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Pourmahdi Borujeni M, Abbasi AH, Haji Hajikolaei MR, Seifi Abad Shapouri MR. Seroepidemiology of bovine herpesvirus-1 in goats in south-western Iran. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1574. [PMID: 39177083 PMCID: PMC11342077 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Widely regarded as one of the chief causes of diseases in cattle population, bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) has the potential to infect sheep and goat, making them potential reservoirs or hosts for this virus. Thus, preventive measures against BoHV-1 in cattle should not overlook the ability of this virus to infect other animals. AIMS Therefore, the focal point of this study was to ascertain the seroprevalence of BoHV-1 in 300 healthy goats, the relationship between host and the environmental determinants of infection, and the contributing role of goats in the epidemiology of the BoHV-1. MATERIALS & METHODS In order to pinpoint the existing antibodies to BoHV-1, the obtained sera were analyzed by Virus Neutralization test. RESULTS According to this test, the seroprevalence of BoHV-1 appeared to be 64.33% in southwestern Iran. What logistic regression disclosed was that the odds ratio between age and infection with BoHV-1 was 0.83 (p = 0.01), representing a decrease of 17% as goats grew one year older. In addition, females manifested a higher relative frequency of infection compared to males, with the odds of infection in female goats being registered at 1.88, compared to those in males (p = 0.2). Moreover, contrasted with goats lacking any history of abortion, those with a history of abortion featured 1.1 as the odds ratio (p = 0.87). The seroprevalence in Hendijan, Ahvaz, Shushtar and Dasht e Azadegan was detected to stand at 73.24, 71.30, 55.56 and 47.06 percent, respectively, with 6% of fluctuation in the infection rates being attributed to various geographical locations under the scrutiny of this study (p = 0.003). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Having attested the marked seroprevalence of BoHV-1, the definitive role of goats in the epidemiology of this virus as a secondary host or reservoir was confirmed by the present study, necessitating the strict monitoring of BoHV-1 in goats by animal health authorities in areas where BoHV-1 abounds in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Pourmahdi Borujeni
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineShahid Chamran University of AhvazAhvazIran
| | - Amir Hossein Abbasi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineShahid Chamran University of AhvazAhvazIran
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O’Connor TW, Hick PM, Finlaison DS, Kirkland PD, Toribio JAL. Revisiting the Importance of Orthobunyaviruses for Animal Health: A Scoping Review of Livestock Disease, Diagnostic Tests, and Surveillance Strategies for the Simbu Serogroup. Viruses 2024; 16:294. [PMID: 38400069 PMCID: PMC10892073 DOI: 10.3390/v16020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Orthobunyaviruses (order Bunyavirales, family Peribunyaviridae) in the Simbu serogroup have been responsible for widespread epidemics of congenital disease in ruminants. Australia has a national program to monitor arboviruses of veterinary importance. While monitoring for Akabane virus, a novel orthobunyavirus was detected. To inform the priority that should be given to this detection, a scoping review was undertaken to (1) characterise the associated disease presentations and establish which of the Simbu group viruses are of veterinary importance; (2) examine the diagnostic assays that have undergone development and validation for this group of viruses; and (3) describe the methods used to monitor the distribution of these viruses. Two search strategies identified 224 peer-reviewed publications for 33 viruses in the serogroup. Viruses in this group may cause severe animal health impacts, but only those phylogenetically arranged in clade B are associated with animal disease. Six viruses (Akabane, Schmallenberg, Aino, Shuni, Peaton, and Shamonda) were associated with congenital malformations, neurological signs, and reproductive disease. Diagnostic test interpretation is complicated by cross-reactivity, the timing of foetal immunocompetence, and sample type. Serological testing in surveys remains a mainstay of the methods used to monitor the distribution of SGVs. Given significant differences in survey designs, only broad mean seroprevalence estimates could be provided. Further research is required to determine the disease risk posed by novel orthobunyaviruses and how they could challenge current diagnostic and surveillance capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany W. O’Connor
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia;
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia; (P.M.H.); (D.S.F.); (P.D.K.)
| | - Paul M. Hick
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia; (P.M.H.); (D.S.F.); (P.D.K.)
| | - Deborah S. Finlaison
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia; (P.M.H.); (D.S.F.); (P.D.K.)
| | - Peter D. Kirkland
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia; (P.M.H.); (D.S.F.); (P.D.K.)
| | - Jenny-Ann L.M.L. Toribio
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia;
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Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Bovine Coronavirus Infection among Dairy Cattle and Water Buffalo in Campania Region, Southern Italy. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050772. [PMID: 36899629 PMCID: PMC10000194 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cattle and water buffalo are the main livestock species that are raised in the Campania region, southern Italy, and they contribute significantly to the regional rural economy. Currently there are limited data on the prevalence of relevant impact infections, such as bovine coronavirus (BCov), an RNA virus that causes acute enteric and respiratory disease. Although these diseases are described primarily in cattle, there have been reports of spillovers to other ruminants, including water buffalo. Here, we determined the seroprevalence of BCoV in cattle and water buffalo in the Campania region of southern Italy. An overall seroprevalence of 30.8% was determined after testing 720 sampled animals with a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A risk factor analysis revealed that the seropositivity rates in cattle (49.2%) were higher than in water buffalo (5.3%). In addition, higher seroprevalence rates were observed in older and purchased animals. In cattle, housing type and location were not associated with higher seroprevalence. The presence of BCoV antibodies in water buffalo was associated with the practice of co-inhabiting with cattle, demonstrating that this practice is incorrect and promotes the transmission of pathogens between different species. Our study found a considerable seroprevalence, which is consistent with previous research from other countries. Our results provide information on the widespread distribution of this pathogen as well as the risk factors that are involved in its transmission. This information could be useful in the control and surveillance of this infection.
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Shin J, Choe S, Park GN, Song S, Kim KS, An BH, Hyun BH, An DJ. Isolation and Genetic Characterization of a Bovine Coronavirus KBR-1 Strain from Calf Feces in South Korea. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112376. [PMID: 36366474 PMCID: PMC9695762 DOI: 10.3390/v14112376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) causes severe diarrhea in neonatal calves, winter dysentery in adult cattle, and respiratory disease in feedlot cattle, resulting in economic losses. A total of 16/140 calf diarrheic feces samples collected in South Korea between 2017 and 2018 were positive for BCoV. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete spike and hemagglutinin/esterase genes revealed that the 16 Korean BCoV strains belonged to group GIIa along with Korean strains isolated after 2000, whereas Korean BCoV strains isolated before 2000 belonged to group GI. Mice and goats inoculated with an inactivated KBR-1 strain (isolated from this study) generated higher antibody titers (96 ± 13.49 and 73 ± 13.49, respectively) when mixed with the Montanide01 adjuvant than when mixed with the Carbopol or IMS1313 adjuvants. Viral antigens were detected in the large intestine, jejunum, and ileum of calves inoculated with inactivated KBR-1 vaccine (104.0 TCID50/mL) at 14 days of post-challenge (DPC). However, no viral antigens were detected in calves vaccinated with a higher dose of inactivated KBR-1 strain (106.0 TCID50/mL) at 14 DPC, and they had high antibody titers and stable diarrhea scores. Currently, the group GIIa is prevalent in cows in South Korea, and although further research is needed in the future, the recently isolated KBR-1 strain has potential value as a new vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Shin
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - SeEun Choe
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Gyu-Nam Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Sok Song
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Ki-Sun Kim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Byung-Hyun An
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, GwanAk-Ro 1, GwanAk-Gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-54-912-0795
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Seroprevalence and Epidemiological Risk Factors for Kasba Virus Among Sheep and Goats in South Korea: A Nationwide Retrospective Study. J Vet Res 2022; 66:325-331. [PMID: 36349128 PMCID: PMC9597943 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2022-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Kasba virus belongs to the Palyam serogroup of the Orbivirus genus and Reoviridae family. Kasba virus is the causative agent of many reproductive disorders in infected animals, which result in considerable economic losses, mainly in the cattle industry. The epidemiology of Kasba virus infection is poorly defined and remains unclear in South Korea. Material and Methods This study investigated the prevalence of antibodies against Kasba virus in sheep and goats in South Korea. Individual, management, and regional risk factors associated with seropositivity were also evaluated. In addition, a retrospective serosurvey was conducted. Results Serum samples from 28 out of 441 sheep or goat flocks (6.3%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.4-9.0%) and 115 out of 1003 animals (11.5%, 95% CI 9.6-13.6%) were positive for antibodies against Kasba virus. According to our results, a history of reproductive problems increased the probability of Kasba virus positivity. Preventive measures such as routine insecticide application decreased this probability. We observed significant differences in the prevalence of seropositivity between southern provinces and northern provinces and between western provinces and eastern provinces at the individual level. Conclusion The virus was widely distributed among sheep and goats in South Korea, with seropositivity ranging from 6.8% in 2004 to 13.7% in 2008. The current study represents the first assessment of factors associated with Kasba virus seroprevalence in sheep and goats in South Korea.
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Hwang JM, Ga YJ, Yeh JY. Factors associated with seropositivity to Aino virus among sheep and goats in South Korea. Acta Vet Hung 2022. [PMID: 35895542 DOI: 10.1556/004.2022.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Aino virus infection is responsible for epizootic and/or sporadic outbreaks of abortions, stillbirths and premature delivery among pregnant ruminants. The epizootiology of Aino virus infection is poorly defined in South Korea, therefore our aim was to assess its seroprevalence among sheep and goats. We also wanted to evaluate management and regional risk factors that might influence the frequency of infection. Between 2012 and 2013, 26 of 331 flocks (7.9%) and 139 of 915 heads (15.2%) were found serologically positive. In 2018, when samples were again collected in the same regions, 35 of 308 flocks (11.4%) and 89 of 735 heads (12.1%) showed serum-neutralising antibodies against Aino virus. Our results revealed that the age class and history of reproductive problems in the flocks are connected to an increased risk of being positive. The management risk factor attributes showed that preventive measures, such as the routine application of insecticide in farms, decreased the odds for seropositivity to Aino virus (OR = 0.453, P = 0.001). We observed a significant difference in the individual likelihood of being positive in the southern and western provinces with respect to that in the northern and eastern provinces, respectively (OR = 2.199, P < 0.001 and OR = 2.177, P < 0.001). The results of this study may serve as a basis for future epizootic studies on Aino virus infection in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Min Hwang
- 1 KBNP Technology Institute, Heungan-daero 415, Dongan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi, 14059, South Korea
| | - Yun Ji Ga
- 2 Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Academy-ro 119, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012, South Korea
| | - Jung-Yong Yeh
- 2 Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Academy-ro 119, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012, South Korea
- 3 Research Institute for New Drug Development, Incheon National University, Academy-ro 119, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
- 4 KU Center for Animal Blood Medical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
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Smith FL, Heller MC, Crossley BM, Clothier KA, Anderson ML, Barnum SS, Pusterla N, Rowe JD. Diarrhea outbreak associated with coronavirus infection in adult dairy goats. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:805-811. [PMID: 35165938 PMCID: PMC8965271 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection by coronaviruses cause gastrointestinal disease in many species. Little is known about its prevalence and importance in goats. Objective Identify the etiology, demographics, and clinical features of an outbreak of diarrhea in adult goats. Hypothesis Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) PCR would detect viral material in feces of goats in the herds involved in the diarrhea outbreak. Animals Twelve herds with 4 to 230 adult goats were affected. Goats sampled for fecal PCR were ≥1‐year‐old: 25 from affected herds and 6 from a control herd. Methods This is a cross‐sectional descriptive study of an outbreak of diarrheal disease in adult goats. BCoV PCR primers for the spike (S) or nucleocapsid (N) proteins were used to test fecal material from affected goats. The N protein sequencing and phylogenetic analysis was performed. Herd records and owner surveys were used to characterize morbidity, clinical signs, and treatment. Results In 2 affected herds 18/25 of animals had at least 1 positive BCoV PCR test. Goats from affected herds were significantly more likely to be PCR positive than the control herd (OR 8.75, 95% CI 1.11‐104, P = .05). The most common clinical signs were change in fecal consistency (19/20) and decreased milk production (14/15). Phylogenetic analysis of the N protein showed this virus was closely related to a bovine‐like coronavirus isolated from a giraffe. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Bovine coronavirus primers detected nucleic acids of the N and S proteins in feces of goats in affected herds. Coronavirus shedding frequency was temporally associated with the outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauna Leah Smith
- Graduate Group in Integrative Pathobiology, Center for Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Meera C Heller
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Beate M Crossley
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA.,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kristin A Clothier
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mark L Anderson
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Samantha S Barnum
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Joan D Rowe
- Department of Population, Health & Reproduction, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Yeh JY, Ga YJ. Seroepidemiology of Aino Virus in Farmed and Free-Ranging Cervids in the Republic of Korea. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:702978. [PMID: 34490394 PMCID: PMC8417569 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.702978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aino virus is an infectious, non-contagious, vector-borne agent that has been implicated in arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly syndrome in newborn cattle, sheep, and goats. Information about reservoirs and host animal species susceptible to Aino virus remains unclear. To further explore the role of cervids in Aino virus infection transmission, we investigated cervid sera to determine the prevalence of Aino virus-neutralizing antibodies and to identify factors correlated with antibody positivity. We screened cervid serum samples collected in the Republic of Korea to better understand infection patterns in this animal species. Overall, Aino virus infection was widespread; 75 of 716 (10.5%, 95% [95% CI] = 8.4-13.4) farmed-cervid serum samples collected from 292 herds contained antibodies to Aino virus. Serological evidence of Aino virus infection was demonstrated in 5 of 43 free-ranging cervids, accounting for a prevalence rate of ~11.6% (95% CI = 4.6-26.4). Our results revealed that age class and geographic location affected seroprevalence. The main risk factors associated with Aino virus seroprevalence were older age (> 2 years old, OR = 2.221, 95% CI = 1.209-4.079, P = 0.009 in adults), southern provinces (OR = 2.432, 95% CI = 1.445-4.093, P = 0.001), and western provinces (OR = 1.905, 95% CI = 1.041-3.488, P = 0.034). The results in this study suggest that cervid species might serve as important hosts for the transmission of Aino virus, highlighting the need for careful monitoring of Aino virus infections in cervids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yong Yeh
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
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Vlasova AN, Saif LJ. Bovine Coronavirus and the Associated Diseases. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:643220. [PMID: 33869323 PMCID: PMC8044316 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.643220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) possess the largest and most complex RNA genome (up to 32 kb) that encodes for 16 non-structural proteins regulating RNA synthesis and modification. Coronaviruses are known to infect a wide range of mammalian and avian species causing remarkably diverse disease syndromes. Variable tissue tropism and the ability to easily cross interspecies barriers are the well-known characteristics of certain CoVs. The 21st century epidemics of severe acute respiratory CoV (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory CoV and the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic further highlight these characteristics and emphasize the relevance of CoVs to the global public health. Bovine CoVs (BCoVs) are betacoronaviruses associated with neonatal calf diarrhea, and with winter dysentery and shipping fever in older cattle. Of interest, no distinct genetic or antigenic markers have been identified in BCoVs associated with these distinct clinical syndromes. In contrast, like other CoVs, BCoVs exist as quasispecies. Besides cattle, BCoVs and bovine-like CoVs were identified in various domestic and wild ruminant species (water buffalo, sheep, goat, dromedary camel, llama, alpaca, deer, wild cattle, antelopes, giraffes, and wild goats), dogs and humans. Surprisingly, bovine-like CoVs also cannot be reliably distinguished from BCoVs using comparative genomics. Additionally, there are historical examples of zoonotic transmission of BCoVs. This article will discuss BCoV pathogenesis, epidemiology, interspecies transmission, immune responses, vaccines, and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health Research, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Linda J Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health Research, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
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Decaro N, Lorusso A. Novel human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A lesson from animal coronaviruses. Vet Microbiol 2020; 244:108693. [PMID: 32402329 PMCID: PMC7195271 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The recent pandemic caused by the novel human coronavirus, referrred to as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), not only is having a great impact on the health care systems and economies in all continents but it is also causing radical changes of common habits and life styles. The novel coronavirus (CoV) recognises, with high probability, a zoonotic origin but the role of animals in the SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology is still largely unknown. However, CoVs have been known in animals since several decades, so that veterinary coronavirologists have a great expertise on how to face CoV infections in animals, which could represent a model for SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. In the present paper, we provide an up-to-date review of the literature currently available on animal CoVs, focusing on the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the emergence of novel CoV strains with different antigenic, biologic and/or pathogenetic features. A full comprehension of the mechanisms driving the evolution of animal CoVs will help better understand the emergence, spreading, and evolution of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy
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Yanase T, Murota K, Hayama Y. Endemic and Emerging Arboviruses in Domestic Ruminants in East Asia. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:168. [PMID: 32318588 PMCID: PMC7154088 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epizootic congenital abnormalities caused by Akabane, Aino, and Chuzan viruses have damaged the reproduction of domestic ruminants in East Asia for many years. In the past, large outbreaks of febrile illness related to bovine ephemeral fever and Ibaraki viruses severely affected the cattle industry in that region. In recent years, vaccines against these viruses have reduced the occurrence of diseases, although the viruses are still circulating and have occasionally caused sporadic and small-scaled epidemics. Over a long-term monitoring period, many arboviruses other than the above-mentioned viruses have been isolated from cattle and Culicoides biting midges in Japan. Several novel arboviruses that may infect ruminants (e.g., mosquito- and tick-borne arboviruses) were recently reported in mainland China based on extensive surveillance. It is noteworthy that some are suspected of being associated with cattle diseases. Malformed calves exposed to an intrauterine infection with orthobunyaviruses (e.g., Peaton and Shamonda viruses) have been observed. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6 caused a sudden outbreak of hemorrhagic disease in cattle in Japan. Unfortunately, the pathogenicity of many other viruses in ruminants has been uncertain, although these viruses potentially affect livestock production. As global transportation grows, the risk of an accidental incursion of arboviruses is likely to increase in previously non-endemic areas. Global warming will also certainly affect the distribution and active period of vectors, and thus the range of virus spreads will expand to higher-latitude regions. To prevent anticipated damages to the livestock industry, the monitoring system for arboviral circulation and incursion should be strengthened; moreover, the sharing of information and preventive strategies will be essential in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Yanase
- Kyushu Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Katsunori Murota
- Kyushu Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoko Hayama
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan
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Pourmahdi Borujeni M, Haji Hajikolaei MR, Seifi Abad Shapouri MR, Roshani F. The role of sheep in the epidemiology of Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1). Prev Vet Med 2019; 174:104818. [PMID: 31715432 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) as a cusative agent for some diseases in cattle infects sheep and goat; and it is believed that these animals may be reservoir host for this virus. Thus, BoHV-1 infection in sheep and goat should be considerd when there is a program for control and eradication of this virus in cattle. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of BoHV-1 in sheep, relationship between host and environmental factors with infection, and the role of sheep in the epidemiology of the BoHV-1. Blood samples were randomly collected from 310 healthy sheep in 6 cities of Khuzestan province (Southwest of Iran) including Ahvaz, Hendijan, Shushtar, Dezful, Masjed Soleyman and Behbahan. Sera were analyzed by virus neutralisation (VN) test for detection antibodies to BoHV-1. According to VN test, apparent and true seroprevalence seroprevalence of BoHV-1 infection was 28.4 % (95%CI: 23.4-33.4%) and 28.4 % (95%CI: 23.3-33.4%), respectively. Logistic regression revealed that the odds of infection between the age was 1.06 (95%CI: 0.9-1.25) (P > 0.05), implying that the odds of infection increased 6 % with rising one year of age. Besides, the relative frequency of infection in males was more than females', and the odds of infection in male sheep was identified to be 1.13 (95%CI: 0.47-2.71) (P > 0.05), compared to that in females. Moreover, in comparison to sheep with no history of abortion, the odds of infection in sheep with a history of abortion was 1.28 (95%CI: 0.57-2.87) (P > 0.05). The seroprevalence in Shushtar, Masjed Soleyman, Dezful, Ahvaz, Hendijan, and Behbahan were found to be 48.3, 46.7, 31.7, 20, 16.7, and 12 percent, respectively and 13.1 of fluctuation in infection can be justified by different geographical locations investigated in this study (P < 0.001). Considering the significant seroprevalence of BoHV-1, present study confirmed the role of sheep in the epidemiology of this virus and control of BoHV-1 in sheep should be considered by animal health authorities in areas where BoHV-1 is prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Pourmahdi Borujeni
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | | | | | - Fereshteh Roshani
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) produce a wide spectrum of disease syndromes in different mammalian and avian host species. These viruses are well-recognized for their ability to change tissue tropism, to hurdle the interspecies barriers and to adapt ecological variations. It is predicted that the inherent genetic diversity of CoVs caused by accumulation of point mutations and high frequency of homologous recombination is the principal determinant of these competences. Several CoVs (e.g. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV) have been recorded to cross the interspecies barrier, inducing different disease conditions in variable animal hosts. Bovine CoV (BCoV) is a primary cause of gastroenteritis and respiratory disease in cattle calves, winter dysentery in lactating cows and shipping fever pneumonia in feedlot cattle. Although it has long been known as a restrictive cattle pathogen, CoVs that are closely related to BCoV have been recognized in dogs, humans and in other ruminant species. Biologic, antigenic and genetic analyses of the so-called ‘bovine-like CoVs’ proposed classification of these viruses as host-range variants rather than distinct virus species. In this review, the different bovine-like CoVs that have been identified in domesticated ruminants (water buffalo, sheep, goat, dromedary camel, llama and alpaca) and wild ruminants (deer, wild cattle, antelopes, giraffes and wild goats) are discussed in terms of epidemiology, transmission and virus characteristics. The presented data denote the importance of these viruses in the persistence of BCoV in nature, spread to new geographical zones, and continuous emergence of disease epidemics in cattle farms.
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14
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Gür S, Erol N, Yapıcı O, Kale M, Tan MT, Turan T, Çakmak MA, Tosun C, Yılmaz S, Acar A, Özenli I, Gür C. The role of goats as reservoir hosts for bovine herpes virus 1 under field conditions. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 51:753-758. [PMID: 30467815 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1746-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV1) is the cause of economically significant viral infections in cattle. Respiratory symptoms associated with the infection are known as Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR). Sheep and goats are less sensitive to the infection although their role in inter-species viral transmission under field conditions is subject to controversy. The objective of this study was to investigate seroprevalence of BoHV1 infections in cattle, sheep, and goats raised together for at least a year. Blood serum samples were taken from 226 cattle, 1.053 sheep, and 277 goats from 17 small- to medium-scale farms. BoHV1-specific antibody presence and titers were determined using virus neutralization test. In total, 73 of the 226 cattle (32.3%) were seropositive. The infection was detected in 13 of the 17 farms. Infection rates ranged from 5.8 to 88.8%. Only one of the 1053 sheep (0.09%) was seropositive. However, 58 of the 277 (20.9%) goats were seropositive. Goat samples taken from 8 of the 17 farms were seropositive with infection rates ranging from 17 to 38.9%. Statistical analysis showed a significant correlation in infection rates between cattle and goats but not sheep. These results suggest that goats may be more sensitive to the BHV1 infection than sheep and the role of goats as possible reservoirs for BoHV1 in the control and eradication of BHV1 in cattle should be considered in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Gür
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
| | - Nural Erol
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Orhan Yapıcı
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kale
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tolga Tan
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Turhan Turan
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | | | - Cemil Tosun
- Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | | | - Abuzer Acar
- Department of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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15
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Jeong H, Oem JK, Yang MS, Yang D, Kim MS, Lee KH, Lee MH, Lim CW, Kim B. Experimental Infection of Goats with a Newly Isolated Strain of Akabane Virus that Causes Encephalomyelitis. J Comp Pathol 2017; 157:220-229. [PMID: 28673487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In 2010, there was a large-scale outbreak of bovine encephalomyelitis in Korea, and 15 new strains of Akabane virus (AKAV) were isolated. To identify the pathogenicity of one of these strains, we infected adult goats with AKAV-7 via different routes. Twenty-five female goats were used in this study and were divided into five groups: intracerebral (IC) and intrasubarachnoid (IS) viral inoculation (n = 8 each), intravenous (IV) inoculation (n = 4), and vaccinated before IV inoculation (n = 4), in addition to a negative control animal. All animals inoculated with AKAV-7 had AKAV-neutralizing antibodies at 6-8 days post infection (dpi). During the experimental period, infected animals showed no clinical signs. In the IC group, 5/8 goats had non-suppurative encephalomyelitis affecting the cerebrum. Virus S RNA segments were detected in nearly all areas of the brain. In the IS group, 3/8 goats had encephalomyelitis affecting the cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord. At 7 and 21 dpi, virus S RNA segments were found mostly in the spinal cord, especially around the area of injection (L5-L6). Antibody titres in the serum of the vaccinated group had an early onset and slightly increased titre compared with the IV group. Histopathologically, there were no obvious lesions in the central nervous tissues in the vaccinated group, while one of four goats in the IV group showed encephalomyelitis in the parietal lobe of the cerebrum. The newly isolated AKAV-7 can cause encephalomyelitis in goats after experimental injection. The attenuated AKAV vaccine currently used in Korea may provide partial protective immunity against AKAV-7 infection, but the real effect of the vaccine requires further investigation in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan City, Republic of Korea
| | - J-K Oem
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan City, Republic of Korea; Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - M-S Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan City, Republic of Korea
| | - D Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan City, Republic of Korea
| | - M-S Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan City, Republic of Korea
| | - K-H Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - M-H Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - C-W Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan City, Republic of Korea
| | - B Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan City, Republic of Korea.
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Kim YH, Oem JK, Lee EY, Lee KK, Kim SH, Lee MH, Park SC. Seroprevalence of five arboviruses in sentinel cattle as part of nationwide surveillance in South Korea, 2009-2012. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 77:247-50. [PMID: 25342637 PMCID: PMC4363032 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the possible circulation of arboviruses in South Korea, nationwide surveillance of five arbovirues was conducted in sentinel calves during 2009−2012. We used serum neutralization tests to investigate the presence of antibodies for the Aino virus, Akabane virus, bovine ephemeral fever virus, Chuzan virus and Ibaraki virus. In 2009, 2011 and 2012, the seropositive rates for these five arboviruses were all less than 14.1%. In 2010, however, the seropositive rates for Aino virus and Akabane virus were 33.2% and 40.2%, respectively. High seropositive rates were also associated with a large-scale outbreak of Akabane viral encephalomyelitis in cattle in southern Korea in 2010. Continued seroprevalence surveillance will be useful for monitoring natural arboviral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Hee Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, MAFRA, Anyang 430-757, Republic of Korea
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Oem JK, Kim YH, Kim SH, Lee MH, Lee KK. Serological characteristics of affected cattle during an outbreak of bovine enzootic encephalomyelitis caused by Akabane virus. Trop Anim Health Prod 2013; 46:261-3. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-013-0468-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Reusken CBEM, Haagmans BL, Müller MA, Gutierrez C, Godeke GJ, Meyer B, Muth D, Raj VS, Smits-De Vries L, Corman VM, Drexler JF, Smits SL, El Tahir YE, De Sousa R, van Beek J, Nowotny N, van Maanen K, Hidalgo-Hermoso E, Bosch BJ, Rottier P, Osterhaus A, Gortázar-Schmidt C, Drosten C, Koopmans MPG. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralising serum antibodies in dromedary camels: a comparative serological study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2013; 13:859-66. [PMID: 23933067 PMCID: PMC7106530 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 545] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new betacoronavirus-Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)-has been identified in patients with severe acute respiratory infection. Although related viruses infect bats, molecular clock analyses have been unable to identify direct ancestors of MERS-CoV. Anecdotal exposure histories suggest that patients had been in contact with dromedary camels or goats. We investigated possible animal reservoirs of MERS-CoV by assessing specific serum antibodies in livestock. METHODS We took sera from animals in the Middle East (Oman) and from elsewhere (Spain, Netherlands, Chile). Cattle (n=80), sheep (n=40), goats (n=40), dromedary camels (n=155), and various other camelid species (n=34) were tested for specific serum IgG by protein microarray using the receptor-binding S1 subunits of spike proteins of MERS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and human coronavirus OC43. Results were confirmed by virus neutralisation tests for MERS-CoV and bovine coronavirus. FINDINGS 50 of 50 (100%) sera from Omani camels and 15 of 105 (14%) from Spanish camels had protein-specific antibodies against MERS-CoV spike. Sera from European sheep, goats, cattle, and other camelids had no such antibodies. MERS-CoV neutralising antibody titres varied between 1/320 and 1/2560 for the Omani camel sera and between 1/20 and 1/320 for the Spanish camel sera. There was no evidence for cross-neutralisation by bovine coronavirus antibodies. INTERPRETATION MERS-CoV or a related virus has infected camel populations. Both titres and seroprevalences in sera from different locations in Oman suggest widespread infection. FUNDING European Union, European Centre For Disease Prevention and Control, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal B E M Reusken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Screening, Division Virology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands.
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Miller DS, Weiser GC, Aune K, Roeder B, Atkinson M, Anderson N, Roffe TJ, Keating KA, Chapman PL, Kimberling C, Rhyan J, Clarke PR. Shared Bacterial and Viral Respiratory Agents in Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis), Domestic Sheep (Ovis aries), and Goats (Capra hircus) in Montana. Vet Med Int 2011; 2011:162520. [PMID: 22195293 PMCID: PMC3236376 DOI: 10.4061/2011/162520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of infectious agents from livestock reservoirs has been hypothesized to cause respiratory disease outbreaks in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), and land management policies intended to limit this transmission have proven controversial. This cross-sectional study compares the infectious agents present in multiple populations of bighorn sheep near to and distant from their interface with domestic sheep (O. aries) and domestic goat (Capra hircus) and provides critical baseline information needed for interpretations of cross-species transmission risks. Bighorn sheep and livestock shared exposure to Pasteurellaceae, viral, and endoparasite agents. In contrast, although the impact is uncertain, Mycoplasma sp. was isolated from livestock but not bighorn sheep. These results may be the result of historic cross-species transmission of agents that has resulted in a mosaic of endemic and exotic agents. Future work using longitudinal and multiple population comparisons is needed to rigorously establish the risk of outbreaks from cross-species transmission of infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Miller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Development of inactivated trivalent vaccine for the teratogenic Aino, Akabane and Chuzan viruses. Biologicals 2011; 39:152-7. [PMID: 21411335 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aino, Akabane and Chuzan viruses are arthropod-borne (arbo) viruses transmitted by blood-sucking insects like mosquitoes and Culicoides biting midges. These arbovirus infections are mainly associated with abortion, stillbirth and congenital defects in pregnant cattle, sheep and goats, which induces a considerable economic loss in livestock industry. The viruses seem to be widely distributed in Southeast Asia and Australia. As a control strategy, an inactivated trivalent vaccine against Aino, Akabane and Chuzan virus was developed by using binary ethylenimine or formalin as an inactivating agent. The newly developed trivalent vaccine is evaluated for its safety and immunogenicity in animals such as mice, guinea pigs and cattle. The immune responses were significantly detected within 2-weeks after second vaccination without any side effects. Since the field application of experimental vaccine also revealed increased antibodies in inoculated cattle, we demonstrated that these trivalent vaccines could be used as a vaccine to control the arboviral infections in ruminants.
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Chung JY, Kim HR, Bae YC, Lee OS, Oem JK. Detection and characterization of bovine-like coronaviruses from four species of zoo ruminants. Vet Microbiol 2010; 148:396-401. [PMID: 20880639 PMCID: PMC7117225 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 08/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Five coronaviruses (CoVs) were detected in diarrheal feces from four zoo ruminant species: one wisent (Bison bonasus), two Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus), one sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekii), and one nyala (Tragelaphus angasii). We sequenced and analyzed the spike (S) and hemagglutinin/esterase (HE) genes of these viruses and compared the nucleotide (nt) and deduced amino acid (aa) sequences with those of other bovine CoV (BcoV) strains. Comparison of the entire deduced aa sequences of the S and HE glycoproteins revealed no specific differences that would account for discrimination between bovine-like CoV strains from zoo ruminants and BcoVs strains. In addition, the 99.9% aa identity among the five CoV strains revealed that the ruminants were infected by the same strain. Phylogenetically, bovine-like CoVs belong to group 2a CoVs, which are related most closely to the BcoV strains recently isolated in Korea. These data suggest that cattle are potential reservoirs for CoVs that are capable of infecting zoo ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Yee Chung
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Anyang, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
The incidences of reproductive disorders in bovine are increasing over years. This scenario is further aggravating due to more emphasis on selection and rearing of animal for specific commercial purposes which compromises livestock reproduction. Reproductive disorders like infertility and abortions in cattle are major problems in the bovine industry. The reproductive disorders might be caused by several different agents such as physical agents, chemical agents, biological agents, etc. Also, the causative agent and pathogenesis of reproductive disorders are influenced by various factors including environmental factor. The exact causes may not be evident and are often complicated with multiple causative agents. Thus, there is a need for multi-faceted approach to understand correlation of various factors with reproductive performance. Of the agents, infectious biological agents are significant cause of reproductive disorder and are of high priority in the bovine industry. These factors are not only related to the prosperity of bovine industry but are also important from public health point of view because of their zoonotic potentials. Several infectious agents like bacterial, viral, protozoon, chlamydial and fungal agents are known to have direct impact on reproductive health of cattle. These diseases can be arranged and discussed in different groups based on the causative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, BK21 for Veterinary Science and KRF Priority Zoonotic Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
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