1
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Fiderer D, Thoene-Reineke C, Wiegard M. Clicker Training in Minipigs to Reduce Stress during Blood Collection-An Example of Applied Refinement. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2819. [PMID: 39409768 PMCID: PMC11475955 DOI: 10.3390/ani14192819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2024] [Revised: 09/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Pigs (and minipigs) are often restrained with a maxillary sling for blood collection. They mainly produce strong vocalisations and show resistance to the procedure, which subjectively appears to be stressful for the animals. The present study investigated whether minipigs can be trained to tolerate aversive stimuli and whether training can reduce stress during blood collection. Blood was taken from 12 Ellegaard minipigs with fixation; thereafter, the animals were trained for 3 weeks using clicker training. Then, blood was taken again, but without fixation. Before and after each blood sample, saliva samples were taken. The cortisol concentration was determined using ELISAs. Serum cortisol was not significantly different before and after training (paired-sample t-test, t (9) = 2.052, p = 0.07). However, salivary cortisol was significantly lower after training (ANOVA (analysis of variance), p-value < 0.001, F-value 6.181). In addition, trained minipigs showed a significantly lower heart rate after blood sampling (paired-sample t-test, t (11) = 4.678, p = 0.001) as well as significantly lower heart rate variability (t (11) = 3.704, p = 0.003) compared to before training. The minipigs could be trained to tolerate aversive stimuli. This contributed to stress reduction when taking blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Fiderer
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigsweg 67, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (C.T.-R.); (M.W.)
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2
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Wood-Yang AJ, Gerberich BG, Prausnitz MR. Computational modelling of scleral photocrosslinking: from rat to minipig to human. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:20240111. [PMID: 39081249 PMCID: PMC11289678 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2024.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Selective scleral crosslinking has been proposed as a novel treatment to increase scleral stiffness to counteract biomechanical changes associated with glaucoma and high myopia. Scleral stiffening has been shown by transpupillary peripapillary scleral photocrosslinking in rats, where the photosensitizer, methylene blue (MB), was injected retrobulbarly and red light initiated crosslinking reactions with collagen. Here, we adapted a computational model previously developed to model this treatment in rat eyes to additionally model MB photocrosslinking in minipigs and humans. Increased tissue length and subsequent diffusion and light penetration limitations were found to be barriers to achieving the same extent of crosslinking as in rats. Per cent inspired O2, injected MB concentration and laser fluence were simultaneously varied to overcome these limitations and used to determine optimal combinations of treatment parameters in rats, minipigs and humans. Increasing these three treatment parameters simultaneously resulted in maximum crosslinking, except in rats, where the highest MB concentrations decreased crosslinking. Additionally, the kinetics and diffusion of photocrosslinking reaction intermediates and unproductive side products were modelled across space and time. The model provides a mechanistic understanding of MB photocrosslinking in scleral tissue and a basis for adapting and screening treatment parameters in larger animal models and, eventually, human eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J. Wood-Yang
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA30332, USA
| | - Brandon G. Gerberich
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA30332, USA
| | - Mark R. Prausnitz
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA30332, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA30332, USA
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3
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Meyerholz DK, Burrough ER, Kirchhof N, Anderson DJ, Helke KL. Swine models in translational research and medicine. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:512-523. [PMID: 38197394 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231222235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Swine are increasingly studied as animal models of human disease. The anatomy, size, longevity, physiology, immune system, and metabolism of swine are more like humans than traditional rodent models. In addition, the size of swine is preferred for surgical placement and testing of medical devices destined for humans. These features make swine useful for biomedical, pharmacological, and toxicological research. With recent advances in gene-editing technologies, genetic modifications can readily and efficiently be made in swine to study genetic disorders. In addition, gene-edited swine tissues are necessary for studies testing and validating xenotransplantation into humans to meet the critical shortfall of viable organs versus need. Underlying all of these biomedical applications, the knowledge of husbandry, background diseases and lesions, and biosecurity needs are important for productive, efficient, and reproducible research when using swine as a human disease model for basic research, preclinical testing, and translational studies.
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4
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Kőrösi D, Vorobcsuk A, Fajtai D, Tátrai O, Bodor E, Farkas K, Garamvölgyi R. Adaptation of closed-chest infarction porcine model to adult Pannon minipigs. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2023; 123:107469. [PMID: 37598810 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2023.107469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the recent study was to collect data on the genotype characteristics of the Hungarian self-bred Pannon minipigs by adapting a standardized infarct model procedure. Closed chest AMI was induced by balloon occlusion for 90 min in the left anterior descendent coronary artery (LAD) in 24 adult intact female minipigs followed by reperfusion. To assess the left ventricular (LV) function, serial cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) was performed prior to the experimental procedure, on day 3 post-AMI (72 ± 12 h), and at 1 month follow-up (Day 30 ± 2 days). Compared to baseline cMRI scans the end-diastolic volume (EDV) was increased on days 3 and 30 On day 3 the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) decreased significantly but there was no statistical difference between the baseline and day 30 measurements. Cardiac output, stroke volume, and end-systolic volume significantly were increased compared to baseline on day 30 A high percentage (54%) of malignant arrhythmias occurred during the AMI procedure, with a 25% mortality rate. The compensatory capacity of the Pannon minipig heart is excellent therefore the use of different cardiac parameters and invasive measurements is advisable in chronic pharmacological experiments to complement cMRI data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dénes Kőrösi
- Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Doctoral School in Animal Science, Kaposvár Campus, 40. Guba S. Kaposvár, Kaposvár H-7400, Hungary.
| | - András Vorobcsuk
- Kaposi Moritz Teaching Hospital, Department of Cardiology, 20-32. Tallián Gy. Kaposvár, Kaposvár H-7400, Hungary; Medical School, University of Pécs, Pf. 99, H-7601 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dániel Fajtai
- Medicopus Nonprofit Ltd., 40. Guba S. Kaposvár, Kaposvár H-7400, Hungary
| | - Ottó Tátrai
- Kaposi Moritz Teaching Hospital, Department of Cardiology, 20-32. Tallián Gy. Kaposvár, Kaposvár H-7400, Hungary
| | - Emőke Bodor
- Kaposi Moritz Teaching Hospital, Department of Cardiology, 20-32. Tallián Gy. Kaposvár, Kaposvár H-7400, Hungary
| | - Kornélia Farkas
- Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs, 1. Honvéd Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Rita Garamvölgyi
- Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Doctoral School in Animal Science, Kaposvár Campus, 40. Guba S. Kaposvár, Kaposvár H-7400, Hungary
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5
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Kondo T, Inoue I, Umeyama K, Watanabe M, Matsunari H, Uchikura A, Nakano K, Tsukita K, Imamura K, Nagashima H, Inoue H. A Transgenic Pig Model With Human Mutant SOD1 Exhibits the Early Pathology of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100013. [PMID: 37039150 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2022.100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) causes progressive degeneration of the motor neurons. In this study, we delivered the genetic construct including the whole locus of human mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) with the promoter region of human SOD1 into porcine zygotes using intracytoplasmic sperm injection-mediated gene transfer, and we thereby generated a pig model of human mutant SOD1-mediated familial ALS. The established ALS pig model exhibited an initial abnormality of motor neurons with accumulated misfolded SOD1. The ALS pig model, with a body size similar to that of human beings, will provide opportunities for cell and gene therapy platforms in preclinical translational research.
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Allogeneic transplantation of epidermal cell sheets followed by endoscopic submucosal dissection to prevent severe esophageal stricture in a porcine model. Regen Ther 2022; 21:157-165. [PMID: 35891710 PMCID: PMC9284451 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a minimally invasive treatment for early esophageal cancer. However, large mucosal defects after esophageal ESD result in refractory strictures. In the present study, we histologically evaluated the endoscopic transplantation of allogeneic epidermal cell sheets (ECSs) as a feasible therapy for preventing esophageal stricture after circumferential ESD in a porcine model. Methods Epidermal cells were isolated from the skin tissue of allogeneic pigs and cultured on temperature-responsive cell culture inserts for 2 weeks. Transplantable ECSs were harvested by reducing the temperature and endoscopically transplanting the sheets to ulcer sites immediately after esophageal ESD. The engraftment of transplanted ECSs was then evaluated in two pigs at 7 days after transplantation. Next, ten pigs were divided into two groups to evaluate the endoscopic transplantation of allogeneic ECSs for the prevention of esophageal strictures after ESD. Allogeneic ECSs were transplanted immediately after esophageal ESD in the transplantation group (n = 5), whereas the control group (n = 5) did not undergo transplantation. Results Most of the transplanted allogeneic ECSs were successfully engrafted at the ulcer sites in the early phase. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis revealed that several allogeneic cells were present in the transplanted area at 7 days after ESD. At 14 days after ESD, significant differences in body weight loss, dysphagia scores, and mucosal strictures were observed between the control and transplantation groups. Transplanting allogeneic ECSs after esophageal ESD promotes mucosal healing and angiogenesis and prevents excessive inflammation and granulation tissue formation. Conclusions Endoscopic and histological analyses revealed that allogeneic ECSs promoted artificial ulcer healing after ESD, preventing esophageal strictures after ESD. Large mucosal defects of the esophagus cause severe strictures. Allogeneic epidermal cell sheets promote esophageal mucosal healing. Allogeneic epidermal cell sheets induce angiogenesis in esophageal ulcers. Allogeneic epidermal cell sheets prevent excessive inflammation in esophageal ulcers.
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Langthaler K, Jones CR, Christensen RB, Eneberg E, Brodin B, Bundgaard C. Characterization of intravenous pharmacokinetics in Göttingen minipig and clearance prediction using established in vitro to in vivo extrapolation methodologies. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:591-607. [PMID: 36000364 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2115425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
1. The use of the Göttingen minipig as an animal model for drug safety testing and prediction of human pharmacokinetics (PK) continues to gain momentum in pharmaceutical research and development. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) methodologies for prediction of hepatic, metabolic clearance (CLhep,met) in Göttingen minipig, using a comprehensive set of compounds.2. In vivo clearance was determined in Göttingen minipig by intravenous cassette dosing and hepatocyte intrinsic clearance, plasma protein binding and non-specific incubation binding were determined in vitro. Prediction of CLhep,met was performed by IVIVE using conventional and adapted formats of the well-stirred liver model.3. The best prediction of in vivo CLhep,met from scaled in vitro kinetic data was achieved using an empirical correction factor based on a 'regression offset' of the IVIV relationship.4. In summary, these results expand the in vitro and in vivo PK knowledge in Göttingen minipig. We show regression corrected IVIVE provides superior prediction of in vivo CLhep,met in minipig offering a practical, unified scaling approach to address systematic under-predictions. Finally, we propose a reference set for researchers to establish their own 'lab-specific' regression correction for IVIVE in minipig.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Langthaler
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark.,CNS Drug Delivery and Barrier Modelling, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C R Jones
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - E Eneberg
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B Brodin
- CNS Drug Delivery and Barrier Modelling, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Bundgaard
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Kochetkova T, Groetsch A, Indermaur M, Peruzzi C, Remund S, Neuenschwander B, Bellon B, Michler J, Zysset P, Schwiedrzik J. Assessing minipig compact jawbone quality at the microscale. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 134:105405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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9
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Thermal Properties of Warm- versus Heated-Needle Acupuncture. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4159172. [PMID: 35265145 PMCID: PMC8901343 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4159172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Warm-needle acupuncture (WA) and fire-needle acupuncture are treatment techniques that use the combination of acupuncture and thermal stimulation. In clinical practice, a new method of fire-needle acupuncture called “heated-needle acupuncture (HA)” has been proposed, wherein the needle is directly heated after insertion. WA and HA share similarities in their methods, and no previous study has sought to assess whether their thermal outcomes are also similar. Methods We controlled environmental variables and measured the maximum temperatures and temperature changes of a silicon phantom in which K-type thermocouples were embedded at depths of 0, 2, 5, 7, and 10 mm. WA and HA were also performed with acupuncture needles of various thicknesses (0.30 × 40 mm, 0.40 × 40 mm, and 0.50 × 40 mm). Results Different time-dependent temperature distributions were observed between the two acupuncture methods: HA yielded a higher maximum temperature and temperature change on the surface, whereas WA yielded higher temperatures at the other tested depths. The thermal patterns were similar among the needles of different thicknesses for each method, with the following exception: while the temperature change and maximum temperature did not differ significantly by needle thickness for WA, these parameters increased significantly with needle thickness for HA. Conclusion The two acupuncture procedures yielded different thermal patterns in a controlled environment. Further studies are necessary to reflect the effect of external environment variables occurring in reality.
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10
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Shatokhin KS. Problems of mini-pig breeding. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2021; 25:284-291. [PMID: 34901725 PMCID: PMC8627873 DOI: 10.18699/vj21.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview of some problems of the breeding and reproduction of laboratory minipigs. The most obvious of these are the lack of centralized accounting of breeding groups, uniform selection standards
for reproduction and evaluation of breeding animals, as well as minimizing the accumulation of fitness-reducing
mutations and maintaining genetic diversity. According to the latest estimates, there are at least 30 breeding groups
of mini-pigs systematically used as laboratory animals in the world. Among them, there are both breed formations
represented by several colonies, and breeding groups consisting of a single herd. It was shown that the main selection
strategy is selection for the live weight of adults of 50–80 kg and the adaptation of animals to a specific type of biomedical experiments. For its implementation in the breeding of foreign mini-pigs, selection by live weight is practiced
at 140- and 154-day-old age. It was indicated that different herds of mini-pigs have their own breeding methods to
counteract inbred depression and maintain genetic diversity. Examples are the maximization of coat color phenotypes, the cyclical system of matching parent pairs, and the structuring of herds into subpopulations. In addition,
in the breeding of foreign mini-pigs, molecular genetic methods are used to monitor heterozygosity. Every effort is
made to keep the number of inbred crosses in the breeding of laboratory mini-pigs to a minimum, which is not always
possible due to their small number. It is estimated that to avoid close inbreeding, the number of breeding groups
should be at least 28 individuals, including boars of at least 4 genealogical lines and at least 4 families of sows. The
accumulation of genetic cargo in herds of mini-pigs takes place, but the harmful effect is rather the result of erroneous
decisions of breeders. Despite the fact that when breeding a number of mini-pigs, the goal was to complete the herds
with exclusively white animals, in most breeding groups there is a polymorphism in the phenotype of the coat color
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Shatokhin
- Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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11
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Pardo ID, Manno RA, Capobianco R, Sargeant AM, Morrison JP, Bolon B, Garman RH. Nervous System Sampling for General Toxicity and Neurotoxicity Studies in the Laboratory Minipig With Emphasis on the Göttingen Minipig. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:1140-1163. [PMID: 34423710 DOI: 10.1177/01926233211019941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The use of minipigs as an alternative nonclinical species has increased in the last 20 years. The Society of Toxicologic Pathology (STP) has produced generic "best practice" recommendations for nervous system sampling in nonrodents during general toxicity studies (Toxicol Pathol 41[7]: 1028-1048, 2013), but their adaptation to the minipig has not been attempted. Here, we describe 2 trimming schemes suitable for evaluating the unique neuroanatomic features of the minipig brain in nonclinical toxicity studies. The first scheme is intended for general toxicity studies (Tier 1) to screen agents with unknown or no anticipated neurotoxic potential; this approach using 7 coronal hemisections accords with the published STP "best practice" recommendations. The second trimming scheme for neurotoxicity studies (Tier 2) uses 14 coronal hemisections and 2 full coronal sections to investigate toxicants where the nervous system is a suspected or known target organ. Collection of spinal cord, ganglia (somatic and autonomic), and nerves from minipigs during nonclinical studies should follow published STP "best practice" recommendations for sampling the central (CNS, Toxicol Pathol 41[7]: 1028-1048, 2013) and peripheral (PNS, Toxicol Pathol 46[4]: 372-402, 2018) nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid D Pardo
- Pfizer, Inc, Global Pathology and Investigative Toxicology, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Rosa A Manno
- Pathology Science, ERBC Group, Pomezia (RM), Italy
| | - Raffaella Capobianco
- 426218Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Janssen Research & Development, Nonclinical Safety, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Robert H Garman
- Consultants in Veterinary Pathology, Inc, Murrysville, PA, USA
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Shin HS, Shin HH, Shudo Y. Current Status and Limitations of Myocardial Infarction Large Animal Models in Cardiovascular Translational Research. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:673683. [PMID: 33996785 PMCID: PMC8116580 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.673683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishing an appropriate disease model that mimics the complexities of human cardiovascular disease is critical for evaluating the clinical efficacy and translation success. The multifaceted and complex nature of human ischemic heart disease is difficult to recapitulate in animal models. This difficulty is often compounded by the methodological biases introduced in animal studies. Considerable variations across animal species, modifications made in surgical procedures, and inadequate randomization, sample size calculation, blinding, and heterogeneity of animal models used often produce preclinical cardiovascular research that looks promising but is irreproducible and not translatable. Moreover, many published papers are not transparent enough for other investigators to verify the feasibility of the studies and the therapeutics' efficacy. Unfortunately, successful translation of these innovative therapies in such a closed and biased research is difficult. This review discusses some challenges in current preclinical myocardial infarction research, focusing on the following three major inhibitors for its successful translation: Inappropriate disease model, frequent modifications to surgical procedures, and insufficient reporting transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Sook Shin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Heather Hyeyoon Shin
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Yasuhiro Shudo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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13
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Kim YY, Kim JS, Che JH, Ku SY, Kang BC, Yun JW. Comparison of Genetically Engineered Immunodeficient Animal Models for Nonclinical Testing of Stem Cell Therapies. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:130. [PMID: 33498509 PMCID: PMC7909568 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
For the recovery or replacement of dysfunctional cells and tissue-the goal of stem cell research-successful engraftment of transplanted cells and tissues are essential events. The event is largely dependent on the immune rejection of the recipient; therefore, the immunogenic evaluation of candidate cells or tissues in immunodeficient animals is important. Understanding the immunodeficient system can provide insights into the generation and use of immunodeficient animal models, presenting a unique system to explore the capabilities of the innate immune system. In this review, we summarize various immunodeficient animal model systems with different target genes as valuable tools for biomedical research. There have been numerous immunodeficient models developed by different gene defects, resulting in many different features in phenotype. More important, mice, rats, and other large animals exhibit very different immunological and physiological features in tissue and organs, including genetic background and a representation of human disease conditions. Therefore, the findings from this review may guide researchers to select the most appropriate immunodeficient strain, target gene, and animal species based on the research type, mutant gene effects, and similarity to human immunological features for stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Young Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (Y.-Y.K.); (S.-Y.K.)
| | - Jin-Soo Kim
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea;
| | - Jeong-Hwan Che
- Biomedical Center for Animal Resource and Development, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | - Seung-Yup Ku
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (Y.-Y.K.); (S.-Y.K.)
| | - Byeong-Cheol Kang
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea;
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14
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Alex A, Chaney EJ, Žurauskas M, Criley JM, Spillman DR, Hutchison PB, Li J, Marjanovic M, Frey S, Arp Z, Boppart SA. In vivo characterization of minipig skin as a model for dermatological research using multiphoton microscopy. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:953-960. [PMID: 33311854 PMCID: PMC7725480 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Minipig skin is one of the most widely used non-rodent animal skin models for dermatological research. A thorough characterization of minipig skin is essential for gaining deeper understanding of its structural and functional similarities with human skin. In this study, three-dimensional (3-D) in vivo images of minipig skin was obtained non-invasively using a multimodal optical imaging system capable of acquiring two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) images simultaneously. The images of the structural features of different layers of the minipig skin were qualitatively and quantitatively compared with those of human skin. Label-free imaging of skin was possible due to the endogenous fluorescence and optical properties of various components in the skin such as keratin, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H), melanin, elastin, and collagen. This study demonstrates the capability of optical biopsy techniques, such as TPEF and FLIM, for in vivo non-invasive characterization of cellular and functional features of minipig skin, and the optical image-based similarities of this commonly utilized model of human skin. These optical imaging techniques have the potential to become promising tools in dermatological research for developing a better understanding of animal skin models, and for aiding in translational pre-clinical to clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesh Alex
- GSK Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- GSK, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Eric J. Chaney
- GSK Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Mantas Žurauskas
- GSK Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Criley
- Division of Animal Resources, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Darold R. Spillman
- GSK Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Phaedra B. Hutchison
- Division of Animal Resources, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Joanne Li
- GSK Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Marina Marjanovic
- GSK Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen A. Boppart
- GSK Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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15
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Son YW, Choi HN, Che JH, Kang BC, Yun JW. Advances in selecting appropriate non-rodent species for regulatory toxicology research: Policy, ethical, and experimental considerations. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 116:104757. [PMID: 32758521 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In vivo animal studies are required by regulatory agencies to investigate drug safety before clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the process of selecting a relevant non-rodent species for preclinical studies. The dog is the primary, default non-rodent used in toxicology studies with multiple scientific advantages, including adequate background data and availability. Rabbit has many regulatory advantages as the first non-rodent for the evaluation of reproductive and developmental as well as local toxicity. Recently, minipigs have increasingly replaced dogs and rabbits in toxicology studies due to ethical and scientific advantages including similarity to humans and breeding habits. When these species are not relevant, nonhuman primates (NHPs) can be used as the available animal models, especially in toxicology studies investigating biotherapeutics. Particularly, based on the phylogenetic relationships, the use of New-World marmosets can be considered before Old-World monkeys, especially cynomolgus with robust historical data. Importantly, the use of NHPs should be justified in terms of scientific benefits considering target affinity, expression pattern, and pharmacological cross-reactivity. Strict standards are required for the use of animals. Therefore, this review is helpful for the selection of appropriate non-rodent in regulatory toxicology studies by providing sufficient regulatory, ethical, and scientific data for each species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Wook Son
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea
| | - Ha-Ni Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Che
- Biomedical Center for Animal Resource and Development, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Kang
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea.
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16
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Robertson N, Schook LB, Schachtschneider KM. Porcine cancer models: potential tools to enhance cancer drug trials. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:893-902. [PMID: 32378979 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1757644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The amount of time and money invested into cancer drug research, development, and clinical trials has continually increased over the past few decades. Despite record high cancer drug approval rates, cancer remains a leading cause of death. This suggests the need for more effective tools to help bring novel therapies to clinical practice in a timely manner. AREAS COVERED In this review, current issues associated with clinical trials are discussed, specifically focusing on poor accrual rates and time for trial completion. In addition, details regarding preclinical studies required before advancing to clinical trials are discussed, including advantages and limitations of current preclinical animal cancer models and their relevance to human cancer trials. Finally, new translational porcine cancer models (Oncopig Cancer Model (OCM)) are presented as potential co-clinical trial models. EXPERT OPINION In order to address issues impacting the poor success rate of oncology clinical trials, we propose the incorporation of the transformative OCM 'co-clinical trial' pathway into the cancer drug approval process. Due to the Oncopig's high homology to humans and similar tumor phenotypes, their utilization can provide improved preclinical prediction of both drug safety and efficacy prior to investing significant time and money in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Robertson
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lawrence B Schook
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kyle M Schachtschneider
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL, USA
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17
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Son DH, Hwang NH, Chung WH, Seong HS, Lim H, Cho ES, Choi JW, Kang KS, Kim YM. Whole-genome resequencing analysis of 20 Micro-pigs. Genes Genomics 2019; 42:263-272. [PMID: 31833050 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00891-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Miniature pigs have been increasingly used as mammalian model animals for biomedical research because of their similarity to human beings in terms of their metabolic features and proportional organ sizes. However, despite their importance, there is a severe lack of genome-wide studies on miniature pigs. OBJECTIVE In this study, we performed whole-genome sequencing analysis of 20 Micro-pigs obtained from Medi Kinetics to elucidate their genomic characteristics. RESULTS Approximately 595 gigabase pairs (Gb) of sequence reads were generated to be mapped to the swine reference genome assembly (Sus scrofa 10.2); on average, the sequence reads covered 99.15% of the reference genome at an average of 9.6-fold coverage. We detected a total of 19,518,548 SNPs, of which 8.7% were found to be novel. With further annotation of all of the SNPs, we retrieved 144,507 nonsynonymous SNPs (nsSNPs); of these, 5968 were found in all 20 individuals used in this study. SIFT prediction for these SNPs identified that 812 nsSNPs in 402 genes were deleterious. Among these 402 genes, we identified some genes that could potentially affect traits of interest in Micro-pigs, such as RHEB and FRAS1. Furthermore, we performed runs of homozygosity analysis to locate potential selection signatures in the genome, detecting several loci that might be involved in phenotypic characteristics in Micro-pigs, such as MSTN, GDF5, and GDF11. CONCLUSION In this study, we identified numerous nsSNPs that could be used as candidate genetic markers with involvement in traits of interest. Furthermore, we detected putative selection footprints that might be associated with recent selection applied to miniature pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hye Son
- College of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hyun Hwang
- College of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Hyong Chung
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Research Group of Healthcare, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Seung Seong
- College of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungbum Lim
- Medikinetics Co., Ltd, 4 Hansan-gil, Cheongbuk-eup, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17792, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Seok Cho
- Division of Swine Science, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Cheonan, 31000, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Choi
- College of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Soo Kang
- Medikinetics Co., Ltd, 4 Hansan-gil, Cheongbuk-eup, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong-Min Kim
- Division of Swine Science, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Cheonan, 31000, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Corte GM, Hünigen H, Richardson KC, Niehues SM, Plendl J. Cephalometric studies of the mandible, its masticatory muscles and vasculature of growing Göttingen Minipigs-A comparative anatomical study to refine experimental mandibular surgery. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215875. [PMID: 31022244 PMCID: PMC6483209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over many decades, the Göttingen Minipig has been used as a large animal model in experimental surgical research of the mandible. Recently several authors have raised concerns over the use of the Göttingen Minipig in this research area, observing problems with post-operative wound healing and loosening implants. To reduce these complications during and after surgery and to improve animal welfare in mandibular surgery research, the present study elucidated how comparable the mandible of minipigs is to that of humans and whether these complications could be caused by specific anatomical characteristics of the minipigs' mandible, its masticatory muscles and associated vasculature. Twenty-two mandibular cephalometric parameters were measured on CT scans of Göttingen Minipigs aged between 12 and 21 months. Ultimately, we compared this data with human data reported in the scientific literature. In addition, image segmentation was used to determine the masticatory muscle morphology and the configuration of the mandibular blood vessels. Compared to data of humans, significant differences in the mandibular anatomy of minipigs were found. Of the 22 parameters measured only four were found to be highly comparable, whilst the others were not. The 3D examinations of the minipigs vasculature showed a very prominent deep facial vein directly medial to the mandibular ramus and potentially interfering with the sectional plane of mandibular distraction osteogenesis. Damage to this vessel could result in inaccessible bleeding. The findings of this study suggest that Göttingen Minipigs are not ideal animal models for experimental mandibular surgery research. Nevertheless if these minipigs are used the authors recommend that radiographic techniques, such as computed tomography, be used in the specific planning procedures for the mandibular surgical experiments. In addition, it is advisable to choose suitable age groups and customize implants based on the mandibular dimensions reported in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Mario Corte
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hana Hünigen
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kenneth C. Richardson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia
| | - Stefan M. Niehues
- Department of Radiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Plendl
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Kangawa A, Otake M, Enya S, Yoshida T, Shibata M. Histological Changes of the Testicular Interstitium during Postnatal Development in Microminipigs. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 47:469-482. [PMID: 30739565 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319827477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microminipigs have become an attractive animal model for the toxicology- and pharmacology-related studies because of their manageable size. In this study, the development of the testicular interstitium and steroidogenesis in microminipigs, from 0 to 12 months of age, were investigated. Testicular interstitium was mostly composed of two types of Leydig cells (large and small Leydig cells) and a few macrophages and mast cells. Large Leydig cells were observed in the peritubular area throughout all the ages. Small Leydig cells were present in the interlobular and subcapsular areas at an early age and then gradually converted into large Leydig cells. Testicular composition of the Leydig cells began to increase after 3 months of age, when spermatogenesis was completed, and reached approximately 35% at 12 months. Steroidogenic enzymes in Leydig cells were detected by immunohistochemistry from 0 month of age. Serum testosterone levels increased substantially from 1.5 to 4.5 months of age, which coincided well with the age of sexual development previously reported in microminipigs. Because the interstitial space of the testis has dramatic variations between species, the basic information obtained in the present study will be a useful reference for all the future toxicity evaluations in microminipigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Kangawa
- 1 Swine and Poultry Department, Swine and Poultry Research Center, Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Animal Industry, Kikugawa, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Otake
- 1 Swine and Poultry Department, Swine and Poultry Research Center, Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Animal Industry, Kikugawa, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Satoko Enya
- 1 Swine and Poultry Department, Swine and Poultry Research Center, Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Animal Industry, Kikugawa, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- 2 Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Shibata
- 1 Swine and Poultry Department, Swine and Poultry Research Center, Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Animal Industry, Kikugawa, Shizuoka, Japan
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20
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Cao C, Zhang Y, Jia Q, Wang X, Zheng Q, Zhang H, Song R, Li Y, Luo A, Hong Q, Qin G, Yao J, Zhang N, Wang Y, Wang H, Zhou Q, Zhao J. An exonic splicing enhancer mutation in DUOX2 causes aberrant alternative splicing and severe congenital hypothyroidism in Bama pigs. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:12/1/dmm036616. [PMID: 30651277 PMCID: PMC6361156 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.036616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs share many similarities with humans in terms of anatomy, physiology and genetics, and have long been recognized as important experimental animals in biomedical research. Using an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis screen, we previously identified a large number of pig mutants, which could be further established as human disease models. However, the identification of causative mutations in large animals with great heterogeneity remains a challenging endeavor. Here, we select one pig mutant, showing congenital nude skin and thyroid deficiency in a recessive inheritance pattern. We were able to efficiently map the causative mutation using family-based genome-wide association studies combined with whole-exome sequencing and a small sample size. A loss-of-function variant (c.1226 A>G) that resulted in a highly conserved amino acid substitution (D409G) was identified in the DUOX2 gene. This mutation, located within an exonic splicing enhancer motif, caused aberrant splicing of DUOX2 transcripts and resulted in lower H2O2 production, which might cause a severe defect in thyroid hormone production. Our findings suggest that exome sequencing is an efficient way to map causative mutations and that DUOX2D409G/D409G mutant pigs could be a potential large animal model for human congenital hypothyroidism. Summary: Here, we show that an exonic splicing enhancer variant in DUOX2 (c.1226 A>G) causes aberrant splicing of DUOX2 transcripts, resulting in lower H2O2 production, to cause severe congenital hypothyroidism in Bama pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunwei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qitao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiantao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruigao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongshun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Ailing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qianlong Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guosong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China .,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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21
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Uetsuka K, Suzuki T, Chambers JK, Uchida K, Nakayama H, Doi K, Nunoya T. Proliferative changes in the adrenal medulla of aged Chinese native pigs. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:968-972. [PMID: 29695680 PMCID: PMC6021897 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Four aged retired Chinese native pigs, three females and one male, estimated as over
10-year-old, were subjected to autopsy because of infertility due to aging. Grossly,
nodular lesions were found bilaterally in the adrenal medulla of all four pigs. Based on
the gross and the histopathological findings, they were diagnosed as either medullary
nodular hyperplasia or pheochromocytoma. Immunohistochemically, proliferating cells of all
these lesions were immuno-positive for chromogranin-A, indicating adrenal medulla-derived.
Ultrastructurally, cytoplasmic neurosecretory granules suggestive of secretion were
observed in these proliferating cells. There have been only limited numbers of reports on
adrenal medullar proliferative changes including pheochromocytoma in pigs. The present
cases will provide a valuable information for the characterization of similar changes in
animals and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Uetsuka
- 1)Laboratory of Animal Health and Hygiene, Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1, Chuuo, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan.,2)Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Takayuki Suzuki
- 2)Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - James Kenn Chambers
- 3)Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- 3)Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakayama
- 3)Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kunio Doi
- 2)Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan.,3)Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nunoya
- 2)Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
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22
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Itoh T, Kawabe M, Nagase T, Endo K, Miyoshi M, Miyahara K. Body surface area measurement in laboratory miniature pigs using a computed tomography scanner. J Toxicol Sci 2017; 41:637-44. [PMID: 27665773 DOI: 10.2131/jts.41.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The body surface area (BSA) of an organism is an important parameter for evaluating physiological functions. In drug development, normalization by BSA is an appropriate method for extrapolating doses between species. The BSA of animals has generally been estimated by multiplying a constant by the power of the body weight (BW). Recently, the use of miniature pigs in non-clinical studies for medical drugs or devices has gradually been increasing. However, verification of their BSA is not as yet sufficient. In this study, we measured the BSAs of 40 laboratory miniature pigs (11 males and 9 females of Göttingen minipig and 14 males and 6 females of Nippon Institute for Biological Science [NIBS] miniature pig) by analyzing computed tomography (CT) images, since measurements using a CT scanner were expected to more precisely determine BSA than classical measuring techniques. The measurement results showed the BSAs of the 20 Göttingen minipigs to range from 0.4358 to 0.8356 m(2) (the working BW range: 12.7-37.0 kg) and 20 NIBS miniature pigs to range from 0.2906 to 0.8675 m(2) (the working BW range: 7.9-41.5 kg). Since accuracy and reproducibility were confirmed by measuring the surface area of an acrylic cuboid, we concluded the measurement method employed in this study to be very reliable. We propose the following estimating formula for BSA of laboratory miniature pigs: 100 × BSA [m(2)] = 7.98 × BW [kg](2/3).
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23
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Isobe A, Tasaki M, Inoue T, Terao H, Souba J, Nagano K, Hagiwara H. Histopathological background data of the systemic organs of CLAWN miniature swine with coronary artery stent implantation. J Toxicol Pathol 2017; 30:25-38. [PMID: 28190922 PMCID: PMC5293689 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2016-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify potential changes that could occur during histological evaluations of CLAWN miniature swine, with potential consequences for subsequent experiments. The systemic organs from male and female CLAWN miniature swine (16.3–42.3 months old) that had been used in long-term studies of coronary stent implantation were examined histologically. Commonly observed histopathological findings were testicular/epididymal atrophy, cyst-like follicles in the ovaries, hemosiderin deposition in the spleen, lipofuscin deposition in the proximal tubular epithelia and presence of eosinophilic globules in the Bowman’s space and the lumen of the proximal tubules in the kidneys, and cellular infiltration in several organs, including the eyelids, respiratory organs, and digestive tract. However, none of these changes were serious enough to indicate a significant impact on research. In conclusion, this study identified CLAWN miniature swine as a suitable animal model for various experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Isobe
- Research & Development Center, Terumo Corporation, 1500 Inokuchi, Nakai-machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa 259-0151, Japan
| | - Masako Tasaki
- Research & Development Center, Terumo Corporation, 1500 Inokuchi, Nakai-machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa 259-0151, Japan
| | - Tomoki Inoue
- Research & Development Center, Terumo Corporation, 1500 Inokuchi, Nakai-machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa 259-0151, Japan
| | - Hisako Terao
- Research & Development Center, Terumo Corporation, 1500 Inokuchi, Nakai-machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa 259-0151, Japan
| | - Junko Souba
- Research & Development Center, Terumo Corporation, 1500 Inokuchi, Nakai-machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa 259-0151, Japan
| | - Kasuke Nagano
- Nagano Toxicologic-Pathology Consulting, 467-7 Ojiri, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-0011, Japan
| | - Hitomi Hagiwara
- Research & Development Center, Terumo Corporation, 1500 Inokuchi, Nakai-machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa 259-0151, Japan
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Young pigs exhibit differential exploratory behavior during novelty preference tasks in response to age, sex, and delay. Behav Brain Res 2016; 321:50-60. [PMID: 28042005 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Novelty preference paradigms have been widely used to study recognition memory and its neural substrates. The piglet model continues to advance the study of neurodevelopment, and as such, tasks that use novelty preference will serve especially useful due to their translatable nature to humans. However, there has been little use of this behavioral paradigm in the pig, and previous studies using the novel object recognition paradigm in piglets have yielded inconsistent results. The current study was conducted to determine if piglets were capable of displaying a novelty preference. Herein a series of experiments were conducted using novel object recognition or location in 3- and 4-week-old piglets. In the novel object recognition task, piglets were able to discriminate between novel and sample objects after delays of 2min, 1h, 1 day, and 2 days (all P<0.039) at both ages. Performance was sex-dependent, as females could perform both 1- and 2-day delays (P<0.036) and males could perform the 2-day delay (P=0.008) but not the 1-day delay (P=0.347). Furthermore, 4-week-old piglets and females tended to exhibit greater exploratory behavior compared with males. Such performance did not extend to novel location recognition tasks, as piglets were only able to discriminate between novel and sample locations after a short delay (P>0.046). In conclusion, this study determined that piglets are able to perform the novel object and location recognition tasks at 3-to-4 weeks of age, however performance was dependent on sex, age, and delay.
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25
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Denner J. Xenotransplantation and porcine cytomegalovirus. Xenotransplantation 2016; 22:329-35. [PMID: 26381491 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Porcine microorganisms may be transmitted to the human recipient when xenotransplantation with pig cells, tissues, and organs will be performed. Most of such microorganisms can be eliminated from the donor pig by specified or designated pathogen-free production of the animals. As human cytomegalovirus causes severe transplant rejection in allotransplantation, considerable concern is warranted on the potential pathogenicity of porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) in the setting of xenotransplantation. On the other hand, despite having a similar name, PCMV is different from HCMV. The impact of PCMV infection on pigs is known; however, the influence of PCMV on the human transplant recipient is unclear. However, first transplantations of pig organs infected with PCMV into non-human primates were associated with a significant reduction of the survival time of the transplants. Sensitive detection methods and strategies for elimination of PCMV from donor herds are required.
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Doughty DV, Clawson CZ, Lambert W, Subramony JA. Understanding Subcutaneous Tissue Pressure for Engineering Injection Devices for Large-Volume Protein Delivery. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2105-13. [PMID: 27287520 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Subcutaneous injection allows for self-administration of monoclonal antibodies using prefilled syringes, autoinjectors, and on-body injector devices. However, subcutaneous injections are typically limited to 1 mL due to concerns of injection pain from volume, viscosity, and formulation characteristics. Back pressure can serve as an indicator for changes in subcutaneous mechanical properties leading to pain during injection. The purpose of this study was to investigate subcutaneous pressures and injection site reactions as a function of injection volume and flow rate. A pressure sensor in the fluid path recorded subcutaneous pressures in the abdomen of Yorkshire swine. The subcutaneous tissue accommodates large-volume injections and with little back pressure as long as low flow rates are used. A 1 mL injection in 10 seconds (360 mL/h flow rate) generated a pressure of 24.0 ± 3.4 kPa, whereas 10 mL delivered in 10 minutes (60 mL/h flow rate) generated a pressure of 7.4 ± 7.8 kPa. After the injection, the pressure decays to 0 over several seconds. The subcutaneous pressures and mechanical strain increased with increasing flow rate but not increasing dose volume. These data are useful for the design of injection devices to mitigate back pressure and pain during subcutaneous large-volume injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane V Doughty
- Drug Delivery and Device Development, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune LLC., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878.
| | - Corbin Z Clawson
- Drug Delivery and Device Development, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune LLC., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - William Lambert
- Drug Delivery and Device Development, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune LLC., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - J Anand Subramony
- Drug Delivery and Device Development, Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune LLC., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
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Manno RA, Grassetti A, Oberto G, Nyska A, Ramot Y. The minipig as a new model for the evaluation of doxorubicin-induced chronic toxicity. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:1060-72. [PMID: 26614124 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin can cause life-threatening toxic effects in several organs, with cardiotoxicity being the major concern. Although a large number of animal models have been utilized to study doxorubicin toxicity, several restrictions limit their use. Since the Göttingen minipig is an accepted species for non-clinical safety assessment and translation to man, we aimed at exploring its use as a non-rodent animal model for safety assessment and regulatory toxicity studies using doxorubicin. Three groups of three males and three females adult Göttingen minipigs received 1.5 mg kg(-1) , 3/2.3 mg kg(-1) or vehicle at intervals of 3 weeks for 7 cycles. Doxorubicin treatment resulted in a dose-related decrease in the erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit count, accompanied by leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Bone marrow smears revealed dose-related hypocellularity. Urea and creatinine levels were elevated in treated animals, associated with proteinuria and hematuria. Histopathological evaluation detected nephropathy and atrophy of hematopoietic tissues/organs, mucosa of the intestinal tract and male genital tract. Cardiac lesions including chronic inflammation, endocardial hyperplasia, hemorrhage and myxomatous changes were evident in hematoxylin and eosin stains, and evaluation of semi-thin sections showed the presence of dose-related vacuolation in the atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes. Cardiac troponin levels were increased in the high-dose group, but there was no direct correlation to the severity of the histopathological lesions. This study confirms that the Göttingen minipig has a comparable toxicity profile to humans and considering its anatomical, physiological, genetic and biochemical resemblance to humans, it should be considered as the non-rodent species of choice for studies on doxorubicin toxicity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Anna Manno
- Department of Pathology, Research Toxicology Centre, Pomezia, Italy
| | - Andrea Grassetti
- Department of Pathology, Research Toxicology Centre, Pomezia, Italy
| | - Germano Oberto
- Scientific Director, Research Toxicology Centre, Pomezia, Italy
| | - Abraham Nyska
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, University of Tel Aviv, and Consultant in Toxicologic Pathology, Timrat, Israel
| | - Yuval Ramot
- Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Aboshady I, Raad I, Vela D, Hassan M, Aboshady Y, Safi HJ, Buja LM, Khalil KG. Prevention of perioperative vascular prosthetic infection with a novel triple antimicrobial-bonded arterial graft. J Vasc Surg 2015; 64:1805-1814. [PMID: 26626182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2015.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previously, we investigated a locally developed technique of bonding arterial grafts with three antimicrobials to protect against early (within 2 weeks) perioperative bacterial contamination encountered occasionally during aortic graft prosthetic reconstruction. Vascular graft infections are classified by their appearance time (early [<4 months] vs late [>4 months] after graft implantation), degree of incorporation into the surrounding vessel wall, connectivity to the postoperative wound, and extent of graft involvement. In the current phase of testing, we evaluated the ability of our novel triple antimicrobial-bonded graft to prevent infection in the first 8 weeks after implantation. METHODS In nine Sinclair miniature pigs, we surgically implanted a 6-mm vascular Dacron patch graft in the infrarenal abdominal aorta. Five pigs received grafts chemically bonded with a 60-mg/mL solution of rifampin, minocycline, and chlorhexidine, and four pigs received unbonded grafts. Before implantation, the five bonded grafts and three of the unbonded grafts were immersed for 15 minutes in a 2-mL solution containing 1-2 × 107 colony-forming units (CFUs)/mL of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213); the fourth unbonded graft served as a control. RESULTS At week 9, all of the grafts were explanted. All S aureus-inoculated bonded grafts (n = 5) showed no bacterial growth. The unbonded, uninoculated graft (n = 1) showed low-level bacterial growth (<1.2 × 103 CFUs); S cohnii spp urealyticus, but not S aureus, was isolated, which suggested accidental direct perioperative contamination. Two pigs that received S aureus-inoculated, unbonded grafts were euthanized because of severe S aureus infection (<6.56 × 108 CFUs per graft). Results of histopathologic analysis were concordant with the microbiologic findings. Most intergroup differences were observed in the inflammatory infiltrate in the aortic wall at the site of graft implantation. In all pigs that received bonded grafts, Gram staining showed no bacteria. CONCLUSIONS Our triple-bonded aortic graft prevented perioperative aortic graft infection for at least 8 weeks in a porcine model. The synergistic antimicrobial activity of this graft was sufficient to prevent and/or eradicate infection during that period. Further studies are needed to assess the graft's ability to combat early-onset vascular graft infection for up to 4 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Aboshady
- Department of Cardiovascular Pathology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Tex; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Tex
| | - Issam Raad
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex
| | - Deborah Vela
- Department of Cardiovascular Pathology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Tex; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Tex
| | - Mohamed Hassan
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Tex
| | - Yara Aboshady
- Department of Biochemistry, Rice University, Houston, Tex
| | - Hazim J Safi
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Tex; Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Memorial Hermann Heart and Vascular Institute, Houston, Tex
| | - L Maximilian Buja
- Department of Cardiovascular Pathology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Tex; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Tex
| | - Kamal G Khalil
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Tex; Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Memorial Hermann Heart and Vascular Institute, Houston, Tex.
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Shimatsu Y, Horii W, Nunoya T, Iwata A, Fan J, Ozawa M. Production of human apolipoprotein(a) transgenic NIBS miniature pigs by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Exp Anim 2015; 65:37-43. [PMID: 26411321 PMCID: PMC4783649 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.15-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cases of ischemic heart disease and stroke occur as a result of atherosclerosis. The
purpose of this study was to produce a new Nippon Institute for Biological Science (NIBS)
miniature pig model by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) for studying atherosclerosis.
The human apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)) genes were transfected into kidney epithelial cells
derived from a male and a female piglet. Male cells were used as donors initially, and 275
embryos were transferred to surrogates. Three offspring were delivered, and the production
efficiency was 1.1% (3/275). Serial female cells were injected into 937 enucleated
oocytes. Eight offspring were delivered (production efficiency: 0.9%) from surrogates. One
male and 2 female transgenic miniature pigs matured well. Lipoprotein(a) was found in the
male and one of the female transgenic animals. These results demonstrate successful
production of human apo(a) transgenic NIBS miniature pigs by SCNT. Our goal is to
establish a human apo(a) transgenic NIBS miniature pig colony for studying
atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Shimatsu
- NIBS Laboratory Animal Research Station, Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 3331-114 Kamisasao, Kobuchisawa, Hokuto, Yamanashi 408-0041, Japan
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Guruge KS, Noguchi M, Yoshioka K, Yamazaki E, Taniyasu S, Yoshioka M, Yamanaka N, Ikezawa M, Tanimura N, Sato M, Yamashita N, Kawaguchi H. Microminipigs as a new experimental animal model for toxicological studies: comparative pharmacokinetics of perfluoroalkyl acids. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:68-75. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keerthi S. Guruge
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization; Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Michiko Noguchi
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization; Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Kagoshima University; Korimoto Kagoshima Japan
| | - Koji Yoshioka
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization; Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Eriko Yamazaki
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Sachi Taniyasu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Miyako Yoshioka
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization; Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Noriko Yamanaka
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization; Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Ikezawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization; Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Tanimura
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization; Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Masumi Sato
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization; Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Yamashita
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kawaguchi
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Kagoshima University; Korimoto Kagoshima Japan
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Kang DW, Jadin L, Nekoroski T, Drake FH, Zepeda ML. Recombinant human hyaluronidase PH20 (rHuPH20) facilitates subcutaneous infusions of large volumes of immunoglobulin in a swine model. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2015; 2:254-64. [PMID: 25787031 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-012-0065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Many patients with primary immunodeficiency disease (PIDD) require lifelong immunoglobulin (Ig) replacement therapy. Home-based subcutaneous (SC) infusion provides advantages to patients with PIDD compared to hospital-based intravenous infusion. One limitation of current practice with SCIg infusion is the need for small-volume infusions at multiple injection sites on a frequent basis. A method was developed for large-volume SC infusion that uses preinfusion of recombinant human hyaluronidase (rHuPH20) to facilitate fluid dispersion. Miniature swine was used as a preclinical model to assess the effects of rHuPH20-facilitated infusions, of a single monthly dose, on fluid dispersion, infusion-related pressure, swelling, induration, and tissue damage. Preinfusion of vehicle (control) or rHuPH20 (75 U/g Ig) was performed simultaneously on contralateral abdominal sites on each animal, followed by infusion of 300 mL 10 % Ig (30 g) at each site. Compared to control infusions, rHuPH20 significantly reduced infusion pressure and induration (p < 0.05) and accelerated postinfusion Ig dispersion. Histological evaluation of infusion site tissue showed moderate to severe swelling for the control. Swelling after rHuPH20-facilitated infusion was mild on day 1 and had completely resolved shortly thereafter. Laser Doppler imaging of control infusion sites revealed local cutaneous hypoperfusion during Ig infusion, which was reduced almost 7-fold (p < 0.05) with the use of rHuPH20. These results demonstrate that rHuPH20-facilitated Ig infusion is associated with improved dispersion of Ig, resulting in reduced tissue pressure, induration, and reduced risk of tissue damage from mechanical trauma or local ischemia, thus enabling SC administration of large volumes of Ig at a single site.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Kang
- Halozyme Therapeutics, Inc, 11388 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA,
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32
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The recognition of LpxC inhibitors as potential antibiotics could revolutionise the management of sepsis in veterinary patients if their unknown biological properties are widely evaluated in suitable animal models. Int J Vet Sci Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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33
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Hu SX. Impact of age on hepatic cytochrome P450 of domestic male Camborough-29 pigs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 38:150-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. X. Hu
- Zoetis Inc; Veterinary Medicine Research and Development; Kalamazoo MI USA
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34
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Ramot Y, Touitou D, Levin G, Ickowicz DE, Zada MH, Abbas R, Yankelson L, Domb AJ, Nyska A. Interspecies Differences in Reaction to a Biodegradable Subcutaneous Tissue Filler. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 43:267-71. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623314534995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Soft tissue filler products have become very popular in recent years, with ever-increasing medical and aesthetic indications. While generally considered safe, the number of reported complications with tissue fillers is growing. Nevertheless, there is no specific animal model that is considered as the gold standard for assessing safety or efficacy of tissue fillers, and there are very little data on interspecies differences in reaction to these products. Here, we report on interspecies differences in reaction to a subcutaneous injectable co-polyester, composed of castor oil and citric acid. Comparison of the histopathological local tissue changes following 1-month postimplantation, indicated that in rats the reaction consisted of cavities, surrounded by relatively thin fibrotic enveloping capsule. In contrast, an unexpected severe inflammatory granulomatous reaction was noticed in Sinclair minipigs. To our knowledge, this is the first report on significant interspecies differences in sensitivity to tissue fillers. It emphasizes the importance of using the appropriate animal model for performing preclinical biocompatibility assays for biodegradable polymers, tissue fillers, and implanted medical devices in general. It also makes the Sinclair minipig subject for scrutiny as an animal model in future biocompatibility studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Ramot
- Hadassah–Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | - Diana E. Ickowicz
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Moran Haim Zada
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | - Abraham J. Domb
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Abraham Nyska
- Tel Aviv University and consultant in toxicologic pathology, Timrat, Tel Aviv, Israel
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35
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Chemonges S, Shekar K, Tung JP, Dunster KR, Diab S, Platts D, Watts RP, Gregory SD, Foley S, Simonova G, McDonald C, Hayes R, Bellpart J, Timms D, Chew M, Fung YL, Toon M, Maybauer MO, Fraser JF. Optimal management of the critically ill: anaesthesia, monitoring, data capture, and point-of-care technological practices in ovine models of critical care. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:468309. [PMID: 24783206 PMCID: PMC3982457 DOI: 10.1155/2014/468309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of critical illness are vital in biomedical research. They provide possibilities for the investigation of pathophysiological processes that may not otherwise be possible in humans. In order to be clinically applicable, the model should simulate the critical care situation realistically, including anaesthesia, monitoring, sampling, utilising appropriate personnel skill mix, and therapeutic interventions. There are limited data documenting the constitution of ideal technologically advanced large animal critical care practices and all the processes of the animal model. In this paper, we describe the procedure of animal preparation, anaesthesia induction and maintenance, physiologic monitoring, data capture, point-of-care technology, and animal aftercare that has been successfully used to study several novel ovine models of critical illness. The relevant investigations are on respiratory failure due to smoke inhalation, transfusion related acute lung injury, endotoxin-induced proteogenomic alterations, haemorrhagic shock, septic shock, brain death, cerebral microcirculation, and artificial heart studies. We have demonstrated the functionality of monitoring practices during anaesthesia required to provide a platform for undertaking systematic investigations in complex ovine models of critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul Chemonges
- Critical Care Research Group Laboratory, The Prince Charles Hospital, Rode Road, Chermside, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia ; The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia ; Medical Engineering Research Facility (MERF), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Kiran Shekar
- Critical Care Research Group Laboratory, The Prince Charles Hospital, Rode Road, Chermside, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia ; The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia ; Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia
| | - John-Paul Tung
- Critical Care Research Group Laboratory, The Prince Charles Hospital, Rode Road, Chermside, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia ; Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Kimble R Dunster
- Critical Care Research Group Laboratory, The Prince Charles Hospital, Rode Road, Chermside, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia ; Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Sara Diab
- Critical Care Research Group Laboratory, The Prince Charles Hospital, Rode Road, Chermside, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia ; The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David Platts
- Critical Care Research Group Laboratory, The Prince Charles Hospital, Rode Road, Chermside, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia ; The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ryan P Watts
- Critical Care Research Group Laboratory, The Prince Charles Hospital, Rode Road, Chermside, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia ; Department of Emergency Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Shaun D Gregory
- Critical Care Research Group Laboratory, The Prince Charles Hospital, Rode Road, Chermside, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia ; The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia ; Innovative Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology Laboratory, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia
| | - Samuel Foley
- Critical Care Research Group Laboratory, The Prince Charles Hospital, Rode Road, Chermside, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia ; The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Gabriela Simonova
- Critical Care Research Group Laboratory, The Prince Charles Hospital, Rode Road, Chermside, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia ; The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Charles McDonald
- Critical Care Research Group Laboratory, The Prince Charles Hospital, Rode Road, Chermside, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia ; The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Rylan Hayes
- Critical Care Research Group Laboratory, The Prince Charles Hospital, Rode Road, Chermside, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia ; The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Judith Bellpart
- Critical Care Research Group Laboratory, The Prince Charles Hospital, Rode Road, Chermside, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia ; The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel Timms
- Critical Care Research Group Laboratory, The Prince Charles Hospital, Rode Road, Chermside, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia ; Innovative Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology Laboratory, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia
| | - Michelle Chew
- Critical Care Research Group Laboratory, The Prince Charles Hospital, Rode Road, Chermside, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia
| | - Yoke L Fung
- Critical Care Research Group Laboratory, The Prince Charles Hospital, Rode Road, Chermside, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia ; The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Michael Toon
- Critical Care Research Group Laboratory, The Prince Charles Hospital, Rode Road, Chermside, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia
| | - Marc O Maybauer
- Critical Care Research Group Laboratory, The Prince Charles Hospital, Rode Road, Chermside, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia ; The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - John F Fraser
- Critical Care Research Group Laboratory, The Prince Charles Hospital, Rode Road, Chermside, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia ; The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia ; Innovative Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology Laboratory, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia
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36
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Akie Y. [Potential of the incredibly-small minipig for pharmacological safety studies]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2014; 143:156. [PMID: 24614640 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.143.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Thrall KD, Lovaglio J, Murphy MK, Cataneo RN, Chaturvedi A, Mundada M, Patel U, Phillips M. A Dose-Dependent Hematological Evaluation of Whole-Body Gamma-Irradiation in the Göttingen Minipig. HEALTH PHYSICS 2013; 105:245-252. [PMID: 30522248 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0b013e31829253a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There is a great deal of interest in the establishment of a standardized animal model for the acute radiation syndrome to allow development of diagnostic approaches and countermeasure treatments following radiological terrorist events. Due to physiological, anatomical, and biochemical similarities to humans, the minipig is an attractive large animal model for evaluating countermeasure efficacy. This study was conducted in order to aid in the establishment of the minipig, and the Göttingen minipig in particular, as an animal model for the hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome. Animals were exposed whole-body to Co at doses of 0 (sham control), 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 2.0 Gy, and hematological parameters followed in time from pre-irradiation to post-irradiation Day 7. Following irradiation, a dose-dependent decrease in total white blood cells was observed, which was determined to be statistically different as compared to control animals at all dose levels above 0.25 Gy at 24 h post-irradiation. Similarly, a dose-dependent reduction in both absolute lymphocyte count and absolute neutrophil count occurred by the earliest time point measured for all exposed animals. A significant decrease in platelets was observed at post-irradiation Day 7 in animals exposed only at the highest (2.0 Gy) level. The platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio generated for exposures ranging from 0.25-2.0 Gy was able to differentiate response between high and low exposure levels even at 7 d post exposure. In conclusion, the present study supports the development of the Göttingen minipig as a suitable large animal model to study radiation-induced hematopoietic syndrome.
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Vamathevan JJ, Hall MD, Hasan S, Woollard PM, Xu M, Yang Y, Li X, Wang X, Kenny S, Brown JR, Huxley-Jones J, Lyon J, Haselden J, Min J, Sanseau P. Minipig and beagle animal model genomes aid species selection in pharmaceutical discovery and development. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 270:149-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Shimatsu Y, Yamada K, Horii W, Hirakata A, Sakamoto Y, Waki S, Sano J, Saitoh T, Sahara H, Shimizu A, Yazawa H, Sachs DH, Nunoya T. Production of cloned NIBS (Nippon Institute for Biological Science) and α-1, 3-galactosyltransferase knockout MGH miniature pigs by somatic cell nuclear transfer using the NIBS breed as surrogates. Xenotransplantation 2013; 20:157-64. [PMID: 23581451 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear transfer (NT) technologies offer a means for producing the genetically modified pigs necessary to develop swine models for mechanistic studies of disease processes as well as to serve as organ donors for xenotransplantation. Most previous studies have used commercial pigs as surrogates. METHOD AND RESULTS In this study, we established a cloning technique for miniature pigs by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) using Nippon Institute for Biological Science (NIBS) miniature pigs as surrogates. Moreover, utilizing this technique, we have successfully produced an α-1, 3-galactosyltransferase knockout (GalT-KO) miniature swine. Fibroblasts procured from a NIBS miniature pig fetus were injected into 1312 enucleated oocytes. The cloned embryos were transferred to 11 surrogates of which five successfully delivered 13 cloned offspring; the production efficiency was 1.0% (13/1312). In a second experiment, lung fibroblasts obtained from neonatal GalT-KO MGH miniature swine were used as donor cells and 1953 cloned embryos were transferred to 12 surrogates. Six cloned offspring were born from five surrogates, a production efficiency of 0.3% (6/1953). CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate successful establishment of a miniature pig cloning technique by SCNT using NIBS miniature pigs as surrogates. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of successful production of GalT-KO miniature swine using miniature swine surrogates. This technique could help to ensure a stable supply of the cloned pigs through the use of miniature pig surrogates and could expand production in countries with limited space or in facilities with special regulations such as specific pathogen-free or good laboratory practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Shimatsu
- Research & Development Department, Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Hokuto, Japan
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Kang DW, Oh DA, Fu GY, Anderson JM, Zepeda ML. Porcine model to evaluate local tissue tolerability associated with subcutaneous delivery of protein. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2013; 67:140-7. [PMID: 23376811 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The conversion from intravenous (IV) to subcutaneous (SC) delivery of biotherapeutics has increased in recent years. Some of the reasons for this shift in route of delivery are due to patient convenience, reduced adverse systemic effects, lack of a need for vascular access, and reduced cost of patient care, which ultimately lead to improved patient quality of life. One caveat to SC delivery is the limited volumes that can be administered at a single site and the associated local tolerability. To characterize factors that affect subcutaneous delivery of large volumes of therapeutic proteins, a porcine model was developed. Model endpoints included measurement of interstitial pressure, assessment of local skin visco-elasticity, and the qualitative assessment of local infusion sites. METHODS Immunoglobulin G (IgG) was subcutaneously infused into the abdominal region of Yucatan miniature swine. Changes in interstitial pressure were measured, using an in-line pressure transducer, during and after infusions. Additionally, pre- and post-infusion changes in local skin visco-elasticity were measured using a Cutometer®. Lastly, infusion sites were assessed for post-infusion local skin reactions such as erythema and swelling. Similar assessments were made following SC IgG delivery with the permeation enhancer recombinant human hyaluronidase PH20 (rHuPH20). RESULTS Subcutaneous infusions of IgG, in the presence of rHuPH20, significantly reduced average interstitial pressures by 55% during the infusion period and by 67% during the post-infusion period, compared to the control. Infusions in the presence of rHuPH20 also maintained better local skin elasticity as seen by a 42% increase in local skin pliability compared to the control. Finally, infusions with rHuPH20 resulted in an 80% reduction in swelling area compared to the control. DISCUSSION A large animal model was developed that incorporates both quantitative and qualitative assessment methods to aid in understanding SC delivery of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Kang
- Halozyme Therapeutics Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, United States.
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41
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Helke KL, Swindle MM. Animal models of toxicology testing: the role of pigs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 9:127-39. [PMID: 23216131 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.739607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In regulatory toxicological testing, both a rodent and non-rodent species are required. Historically, dogs and non-human primates (NHP) have been the species of choice of the non-rodent portion of testing. The pig is an appropriate option for these tests based on metabolic pathways utilized in xenobiotic biotransformation. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the Phase I and Phase II biotransformation pathways in humans and pigs and highlights the similarities and differences of these models. This is a growing field and references are sparse. Numerous breeds of pigs are discussed along with specific breed differences in these enzymes that are known. While much available data are presented, it is grossly incomplete and sometimes contradictory based on methods used. EXPERT OPINION There is no ideal species to use in toxicology. The use of dogs and NHP in xenobiotic testing continues to be the norm. Pigs present a viable and perhaps more reliable model of non-rodent testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Helke
- Medical University South Carolina, Comparative Medicine, 114 Doughty St, Ste 648, MSC777, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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43
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Ganderup NC, Harvey W, Mortensen JT, Harrouk W. The minipig as nonrodent species in toxicology--where are we now? Int J Toxicol 2012; 31:507-28. [PMID: 23134714 DOI: 10.1177/1091581812462039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 3 decades minipigs have moved from being an obscure alternative to dogs and nonhuman primates to being a standard animal model in regulatory toxicity studies. This article covers the use of minipigs as a model in the context of nonclinical drug safety and provides an overview of the minipig's developmental history and relates minipigs to other animal species commonly used in toxicology; and the minipig's translational power is supported by 43 case studies of marketed drug products covered. Special focus is given to criteria for selecting minipigs in nonclinical programs supporting the development of new medicines; the use of swine in the assessment of food additives, agrochemicals, and pesticides; as well as a regulatory perspective on the use of minipigs in Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-regulated products. This article presents the main points conveyed at a symposium held at the 2010 American College of Toxicology meeting in Baltimore, Maryland.
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Michio F, Ryosuke Y, Yuko M, Hiroyuki K, Koichi U. The pharmacological differences in anti-anginal effects of long-lasting calcium channel blockers: azelnidipine and amlodipine. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2012; Publish Ahead of Print. [PMID: 23107869 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3182776c28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: We examined anti-anginal effects of azelnidipine and amlodipine in an arginine vasopressin (AVP)-induced rat anginal model. Oral administration of azelnidipine or amlodipine produced long-lasting inhibition of AVP-induced ST-segment depression in ECG. The degrees of inhibition with azelnidipine at doses of 1 and 3 mg/kg were comparable to those with amlodipine at 3 and 10 mg/kg. Both drugs lowered mean blood pressure in a dose related manner, while only azelnidipine decreased heart rate. Azelnidipine at 3 mg/kg and amlodipine at 10 mg/kg produced a similar decrease in the rate pressure product, an index for cardiac oxygen consumption. Their inhibitory effects on calcium-induced vascular contraction were compared in isolated porcine coronary arteries. Both drugs produced a slow-developing inhibition of calcium-induced contraction. Although their inhibitory effects were similar, the way the both drugs inhibited calcium-induced contraction differed with each other. After removing the drug from bathing solution, the inhibitory effects of azelnidipine were not blunted but were sustained for a long time which indicates that azelnidipine has high vascular affinity. On the other hand, those of amlodipine were rapidly blunted. These results suggest that the mechanisms underlying anti-anginal effects of azelnidipine differ from those of amlodipine. The anti-anginal effect with azelnidipine may be accounted for by its high affinity to the coronary blood vessels and the heart rate slowing effect, both of which are not shared with amlodipine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujisawa Michio
- *Department of Geriatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan. †Research & Development Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd.; 1-2-58, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
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Wang JCC, Hathorn I, Habib AR, Chang E, Javer AR. Evaluation of domestic and Yucatan swine nasal sinus anatomy as models for future sinonasal research of medications delivered by standard instruments used in functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2012; 3:150-6. [PMID: 23038683 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need to find an animal model to study new medications to improve mucosal wound healing after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Current literature suggests swine as a potential candidate. The lack of information correlating swine computer tomography (CT) and endoscopic sinonasal anatomy prompted us to investigate them in the domestic and Yucatan swine to determine their feasibility as models to test new medications and drug-embedded stents applied using FESS techniques. METHODS Two domestic pig heads and 2 Yucatan pig heads were imaged using helical thin slice (1 mm) CT. Two rhinologists analyzed the images and performed endoscopy on the swine. Particular attention was given to accessing the frontal sinus and suturing stents to the nasal septum using standard endoscopic instruments. RESULTS CT confirmed that swine sinonasal anatomy is largely similar to human, with all major sinuses present. The middle and inferior turbinates of swine arise from a single uniturbinate. The superior turbinates contain large concha bullosa. Unlike human, swine nasal septum is bone anteriorly and cartilage posteriorly. The frontal sinus ostia, regardless of head size, were consistently around 10 cm from the nasal aperture. On endoscopy, domestic swine frontal sinus ostia were easily accessible for topical medication deposition. Silastic splints can be sutured to the domestic swine septum through the posterior cartilaginous portion, allowing for studies involving medication-eluting material. The narrower nasal cavity of Yucatan pigs prohibited endoscopic maneuvers. CONCLUSION Domestic swine, but not Yucatan, are a feasible model for future sinonasal research using standard FESS instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Ching Chieh Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sinus Center, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Kim E, Kim JS, Lee Y, Song BS, Sim BW, Kim SU, Saitoh T, Yazawa H, Nunoya T, Chang KT. Molecular cloning, characterization of porcine IZUMO1, an IgSF family member. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 48:90-7. [PMID: 22594348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
IZUMO1, belonging to the family of mammalian immunoglobulin proteins, has been well characterized in the mouse. Here, we describe the molecular cloning and expression analysis of porcine IZUMO1 (pIZUMO1). Partial sequence information published in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database was used to generate the full-length sequence for IZUMO1 using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). A search of the porcine genomic sequence in the NCBI database identified a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) encoding the pIZUMO1 gene. This BAC is derived from porcine chromosome 6 and is syntenic with the corresponding regions of mouse, bovine, and human genomes encoding the IZUMO gene family. This BAC was found to encode an IZUMO1 protein with a predicted amino acid sequence having high similarity with mouse and human IZUMO1. Western blot analysis of proteins from porcine tissues indicated that pIZUMO1 was specifically expressed in the sperm. Furthermore, to confirm whether pIZUMO1 forms complexes, we overexpressed pIZUMO1 in HEK293 cells. The recombinant pIZUMO1 from cell extracts was found to form complexes. Our finding suggests that pIZUMO1 forms homodimeric complex on the sperm membrane. Furthermore, an IVF inhibition assay with an antibody for the porcine IZUMO1 Ig-like domain showed that Ig-like domain effectively prevented pig sperm-egg interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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Kuper CF, Ernst H, van Oostrum LCM, Rittinghausen S, Penninks AH, Ganderup NC, Wolterbeek APM. Nasal passages of Göttingen minipigs from the neonatal period to young adult. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 40:656-66. [PMID: 22301951 DOI: 10.1177/0192623311436175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Histopathological examination of the nasal passages requires a standardized approach for recording lesion distribution patterns. Nasal diagrams provide guidance to map the lesions. Information on lesions exists for rodents, dogs, and monkeys, which all have been used in inhalation studies. Recently, minipigs have garnered interest as an inhalation model because minipigs resemble humans in many features of anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry and may be a good alternative to monkeys and dogs. The present work explored the microanatomy and histology of the nasal passages of Göttingen minipigs from postnatal day 1 until 6 months of age. Six nasal levels were selected, which allow examination of the squamous, transitional (nonciliated) and ciliated respiratory, and olfactory epithelia; the nasopharynx; and relevant structures such as the vomeronasal organ, olfactory bulb, and nasal/nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Frieke Kuper
- TNO Research Group Quality and Safety, Zeist, The Netherlands.
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Hypothalamic deep brain stimulation reduces weight gain in an obesity-animal model. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30672. [PMID: 22295102 PMCID: PMC3266267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior studies of appetite regulatory networks, primarily in rodents, have established that targeted electrical stimulation of ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) can alter food intake patterns and metabolic homeostasis. Consideration of this method for weight modulation in humans with severe overeating disorders and morbid obesity can be further advanced by modeling procedures and assessing endpoints that can provide preclinical data on efficacy and safety. In this study we adapted human deep brain stimulation (DBS) stereotactic methods and instrumentation to demonstrate in a large animal model the modulation of weight gain with VMH-DBS. Female Göttingen minipigs were used because of their dietary habits, physiologic characteristics, and brain structures that resemble those of primates. Further, these animals become obese on extra-feeding regimens. DBS electrodes were first bilaterally implanted into the VMH of the animals (n = 8) which were then maintained on a restricted food regimen for 1 mo following the surgery. The daily amount of food was then doubled for the next 2 mo in all animals to produce obesity associated with extra calorie intake, with half of the animals (n = 4) concurrently receiving continuous low frequency (50 Hz) VMH-DBS. Adverse motoric or behavioral effects were not observed subsequent to the surgical procedure or during the DBS period. Throughout this 2 mo DBS period, all animals consumed the doubled amount of daily food. However, the animals that had received VMH-DBS showed a cumulative weight gain (6.1±0.4 kg; mean ± SEM) that was lower than the nonstimulated VMH-DBS animals (9.4±1.3 kg; p<0.05), suggestive of a DBS-associated increase in metabolic rate. These results in a porcine obesity model demonstrate the efficacy and behavioral safety of a low frequency VMH-DBS application as a potential clinical strategy for modulation of body weight.
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Swindle MM, Makin A, Herron AJ, Clubb FJ, Frazier KS. Swine as models in biomedical research and toxicology testing. Vet Pathol 2011; 49:344-56. [PMID: 21441112 DOI: 10.1177/0300985811402846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 903] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Swine are considered to be one of the major animal species used in translational research, surgical models, and procedural training and are increasingly being used as an alternative to the dog or monkey as the choice of nonrodent species in preclinical toxicologic testing of pharmaceuticals. There are unique advantages to the use of swine in this setting given that they share with humans similar anatomic and physiologic characteristics involving the cardiovascular, urinary, integumentary, and digestive systems. However, the investigator needs to be familiar with important anatomic, histopathologic, and clinicopathologic features of the laboratory pig and minipig in order to put background lesions or xenobiotically induced toxicologic changes in their proper perspective and also needs to consider specific anatomic differences when using the pig as a surgical model. Ethical considerations, as well as the existence of significant amounts of background data, from a regulatory perspective, provide further support for the use of this species in experimental or pharmaceutical research studies. It is likely that pigs and minipigs will become an increasingly important animal model for research and pharmaceutical development applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Swindle
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Comparative Medicine, MSC 777, 114 Doughty St, Charleston, SC 29425-7770, USA.
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The pig as a model animal for studying cognition and neurobehavioral disorders. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2011; 7:359-83. [PMID: 21287323 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2010_112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In experimental animal research, a short phylogenetic distance, i.e., high resemblance between the model species and the species to be modeled is expected to increase the relevance and generalizability of results obtained in the model species. The (mini)pig shows multiple advantageous characteristics that have led to an increase in the use of this species in studies modeling human medical issues, including neurobehavioral (dys)functions. For example, the cerebral cortex of pigs, unlike that of mice or rats, has cerebral convolutions (gyri and sulci) similar to the human neocortex. We expect that appropriately chosen pig models will yield results of high translational value. However, this claim still needs to be substantiated by research, and the area of pig research is still in its infancy. This chapter provides an overview of the pig as a model species for studying cognitive dysfunctions and neurobehavioral disorders and their treatment, along with a discussion of the pros and cons of various tests, as an aid to researchers considering the use of pigs as model animal species in biomedical research.
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