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Wang J, Chen D, Wei F, Yu R, Xu S, Lin X, Wu S. Identification of a broadly neutralizing epitope within Gc protein of Akabane virus using newly prepared neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Vet Microbiol 2024; 295:110123. [PMID: 38889619 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Akabane virus (AKAV) is characterized by abortion, stillbirth, premature birth, and congenital deformities in livestock and is widely distributed throughout Australia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. Gc protein is the major neutralizing target of AKAV and is often considered as an immunogen to prepare neutralizing antibodies. In this study, we prepared and characterized three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 4D1, 4E6, and 4F12, against the Gc protein of AKAV (TJ2016 strain). Western blot (WB) and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) analysis proved that the mAbs can react with both the truncated recombinant AKAV Gc protein and the natural Gc protein produced in the AKAV-infected cells. Further research demonstrated that these mAbs possess neutralizing activity. We next defined a neutralizing epitope 1134SVQSFDGKL1142 by screening a panel of overlapping peptides spanning the truncated Gc protein (aa991∼1232) using the generated neutralizing mAbs. Bioinformatic analysis shows that the neutralizing epitope is highly conserved across different genotypes of AKAV. The newly produced neutralizing mAbs and the identified neutralizing epitope in this study enrich the antigenic epitope information of the AKAV Gc protein and could have potential applications in the development of antigen and antibody detection systems that are specific to AKAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Dongjie Chen
- Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Ruyang Yu
- Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Shengkui Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiangmei Lin
- Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Shaoqiang Wu
- Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China.
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2
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Suda Y, Murota K, Shirafuji H, Tanaka S, Yanase T. Replication of Akabane virus and related orthobunyaviruses in a fetal-bovine-brain-derived cell line. Arch Virol 2024; 169:133. [PMID: 38829449 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Akabane virus (AKAV), Aino virus, Peaton virus, Sathuperi virus, and Shamonda virus are arthropod-borne viruses belonging to the order Elliovirales, family Peribunyaviridae, genus Orthobunyavirus. These viruses cause or may cause congenital malformations in ruminants, including hydranencephaly, poliomyelitis, and arthrogryposis, although their pathogenicity may vary among field cases. AKAV may cause relatively severe congenital lesions such as hydranencephaly in calves. Furthermore, strains of AKAV genogroups I and II exhibit different disease courses. Genogroup I strains predominantly cause postnatal viral encephalomyelitis, while genogroup II strains are primarily detected in cases of congenital malformation. However, the biological properties of AKAV and other orthobunyaviruses are insufficiently investigated in hosts in the field and in vitro. Here, we used an immortalized bovine brain cell line (FBBC-1) to investigate viral replication efficiency, cytopathogenicity, and host innate immune responses. AKAV genogroup II and Shamonda virus replicated to higher titers in FBBC-1 cells compared with the other viruses, and only AKAV caused cytopathic effects. These results may be associated with the severe congenital lesions in the brain caused by AKAV genogroup II. AKAV genogroup II strains replicated to higher titers in FBBC-1 cells than AKAV genogroup I strains, suggesting that genogroup II strains replicated more efficiently in fetal brain cells, accounting for the detection of the latter strains mainly in fetal infection cases. Therefore, FBBC-1 cells may serve as a valuable tool for investigating the virulence and tropism of the orthobunyaviruses for bovine neonatal brain tissues in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Suda
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2702 Chuzan, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 891-0105, Japan.
- Division of Infectious Animal Disease Research, NIAH, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan.
| | - Katsunori Murota
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2702 Chuzan, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 891-0105, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shirafuji
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2702 Chuzan, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 891-0105, Japan
- Exotic Disease Group, Division of Transboundary, Animal Disease Research, NIAH, NARO, 6‑20‑1 Josuihoncho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187‑0022, Japan
| | - Shogo Tanaka
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2702 Chuzan, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 891-0105, Japan
| | - Tohru Yanase
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2702 Chuzan, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 891-0105, Japan
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O’Connor TW, Hick PM, Finlaison DS, Kirkland PD, Toribio JAL. Revisiting the Importance of Orthobunyaviruses for Animal Health: A Scoping Review of Livestock Disease, Diagnostic Tests, and Surveillance Strategies for the Simbu Serogroup. Viruses 2024; 16:294. [PMID: 38400069 PMCID: PMC10892073 DOI: 10.3390/v16020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Orthobunyaviruses (order Bunyavirales, family Peribunyaviridae) in the Simbu serogroup have been responsible for widespread epidemics of congenital disease in ruminants. Australia has a national program to monitor arboviruses of veterinary importance. While monitoring for Akabane virus, a novel orthobunyavirus was detected. To inform the priority that should be given to this detection, a scoping review was undertaken to (1) characterise the associated disease presentations and establish which of the Simbu group viruses are of veterinary importance; (2) examine the diagnostic assays that have undergone development and validation for this group of viruses; and (3) describe the methods used to monitor the distribution of these viruses. Two search strategies identified 224 peer-reviewed publications for 33 viruses in the serogroup. Viruses in this group may cause severe animal health impacts, but only those phylogenetically arranged in clade B are associated with animal disease. Six viruses (Akabane, Schmallenberg, Aino, Shuni, Peaton, and Shamonda) were associated with congenital malformations, neurological signs, and reproductive disease. Diagnostic test interpretation is complicated by cross-reactivity, the timing of foetal immunocompetence, and sample type. Serological testing in surveys remains a mainstay of the methods used to monitor the distribution of SGVs. Given significant differences in survey designs, only broad mean seroprevalence estimates could be provided. Further research is required to determine the disease risk posed by novel orthobunyaviruses and how they could challenge current diagnostic and surveillance capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany W. O’Connor
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia;
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia; (P.M.H.); (D.S.F.); (P.D.K.)
| | - Paul M. Hick
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia; (P.M.H.); (D.S.F.); (P.D.K.)
| | - Deborah S. Finlaison
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia; (P.M.H.); (D.S.F.); (P.D.K.)
| | - Peter D. Kirkland
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia; (P.M.H.); (D.S.F.); (P.D.K.)
| | - Jenny-Ann L.M.L. Toribio
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia;
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Okajima M, Takenaka-Uema A, Fujii Y, Izumi F, Kojima I, Ozawa M, Naitou K, Suda Y, Nishiyama S, Murakami S, Horimoto T, Ito N, Shirafuji H, Yanase T, Masatani T. Differential role of NSs genes in the neurovirulence of two genogroups of Akabane virus causing postnatal encephalomyelitis. Arch Virol 2023; 169:7. [PMID: 38082138 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05929-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Akabane virus (AKAV) is a member of the genus Orthobunyavirus, family Peribunyaviridae. In addition to AKAV strains that cause fetal Akabane disease, which is characterized by abortion in ruminants, some AKAV strains cause postnatal infection characterized by nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis in ruminants. Here, we focused on the NSs protein, a virulence factor for most viruses belonging to the genus Orthobunyavirus, and we hypothesized that this protein would act as a neurovirulence factor in AKAV strains causing postnatal encephalomyelitis. We generated AKAV strains that were unable to produce the NSs protein, derived from two different genogroups, genogroups I and II, and then examined the role of their NSs proteins by inoculating mice intracerebrally with these modified viruses. Our results revealed that the neurovirulence of genogroup II strains is dependent on the NSs protein, whereas that of genogroup I strains is independent of this protein. Notably, infection of primary cultured bovine cells with these viruses suggested that the NSs proteins of both genogroups suppress innate immune-related gene expression with equal efficiency. These results indicate differences in the determinants of virulence of orthobunyaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misuzu Okajima
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Akiko Takenaka-Uema
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Fujii
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Fumiki Izumi
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Isshu Kojima
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Ozawa
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kiyotada Naitou
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuto Suda
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shoko Nishiyama
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shin Murakami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taisuke Horimoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Ito
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shirafuji
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tohru Yanase
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Masatani
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
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5
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Different organ and tissue tropism between Akabane virus genogroups in a mouse model. Virus Res 2022; 314:198752. [PMID: 35331837 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Akabane virus (AKAV) is an etiological agent that is teratogenic to the fetus of domestic ruminants, causing a significant loss of reproduction in livestock. In East Asia, AKAV isolates form two major clusters: genogroups I and II. In recent years, genogroup I isolates have also been associated with postnatal encephalomyelitis, mainly in calves. Here, we compared the pathogenicity in mice using genogroup I Iriki and genogroup II OBE-1 strains. Only mice infected intraperitoneally with the Iriki strain died and showed marked replication in the central nervous system (CNS) and lymphoid tissues. A more elevated blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability was found in the Iriki-infected mice in the clinical phase, indicating that the BBB might be a possible route of viral transmission from the periphery to the CNS. These findings demonstrate that the Iriki strain presents greater neurovirulence and neuroinvasiveness compared with the OBE-1 strain, determining different AKAV pathogenicity among genogroups.
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Kimura K, Yanase T, Kato T. Histopathological, Immunohistochemical and In-Situ Hybridization Findings in Suckling Rats Experimentally Infected With Akabane Genogroups Ⅰ and Ⅱ, Aino and Peaton Viruses. J Comp Pathol 2021; 187:27-39. [PMID: 34503652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Akabane, Aino and Peaton viruses are closely related arthropod-borne viruses in the genus Orthobunyavirus of the family Peribunyaviridae that can cause congenital abnormalities in cattle, sheep and goats. East Asian Akabane virus strains are subdivided into genogroups Ⅰ and Ⅱ, and the former can also cause non-suppurative encephalomyelitis in post-natal animals. Specific detection of the infecting virus in tissues is essential for accurate diagnosis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been used to identify viral antigen but cannot always detect specific viruses due to potential cross-reactivity of the primary antisera. We compared in-situ hybridization (ISH), based on the use of cocktail probe sets targeted at the RNA of each virus, with IHC for the detection of the specific viruses in tissues of suckling rats inoculated intracerebrally with Akabane (KM-1 or OBE-1 strains), Aino or Peaton viruses at 3 or 7 days of age. Most inoculated rats developed severe neurological signs and histopathological brain lesions including necrosis, spongy degeneration and non-suppurative inflammation. A rabbit polyclonal antiserum immunolabelled antigen of all three viruses within the lesions, whereas ISH specifically detected RNA of each individual virus. The distribution of viral RNA was comparable to that of viral antigens, but tended to be more widespread, especially in immature nervous tissue. Viral antigen and RNA were detected in skeletal muscle and heart of the rats infected with the KM-1 strain of Akabane virus but not with any of the other viruses. This study demonstrates the value of ISH detection of these viruses in a rat model and may prove useful for clarification of the pathogenesis of post-natal arbovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Kimura
- Division of Pathology and Pathophysiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Tohru Yanase
- Kyushu Research Station, Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kato
- Kyushu Research Station, Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kagoshima, Japan
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Iwamoto J, Furukawa M. The estimation of duration of maternally-derived antibodies against Akabane, Aino, and Chuzan virus in calves by the receiver operating characteristic analysis. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1614-1618. [PMID: 32963178 PMCID: PMC7719874 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The duration of maternally-derived antibodies against three arboviruses was investigated in calves, using the results of arbovirus serosurveillance performed
in Kagoshima Prefecture during 2002–2016. The duration of maternally-derived antibodies against Akabane virus (AKAV), Aino virus (AINOV), and Chuzan virus
(CHUV) was estimated to be 178 (sensitivity: 0.769, specificity: 0.730), 156 (sensitivity: 0.806, specificity: 0.791), and 156 days of age (sensitivity: 0.845,
specificity: 0.814), by receiver operating characteristic analysis. The duration of maternally-derived antibodies against AKAV, AINOV, and CHUV differed 7–14,
22–28, and 20–31 days in the same calf types between the regions far from each other although it was similar between the adjacent regions. The dairy calves
showed 6–29 days longer duration than the beef calves rearing in a similar region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Iwamoto
- Kagoshima Prefectural Kagoshima Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 1678 Yuda, Higashiichiki-cho, Hioki, Kagoshima 899-2201, Japan
| | - Masahiro Furukawa
- Kagoshima Prefectural Kagoshima Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 1678 Yuda, Higashiichiki-cho, Hioki, Kagoshima 899-2201, Japan
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Sick F, Breithaupt A, Golender N, Bumbarov V, Beer M, Wernike K. Shuni virus-induced meningoencephalitis after experimental infection of cattle. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1531-1540. [PMID: 32910551 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Shuni virus (SHUV), an insect-transmitted orthobunyavirus of the Simbu serogroup within the family Peribunyaviridae, may induce severe congenital malformations when naïve ruminants are infected during gestation. Only recently, another clinical presentation in cattle, namely neurological disease after postnatal infection, was reported. To characterize the course of the disease under experimental conditions and to confirm a causal relationship between the virus and the neurological disorders observed in the field, six calves each were experimentally inoculated (subcutaneously) with two different SHUV strains from both clinical presentations, that is encephalitis and congenital malformation, respectively. Subsequently, the animals were monitored clinically, virologically and serologically for three weeks. All animals inoculated with the 'encephalitis strain' SHUV 2162/16 developed viremia for three to four consecutive days, seroconverted, and five out of six animals showed elevated body temperature for up to three days. No further clinical signs such as neurological symptoms were observed in any of these animals. However, four out of six animals developed a non-suppurative meningoencephalitis, characterized by perivascular cuffing and glial nodule formation. Moreover, SHUV genome could be visualized in brain tissues of the infected animals by in situ hybridization. In contrast to the 'encephalitis SHUV strain', in animals subcutaneously inoculated with the strain isolated from a malformed newborn (SHUV 2504/3/14), which expressed a truncated non-structural protein NSs, a major virulence factor, no viremia or seroconversion, was observed, demonstrating an expected severe replication defect of this strain in vivo. The lack of viremia further indicates that virus variants evolving in malformed foetuses may represent attenuated artefacts as has been described for closely related viruses. As the neuropathogenicity of SHUV could be demonstrated under experimental conditions, this virus should be included in differential diagnosis for encephalitis in ruminants, and cattle represent a suitable animal model to study the pathogenesis of SHUV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Sick
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Natalia Golender
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Velizar Bumbarov
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Yanase T, Murota K, Hayama Y. Endemic and Emerging Arboviruses in Domestic Ruminants in East Asia. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:168. [PMID: 32318588 PMCID: PMC7154088 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epizootic congenital abnormalities caused by Akabane, Aino, and Chuzan viruses have damaged the reproduction of domestic ruminants in East Asia for many years. In the past, large outbreaks of febrile illness related to bovine ephemeral fever and Ibaraki viruses severely affected the cattle industry in that region. In recent years, vaccines against these viruses have reduced the occurrence of diseases, although the viruses are still circulating and have occasionally caused sporadic and small-scaled epidemics. Over a long-term monitoring period, many arboviruses other than the above-mentioned viruses have been isolated from cattle and Culicoides biting midges in Japan. Several novel arboviruses that may infect ruminants (e.g., mosquito- and tick-borne arboviruses) were recently reported in mainland China based on extensive surveillance. It is noteworthy that some are suspected of being associated with cattle diseases. Malformed calves exposed to an intrauterine infection with orthobunyaviruses (e.g., Peaton and Shamonda viruses) have been observed. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6 caused a sudden outbreak of hemorrhagic disease in cattle in Japan. Unfortunately, the pathogenicity of many other viruses in ruminants has been uncertain, although these viruses potentially affect livestock production. As global transportation grows, the risk of an accidental incursion of arboviruses is likely to increase in previously non-endemic areas. Global warming will also certainly affect the distribution and active period of vectors, and thus the range of virus spreads will expand to higher-latitude regions. To prevent anticipated damages to the livestock industry, the monitoring system for arboviral circulation and incursion should be strengthened; moreover, the sharing of information and preventive strategies will be essential in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Yanase
- Kyushu Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Katsunori Murota
- Kyushu Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoko Hayama
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan
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Yanase T, Hayama Y, Shirafuji H, Tsutsui T, Terada Y. Surveillance of Culicoides biting midges in northern Honshu, Japan, during the period of Akabane virus spread. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1496-1503. [PMID: 31447461 PMCID: PMC6863720 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A surveillance of Culicoides biting midges with light suction traps was
conducted in the northern region of Honshu, main island of Japan, during the summers and
autumns of 2009 and 2010. A total of 106 trap collections across 37 cattle farms were
investigated for the structure and distribution of Culicoides species.
Forty-thousand and one hundred forty-nine specimens of Culicoides biting
midges were identified at the species level, and ≥19 species were included in the
specimens. Culicoides oxystoma, which is a known major vector of Akabane
virus (AKAV), appeared not to have expanded in northern Honshu during the surveillance. Of
the potential AKAV vectors suggested by a previous laboratory experiment, C.
tainanus and C. punctatus widely infested cowsheds across
northern Honshu. The AKAV circulation was confirmed by serological surveillance of
sentinel cattle in northern Honshu during the summer and autumn of 2010 and, consequently,
>200 calves affected by the virus were identified as of spring 2011. Our surveillance
demonstrated that C. tainanus and C. punctatus were
widely spread and often dominated at cattle farms in/around the seroconverted regions, and
our results thus suggest that these species played a critical role in the AKAV
transmission in 2010. Because the distribution ranges of C. tainanus and
C. punctatus cover almost all of mainland Japan, a potential risk of
AKAV transmission might be expected even in areas outside the range of C.
oxystoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Yanase
- Kyushu Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 2702, Chuzan, Kagoshima 891-0105, Japan
| | - Yoko Hayama
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shirafuji
- Kyushu Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 2702, Chuzan, Kagoshima 891-0105, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Tsutsui
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Yutaka Terada
- Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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Takenaka-Uema A, Murakami S, Ushio N, Kobayashi-Kitamura T, Uema M, Uchida K, Horimoto T. Generation of a GFP Reporter Akabane Virus with Enhanced Fluorescence Intensity by Modification of Artificial Ambisense S Genome. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070634. [PMID: 31295861 PMCID: PMC6669763 DOI: 10.3390/v11070634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously generated a recombinant reporter Akabane virus expressing enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP-AKAV), with an artificial S genome encoding eGFP in the ambisense RNA. Although the eGFP-AKAV was able to detect infected cells in in vivo histopathological study, its fluorescent signal was too weak to apply to in vivo imaging study. Here, we successfully generated a modified reporter, eGFP/38-AKAV, with 38-nucleotide deletion of the internal region of the 5' untranslated region of S RNA. The eGFP/38-AKAV expressed higher intensity of eGFP fluorescence both in vitro and in vivo than the original eGFP-AKAV did. In addition, eGFP/38-AKAV was pathogenic in mice at a comparable level to that in wild-type AKAV. In the mice infected with eGFP/38-AKAV, the fluorescent signals, i.e., the virus-infected cells, were detected in the central nervous system using the whole-organ imaging. Our findings indicate that eGFP/38-AKAV could be used as a powerful tool to help elucidate the dynamics of AKAV in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Takenaka-Uema
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shin Murakami
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Nanako Ushio
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kobayashi-Kitamura
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masashi Uema
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Taisuke Horimoto
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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12
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Camarão AAR, Swanepoel R, Boinas F, Quan M. Development and analytical validation of a group-specific RT-qPCR assay for the detection of the Simbu serogroup orthobunyaviruses. J Virol Methods 2019; 271:113685. [PMID: 31220478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Simbu serogroup within the genus Orthobunyavirus belongs to the family Peribunyaviridae and comprises 32 recognised three-segmented negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, with a cosmopolitan distribution. This group of arthropod-borne viruses includes important pathogens of humans and domestic animals e.g. Oropouche orthobunyavirus and Schmallenberg virus. Sensitive and specific diagnostic tools are required for recognition and control of outbreaks. A novel TaqMan® RT-qPCR assay was developed, optimised and analytically validated for the broad detection of the Simbu serogroup orthobunyaviruses. A region in the S segment, which encodes the nucleocapsid protein, was used to design a group primer set and a pair of differently labelled TaqMan® minor groove binder probes to distinguish phylogenetic clade A and B of the serogroup. Efficiencies determined for seven members of the group were 99% for Akabane orthobunyavirus (AKAV), 96% for Simbu orthobunyavirus (SIMV), 96% for Shuni orthobunyavirus (SHUV), 97% for Sathuperi orthobunyavirus (SATV), 84% for Shamonda orthobunyavirus (SHAV), 93% for Ingwavuma virus (INGV, now classified as Manzanilla orthobunyavirus) and 110% for Sabo virus (SABOV, now classified as AKAV). The 95% limit of detection (TCID50/reaction) was 10-3.61 for AKAV, 10-2.38 for SIMV, 10-3.42 for SHUV, 10-3.32 for SATV, 10-1.67 for SHAV, 100.39 for INGV and 10-2.70 for SABOV.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A R Camarão
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - R Swanepoel
- Vector and Vector-borne Diseases Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - F Boinas
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - M Quan
- Vector and Vector-borne Diseases Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
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13
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Sick F, Beer M, Kampen H, Wernike K. Culicoides Biting Midges-Underestimated Vectors for Arboviruses of Public Health and Veterinary Importance. Viruses 2019; 11:E376. [PMID: 31022868 PMCID: PMC6520762 DOI: 10.3390/v11040376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Culicoides biting midges, small hematophagous dipterans, are the demonstrated or putative vectors of multiple arboviruses of veterinary and public health importance. Despite its relevance in disease spread, the ceratopogonid genus Culicoides is still a largely neglected group of species, predominantly because the major human-affecting arboviruses are considered to be transmitted by mosquitoes. However, when a pathogen is detected in a certain vector species, a thorough search for further vectors often remains undone and, therefore, the relevant vector species may remain unknown. Furthermore, for many hematophagous arthropods, true vector competence is often merely suspected and not experimentally proven. Therefore, we aim to illuminate the general impact of Culicoides biting midges and to summarize the knowledge about biting midge-borne disease agents using the order Bunyavirales, the largest and most diverse group of RNA viruses, as an example. When considering only viruses evidentially transmitted by Culicoides midges, the Simbu serogroup (genus Orthobunyavirus) is presumably the most important group within the virus order. Its members are of great veterinary importance, as a variety of simbuviruses, e.g., the species Akabane orthobunyavirus or Schmallenberg orthobunyavirus, induces severe congenital infections in pregnant animals. The major zoonotic representative of this serogroup occurs in South and Central America and causes the so-called Oropouche fever, an acute febrile illness in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Sick
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Helge Kampen
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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Yanase T, Kato T, Hayama Y, Akiyama M, Itoh N, Horiuchi S, Hirashima Y, Shirafuji H, Yamakawa M, Tanaka S, Tsutsui T. Transition of Akabane virus genogroups and its association with changes in the nature of disease in Japan. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:e434-e443. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Yanase
- Kyushu Research Station; National Institute of Animal Health; NARO; Kagoshima Japan
| | - T. Kato
- Kyushu Research Station; National Institute of Animal Health; NARO; Kagoshima Japan
| | - Y. Hayama
- Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology; National Institute of Animal Health; NARO; Ibaraki Japan
| | - M. Akiyama
- Eastern Center for Livestock Hygiene Service; Hiroshima Japan
| | - N. Itoh
- Western Center for Livestock Hygiene Service; Hiroshima Japan
| | - S. Horiuchi
- Miyazaki Livestock Hygiene Service Center; Miyazaki Japan
| | - Y. Hirashima
- Kagoshima Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center; Kagoshima Japan
| | - H. Shirafuji
- Kyushu Research Station; National Institute of Animal Health; NARO; Kagoshima Japan
| | - M. Yamakawa
- Exotic Disease Research Station; National Institute of Animal Health; NARO; Tokyo Japan
| | - S. Tanaka
- Kyushu Research Station; National Institute of Animal Health; NARO; Kagoshima Japan
| | - T. Tsutsui
- Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology; National Institute of Animal Health; NARO; Ibaraki Japan
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15
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Akabane, Aino and Schmallenberg virus-where do we stand and what do we know about the role of domestic ruminant hosts and Culicoides vectors in virus transmission and overwintering? Curr Opin Virol 2017; 27:15-30. [PMID: 29096232 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Akabane, Aino and Schmallenberg virus belong to the Simbu serogroup of Orthobunyaviruses and depend on Culicoides vectors for their spread between ruminant hosts. Infections of adults are mostly asymptomatic or associated with only mild symptoms, while transplacental crossing of these viruses to the developing fetus can have important teratogenic effects. Research mainly focused on congenital malformations has established a correlation between the developmental stage at which a fetus is infected and the outcome of an Akabane virus infection. Available data suggest that a similar correlation also applies to Schmallenberg virus infections but is not yet entirely conclusive. Experimental and field data furthermore suggest that Akabane virus is more efficient in inducing congenital malformations than Aino and Schmallenberg virus, certainly in cattle. The mechanism by which these Simbu viruses cross-pass yearly periods of very low vector abundance in temperate climate zones remains undefined. Yearly wind-borne reintroductions of infected midges from tropical endemic regions with year-round vector activity have been proposed, just as overwintering in long-lived adult midges. Experimental and field data however indicate that a role of vertical virus transmission in the ruminant host currently cannot be excluded as an overwintering mechanism. More studies on Culicoides biology and specific groups of transplacentally infected newborn ruminants without gross malformations are needed to shed light on this matter.
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16
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Şevik M. Molecular and serological survey of Akabane virus infection in sheep in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Hayama Y, Yanase T, Suzuki M, Unten K, Tomochi H, Kakehi M, Shono Y, Yamamoto T, Kobayashi S, Murai K, Tsutsui T. Meteorological factors affecting seroconversion of Akabane disease in sentinel calves in the subtropical Okinawa Islands of Japan. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 50:209-215. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1404-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Jeong H, Oem JK, Yang MS, Yang D, Kim MS, Lee KH, Lee MH, Lim CW, Kim B. Experimental Infection of Goats with a Newly Isolated Strain of Akabane Virus that Causes Encephalomyelitis. J Comp Pathol 2017; 157:220-229. [PMID: 28673487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In 2010, there was a large-scale outbreak of bovine encephalomyelitis in Korea, and 15 new strains of Akabane virus (AKAV) were isolated. To identify the pathogenicity of one of these strains, we infected adult goats with AKAV-7 via different routes. Twenty-five female goats were used in this study and were divided into five groups: intracerebral (IC) and intrasubarachnoid (IS) viral inoculation (n = 8 each), intravenous (IV) inoculation (n = 4), and vaccinated before IV inoculation (n = 4), in addition to a negative control animal. All animals inoculated with AKAV-7 had AKAV-neutralizing antibodies at 6-8 days post infection (dpi). During the experimental period, infected animals showed no clinical signs. In the IC group, 5/8 goats had non-suppurative encephalomyelitis affecting the cerebrum. Virus S RNA segments were detected in nearly all areas of the brain. In the IS group, 3/8 goats had encephalomyelitis affecting the cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord. At 7 and 21 dpi, virus S RNA segments were found mostly in the spinal cord, especially around the area of injection (L5-L6). Antibody titres in the serum of the vaccinated group had an early onset and slightly increased titre compared with the IV group. Histopathologically, there were no obvious lesions in the central nervous tissues in the vaccinated group, while one of four goats in the IV group showed encephalomyelitis in the parietal lobe of the cerebrum. The newly isolated AKAV-7 can cause encephalomyelitis in goats after experimental injection. The attenuated AKAV vaccine currently used in Korea may provide partial protective immunity against AKAV-7 infection, but the real effect of the vaccine requires further investigation in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan City, Republic of Korea
| | - J-K Oem
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan City, Republic of Korea; Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - M-S Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan City, Republic of Korea
| | - D Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan City, Republic of Korea
| | - M-S Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan City, Republic of Korea
| | - K-H Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - M-H Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - C-W Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan City, Republic of Korea
| | - B Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan City, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick De Regge
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, CODA-CERVA, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Ukkel, Belgium. e-mail:
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20
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Takenaka-Uema A, Bangphoomi N, Shioda C, Uchida K, Gen F, Kato K, Haga T, Murakami S, Akashi H, Hoimoto T. Characterization of a recombinant Akabane mutant virus with knockout of a nonstructural protein NSs in a pregnant goat model. Virol Sin 2017; 31:274-7. [PMID: 27068656 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-015-3704-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Takenaka-Uema
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.,Department of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Norasuthi Bangphoomi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.,Department of Preclinical and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Phutthamonthon Nakhonpathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Chieko Shioda
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Gen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.,Department of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kato
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.,National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Takeshi Haga
- Department of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shin Murakami
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroomi Akashi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Taisuke Hoimoto
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
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21
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Purnomo Edi S, Ibrahim A, Sukoco R, Bunali L, Taguchi M, Kato T, Yanase T, Shirafuji H. Molecular characterization of an Akabane virus isolate from West Java, Indonesia. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:774-779. [PMID: 28302930 PMCID: PMC5402201 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated an arbovirus from bovine blood in Indonesia. The arbovirus was obtained from the plasma of a cow showing no clinical symptoms in West Java in February 2014, and was identified as Akabane virus (AKAV) by AKAV-specific RT-PCR and subsequent sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial S segment indicated the AKAV isolate, WJ-1SA/P/2014, was most closely related with two isolates from Israel and Turkey reported in 2001 and 2015, respectively, and that WJ-1SA/P/2014 isolate belongs to AKAV genogroup Ib. This is the first isolation of AKAV from Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryo Purnomo Edi
- Disease Investigation Center Subang, Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Jl. Terusan Garuda Blok Werasari, RT.33/RW.11, Subang, West Java 41212, Indonesia
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22
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Kato T, Yanase T, Suzuki M, Katagiri Y, Ikemiyagi K, Takayoshi K, Shirafuji H, Ohashi S, Yoshida K, Yamakawa M, Tsuda T. Monitoring for bovine arboviruses in the most southwestern islands in Japan between 1994 and 2014. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:125. [PMID: 27342576 PMCID: PMC4921034 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0747-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Japan, epizootic arboviral infections have severely impacted the livestock industry for a long period. Akabane, Aino, Chuzan, bovine ephemeral fever and Ibaraki viruses have repeatedly caused epizootic abnormal births and febrile illness in the cattle population. In addition, Peaton, Sathuperi, Shamonda and D’Aguilar viruses and epizootic hemorrhagic virus serotype 7 have recently emerged in Japan and are also considered to be involved in abnormal births in cattle. The above-mentioned viruses are hypothesized to circulate in tropical and subtropical Asia year round and to be introduced to temperate East Asia by long-distance aerial dispersal of infected vectors. To watch for arbovirus incursion and assess the possibility of its early warning, monitoring for arboviruses was conducted in the Yaeyama Islands, located at the most southwestern area of Japan, between 1994 and 2014. Results Blood sampling was conducted once a year, in the autumn, in 40 to 60 healthy cattle from the Yaeyama Islands. Blood samples were tested for arboviruses. A total of 33 arboviruses including Akabane, Peaton, Chuzan, D’ Aguilar, Bunyip Creek, Batai and epizootic hemorrhagic viruses were isolated from bovine blood samples. Serological surveillance for the bovine arboviruses associated with cattle diseases in young cattle (ages 6–12 months: had only been alive for one summer) clearly showed their frequent incursion into the Yaeyama Islands. In some cases, the arbovirus incursions could be detected in the Yaeyama Islands prior to their spread to mainland Japan. Conclusions We showed that long-term surveillance in the Yaeyama Islands could estimate the activity of bovine arboviruses in neighboring regions and may provide a useful early warning for likely arbovirus infections in Japan. The findings in this study could contribute to the planning of prevention and control for bovine arbovirus infections in Japan and cooperative efforts among neighboring countries in East Asia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0747-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kato
- Kyushu Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 2702 Chuzan, Kagoshima, 891-0105, Japan
| | - Tohru Yanase
- Kyushu Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 2702 Chuzan, Kagoshima, 891-0105, Japan.
| | - Moemi Suzuki
- Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Animal Health, 1-24-29 Kohagura, Naha, Okinawa, 900-0024, Japan
| | - Yoshito Katagiri
- Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Animal Health, 1-24-29 Kohagura, Naha, Okinawa, 900-0024, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Ikemiyagi
- Yaeyama Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 1-2 Miyara, Ishigaki, Okinawa, 907-0022, Japan
| | - Katsunori Takayoshi
- Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Animal Health, 1-24-29 Kohagura, Naha, Okinawa, 900-0024, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shirafuji
- Kyushu Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 2702 Chuzan, Kagoshima, 891-0105, Japan
| | - Seiichi Ohashi
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yoshida
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, 6-20-1 Josuihoncho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-0222, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamakawa
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, 6-20-1 Josuihoncho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-0222, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Tsuda
- National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
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23
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Lee H, Jeong H, Park S, Yang MS, Kim J, Bae J, Kwon Y, Kim MS, Oem JK, Lee MH, Lim CW, Kim B. Experimental infection of cows with newly isolated Akabane virus strain (AKAV-7) causing encephalomyelitis. Vet Res 2016; 47:62. [PMID: 27287214 PMCID: PMC4901474 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0349-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Akabane virus (AKAV), an arthropod-transmitted bunyavirus, is a major cause of congenital abnormalities and encephalomyelitis in ruminants. In 2010, there was a major outbreak of encephalomyelitis in Korea and fifteen AKAV strains, including AKAV-7, were isolated from cows. To identify the neuropathogenicity of AKAV-7, we performed experimental infection of cows. Six-month-old female Korean Holstein dairy cattle were inoculated with AKAV-7 by various routes, including intracerebral (IC), intrasubarachnoid space (IS), subcutaneous (SC) and intravenous (IV); a separate group was vaccinated before intravenous infection. Five of the six cows in the IC group and two of the six cows in the IS group showed clinical signs such as locomotor ataxia and paralysis of the hind limbs. Three of six cows died after IC infection 9–12 days post infection (dpi). Histopathologic changes such as nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis were confirmed in various parts of the central nervous system in the IC, IS and SC groups. Early onset of neutralizing antibodies in the serum and lower viral mRNA levels in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and various tissues in the vaccinated group was noticeable compared to the unvaccinated group (IV group). We suggest that the AKAV vaccine currently used in Korea may be partially effective for protection against AKAV-7 in cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeyeoun Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Korea
| | - Hansol Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Korea
| | - Surim Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Korea
| | - Myeon-Sik Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Korea
| | - Jongwon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Korea
| | - Jaehyun Bae
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Korea
| | - Yonghwan Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Korea
| | - Min-Su Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Korea
| | - Jae-Ku Oem
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of environment, Incheon, 22689, Korea
| | - Myoung-Heon Lee
- Division of Animal Diseases Diagnosis, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Korea
| | - Chae-Woong Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Korea.
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Takenaka-Uema A, Sugiura K, Bangphoomi N, Shioda C, Uchida K, Kato K, Haga T, Murakami S, Akashi H, Horimoto T. Development of an improved reverse genetics system for Akabane bunyavirus. J Virol Methods 2016; 232:16-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ishihara Y, Shioda C, Bangphoomi N, Sugiura K, Saeki K, Tsuda S, Iwanaga T, Takenaka-Uema A, Kato K, Murakami S, Uchida K, Akashi H, Horimoto T. Akabane virus nonstructural protein NSm regulates viral growth and pathogenicity in a mouse model. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1391-1397. [PMID: 27181086 PMCID: PMC5059365 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological function of a nonstructural protein, NSm, of Akabane virus (AKAV) is
unknown. In this study, we generated a series of NSm deletion mutant viruses by reverse
genetics and compared their phenotypes. The mutant in which the NSm coding region was
almost completely deleted could not be rescued, suggesting that NSm plays a role in virus
replication. We next generated mutant viruses possessing various partial deletions in NSm
and identified several regions critical for virus infectivity. All rescued mutant viruses
produced smaller plaques and grew inefficiently in cell culture, compared to the wild-type
virus. Interestingly, although the pathogenicity of NSm deletion mutant viruses varied in
mice depending on their deletion regions and sizes, more than half the mice died following
infection with any mutant virus and the dead mice exhibited encephalitis as in wild-type
virus-inoculated mice, indicating their neuroinvasiveness. Abundant viral antigens were
detected in the brain tissues of dead mice, whereas appreciable antigen was not observed
in those of surviving mice, suggesting a correlation between virus growth rate in the
brain and neuropathogenicity in mice. We conclude that NSm affects AKAV replication
in vitro as well as in vivo and that it may function
as a virulence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Ishihara
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Spatial epidemiological analysis of bovine encephalomyelitis outbreaks caused by Akabane virus infection in western Japan in 2011. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 48:843-7. [PMID: 26898692 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Akabane disease, which is distributed in temperate and tropical regions in the world, is a vector-borne disease of ruminants caused by the Akabane virus, transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. In 2011, outbreaks of Akabane viral encephalomyelitis occurred in the Shimane Prefecture in western Japan. In this study, a spatial epidemiological analysis was conducted to understand environmental factors associated with the spread of Akabane disease. By applying a conditional autoregressive model, the relationship between infection and environmental variables was explored. The results showed that the dominance of farmlands and the presence of infected farms within a 3-km radius had a significant effect on infection. This result implies that land use, which would relate with the vector habitat, and the presence of neighboring infected farms as a source of infection may have influenced the spread of the disease in this region. These findings provide basic insights into the spread of Akabane disease and useful suggestions for developing a surveillance program and preventive measures against the disease.
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Reconstruction of the Schmallenberg virus epidemic in Belgium: Complementary use of disease surveillance approaches. Vet Microbiol 2016; 183:50-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Histopathological Studies on the Neuropathogenicity of the Iriki and OBE-1 Strains of Akabane Virus in BALB/cAJcl Mice. J Comp Pathol 2015; 153:140-9. [PMID: 26184805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The OBE-1 strain of Akabane virus infects the fetus via the dam, resulting in abortion or congenital abnormalities in ruminants. In contrast, the Iriki strain of Akabane virus is highly virulent and causes encephalomyelitis by post-natal infection. To clarify the difference in pathogenicity between the two strains, BALB/cAJcl mice were inoculated either intraperitoneally or intracerebrally (IC) with either strain from 3 days to 8 weeks of age. Pathological examination revealed non-suppurative encephalitis in mice inoculated by either route with the Iriki strain. Virus antigens were distributed widely throughout the brain when the virus was inoculated into newborn mice, but distribution was limited to the brainstem in mice inoculated when 8 weeks old. However, brain lesions were observed only in mice inoculated with OBE-1 by the IC route when the mice were 3 days old, but these lesions were mild. To examine the manner of viral spreading, the Iriki strain was inoculated IC or intrastriatally into 8-week-old mice. Viral antigens were distributed prominently throughout the spinal cord as well as the brainstem and various cerebral nuclei, and were present with less prominence in the connective fibres. Virus antigens were also distributed in the subventricular zone, where neuronal stem cells exist. These results show that the neuroinvasiveness of the Iriki strain diminishes with age, while neurovirulence is maintained; however, for the OBE-1 strain both neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence diminish with age. Furthermore, Akabane virus infects neuronal cells in the brainstem and spreads to the spinal cord via an unidentified transneuronal pathway.
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Generation of a Recombinant Akabane Virus Expressing Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein. J Virol 2015; 89:9477-84. [PMID: 26157127 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00681-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We generated a recombinant Akabane virus (AKAV) expressing enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP-AKAV) by using reverse genetics. We artificially constructed an ambisense AKAV S genome encoding N/NSs on the negative-sense strand, and eGFP on the positive-sense strand with an intergenic region (IGR) derived from the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) S genome. The recombinant virus exhibited eGFP fluorescence and had a cytopathic effect in cell cultures, even after several passages. These results indicate that the gene encoding eGFP in the ambisense RNA could be stably maintained. Transcription of N/NSs and eGFP mRNAs of eGFP-AKAV was terminated within the IGR. The mechanism responsible for this appears to be different from that in RVFV, where the termination sites for N and NSs are determined by a defined signal sequence. We inoculated suckling mice intraperitoneally with eGFP-AKAV, which resulted in neurological signs and lethality equivalent to those seen for the parent AKAV. Fluorescence from eGFP in frozen brain slices from the eGFP-AKAV-infected mice was localized to the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. Our approach to producing a fluorescent virus, using an ambisense genome, helped obtain eGFP-AKAV, a fluorescent bunyavirus whose viral genes are intact and which can be easily visualized. IMPORTANCE AKAV is the etiological agent of arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly syndrome in ruminants, which causes considerable economic loss to the livestock industry. We successfully generated a recombinant enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged AKAV containing an artificial ambisense S genome. This virus could become a useful tool for analyzing AKAV pathogenesis in host animals. In addition, our approach of using an ambisense genome to generate an orthobunyavirus stably expressing a foreign gene could contribute to establishing alternative vaccine strategies, such as bivalent vaccine virus constructs, for veterinary use against infectious diseases.
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Bangphoomi N, Takenaka-Uema A, Sugi T, Kato K, Akashi H, Horimoto T. Akabane virus utilizes alternative endocytic pathways to entry into mammalian cell lines. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1471-8. [PMID: 25056673 PMCID: PMC4272979 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The entry mechanisms of
Akabane virus (AKAV), Bunyaviridae family, have not yet been determined.
In this study, chemical inhibitors were used to analyze endocytic mechanisms during AKAV
infection of mammalian cell lines. The analyses using drug treatments followed by
quantitative measurement of viral RNA and N protein revealed that AKAV enters
non-bovine-derived cell lines (Vero, HmLu-1 and BHK cells) in a manner indicative of
clathrin endocytosis. By contrast, AKAV infection in bovine-derived cell lines (LB9.K and
MDBK cells) is independent of this pathway. Further analyses indicated that AKAV entry
into bovine cell lines involves a non-clathrin, non-caveolae endocytic pathway that is
dependent on dynamin. We conclude that although both cell types require a low pH for AKAV
penetration, AKAV utilizes alternative entry pathways into mammalian cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norasuthi Bangphoomi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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31
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Nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis in a calf in Japan and isolation of Japanese encephalitis virus genotype 1 from the affected calf. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:3448-53. [PMID: 23885004 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00737-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) was isolated from the cerebrum of a calf which showed severe neurological symptoms in late September 2009, and the JEV isolate was revealed to be of genotype 1. This is the first report describing the isolation of genotype 1 JEV from cattle.
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Oem J, Lee K, Kim H, Bae Y, Chung J, Lee O, Roh I. Bovine Epizootic Encephalomyelitis caused by Akabane Virus Infection in Korea. J Comp Pathol 2012; 147:101-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Oem JK, Yoon HJ, Kim HR, Roh IS, Lee KH, Lee OS, Bae YC. Genetic and pathogenic characterization of Akabane viruses isolated from cattle with encephalomyelitis in Korea. Vet Microbiol 2012; 158:259-66. [PMID: 22464491 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A large-scale outbreak of Akabane viral encephalomyelitis in cattle was reported in the southern part of Korea in 2010. Fifteen Akabane virus (AKAV) strains were isolated from the brain and spinal cord samples by using BHK-21 and/or HmLu-1 cells. To examine the genetic relationships and characteristics of the isolates, nucleotide sequences of the S, M, and L segments of the 15 isolates were determined and analyzed. Complete sequence analysis of the 15 AKAV isolates showed 99.9-100% amino acid identities, indicating that the 15 isolates originated from a single strain. The S and M RNA segments of a representative isolate (AKAV-7/SKR/2010) were also compared with the segments of representative reference sequences. This AKAV-7/SKR/2010 strain showed the highest identity with the Iriki and KM-1/Br/06 strains. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic trees of S and M RNA segments were constructed. Four representative AKAV isolates were classified into subgroup Ia, which contains the Iriki and KM-1/Br/06 strains recognized to cause encephalomyelitis in calves and adult cattle in Japan. Moreover, experimental intraperitoneal infection was performed using the AKAV-7/SKR/2010 and AKAV-17/SKR/2010 strains to assess pathogenesis in suckling mice. The 2 isolates, genetically related to the Iriki strain, were neurovirulent and caused neurological signs in suckling mice. In contrast, the 93FMX strain and the K0505 strain, related to the OBE-1 strain, were avirulent in mice. The present results indicate that these isolates most likely had originated from the Iriki strain and are closely related to the Iriki strain both genetically and pathogenically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ku Oem
- Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Anyang, Republic of Korea
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Tsutsui T, Yamamoto T, Hayama Y, Akiba Y, Nishiguchi A, Kobayashi S, Yamakawa M. Duration of maternally derived antibodies against Akabane virus in calves: survival analysis. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:913-8. [PMID: 19652478 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To prevent encephalomyelitis caused by Akabane virus, as observed in 2006, vaccination of calves is one of the most effective prophylactic measures. For vaccination of calves, the duration of the maternal antibodies need to be considered because these antibodies are an obstacle to the effectiveness of the vaccine. In order to estimate the age of antibody decay in calves and to find factors influencing the duration of passive immunity, we conducted survival analysis using data from nationwide sentinel surveillance for Akabane disease. The accelerated failure time model based on the presence of interval censored data was used. The best fit model with a log-logistic distribution indicated that the maternal antibodies of beef calves last 1.11 times longer (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.06-1.16) than those of dairy calves. Calves in the western part of Japan and on Kyushu island, Japan, maintained the maternal antibodies 1.17 times (95% CI=1.11-1.23 and 1.10-1.24, respectively) longer than those in the eastern part of Japan. The ages at which beef calves in the eastern part of Japan, western part of Japan and Kyushu loose the antibodies, with 90% probability, were estimated to be 4.1, 4.8 and 4.8 months, respectively, while the ages were 3.7, 4.3 and 4.3 months for dairy calves in the same regions. The duration of maternal immunity to Akabane virus was different for different types of cattle and among different regions. These differences need to be taken into account when a vaccination strategy is adopted for preventing epizootic encephalomyelitis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Tsutsui
- Epidemiological Research Team, National Institute of Animal Health, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Kamata H, Inai K, Maeda K, Nishimura T, Arita S, Tsuda T, Sato M. Encephalomyelitis of cattle caused by Akabane virus in southern Japan in 2006. J Comp Pathol 2009; 140:187-93. [PMID: 19162275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Revised: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Six calves, aged between 55 days and 15 months, were presented between September and November 2006 with neurological signs including limb weakness and circling. Microscopical examination of the brain and spinal cord revealed the presence of non-suppurative encephalitis in all animals. Perivascular cuffing of lymphocytes and macrophages and diffuse gliosis was prominent in the cerebrum and degeneration and/or necrosis of neurons with vacuolation of the neuropil was present in the brainstem. Neuronal necrosis and neuronophagia were noted in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. The distribution of the lesions was closely related to the clinical signs displayed by each calf. Five calves presenting with astasia with low head carriage or torticollis had lesions throughout the central nervous system (CNS). The oldest calf displayed astasia caused by weakness of the "hindlimb" one word and had lesions largely restricted to the caudal spinal cord. Akabane virus (AKAV) antigens were detected immunohistochemically within neurons and axons in lesional tissue. Virus was not isolated from CNS tissue but the AKAV S gene was detected in this tissue from five calves by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). It is suggested that AKAV infection is likely to have occurred during the early life period in the calves of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kamata
- Miyakonojo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Miyazaki Prefecture, 4231-1 Omuta Takasaki Miyakonojo, Miyazaki 889-4505, Japan
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Kono R, Hirata M, Kaji M, Goto Y, Ikeda S, Yanase T, Kato T, Tanaka S, Tsutsui T, Imada T, Yamakawa M. Bovine epizootic encephalomyelitis caused by Akabane virus in southern Japan. BMC Vet Res 2008; 4:20. [PMID: 18554406 PMCID: PMC2443122 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-4-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Akabane virus is a member of the genus Orthobunyavirus in the family Bunyaviridae. It is transmitted by hematophagous arthropod vectors such as Culicoides biting midges and is widely distributed in temperate to tropical regions of the world. The virus is well known as a teratogenic pathogen which causes abortions, stillbirths, premature births and congenital abnormalities with arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly syndrome in cattle, sheep and goats. On the other hand, it is reported that the virus rarely induces encephalomyelitis in cattle by postnatal infection. A first large-scale epidemic of Akabane viral encephalomyelitis in cattle occurred in the southern part of Japan from summer to autumn in 2006. The aim of this study is to define the epidemiological, pathological and virological properties of the disease. Results Nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis was observed in cattle that showed neurological symptoms such as astasia, ataxia, opisthotonus and hypersensitivity in beef and dairy farms by histopathological analysis. Akabane viral antigen and genome were consistently detected from the central nervous system of these animals, and the virus was isolated not only from them but also from the blood samples of clinically healthy calves in the epidemic area. The isolates were classified into genogroup I a containing the Iriki strain, which caused encephalitis of calves almost twenty years ago in Japan. Most of the affected cattle possessed the neutralizing antibody against Akabane virus. Seroconversion of the cohabitated and sentinel cattle in the epidemic area was also confirmed during an outbreak of the disease. Conclusion The ecological and epidemiological data we have obtained so far demonstrated that the Akabane virus is not endemic in Japan. No evidence of Akabane virus circulation was observed in 2005 through nation-wide serological surveillance, suggesting that a new strain belonging to genogroup I a invaded southern Japan from overseas in the summer of 2006 and caused an unprecedented epizootic of encephalomyelitis mainly in susceptible calves. It will be necessary to reconsider the vaccine strategy to control the disease effectually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kono
- Kumamoto Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Shimomashiki, Kumamoto 861-3205, Japan.
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Ogawa Y, Sugiura K, Kato K, Tohya Y, Akashi H. Rescue of Akabane virus (family Bunyaviridae) entirely from cloned cDNAs by using RNA polymerase I. J Gen Virol 2008; 88:3385-3390. [PMID: 18024908 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse-genetic systems are often used to study different aspects of the viral life cycle. To date, three rescue systems have been developed for the family Bunyaviridae. These systems use T7 RNA polymerase, which is generally used in rescue systems for Mononegavirales. In the present study, we describe a rescue system for Akabane virus (family Bunyaviridae) that uses cDNAs and RNA polymerase I instead of T7 RNA polymerase. The utility of this system was demonstrated by the generation of a mutant with a deletion of the non-structural protein (NSs) on the S RNA segment. These results offer a new option for bunyavirus rescue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohsuke Ogawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-1 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Keita Sugiura
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kato
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yukinobu Tohya
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroomi Akashi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Brenner J. Akabane viral encephalitis in calves. Vet Rec 2007; 161:636; author reply 636. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.161.18.636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Brenner
- Ruminant Neonatal Diseases Prevention Unit; Kimron Veterinary Institute; 50250 Bet Dagan Israel
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Ogawa Y, Fukutomi T, Sugiura K, Sugiura K, Kato K, Tohya Y, Akashi H. Comparison of Akabane virus isolated from sentinel cattle in Japan. Vet Microbiol 2007; 124:16-24. [PMID: 17467929 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Adult cows, ewes, and goats infected with Akabane virus (AKAV) of the genus Orthobunyavirus of the family Bunyaviridae do not present any clinical signs; however, in utero infections may result in abortion, premature birth, stillbirth, and congenital deformities such as arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly syndrome in cattle, sheep, and goats. In contrast, the Iriki strain, a variant of AKAV isolated from a calf with nervous signs and encephalitis, causes encephalitis in experimentally inoculated calves. Two AKAV field isolates, named Okayama2001 and Okayama2004, were isolated from blood specimens of sentinel calves and characterized by cross-neutralization testing, genetic analyses of the S and M RNA segments, and experimental intraperitoneal infection in mice. Although a genetic relationship was established between Okayama2001 and the Iriki strain, their antigenic characteristics differ. Okayama2001 was avirulent in mice, as was the OBE-1 strain, which was isolated from an aborted bovine fetus. In contrast, Okayama2004 was antigenically and genetically related to the OBE-1 strain, but was virulent in mice, similar to the Iriki strain. These results indicate that the isolates mutated antigenically or pathogenically and suggest that AKAV mutates frequently in the field. Although attenuated and inactivated vaccines have been developed for disease prevention, an outbreak may occur due to variant viruses arising from mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohsuke Ogawa
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Yamakawa M, Yanase T, Kato T, Tsuda T. Chronological and geographical variations in the small RNA segment of the teratogenic Akabane virus. Virus Res 2006; 121:84-92. [PMID: 16730837 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2005] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of the small RNA segment of the teratogenic Akabane virus was performed to define the genetic heterogeneity and molecular epidemiology of the virus. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences were highly conserved among the Akabane virus isolates, irrespective of the year of isolation and geographical origin, except for a Kenyan strain MP496. On the basis of the nucleocapsid gene sequences of the segment, 170 field isolates were grouped into four distinct phylogenetic lineages. The Japanese isolates were divided into two major clusters, one containing the prototype strain JaGAr39 and strains isolated in the 1970s, 1988-1989, 1991, and 1994-1999, and the other containing strains isolated from 1982 to 1987, 1990, 1993, 1998, and 2000 to 2003 together with the Taiwanese and Israeli strains. The Asian strains seemed to have evolved in a common gene pool. The Australian and Kenyan strains were placed in the independent third and fourth clusters of the phylogenetic tree, respectively. No consecutive mutations have occurred on the small RNA segment of the Japanese isolates, indicating that the various genotypes of the virus might invade continuously from an exotic source and that certain viruses adaptable to the Japanese environment might spread transiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Yamakawa
- Clinical Virology Section, Kyushu Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, 2702, Chuzan, Kagoshima 891-0105, Japan.
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Lee JK, Park JS, Choi JH, Park BK, Lee BC, Hwang WS, Kim JH, Jean YH, Haritani M, Yoo HS, Kim DY. Encephalomyelitis associated with akabane virus infection in adult cows. Vet Pathol 2002; 39:269-73. [PMID: 12009066 DOI: 10.1354/vp.39-2-269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Between August and September 2000, five 2-7-year-old cows in Korea exhibited neurologic signs and were diagnosed as infected with Akabane virus based on the results of histopathology, immunohistochemistry, serology, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR were equally effective and sensitive for diagnosing Akabane virus infection during the early stage of infection. Typical lymphohistiocytic inflammation characterized by perivascular mononuclear cell infiltration, gliosis, neuronophagia, and neuronal loss was noted in the brain and the ventral horn gray matter of the spinal cord. The lesions in the brain were most prominent in the pons and medulla oblongata. Akabane virus antigen was detected in the brain and spinal cord, mainly in degenerating neurons and glial cells. RT-PCR analysis revealed a target band of expected size in four cows. This is the first report on an outbreak of natural Akabane virus infection in adult cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Lee
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Suwon, Korea
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Uchida K, Murakami T, Sueyoshi M, Tsuda T, Inai K, Acorda JA, Yamaguchi R, Tateyama S. Detection of Akabane viral antigens in spontaneous lymphohistiocytic encephalomyelitis in cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 2000; 12:518-24. [PMID: 11108451 DOI: 10.1177/104063870001200605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5-month-old Japanese black bull calf and twenty-seven 1-27-day-old calves exhibiting neurological signs between August and October 1998 were examined. The bull calf exhibited rapid breathing, fever, hypersensitivity, and ataxia and was euthanized 4 days after the onset of symptoms. The 27 calves primarily exhibited ataxia, and 15 had arthrogryposis. Histological examination of the bull calf revealed perivascular infiltraction by mononuclear cells, diffuse to multifocal gliosis, and neuronal necrosis in the brain and spinal cord. Multiple malacic foci were found in the midbrain in 5 cases. In contrast, in the 15 calves necropsied in October, there were fewer inflammatory changes, but there was neuronal cell loss in the ventral horn and a decrease in myelinated axons in the lateral and ventral funiculi. Immunohistochemical examination using a rabbit antiserum against Akabane virus strain OBE-1 revealed a large amount of viral antigen in the degenerating neurons and glial cells of the bull calf, mainly in the spinal gray matter. Small amounts of viral antigen in swollen axons and a few glial cells were found in 5 of 27 calves. Thirteen of the 27 calves had high neutralization antibody titers against the Akabane virus, whereas there was no significant antibody titer in most of the calves necropsied during August. The present study revealed that viral antigen detection was very useful for the diagnosis of Akabane diseases in the 5-month-old bull calf that was suspected to be infected postnatally, while it had limited usefulness in the other young calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, Japan
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Kitani H, Yamakawa M, Ikeda H. Preferential infection of neuronal and astroglia cells by Akabane virus in primary cultures of fetal bovine brain. Vet Microbiol 2000; 73:269-79. [PMID: 10781726 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Akabane virus is a member of the genus Bunyavirus; it is pathogenic for ruminants and transmitted by arthropod vectors. Infection of adult cattle and sheep causes a transient viremia without obvious clinical signs, while infection of pregnant animals often causes fetal abnormalities including hydranencephaly, poliomyelitis and arthrogryposis. Infectious virus or viral antigens is present in the brain, spinal cord and skeletal muscle of infected fetuses. To understand the interaction between Akabane virus and bovine brain cells, we investigated the viral tropism using primary cultures of fetal bovine brain. The cultured neuronal cells, astroglia cells and microglia cells were distinguished by cell type specific antisera. Akabane virus was found to infect neuronal cells and astroglia cells, which led to degenerative death. No microglia cells were found infected. In some brain cultures, we observed different sensitivities of the cells to two Akabane virus strains: an attenuated strain infected and spread more readily than wild type virus. This difference was not observed in a hamster fibroblast cell line. Both viral and host determinants might be involved in the different susceptibility of brain cells to Akabane virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kitani
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki-ken, Japan
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Yoshida K, Tsuda T. Rapid detection of antigenic diversity of Akabane virus isolates by dot immunobinding assay using neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 1998; 5:192-8. [PMID: 9521142 PMCID: PMC121357 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.5.2.192-198.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Akabane (AKA) virus is an arthropod-borne virus belonging to the Simbu group of the genus Bunyavirus. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against AKA virus were prepared, and the neutralizing epitopes of the virus were defined by competitive binding assay. Five distinct antigenic domains were identified and were designated A, B, C, D, and E. Domains A and C consisted of two epitopes each. It was demonstrated that seven neutralizing epitopes exist on the G1 glycoprotein of AKA virus. Dot immunobinding assays (DIAs) were performed with MAbs which recognize these seven neutralizing epitopes. The results were similar to those obtained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. DIAs were performed using two Australian strains, one isolate from Taiwan, and isolates from Japan collected between the years 1959 and 1994, for a total of 63 isolates. The MAb response patterns were divided into five groups: the OBE-1 strain, the JaGAr39 strain, the Iriki strain, a group which consisted of features between those of the JaGAr39 strain and Iriki strain groups, and a group which did not belong to any of these patterns. The isolates which showed patterns similar to that of the JaGAr39 strain were found mostly among the isolates collected in 1974 and 1990, and isolates with patterns of MAb responses similar to the pattern of the Iriki strain were found mostly in the 1985 isolates. Those showing patterns in between were found mostly around 1977, 1987, and 1994. The results show that DIA can be used to effectively compare the antigenicities of AKA virus isolates within a few hours, even with lesser amounts of virus culture than is required for other assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yoshida
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Kyushu Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, Chuzan, Kagoshima, Japan.
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Liao YK, Lu YS, Goto Y, Inaba Y. The isolation of Akabane virus (Iriki strain) from calves in Taiwan. J Basic Microbiol 1996; 36:33-9. [PMID: 8819843 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620360108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nonsuppurative encephalitis in calves aged 4-12 months, cow abortion and fetal deformities were endemic in dairy farms in Taiwan in recent years. A virological investigation emphasizing on Arthpodborn virus (Arbovirus) was conducted. Total of 11 strains of Akabane virus were isolated from endemic districts between June and July of 1992. Among them, seven viruses were isolated from blood samples of 15 calves showing nervous signs. Another 4 Akabane viruses were isolated from clinically healthy calves from three of six dairy farms investigated. All the six investigated farms had a recent history of abortion and fetal deformities. The isolates caused prominent cytopathic effects in HmLu-1 cells and could reach a high virus titers (5 x 10(6) TCID50/ml). As demonstrated by a cross neutralization test, the isolates had identical antigenicity to Iriki strain of Akabane virus, but were antigenically more distant to JaGar-39 and OBE-1 strain of Akabane virus. This is the first report on the isolation of Akabane virus in Taiwan, and also the second report on the isolation of Iriki virus in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Liao
- Taiwan Provincial Research Institute for Animal Health, Tansui
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