1
|
Piyarungsri K, Chuammitri P, Pringproa K, Pila P, Srivorakul S, Sornpet B, Pusoonthornthum R. Decreased circulating transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and kidney TGF-β immunoreactivity predict renal disease in cats with naturally occurring chronic kidney disease. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231208937. [PMID: 38131312 PMCID: PMC10811765 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231208937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to compare the circulating transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) of clinically normal age-matched and naturally occurring chronic kidney disease (CKD) cats and to determine the correlation between the TGF-β expression and histopathological changes in cats with CKD. METHODS A total of 11 clinically normal age-matched and 27 cats with naturally occurring CKD were included in this study. Circulating TGF-β was quantified by immunoassays. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to calculate the association between survival time and the concentration of circulating TGF-β. A general linear model was used to compare the circulating TGF-β between groups. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed TGF-β expression in renal tissues from cats with CKD that died during the study (n = 7) and in available archived renal tissue specimens taken at necropsy from cats that had previous CKD with renal lesions (n = 10). Correlations of the TGF-β expression and clinical parameters (n = 7) and histopathological changes (n = 17) were analysed using Spearman's rank correlation. RESULTS The median survival time of cats with a lower concentration of circulating TGF-β was shorter than that of cats with a higher concentration. The area under the curve of circulating TGF-β for predicting CKD was 0.781, indicating good differentiation. The study indicated a significant difference in circulating TGF-β concentrations between clinically normal cats and those with CKD and demonstrated that TGF-β expression is correlated with tubular atrophy. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The study findings suggest that decreased serum TGF-β and tubular atrophy with TGF-β immunoreactivity may be significant in cats with CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kakanang Piyarungsri
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Phongsakorn Chuammitri
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kidsadagon Pringproa
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pattiya Pila
- Small Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Saralee Srivorakul
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Benjaporn Sornpet
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Rosama Pusoonthornthum
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan Bangkok, Thailand
- Feline Health and Infectious Disease Research Unit Excellence, Chulalongkorn University
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Miguel-Pastor L, Satué K, Chicharro D, Torres-Torrillas M, del Romero A, Peláez P, Carrillo JM, Cuervo B, Sopena JJ, Cerón JJ, Rubio M. Evaluation of a Standardized Protocol for Plasma Rich in Growth Factors Obtention in Cats: A Prospective Study. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:866547. [PMID: 35498746 PMCID: PMC9047018 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.866547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous plasma with platelet (PLT) concentration above that of whole blood (WB). PLTs contain growth factors (GFs) that promote tissular repair. Objectives To determine and compare the concentrations of PLT, red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC) between WB samples, PRP and platelet poor plasma (PPP) samples; and to analyze the concentrations of platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in the PRP and PPP of healthy adult cats using a standardized protocol with PRGF®-Endoret® characteristics. Material and Methods WB was collected from 30 cats. PRP was obtained following three centrifugation protocols using PRGF®-Endoret® technology: 255, 260, and 265 g for 10 min each. The cellular components, RBC, WBC, PLT, and the concentrations of PDGF-BB and TGF-β1 in the PRP and PPP fractions were determined for each protocol. Results PLTs in the PRP fraction were statistically higher than WB, with no statistical differences between PPP and WB. In PRP fraction, PLT concentration was increased 1.4 times on average at 255 g; 1.3 times at 260 g and, 1.5 times at 265 g without statistical differences among them. The mean platelet volume (MPV) was significantly higher in WB compared to PRP and PPP fractions without significant differences between protocols. Compared to WB, the number of RBCs and WBCs was reduced by 99% and by more than 95% in PRP and PPP respectively, without significant differences between protocols. PDGF-BB concentrations were statistically higher in PRP than in PPP fractions, however, TGF-ß1 concentrations did not vary between fractions at 260 g. Comparing the three protocols within PRP and PPP fractions, no differences in PDGF-BB and TGF-ß1 concentrations were observed. Clinical Relevance The study shows scientific evidence regarding the obtention of PRP in cats using the PRGF®-Endoret® technology for the quantification of PDGF-BB and TGF-ß1. At 265 g for 10 min, PLT concentration was increased 1.5 times with unnoticeable erythrocytes and leukocytes in the samples. These results clearly show that the PRGF®-Endoret® methodology is suitable to obtain PRP in cats. Further studies are needed to determine the clinical efficacy of the obtained PGRF in the treatment of different pathologies in cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Miguel-Pastor
- Bioregenerative Medicine and Applied Surgery Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Katy Satué
- Bioregenerative Medicine and Applied Surgery Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Deborah Chicharro
- Bioregenerative Medicine and Applied Surgery Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Torres-Torrillas
- Bioregenerative Medicine and Applied Surgery Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ayla del Romero
- Bioregenerative Medicine and Applied Surgery Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pau Peláez
- Bioregenerative Medicine and Applied Surgery Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - José M. Carrillo
- Bioregenerative Medicine and Applied Surgery Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
- García Cugat Foundation CEU-UCH Chair of Medicine and Regenerative Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Belén Cuervo
- Bioregenerative Medicine and Applied Surgery Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joaquín J. Sopena
- Bioregenerative Medicine and Applied Surgery Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
- García Cugat Foundation CEU-UCH Chair of Medicine and Regenerative Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Joaquín J. Sopena
| | - José J. Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mónica Rubio
- Bioregenerative Medicine and Applied Surgery Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
- García Cugat Foundation CEU-UCH Chair of Medicine and Regenerative Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Grimes JA, Lourenço BN, Coleman AE, Rissi DR, Schmiedt CW. MicroRNAs are differentially expressed in the serum and renal tissues of cats with experimentally induced chronic kidney disease: a preliminary study. Am J Vet Res 2022; 83:426-433. [PMID: 35239506 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.08.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify differentially expressed microRNA in the serum and renal tissues of cats with experimentally induced chronic kidney disease (CKD). SAMPLE Banked renal tissues and serum from 4 cats. PROCEDURES Cats previously underwent 90-minute unilateral ischemia with delayed contralateral nephrectomy 3 months after ischemia. Tissues were collected from the contralateral kidney at the time of nephrectomy and from the ischemic kidney 6 months after nephrectomy (study end). Serum was collected prior to ischemia (baseline serum) and at study end (end point serum). Total RNA was isolated from tissues and serum, and microRNA sequencing was performed with differential expression analysis between the contralateral and ischemic kidney and baseline and end point serum. RESULTS 20 microRNAs were differentially expressed between ischemic and contralateral kidneys, and 52 microRNAs were differentially expressed between end point and baseline serum. Five microRNAs were mutually differentially expressed between ischemic and contralateral kidneys and baseline and end point serum, with 4 (mir-21, mir-146, mir-199, and mir-235) having increased expression in both the ischemic kidney and end point serum and 1 (mir-382) having increased expression in the ischemic kidney and decreased expression in end point serum. Predicted target search for these microRNA revealed multiple genes previously shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of feline CKD, including hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, transforming growth factor-β, hepatocyte growth factor, fibronectin, and vascular endothelial growth factor A. CLINICAL RELEVANCE MicroRNAs were differentially expressed after CKD induction in this preliminary study. Regulation of renal fibrosis in feline CKD may occur through microRNA regulation of mRNAs of pro- and anti-fibrotic genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet A Grimes
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Bianca N Lourenço
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Amanda E Coleman
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Daniel R Rissi
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Chad W Schmiedt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Uehara Y, Furusawa Y, Islam MS, Yamato O, Hatai H, Ichii O, Yabuki A. Immunohistochemical Expression of TGF-β1 in Kidneys of Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9030114. [PMID: 35324842 PMCID: PMC8950231 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) plays a central role in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, in feline CKD, renal expression of TGF-β1 and how it changes as the disease progresses have not been fully studied. In the present study, we immunohistochemically assessed the renal expression levels of TGF-β1 in cats with CKD and statistically analyzed its correlation with CKD severity. Clear immunosignals were detected in the glomerular mesangial cells, Bowman’s capsules, proximal tubules, distal nephrons, platelets, and vascular smooth muscles in the kidneys of cats with CKD. Statistically, luminal signals in the distal nephrons showed positive correlations with plasma creatinine levels and glomerulosclerosis, while those in the proximal tubules and platelets showed negative correlations with plasma urea and/or creatinine levels. Therefore, it was suggested that the changes in the renal expression of TGF-β1 could be associated with progression of feline CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Uehara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (Y.U.); (M.S.I.); (O.Y.)
| | - Yu Furusawa
- Kagoshima University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan;
| | - Md Shafiqul Islam
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (Y.U.); (M.S.I.); (O.Y.)
| | - Osamu Yamato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (Y.U.); (M.S.I.); (O.Y.)
| | - Hitoshi Hatai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Histopathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan;
| | - Osamu Ichii
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan;
- Laboratory of Agrobiomedical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Akira Yabuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (Y.U.); (M.S.I.); (O.Y.)
- Kagoshima University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-99-285-3561
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kongtasai T, Paepe D, Meyer E, Mortier F, Marynissen S, Stammeleer L, Defauw P, Daminet S. Renal biomarkers in cats: A review of the current status in chronic kidney disease. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:379-396. [PMID: 35218249 PMCID: PMC8965260 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum creatinine concentration, the classical biomarker of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats, has important limitations that decrease its value as a biomarker of early CKD. Recently, serum symmetric dimethylarginine concentration was introduced as a novel glomerular filtration rate biomarker for the early detection of CKD in cats. However, data on its specificity are still limited. The limitations of conventional biomarkers and the desire for early therapeutic intervention in cats with CKD to improve outcomes have prompted the discovery and validation of novel renal biomarkers to detect glomerular or tubular dysfunction. Changes in the serum or urinary concentrations of these biomarkers may indicate early kidney damage or predict the progression of kidney before changes in conventional biomarkers are detectable. This review summarizes current knowledge on renal biomarkers in CKD in cats, a field that has progressed substantially over the last 5 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thirawut Kongtasai
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Dominique Paepe
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Femke Mortier
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sofie Marynissen
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lisa Stammeleer
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Pieter Defauw
- Lumbry Park Veterinary Specialists, Alton, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Spencer S, Wheeler-Jones C, Elliott J. Hypoxia and chronic kidney disease: Possible mechanisms, therapeutic targets, and relevance to cats. Vet J 2021; 274:105714. [PMID: 34252550 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
There is mounting evidence that kidney ischaemia/hypoxia plays an important role in feline chronic kidney disease (CKD) development and progression, as well as in human disease and laboratory animal models. Ischaemic acute kidney injury is widely accepted as a cause of CKD in people and data from laboratory species has identified some of the pathways underlying this continuum. Experimental kidney ischaemia in cats results in morphological changes, namely chronic tubulointerstitial inflammation, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and tubular atrophy, akin to those observed in naturally-occurring CKD. Multiple situations are envisaged that could result in acute or chronic episodes of kidney hypoxia in cats, while risk factors identified in epidemiological studies provide further support that kidney hypoxia contributes to spontaneously occurring feline CKD. This review evaluates the evidence for the role of kidney ischaemia/hypoxia in feline CKD and the proposed mechanisms and consequences of kidney hypoxia. As no effective treatments exist that substantially slow or prevent feline CKD progression, there is a need for novel therapeutic strategies. Targeting kidney hypoxia is one such promising approach, with therapies including those that attenuate the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway already being utilised in human CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Spencer
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK.
| | - Caroline Wheeler-Jones
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Jonathan Elliott
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lourenço BN, Schmiedt CW, Alabady MS, Stanton JB, Coleman AE, Brown CA, Rissi DR, Brown SA, Tarigo JL. Analysis of genes associated with proinflammatory and profibrotic pathways upregulated in ischemia-induced chronic kidney disease in cats. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:589-597. [PMID: 34166083 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.7.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use RNA sequencing (RNAseq) to characterize renal transcriptional activities of genes associated with proinflammatory and profibrotic pathways in ischemia-induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats. SAMPLES Banked renal tissues from 6 cats with experimentally induced CKD (renal ischemia [RI] group) and 9 healthy cats (control group). PROCEDURES Transcriptome analysis with RNAseq, followed by gene ontology and cluster analyses, were performed on banked tissue samples of the right kidneys (control kidneys) from cats in the control group and of both kidneys from cats in the RI group, in which unilateral (right) RI had been induced 6 months before the cats were euthanized and the ischemic kidneys (IKs) and contralateral nonischemic kidneys (CNIKs) were harvested. Results for the IKs, CNIKs, and control kidneys were compared to identify potential differentially expressed genes and overrepresented proinflammatory and profibrotic pathways. RESULTS Genes from the gene ontology pathways of collagen binding (eg, transforming growth factor-β1), metalloendopeptidase activity (eg, metalloproteinase [MMP]-7, MMP-9, MMP-11, MMP-13, MMP-16, MMP-23B, and MMP-28), chemokine activity, and T-cell migration were overrepresented as upregulated in tissue samples of the IKs versus control kidneys. Genes associated with the extracellular matrix (eg, TIMP-1, fibulin-1, secreted phosphoprotein-1, matrix Gla protein, and connective tissue growth factor) were upregulated in tissue samples from both the IKs and CNIKs, compared with tissues from the control kidneys. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Unilateral ischemic injury differentially altered gene expression in both kidneys, compared with control kidneys. Fibulin-1, secreted phosphoprotein-1, and matrix Gla protein may be candidate biomarkers of active kidney injury in cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca N Lourenço
- From the Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Chad W Schmiedt
- From the Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Magdy S Alabady
- From the Department of Plant Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, and Georgia Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - James B Stanton
- From the Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Amanda E Coleman
- From the Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Cathy A Brown
- From the Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Daniel R Rissi
- From the Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Scott A Brown
- From the Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Jaime L Tarigo
- From the Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
KuKanich K, George C, Roush JK, Sharp S, Farace G, Yerramilli M, Peterson S, Grauer GF. Effects of low-dose meloxicam in cats with chronic kidney disease. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:138-148. [PMID: 32594827 PMCID: PMC10741344 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20935750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Meloxicam therapy may benefit cats with degenerative joint disease, and retrospective studies suggest it could slow kidney disease progression and increase survival. This study aimed to prospectively evaluate the renal effects of low-dose meloxicam treatment (0.02 mg/kg/day) over 6 months in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS Twenty-one cats with stable International Renal Interest Society stage 2 or 3 CKD were recruited and randomized to placebo or meloxicam groups. Cats were evaluated at baseline and at 1, 3 and 6 months, including blood pressure, chemistry, symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urinalysis, urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPC), urine transforming growth factor-beta (β):creatinine ratio, urine clusterin, urine cystatin B and serum inosine. RESULTS No statistical difference was observed in systolic blood pressure, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, SDMA, GFR, urine transforming growth factor-β:creatinine ratio, urine clusterin, urine cystatin B or serum inosine in cats receiving meloxicam vs placebo. Mean UPC was greater in the meloxicam group (0.33) than the placebo group (0.1) at 6 months (P = 0.006). Four cats had meloxicam discontinued owing to potential (mainly gastrointestinal) adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE No decline in renal excretory function was observed when meloxicam was administered to cats with CKD. However, gastrointestinal adverse effects were observed, and cats that received meloxicam had greater proteinuria at 6 months than cats that received placebo. As proteinuria is associated with negative outcomes (progression of azotemia and hypertension) in cats with CKD, this finding suggests that meloxicam should be used with caution in cats with CKD and UPC monitored. Until further research is available, clinicians should weigh the risk of potential increased proteinuria against quality of life benefits when considering meloxicam for analgesia in cats with renal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate KuKanich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College
of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Christopher George
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College
of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Blue Pearl Veterinary Partners, Tacoma,
WA, USA
| | - James K Roush
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College
of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Sherry Sharp
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College
of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | | | | | - Gregory F Grauer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College
of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lourenço BN, Coleman AE, Schmiedt CW, Brown CA, Rissi DR, Stanton JB, Giguère S, Berghaus RD, Brown SA, Tarigo JL. Profibrotic gene transcription in renal tissues from cats with ischemia-induced chronic kidney disease. Am J Vet Res 2020; 81:180-189. [PMID: 31985291 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.81.2.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize transcription of profibrotic mediators in renal tissues of cats with ischemia-induced chronic kidney disease (CKD). SAMPLE Banked renal tissues from 6 cats with experimentally induced CKD (RI group) and 8 healthy control cats. PROCEDURES For cats of the RI group, both kidneys were harvested 6 months after ischemia was induced for 90 minutes in 1 kidney. For control cats, the right kidney was evaluated. All kidney specimens were histologically examined for fibrosis, inflammation, and tubular atrophy. Renal tissue homogenates underwent reverse transcription quantitative PCR assay evaluation to characterize gene transcription of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-7, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), transforming growth factor-β1, and vascular endothelial growth factor A. Gene transcription and histologic lesions were compared among ischemic and contralateral kidneys of the RI group and control kidneys. RESULTS Ischemic kidneys had greater transcript levels of MMP-7, MMP-9, and transforming growth factor-β1 relative to control kidneys and of MMP-2 relative to contralateral kidneys. Transcription of TIMP-1 was upregulated and that of vascular endothelial growth factor A was downregulated in ischemic and contralateral kidneys relative to control kidneys. Transcription of HIF-1α did not differ among kidney groups. For ischemic kidneys, there were strong positive correlations between transcription of HIF-1α, MMP-2, MMP-7, and TIMP-1 and severity of fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Transcription of genes involved in profibrotic pathways remained altered in both kidneys 6 months after transient renal ischemia. This suggested that a single unilateral renal insult can have lasting effects on both kidneys.
Collapse
|
10
|
Lourenço BN, Coleman AE, Tarigo JL, Berghaus RD, Brown CA, Rissi DR, Stanton JB, Brown SA, Schmiedt CW. Evaluation of profibrotic gene transcription in renal tissues from cats with naturally occurring chronic kidney disease. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1476-1487. [PMID: 32468592 PMCID: PMC7379026 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased gene transcription of hypoxia-induced mediators of fibrosis in renal tissue has been identified in experimentally induced, ischemic chronic kidney disease (CKD). OBJECTIVE To characterize hypoxia-induced profibrotic pathways in naturally occurring CKD in cats. ANIMALS Twelve client-owned cats with CKD and 8 healthy control cats. METHODS In this prospective, cross-sectional study, bilateral renal tissue samples were assessed histologically for inflammation, tubular atrophy, and fibrosis, and by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR for characterization of transcript levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1A), matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP2), -7 (MMP7), and -9 (MMP9), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP1), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFB1), and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA). Linear mixed models were used to compare gene transcription between diseased and healthy kidneys, and to examine the association between transcript levels and serum creatinine concentration for all cats, and between transcript levels and histologic scores of diseased kidneys. RESULTS Kidneys from cats with CKD had significantly higher transcript levels of HIF1A, MMP2, MMP7, MMP9, TIMP1, and TGFB1 (all P < .001), and lower levels of VEGFA (P = .006) than those from control cats. Transcript levels of MMP7 (P = .05) and TIMP1 (P = .005) were positively associated with serum creatinine in cats with CKD, but not in control cats. In diseased kidneys, transcript levels of MMP2 (P = .002), MMP7 (P = .02), and TIMP1 (P = .02) were positively, whereas those of VEGFA (P = .003) were negatively, associated with histologic score severity. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Evaluation of the expression of the corresponding proteins in larger populations could identify therapeutic targets and/or biomarkers of tubulointerstitial fibrosis in cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca N Lourenço
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Amanda E Coleman
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jaime L Tarigo
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Roy D Berghaus
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Cathy A Brown
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel R Rissi
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - James B Stanton
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Scott A Brown
- Departments of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery and Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Chad W Schmiedt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mai M, Jiang Y, Wu X, Liu G, Zhu Y, Zhu W. Association of TGF-β1, IL-4, and IL-10 Polymorphisms With Chronic Kidney Disease Susceptibility: A Meta-Analysis. Front Genet 2020; 11:79. [PMID: 32174964 PMCID: PMC7056835 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-inflammatory cytokine polymorphisms in the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and IL-10 genes have been implicated as risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD), but the results from published studies are inconsistent. Our meta-analysis reviews and summarizes the cumulative evidence for these associations. Methods A systematic literature search of five databases was performed up to October 2019. Two authors independently extracted data and evaluated the quality of included studies. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were generated from random-effects or fixed-effects models using Stata 12.0. Results Nineteen studies from 10 countries satisfied our inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, the pooled analysis showed that TGF-β1 rs1800469 was associated with decreased susceptibility to CKD (CC + TC vs. TT, OR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.15–0.76, P = 0.009; CC vs. TT, OR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.15–0.73, P = 0.006), whereas TGF-β1 rs1800471 was associated with increased CKD susceptibility (CC vs. CG + GG, OR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.02–2.77, P = 0.041). In stratified analyses based on ethnicity, TGF-β1 rs1800469 was associated with CKD susceptibility in Asians and Caucasians, and there was an association of TGF-β1 rs1800470 and IL-4 rs8179190 with CKD in Asians. Stratified analyses also associated TGF-β1 rs1800471 with CKD susceptibility in Caucasians. Neither overall meta-analyses nor stratified analyses identified an association of the IL-10 rs1800869 and rs1800871 polymorphisms with susceptibility to CKD. Conclusions Available data suggest that common polymorphisms in the TGF-β1 and IL-4 genes including rs1800469, rs1800470, rs1800471, and rs8179190 may be important genetic contributors to CKD susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meifang Mai
- Nephrology Division, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yinlian Jiang
- Nephrology Division, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaoman Wu
- Nephrology Division, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Gengrong Liu
- Nephrology Division, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yaoli Zhu
- Intensive Care Unit, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Weiping Zhu
- Nephrology Division, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
van Beusekom CD, Zimmering TM. Profibrotic effects of angiotensin II and transforming growth factor beta on feline kidney epithelial cells. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 21:780-787. [PMID: 30345862 PMCID: PMC6661713 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18805862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of angiotensin II (AT-II) and
its main mediator, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), in the
development of feline renal fibrosis. Methods Expression of marker genes indicating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
(EMT), profibrotic mediators and matricellular proteins was measured in
feline kidney epithelial cells (Crandell Rees feline kidney [CRFK] cells)
after incubation with AT-II and/or TGF-β1. Results Cells incubated with TGF-β1 or the combination of TGF-β1 with AT-II showed
clear EMT with more stretched fibroblastic cells, whereas the cells
incubated without TGF-β1 and AT-II (control) showed more epithelial cells.
Gene expression of collagen type I (COL1), tenascin-C
(TNC), trombospondin-1 (TSP-1),
connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and alpha-smooth
muscle actin (α-SMA) increased significantly after
incubation of the CRFK cells with TGF-β1 or TGF-β1 in combination with AT-II
for 12 h. As incubation of the CRFK cells with only AT-II did not show any
significant rise in gene expression of the above-mentioned genes, this was
further investigated. In contrast to healthy feline kidney tissue, CRFK
cells showed almost no expression of the AT-II type 1 (AT1)
receptor. Conclusions and relevance TGF-β1 significantly induced expression of the EMT marker gene α-SMA,
profibrotic mediator CTGF, and fibrogenic proteins
COL1, TNC and TSP-1
in CRFK cells. The effect of TGF-β1 on myofibroblast formation was also
observed by the stretched appearance of the CRFK cells. As CRFK cells
expressed almost no AT1 receptors, this cell line proved not
suitable for testing the efficacy of drugs that interact with the
AT1 receptor. As AT-II stimulates the effects of TGF-β1 in
mammals, the results of this study suggest an indirect profibrotic effect of
AT-II besides the demonstrated profibrotic effect of TGF-β1 and thus the
development of feline renal fibrosis. Modulation of EMT or proliferation of
myofibroblasts could serve as a diagnostic tool and a novel therapeutic
target to inhibit renal fibrogenesis, and could possibly serve in the
therapy of feline renal fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrina D van Beusekom
- Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy
and Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Cyrina D van Beusekom DVM, PhD, DipECVPT,
Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Institute for Risk
Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University,
Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Clark KC, Fierro FA, Ko EM, Walker NJ, Arzi B, Tepper CG, Dahlenburg H, Cicchetto A, Kol A, Marsh L, Murphy WJ, Fazel N, Borjesson DL. Human and feline adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells have comparable phenotype, immunomodulatory functions, and transcriptome. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:69. [PMID: 28320483 PMCID: PMC5360077 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0528-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) are a promising cell therapy to treat inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases. Development of appropriate pre-clinical animal models is critical to determine safety and attain early efficacy data for the most promising therapeutic candidates. Naturally occurring diseases in cats already serve as valuable models to inform human clinical trials in oncologic, cardiovascular, and genetic diseases. The objective of this study was to complete a comprehensive side-by-side comparison of human and feline ASCs, with an emphasis on their immunomodulatory capacity and transcriptome. Methods Human and feline ASCs were evaluated for phenotype, immunomodulatory profile, and transcriptome. Additionally, transwells were used to determine the role of cell-cell contact in ASC-mediated inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation in both humans and cats. Results Similar to human ASCs, feline ASCs were highly proliferative at low passages and fit the minimal criteria of multipotent stem cells including a compatible surface protein phenotype, osteogenic capacity, and normal karyotype. Like ASCs from all species, feline ASCs inhibited mitogen-activated lymphocyte proliferation in vitro, with or without direct ASC-lymphocyte contact. Feline ASCs mimic human ASCs in their mediator secretion pattern, including prostaglandin E2, indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase, transforming growth factor beta, and interleukin-6, all augmented by interferon gamma secretion by lymphocytes. The transcriptome of three unactivated feline ASC lines were highly similar. Functional analysis of the most highly expressed genes highlighted processes including: 1) the regulation of apoptosis; 2) cell adhesion; 3) response to oxidative stress; and 4) regulation of cell differentiation. Finally, feline ASCs had a similar gene expression profile to noninduced human ASCs. Conclusions Findings suggest that feline ASCs modulate lymphocyte proliferation using soluble mediators that mirror the human ASC secretion pattern. Uninduced feline ASCs have similar gene expression profiles to uninduced human ASCs, as revealed by transcriptome analysis. These data will help inform clinical trials using cats with naturally occurring diseases as surrogate models for human clinical trials in the regenerative medicine arena. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0528-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin C Clark
- Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95816, USA
| | - Fernando A Fierro
- Institute for Regenerative Cures and Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, CA, 95816, USA
| | - Emily Mills Ko
- Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95816, USA
| | - Naomi J Walker
- Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95816, USA
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95816, USA
| | - Clifford G Tepper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95816, USA
| | - Heather Dahlenburg
- Institute for Regenerative Cures and Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, CA, 95816, USA
| | - Andrew Cicchetto
- Institute for Regenerative Cures and Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, CA, 95816, USA
| | - Amir Kol
- Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95816, USA
| | - Lyndsey Marsh
- Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95816, USA
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95816, USA
| | - Nasim Fazel
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95816, USA
| | - Dori L Borjesson
- Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95816, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Current Understanding of the Pathogenesis of Progressive Chronic Kidney Disease in Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2016; 46:1015-48. [PMID: 27461408 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD), the most common histopathologic finding is tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis. However, these changes reflect a nonspecific response of the kidney to any inciting injury. The risk of developing CKD is likely to reflect the composite effects of genetic predisposition, aging, and environmental and individual factors that affect renal function over the course of a cat's life. However, there is still little information available to determine exactly which individual risk factors predispose a cat to develop CKD. Although many cats diagnosed with CKD have stable disease for years, some cats show overtly progressive disease.
Collapse
|
15
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Hokamp
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - Mary B. Nabity
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lawson JS, Syme HM, Wheeler-Jones CPD, Elliott J. Urinary active transforming growth factor β in feline chronic kidney disease. Vet J 2016; 214:1-6. [PMID: 27387717 PMCID: PMC4949776 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Feline urinary active transforming growth factor beta 1 (aTGF-β1) was measured in healthy and azotaemic cats. There was no cross-sectional association between aTGF-β1 and development of chronic kidney disease. Elevations in aTGF-β1 preceded development of azotaemia in a longitudinal study. Urinary aTGF-β1 concentrations reflected severity of renal pathology.
The cytokine transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) has been widely implicated in the development and progression of renal fibrosis in chronic kidney disease (CKD) in humans and in experimental models. The aims of this study were to assess the association between urinary active TGF-β1 and (a) development of CKD in a cross-sectional study, (b) deterioration of renal function over 1 year in a longitudinal study, and (c) renal histopathological parameters in cats. A human active TGF-β1 ELISA was validated for use in feline urine. Cross-sectional analysis revealed no significant difference in urinary active TGF-β1:creatinine ratio (aTGF-β1:UCr) between groups with differing renal function. Longitudinally, non-azotaemic cats that developed CKD demonstrated a significant (P = 0.028) increase in aTGF-β1:UCr approximately 6 months before the development of azotaemia, which remained elevated (P = 0.046) at diagnosis (approximately 12 months prior, 8.4 pg/mg; approximately 6 months prior, 22.2 pg/mg; at CKD diagnosis, 24.6 pg/mg). In the histopathology study, aTGF-β1:UCr was significantly higher in cats with moderate (P = 0.02) and diffuse (P = 0.005) renal fibrosis than in cats without fibrosis. Cats with moderate renal inflammation had significantly higher urinary active aTGF-β1 concentrations than cats with mild (P = 0.035) or no inflammatory change (P = 0.004). The parameter aTGF-β1:UCr was independently associated with Log urine protein:creatinine ratio in a multivariable analysis of clinicopathological parameters and interstitial fibrosis score in a multivariable analysis of histopathological features. These results suggest that urinary aTGF-β1 reflects the severity of renal pathology. Increases in urinary aTGF-β1 followed longitudinally in individual cats may indicate the development of CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Lawson
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK.
| | - H M Syme
- Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - C P D Wheeler-Jones
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - J Elliott
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lawson J, Elliott J, Wheeler-Jones C, Syme H, Jepson R. Renal fibrosis in feline chronic kidney disease: known mediators and mechanisms of injury. Vet J 2014; 203:18-26. [PMID: 25475166 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common medical condition of ageing cats. In most cases the underlying aetiology is unknown, but the most frequently reported pathological diagnosis is renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Renal fibrosis, characterised by extensive accumulation of extra-cellular matrix within the interstitium, is thought to be the final common pathway for all kidney diseases and is the pathological lesion best correlated with function in both humans and cats. As a convergent pathway, renal fibrosis provides an ideal target for the treatment of CKD and knowledge of the underlying fibrotic process is essential for the future development of novel therapies. There are many mediators and mechanisms of renal fibrosis reported in the literature, of which only a few have been investigated in the cat. This article reviews the process of renal fibrosis and discusses the most commonly cited mediators and mechanisms of progressive renal injury, with particular focus on the potential significance to feline CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Lawson
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK.
| | - Jonathan Elliott
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Caroline Wheeler-Jones
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Harriet Syme
- Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Rosanne Jepson
- Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hanzlicek AS, Roof CJ, Sanderson MW, Grauer GF. The Effect of Chinese rhubarb, Rheum officinale, with and without benazepril on the progression of naturally occurring chronic kidney disease in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1221-8. [PMID: 24773179 PMCID: PMC4857960 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Renal fibrosis is common in progressive kidney disease. Transforming growth factors β (TGF‐β) are important mediators of all types of fibrosis, including renal fibrosis. Chinese rhubarb has been shown to have antifibrotic properties in part because of inhibition of TGF‐β and has slowed the progression of kidney disease in rodent models. Hypothesis That administration of a Chinese rhubarb supplement will slow the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats and the concurrent administration of Chinese rhubarb and benazepril will be more effective than either alone. Animals Twenty‐nine client‐owned cats with naturally occurring IRIS Stage 2 or early Stage 3 CKD and without comorbidity such as cancer, urinary tract obstruction, urinary tract infection, poorly controlled hyperthyroidism, or systemic hypertension were enrolled in the study. Methods A randomized, positive‐controlled, prospective study was performed. Cats received Chinese rhubarb, benazepril, or both in addition to standard treatment for CKD. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess changes in serum creatinine concentration, body weight, hematocrit, urine protein: urine creatinine ratio (UPC), and systemic arterial blood pressure over time between and within treatment groups over an average of 22 months. Results No significant differences were detected in serum creatinine concentration, body weight, hematocrit, UPC, and systemic arterial pressure over time between or within treatment groups. Conclusions and Clinical Importance This study failed to detect a significant difference in the progression of CKD in cats treated with Chinese rhubarb, benazepril, or both. Further study in specific subsets of cats with CKD is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Hanzlicek
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most frequently encountered disorders in cats, having increased in prevalence in recent decades. Although the underlying cause is rarely identified, the common final outcome of feline CKD is tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Knowledge of CKD pathophysiology is necessary for optimal individualised patient management, especially with regard to diagnosis and treatment of extrarenal complications. PATIENT GROUP CKD is most common in senior and geriatric cats, but should be considered in any feline patient with ureterolithiasis, hyperthyroidism, retrovirus infection, systemic hypertension, cardiovascular disease or urinary tract infection. EVIDENCE BASE Most of our knowledge of the pathogenesis of CKD is extrapolated from human nephrology and experimental animal studies. There is, therefore, a need for further studies in cats. The prevalence of clinical signs in feline CKD is well documented. Several concurrent diseases associated with CKD have also been reported in cats, especially in the geriatric population, but there is no or only limited published evidence demonstrating a cause-and-effect relationship between most of these conditions and CKD. Studies performed over the past 15 years have nevertheless allowed identification of major risk factors (proteinuria, plasma phosphate and plasma creatinine) influencing the progression of feline CKD. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Clinical signs occur in the late stages of renal disease, so populations at higher risk of CKD should be screened routinely. CKD-associated complications (systemic hypertension, secondary renal hyperparathyroidism, hypokalaemia, anaemia, metabolic acidosis) must not be overlooked as they may affect the progression of disease. Disease progression is itself unpredictable and renal function may remain stable for extended periods. Most cats with early CKD do not progress to end-stage CKD before they die. AUDIENCE General practitioners play a major role in screening feline patients at risk of development or progression of CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brice S Reynolds
- Clinical Research Unit, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, 23 chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse cedex 03, France
| | - Hervé P Lefebvre
- Clinical Research Unit, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, 23 chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse cedex 03, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Feline chronic kidney disease (CKD) is frequently encountered by veterinarians. Timely diagnosis and staging may facilitate the initiation of adequate therapy and improve the prognosis for patients. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Feline CKD is diagnosed based on the presence of compatible clinical signs and renal azotaemia, which implies that urinalysis (particularly urine specific gravity) is mandatory to confirm the diagnosis. Although the diagnosis of advanced feline CKD and associated complications is usually straightforward, based on complete blood and urine examination, all routine blood and urine tests have their limitations in detecting early CKD. Therefore, diagnosing early or non-azotaemic CKD is much more challenging. Although determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) would be ideal to identify early kidney dysfunction, practical limitations hamper its routine use in clinical practice. PATIENT GROUP CKD is typically a disease of aged cats, but may affect cats of all ages. Conclusive breed and sex predispositions for feline CKD are not reported. AUDIENCE This review is directed at practising veterinarians and provides an overview of the required diagnostic tests, the classification system established by the International Renal Interest Society, and the importance of and possible techniques for early detection of CKD. EVIDENCE BASE Staging of cats with CKD is essential as it directs management and provides a prognostic guide. Given that diagnosis at early disease stages is associated with more prolonged survival times, simple, inexpensive and accurate methods for early CKD diagnosis are needed. Techniques currently under investigation include limited sampling strategies to estimate GFR, clearance marker cut-off concentrations to identify cats with low GFR, new indirect GFR markers and urinary biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Paepe
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Habenicht LM, Webb TL, Clauss LA, Dow SW, Quimby JM. Urinary cytokine levels in apparently healthy cats and cats with chronic kidney disease. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:99-104. [PMID: 22989558 PMCID: PMC10816647 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12461007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common cause of illness and death in cats. The hallmark of CKD in cats is chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis, and inflammation contributes to the progression of renal fibrosis. However, at present, it is difficult to assess directly the degree of intra-renal inflammation without renal biopsy. Measurement of inflammatory cytokine levels in urine may provide a non-invasive means of assessing intra-renal inflammation. Urine cytokine levels (urine cytokine/urine creatinine ratio) were measured in 18 healthy cats and 26 cats with CKD. When urine cytokine levels in healthy and CKD cats were compared, we found significantly higher levels of IL-8 and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in urine of CKD cats, along with significantly lower vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels. A significant positive correlation between serum creatinine and TGF-β1 levels was found in CKD cats. Urinary cytokine measurement may, potentially, be a useful means of assessing intra-renal inflammation, fibrosis and vascular health in cats with CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Habenicht
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Silva RF, Álvarez ME, Ríos DL, López C, Carmona JU, Rezende CMF. Evaluation of the effect of calcium gluconate and bovine thrombin on the temporal release of transforming growth factor beta 1 and platelet-derived growth factor isoform BB from feline platelet concentrates. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:212. [PMID: 23131192 PMCID: PMC3534502 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are not reported regarding the protocols for obtaining platelet concentrates (PC) in cats for medical purposes. The objectives of this study were: 1) to describe a manual method for producing two kinds of PC in cats (PC-A and PC-B), 2) to describe the cellular population of the PC, 3) to measure and compare the effect of calcium gluconate (CG) and bovine thrombin (BT) on the temporal release of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and platelet-derived growth factor type BB (PDGF-BB) at 3 and 12 hours post-activation and 4) to establish correlations between the cellular population of both PCs and the concentration of growth factors (GF). Blood samples were taken from 16 cats for complete blood count, plasma collection and PC preparation. The PC were arbitrarily divided into two fractions, specifically, PC-A (lower fraction) and PC-B (upper fraction). RESULTS The platelet counts were significantly different (P<0.05) between the PC and whole blood but not between the PC fractions. The TGF-β1 concentration efficiencies for PC-A and PC-B activated with CG were 42.86% and 46.54%, and activated with BT were 42.88% and 54.64%, respectively. The PDGF-BB concentration efficiencies for PC-A and PC-B activated with CG were 61.36% and 60.61%, and activated with BT were 65.64% and 72.12%, respectively. The temporal release of GFs showed no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) between the activating substances at the time or for any PC fraction. CONCLUSIONS Whatever the activation means, these preparations of cat PC provide significant concentrations of platelets and GFs for possible clinical or experimental use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raul F Silva
- Grupo de Investigación Terapia Regenerativa, Departamento de Salud Animal, Universidad de Caldas, Caldas, Colombia
- Departamento de Clinica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - María E Álvarez
- Grupo de Investigación Terapia Regenerativa, Departamento de Salud Animal, Universidad de Caldas, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Diana L Ríos
- Grupo de Investigación Terapia Regenerativa, Departamento de Salud Animal, Universidad de Caldas, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Catalina López
- Grupo de Investigación Terapia Regenerativa, Departamento de Salud Animal, Universidad de Caldas, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Jorge U Carmona
- Grupo de Investigación Terapia Regenerativa, Departamento de Salud Animal, Universidad de Caldas, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Cleuza MF Rezende
- Departamento de Clinica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gagliardini E, Benigni A. Therapeutic potential of TGF-beta inhibition in chronic renal failure. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 7:293-304. [PMID: 17309322 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.7.3.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney diseases are emerging as a worldwide public health problem. The progression of kidney diseases closely correlates with the accumulation of extracellular matrix leading to glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial injury. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta has been identified as a key mediator of kidney matrix accumulation. Overexpression of TGF-beta isoforms and their receptors was observed in a variety of renal diseases in both animals and humans. Given its crucial role in fibrotic kidney disease, TGF-beta has been recently considered as a possible target in the management of chronic renal diseases. This review discusses the role of TGF-beta in renal fibrosis and provides an overview of the strategies that, when interfering with TGF-beta expression and signalling, could be employed as new renoprotective treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gagliardini
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Via Gavazzeni 11, 24125 Bergamo, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|