 and the CeRMS Research Center for Experimental Medicine, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Monia Orciani
- Institute of Biology and Genetics, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Ranieri 69, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Paola Vacca
- Department of Genetics, Biology & Biochemistry, University of Torino, Via Santena 19 and the CeRMS Research Center for Experimental Medicine, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Erika Ortolan
- Department of Genetics, Biology & Biochemistry, University of Torino, Via Santena 19 and the CeRMS Research Center for Experimental Medicine, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Sergio Crovella
- Department of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, University of Trieste, Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Fausto Titti
- Department of Parasitic, Infectious and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Franca Saccucci
- Institute of Biology and Genetics, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Ranieri 69, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Fabio Malavasi
- Department of Genetics, Biology & Biochemistry, University of Torino, Via Santena 19 and the CeRMS Research Center for Experimental Medicine, 10126 Torino, Italy
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