1
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Lee E, Kale A, Gaspari AA. Toll-Like Receptors and Contact Dermatitis. Dermatitis 2024. [PMID: 38778705 DOI: 10.1089/derm.2023.0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Contact dermatitis (CD) is a common cutaneous inflammatory condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Xenobiotic agents are frequently encountered in substances used in everyday life, making it difficult to avoid personal and occupational exposure. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane receptors that modulate the innate immune system in response to tissue injury or infection. TLRs play a key role in the pathophysiology of contact dermatitis. TLR signaling is involved in three major forms of CD: protein CD, allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), and irritant CD. Of the 10 TLRs found in humans, three play an important role in ACD. This makes TLRs a useful potential therapeutic target to consider against CD. In this review, we discuss the role of TLRs in CD and summarize current and emerging treatments for CD that target TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Lee
- From the Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aditi Kale
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony A Gaspari
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Sumikawa T, Nakakido M, Matsunaga R, Kuroda D, Nagatoishi S, Tsumoto K. Generation of antibodies to an extracellular region of the transporters Glut1/Glut4 by immunization with a designed antigen. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105640. [PMID: 38199569 PMCID: PMC10862009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are one of the fastest growing class of drugs. Nevertheless, relatively few biologics target multispanning membrane proteins because of technical challenges. To target relatively small extracellular regions of multiple membrane-spanning proteins, synthetic peptides, which are composed of amino acids corresponding to an extracellular region of a membrane protein, are often utilized in antibody discovery. However, antibodies to these peptides often do not recognize parental membrane proteins. In this study, we designed fusion proteins in which an extracellular helix of the membrane protein glucose transporter 1 (Glut1) was grafted onto the scaffold protein Adhiron. In the initial design, the grafted fragment did not form a helical conformation. Molecular dynamics simulations of full-length Glut1 suggested the importance of intramolecular interactions formed by surrounding residues in the formation of the helical conformation. A fusion protein designed to maintain such intramolecular interactions did form the desired helical conformation in the grafted region. We then immunized an alpaca with the designed fusion protein and obtained VHH (variable region of heavy-chain antibodies) using the phage display method. The binding of these VHH antibodies to the recombinant Glut1 protein was evaluated by surface plasmon resonance, and their binding to Glut1 on the cell membrane was further validated by flow cytometry. Furthermore, we also succeeded in the generation of a VHH against another integral membrane protein, glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) with the same strategy. These illustrates that our combined biochemical and computational approach can be applied to designing other novel fusion proteins for generating site-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Sumikawa
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakakido
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ryo Matsunaga
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kuroda
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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3
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Blake-Hedges J, Groff D, Foo W, Hanson J, Castillo E, Wen M, Cheung D, Masikat MR, Lu J, Park Y, Carlos NA, Usman H, Fong K, Yu A, Zhou S, Kwong J, Tran C, Li X, Yuan D, Hallam T, Yin G. Production of antibodies and antibody fragments containing non-natural amino acids in Escherichia coli. MAbs 2024; 16:2316872. [PMID: 38381460 PMCID: PMC10883104 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2316872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic bioconjugates are emerging as an essential tool to combat human disease. Site-specific conjugation technologies are widely recognized as the optimal approach for producing homogeneous drug products. Non-natural amino acid (nnAA) incorporation allows the introduction of bioconjugation handles at genetically defined locations. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a facile host for therapeutic nnAA protein synthesis because it can stably replicate plasmids encoding genes for product and nnAA incorporation. Here, we demonstrate that by engineering E. coli to incorporate high levels of nnAAs, it is feasible to produce nnAA-containing antibody fragments and full-length immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs) in the cytoplasm of E. coli. Using high-density fermentation, it was possible to produce both of these types of molecules with site-specifically incorporated nnAAs at titers > 1 g/L. We anticipate this strategy will help simplify the production and manufacture of promising antibody therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan Groff
- Research and Process Development, Sutro Biopharma, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wilson Foo
- Research and Process Development, Sutro Biopharma, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Hanson
- Research and Process Development, Sutro Biopharma, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elenor Castillo
- Research and Process Development, Sutro Biopharma, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Miao Wen
- Research and Process Development, Sutro Biopharma, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Diana Cheung
- Research and Process Development, Sutro Biopharma, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mary Rose Masikat
- Research and Process Development, Sutro Biopharma, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jian Lu
- Research and Process Development, Sutro Biopharma, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Young Park
- Research and Process Development, Sutro Biopharma, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nina Abi Carlos
- Research and Process Development, Sutro Biopharma, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hans Usman
- Research and Process Development, Sutro Biopharma, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Fong
- Research and Process Development, Sutro Biopharma, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Abigail Yu
- Research and Process Development, Sutro Biopharma, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sihong Zhou
- Research and Process Development, Sutro Biopharma, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joyce Kwong
- Research and Process Development, Sutro Biopharma, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cuong Tran
- Research and Process Development, Sutro Biopharma, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiaofan Li
- Research and Process Development, Sutro Biopharma, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dawei Yuan
- Research and Process Development, Sutro Biopharma, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Trevor Hallam
- Research and Process Development, Sutro Biopharma, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gang Yin
- Research and Process Development, Sutro Biopharma, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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4
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Shuai RW, Ruffolo JA, Gray JJ. IgLM: Infilling language modeling for antibody sequence design. Cell Syst 2023; 14:979-989.e4. [PMID: 37909045 PMCID: PMC11018345 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Discovery and optimization of monoclonal antibodies for therapeutic applications relies on large sequence libraries but is hindered by developability issues such as low solubility, high aggregation, and high immunogenicity. Generative language models, trained on millions of protein sequences, are a powerful tool for the on-demand generation of realistic, diverse sequences. We present the Immunoglobulin Language Model (IgLM), a deep generative language model for creating synthetic antibody libraries. Compared with prior methods that leverage unidirectional context for sequence generation, IgLM formulates antibody design based on text-infilling in natural language, allowing it to re-design variable-length spans within antibody sequences using bidirectional context. We trained IgLM on 558 million (M) antibody heavy- and light-chain variable sequences, conditioning on each sequence's chain type and species of origin. We demonstrate that IgLM can generate full-length antibody sequences from a variety of species and its infilling formulation allows it to generate infilled complementarity-determining region (CDR) loop libraries with improved in silico developability profiles. A record of this paper's transparent peer review process is included in the supplemental information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Shuai
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Ruffolo
- Program in Molecular Biophysics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Gray
- Program in Molecular Biophysics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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5
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Jukič M, Kralj S, Kolarič A, Bren U. Design of Tetra-Peptide Ligands of Antibody Fc Regions Using In Silico Combinatorial Library Screening. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1170. [PMID: 37631085 PMCID: PMC10459493 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptides, or short chains of amino-acid residues, are becoming increasingly important as active ingredients of drugs and as crucial probes and/or tools in medical, biotechnological, and pharmaceutical research. Situated at the interface between small molecules and larger macromolecular systems, they pose a difficult challenge for computational methods. We report an in silico peptide library generation and prioritization workflow using CmDock for identifying tetrapeptide ligands that bind to Fc regions of antibodies that is analogous to known in vitro recombinant peptide libraries' display and expression systems. The results of our in silico study are in accordance with existing scientific literature on in vitro peptides that bind to antibody Fc regions. In addition, we postulate an evolving in silico library design workflow that will help circumvent the combinatorial problem of in vitro comprehensive peptide libraries by focusing on peptide subunits that exhibit favorable interaction profiles in initial in silico peptide generation and testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Jukič
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Thermodynamics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška ulica 8, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia
- Institute of Environmental Protection and Sensors, Beloruska ulica 7, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Sebastjan Kralj
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Thermodynamics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Anja Kolarič
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Thermodynamics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Institute of Environmental Protection and Sensors, Beloruska ulica 7, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Urban Bren
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Thermodynamics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška ulica 8, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia
- Institute of Environmental Protection and Sensors, Beloruska ulica 7, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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6
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Dabo-Trubelja A, Gottumukkala V. Review of cancer therapies for the perioperative physician. Perioper Med (Lond) 2023; 12:25. [PMID: 37312150 PMCID: PMC10262136 DOI: 10.1186/s13741-023-00315-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in cancer treatments over the past decades combining chemotherapy with novel technologies in immunotherapies, radiation therapies, and interventional radiology have prolonged life expectancy. Patients have more options for treatments of their primary or metastatic diseases. Increased procedural techniques amid an aging population with multiple comorbidities present risks and challenges in the perioperative period.Chemotherapy remains the mainstay of cancer treatment, can be given intraoperatively, and is combined with other treatment modalities. Immunotherapy is particular to cancer cells while being less toxic to healthy cells. Cancer vaccines stimulate the immune system to stop disease progression. Oncolytic viruses enhance the immune system's cytotoxic effect and show promise to halt metastatic disease progression if present in the perioperative period. Novel techniques in radiation therapy combined with traditional treatments show enhanced survival. This review focuses on current cancer treatments encountered in the perioperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Dabo-Trubelja
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Onco-Anesthesia Fellowship, Perioperative Echocardiography and Ultrasound, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center of Weill Cornell Medical Center, 1274 York Ave C-330, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Vijaya Gottumukkala
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine Program for Advancement of Perioperative Cancer Care, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
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7
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Qian L, Lin X, Gao X, Khan RU, Liao JY, Du S, Ge J, Zeng S, Yao SQ. The Dawn of a New Era: Targeting the "Undruggables" with Antibody-Based Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37186942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The high selectivity and affinity of antibodies toward their antigens have made them a highly valuable tool in disease therapy, diagnosis, and basic research. A plethora of chemical and genetic approaches have been devised to make antibodies accessible to more "undruggable" targets and equipped with new functions of illustrating or regulating biological processes more precisely. In this Review, in addition to introducing how naked antibodies and various antibody conjugates (such as antibody-drug conjugates, antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates, antibody-enzyme conjugates, etc.) work in therapeutic applications, special attention has been paid to how chemistry tools have helped to optimize the therapeutic outcome (i.e., with enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects) or facilitate the multifunctionalization of antibodies, with a focus on emerging fields such as targeted protein degradation, real-time live-cell imaging, catalytic labeling or decaging with spatiotemporal control as well as the engagement of antibodies inside cells. With advances in modern chemistry and biotechnology, well-designed antibodies and their derivatives via size miniaturization or multifunctionalization together with efficient delivery systems have emerged, which have gradually improved our understanding of important biological processes and paved the way to pursue novel targets for potential treatments of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghui Qian
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuefen Lin
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Rizwan Ullah Khan
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jia-Yu Liao
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shubo Du
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingyan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shao Q Yao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544
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8
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Antibody–Biopolymer Conjugates in Oncology: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062605. [PMID: 36985578 PMCID: PMC10053780 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases and affects a large proportion of the population worldwide. Conventional treatments in the management include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. Although being well-accepted, they have many lacunas in the form of severe side effect resulting from lack of targeted delivery. Antibody biopolymer conjugates are a novel method which is an add-on to older methods of immunization. It is used in various diseases and disorders. It ensures the targeted delivery of molecules to increase its efficacy and reduce unwanted effects of the molecule/drug to normal cells. It shows miraculous results in the treatment and management of several cancers even in advanced stages. Herein, we present the chemistry between biopolymer and antibody, their effects on cancer as well as the basic differences between antibody–drug conjugates and antibody–biopolymer conjugates.
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9
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Hessmann S, Chery C, Anne-Sophie S, Gervais A, Carapito C. Host Cell Protein Quantification Workflow Using Optimized Standards combined with Data-Independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry. J Pharm Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
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10
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O'Leary MK, Ahmed A, Alabi CA. Development of Host-Cleavable Antibody-Bactericide Conjugates against Extracellular Pathogens. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:322-329. [PMID: 36626184 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Novel antimicrobial agents with potent bactericidal activity are needed to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) extracellular pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and peptidomimetics are promising alternatives to traditional antibiotics, but their therapeutic use is limited due to the lack of specificity and resulting off-target effects. The incorporation of an antibody into the drug design would alleviate these challenges by localizing the AMP to the target bacterial cells. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have already achieved clinical success as anticancer therapeutics, due to the ability of the antibody to deliver the payload directly to the cancer cells. This strategy involves the selective delivery of highly cytotoxic drugs to the target cells, which enables a broad therapeutic window. This platform can be translated to the treatment of infections, whereby an antibody is used to deliver an antimicrobial agent to the bacterial antigen. Herein, we propose the development of an antibody-bactericide conjugate (ABC) in which the antibacterial oligothioetheramide (oligoTEA), BDT-4G, is coupled to an anti-P. aeruginosa antibody via a cleavable linker. The drug BDT-4G was chosen based on its efficacy against a range of P. aeruginosa isolates and its ability to evade mechanisms conferring resistance to the last-resort agent polymyxin B. We demonstrate that the ABC binds to the bacterial cell surface, and following cleavage of the peptide linker, the oligoTEA payload is released and exhibits antipseudomonal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan K O'Leary
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Asraa Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Christopher A Alabi
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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11
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Zhang Z, Xu Q, Huang L. B cell depletion therapies in autoimmune diseases: Monoclonal antibodies or chimeric antigen receptor-based therapy? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1126421. [PMID: 36855629 PMCID: PMC9968396 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1126421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune system detects foreign pathogens, distinguishes them from self-antigens and responds to defend human body. When this self-tolerance is disrupted, the overactive immune system attacks healthy tissues or organs and the autoimmune diseases develop. B cells and plasma cells contribute a lot to pathogenesis and persistence of autoimmune diseases in both autoantibody-dependent and autoantibody-independent ways. Accumulating data indicates that treatments aiming to eliminate antibody-secreting cells (B cells or plasma cells) are effective in a wide spectrum of autoimmune diseases. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) deplete B cell lineage or plasma cells by signaling disruption, complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Engineered-T cells armed with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have been adopted from field of hematological malignancies as a method to eliminate B cells or plasma cells. In this review, we update our understanding of B cell depletion therapies in autoimmune diseases, review the mechanism, efficacy, safety and application of monoclonal antibodies and CAR-based immunotherapies, and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these treatment options for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Liang Huang,
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12
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Roy D, Liu GS, Zeling Wang A, Zhou B, Yunus FUN, Raza G, Bharath Merugu S, Saidi Mashausi D, Li D, Zhao B. Construction and stable gene expression of AGR2xPD1 bi-specific antibody that enhances attachment between T-Cells and lung tumor cells, suppress tumor cell migration and promoting CD8 expression in cytotoxic T-cells. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:85-95. [PMID: 36685298 PMCID: PMC9845114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a substantial and consistent rise in the number of clinical trials to develop advanced and potent bispecific antibodies (BsAb) over the past two decades with multiple targets to improve the efficacy or tissue specificity of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) treatment for diseases with multiple determining factors or widely-expressed targets. In this study, we designed and synthesized BsAb AGR2xPD1 targeting extracellular AGR2, a paracrine signal, and PD1, an immune checkpoint protein. Our design is intended to use AGR2 binding to guide PD1 targeting for AGR2+cancer. We used this construction to produce AGR2xPD1 BsAb by generating clonally selected stable 293F cell line with high expression. Applying this BsAb in a T cell-Tumor cell co-culture system showed that targeting both PD1 and AGR2 with this BsAb induces the attachment of TALL-104 (CD8+ T-lymphocytes) cells onto co-cultured H460 AGR2+ Lung tumor cells and significantly reduces migration of H460 cells. T-cell expression of CD8 and IFNγ is also synergistically enhanced by the AGR2xPD1 BsAb treatment in the AGR2+H460 co-culture system. These effects are significantly reduced with AGR2 expression negative WI38 cells. Our results demonstrate that the AGR2xPD1 BsAb could be a potential therapeutic agent to provide better solid tumor targeting and synergetic efficacy for treating AGR2+ cancer by blocking AGR2 paracrine signaling to reduce tumor survival, and redirecting cytotoxic T-cells into AGR2+ cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debmalya Roy
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Song Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aru Zeling Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bingjie Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fakhar-Un-Nisa Yunus
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Raza
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siva Bharath Merugu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Dawei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Corresponding authors at: School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Bo Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Corresponding authors at: School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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13
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Davé E, Durrant O, Dhami N, Compson J, Broadbridge J, Archer S, Maroof A, Whale K, Menochet K, Bonnaillie P, Barry E, Wild G, Peerboom C, Bhatta P, Ellis M, Hinchliffe M, Humphreys DP, Heywood SP. TRYBE®: an Fc-free antibody format with three monovalent targeting arms engineered for long in vivo half-life. MAbs 2023; 15:2160229. [PMID: 36788124 PMCID: PMC9937000 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2160229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
TrYbe® is an Fc-free therapeutic antibody format, capable of engaging up to three targets simultaneously, with long in vivo half-life conferred by albumin binding. This format is shown by small-angle X-ray scattering to be conformationally flexible with favorable 'reach' properties. We demonstrate the format's broad functionality by co-targeting of soluble and cell surface antigens. The benefit of monovalent target binding is illustrated by the lack of formation of large immune complexes when co-targeting multivalent antigens. TrYbes® are manufactured using standard mammalian cell culture and protein A affinity capture processes. TrYbes® have been formulated at high concentrations and have favorable drug-like properties, including stability, solubility, and low viscosity. The unique functionality and inherent developability of the TrYbe® makes it a promising multi-specific antibody fragment format for antibody therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Davé
- Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough, UK
| | | | - Neha Dhami
- Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Kevin Whale
- Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough, UK
| | | | | | - Emily Barry
- Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough, UK
| | - Gavin Wild
- PV Supply and Technology Solutions, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough, UK
| | - Claude Peerboom
- PV Supply and Technology Solutions, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium, EU
| | | | - Mark Ellis
- Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough, UK
| | | | | | - Sam P. Heywood
- Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough, UK,CONTACT Sam P. Heywood Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma UK, 208 Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3XE, Slough, UK
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14
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Therapeutic Antibodies in Cancer Treatment in the UK. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314589. [PMID: 36498915 PMCID: PMC9739895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing understanding of the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis accelerated the development of monoclonal therapeutic antibodies to specifically target multiple cancer pathways. Recombinant protein therapeutics now constitute a large proportion of yearly approved medicines. Oncology, autoimmune diseases and to a smaller degree the prophylaxis of organ transplant rejection are their main application areas. As of the date of this review, 37 monoclonal antibody products are approved for use in cancer treatments in the United Kingdom. Currently, the antibody therapeutics market is dominated by monoclonal immunoglobulins (IgGs). New types of recombinant antibody therapeutics developed more recently include bispecific recombinant antibodies and other recombinantly produced functional proteins. This review focuses on the approved therapeutic antibodies used in cancer treatment in the UK today and describes their antigen targets and molecular mechanisms involved. We provide convenient links to the relevant databases and other relevant resources for all antigens and antibodies mentioned. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the different monoclonal antibodies that are currently in clinical use primarily in malignancy, including their function, which is of importance to those in the medical field and allied specialties.
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15
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Christian SL. CD24 as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Patients with B-Cell Leukemia and Lymphoma: Current Insights. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:1391-1402. [PMID: 36425299 PMCID: PMC9680537 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s366625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
CD24 is a highly glycosylated glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein that is expressed in many types of differentiating cells and some mature cells of the immune system as well as the central nervous system. CD24 has been extensively used as a biomarker for developing B cells as its expression levels change over the course of B cell development. Functionally, engagement of CD24 induces apoptosis in developing B cells and restricts cell growth in more mature cell types. Interestingly, CD24 is also expressed on many hematological and solid tumors. As such, it has been investigated as a therapeutic target in many solid tumors including ovarian, colorectal, pancreatic, lung and others. Most of the B-cell leukemias and lymphomas studied to date express CD24 but its role as a therapeutic target in these malignancies has, thus far, been understudied. Here, I review what is known about CD24 biology with a focus on B cell development and activation followed by a brief overview of how CD24 is being targeted in solid tumors. This is followed by an assessment of the value of CD24 as a therapeutic target in B cell leukemia and lymphoma in humans, including an evaluation of the challenges in using CD24 as a target considering its pattern of expression on normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri L Christian
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
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16
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Mishra NN, Sharma A, Shalini S, Sharma S, Jain P, Sharma RK, Chander H, Prasad J, Anvikar AR, Chand S. National Control Laboratory Assessment of Quality of Rituximab Biosimilars in India. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2022; 41:260-274. [DOI: 10.1089/mab.2021.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anu Sharma
- Therapeutic Antibody Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, India
| | - Swati Shalini
- Therapeutic Antibody Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, India
| | - Sonia Sharma
- Therapeutic Antibody Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, India
| | - Paras Jain
- Therapeutic Antibody Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, India
| | - Ratnesh K. Sharma
- Therapeutic Antibody Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, India
| | - Harish Chander
- Therapeutic Antibody Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, India
| | - J.P. Prasad
- Therapeutic Antibody Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, India
| | - Anupkumar R. Anvikar
- Therapeutic Antibody Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, India
| | - Subhash Chand
- Therapeutic Antibody Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, India
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17
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Yélamos J. Current innovative engineered antibodies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 369:1-43. [PMID: 35777861 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antibody engineering has developed very intensively since the invention of the hybridoma technology in 1975, and it now can generate therapeutic agents with high specificity and reduced adverse effects. Indeed, antibodies have become one of the most innovative therapeutic agents in recent years, with some landing in the top 10 bestselling pharmaceutical drugs. New antibodies are being approved every year, in different formats and for treating various illnesses, including cancer, autoimmune inflammatory diseases, metabolic diseases and infectious diseases. In this review, I summarize current progress in innovative engineered antibodies. Overall, this progress has led to the approval by regulatory authorities of more than 100 antibody-based molecules, with many others at various stages of clinical development, indicating the high growth potential of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Yélamos
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Unidad Asociada IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.
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18
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Kenny SE, Antaw F, Locke WJ, Howard CB, Korbie D, Trau M. Next-Generation Molecular Discovery: From Bottom-Up In Vivo and In Vitro Approaches to In Silico Top-Down Approaches for Therapeutics Neogenesis. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030363. [PMID: 35330114 PMCID: PMC8950575 DOI: 10.3390/life12030363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein and drug engineering comprises a major part of the medical and research industries, and yet approaches to discovering and understanding therapeutic molecular interactions in biological systems rely on trial and error. The general approach to molecular discovery involves screening large libraries of compounds, proteins, or antibodies, or in vivo antibody generation, which could be considered “bottom-up” approaches to therapeutic discovery. In these bottom-up approaches, a minimal amount is known about the therapeutics at the start of the process, but through meticulous and exhaustive laboratory work, the molecule is characterised in detail. In contrast, the advent of “big data” and access to extensive online databases and machine learning technologies offers promising new avenues to understanding molecular interactions. Artificial intelligence (AI) now has the potential to predict protein structure at an unprecedented accuracy using only the genetic sequence. This predictive approach to characterising molecular structure—when accompanied by high-quality experimental data for model training—has the capacity to invert the process of molecular discovery and characterisation. The process has potential to be transformed into a top-down approach, where new molecules can be designed directly based on the structure of a target and the desired function, rather than performing screening of large libraries of molecular variants. This paper will provide a brief evaluation of bottom-up approaches to discovering and characterising biological molecules and will discuss recent advances towards developing top-down approaches and the prospects of this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E. Kenny
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner of College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.E.K.); (F.A.); (C.B.H.)
| | - Fiach Antaw
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner of College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.E.K.); (F.A.); (C.B.H.)
| | - Warwick J. Locke
- Molecular Diagnostic Solutions, Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Building 101, Clunies Ross Street, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Christopher B. Howard
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner of College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.E.K.); (F.A.); (C.B.H.)
| | - Darren Korbie
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner of College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.E.K.); (F.A.); (C.B.H.)
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Matt Trau
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner of College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.E.K.); (F.A.); (C.B.H.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (M.T.)
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19
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Pennington LF, Gasser P, Kleinboelting S, Zhang C, Skiniotis G, Eggel A, Jardetzky TS. Directed evolution of and structural insights into antibody-mediated disruption of a stable receptor-ligand complex. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7069. [PMID: 34862384 PMCID: PMC8642555 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27397-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody drugs exert therapeutic effects via a range of mechanisms, including competitive inhibition, allosteric modulation, and immune effector mechanisms. Facilitated dissociation is an additional mechanism where antibody-mediated “disruption” of stable high-affinity macromolecular complexes can potentially enhance therapeutic efficacy. However, this mechanism is not well understood or utilized therapeutically. Here, we investigate and engineer the weak disruptive activity of an existing therapeutic antibody, omalizumab, which targets IgE antibodies to block the allergic response. We develop a yeast display approach to select for and engineer antibody disruptive efficiency and generate potent omalizumab variants that dissociate receptor-bound IgE. We determine a low resolution cryo-EM structure of a transient disruption intermediate containing the IgE-Fc, its partially dissociated receptor and an antibody inhibitor. Our results provide a conceptual framework for engineering disruptive inhibitors for other targets, insights into the failure in clinical trials of the previous high affinity omalizumab HAE variant and anti-IgE antibodies that safely and rapidly disarm allergic effector cells. Facilitated dissociation is a mechanism where antibody-mediated disruption of high-affinity complexes can enhance the therapeutic effects of a drug. Here the authors present a yeast display approach to select and engineer omalizumab variants that dissociate receptor-bound IgE to accelerate its inhibition of the allergic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke F Pennington
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Progam in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy Research at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Pascal Gasser
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Silke Kleinboelting
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Chensong Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Georgios Skiniotis
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alexander Eggel
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Theodore S Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Progam in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy Research at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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20
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Blumenfeld A, Durham PL, Feoktistov A, Hay DL, Russo AF, Turner I. Hypervigilance, Allostatic Load, and Migraine Prevention: Antibodies to CGRP or Receptor. Neurol Ther 2021; 10:469-497. [PMID: 34076848 PMCID: PMC8571459 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-021-00250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Migraine involves brain hypersensitivity with episodic dysfunction triggered by behavioral or physiological stressors. During an acute migraine attack the trigeminal nerve is activated (peripheral sensitization). This leads to central sensitization with activation of the central pathways including the trigeminal nucleus caudalis, the trigemino-thalamic tract, and the thalamus. In episodic migraine the sensitization process ends with the individual act, but with chronic migraine central sensitization may continue interictally. Increased allostatic load, the consequence of chronic, repeated exposure to stressors, leads to central sensitization, lowering the threshold for future neuronal activation (hypervigilance). Ostensibly innocuous stressors are then sufficient to trigger an attack. Medications that reduce sensitization may help patients who are hypervigilant and help to balance allostatic load. Acute treatments and drugs for migraine prevention have traditionally been used to reduce attack duration and frequency. However, since many patients do not fully respond, an unmet treatment need remains. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a vasoactive neuropeptide involved in nociception and in the sensitization of peripheral and central neurons of the trigeminovascular system, which is implicated in migraine pathophysiology. Elevated CGRP levels are associated with dysregulated signaling in the trigeminovascular system, leading to maladaptive responses to behavioral or physiological stressors. CGRP may, therefore, play a key role in the underlying pathophysiology of migraine. Increased understanding of the role of CGRP in migraine led to the development of small-molecule antagonists (gepants) and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target either CGRP or the receptor (CGRP-R) to restore homeostasis, reducing the frequency, duration, and severity of attacks. In clinical trials, US Food and Drug Administration-approved anti-CGRP-R/CGRP mAbs were well tolerated and effective as preventive migraine treatments. Here, we explore the role of CGRP in migraine pathophysiology and the use of gepants or mAbs to suppress CGRP-R signaling via inhibition of the CGRP ligand or receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Blumenfeld
- The Headache Center of Southern California, The Neurology Center, Carlsbad, CA, USA.
| | - Paul L Durham
- Department of Biology, Center for Biomedical and Life Sciences, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | | | - Debbie L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andrew F Russo
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ira Turner
- Island Neurological Associates, Plainview, NY, USA
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21
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Exploring the Gamut of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases for Their Promise in the Management of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121776. [PMID: 34944593 PMCID: PMC8698495 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as a predominant health concern affecting approximately a quarter of the world’s population. NAFLD is a spectrum of liver ailments arising from nascent lipid accumulation and leading to inflammation, fibrosis or even carcinogenesis. Despite its prevalence and severity, no targeted pharmacological intervention is approved to date. Thus, it is imperative to identify suitable drug targets critical to the development and progression of NAFLD. In this quest, a ray of hope is nestled within a group of proteins, receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), as targets to contain or even reverse NAFLD. RTKs control numerous vital biological processes and their selective expression and activity in specific diseases have rendered them useful as drug targets. In this review, we discuss the recent advancements in characterizing the role of RTKs in NAFLD progression and qualify their suitability as pharmacological targets. Available data suggests inhibition of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, AXL, Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 4 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor, and activation of cellular mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor and Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 could pave the way for novel NAFLD therapeutics. Thus, it is important to characterize these RTKs for target validation and proof-of-concept through clinical trials.
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22
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Liu Y, Ran M, Sun Y, Fan Y, Wang J, Cao X, Lu D. A sandwich SERS immunoassay platform based on a single-layer Au-Ag nanobox array substrate for simultaneous detection of SCCA and survivin in serum of patients with cervical lesions. RSC Adv 2021; 11:36734-36747. [PMID: 35494344 PMCID: PMC9043334 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03082e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of tumor biomarkers in blood specimens is vital for patients with cervical lesions. Herein, an ultrasensitive surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) platform was proposed for simultaneous detection of cervical-lesion-related serum biomarkers. Raman reporter labeled Au-Ag nanoshells (Au-AgNSs) acted as SERS tags and an Au-Ag nanobox (Au-AgNB) array substrate prepared by the oil-water interface self-assembly method was used as a capture substrate. This single-layer Au-AgNB array substrate was proved to have exceptional uniformity by atomic force microscopy and SERS mapping. Numerous "hot spots" and specific adsorption surfaces offered by the Au-AgNB array substrate were confirmed by the finite difference time domain method, which could generate a SERS signal in electromagnetic enhancement. Binding of antigens between antibodies on Au-AgNSs and the Au-AgNB array substrate led to the formation of a sandwich-structure by the two metal nanostructures. Consequently, an ultralow detection limit of 6 pg mL-1 for squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) and 5 pg mL-1 for survivin in a wide linear logarithmic range of 10 pg mL-1 to 10 μg mL-1 was acquired. High selectivity and reproducibility with relative standard deviations of 7.701% and 6.943% were detected. Furthermore, the simultaneous detection of the two biomarkers in practical specimens was conducted, and the results were consistent with those of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This platform exhibited good robustness in the rapid and sensitive detection of SCCA and survivin, which could be a promising tool in early clinical diagnosis for different grades of cervical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University Yangzhou P. R. China .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University Yangzhou P. R. China.,The Yangzhou School of Clinial Medicine of Dalian Medical University Yangzhou P. R. China
| | - Menglin Ran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University Yangzhou P. R. China.,The Yangzhou School of Clinial Medicine of Dalian Medical University Yangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yue Sun
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University Yangzhou P. R. China .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University Yangzhou P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Noncoding RNA Research, Medical College, Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225001 China
| | - Yongxin Fan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University Yangzhou P. R. China .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University Yangzhou P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Noncoding RNA Research, Medical College, Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225001 China
| | - Jinghan Wang
- The Yangzhou School of Clinial Medicine of Dalian Medical University Yangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Cao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University Yangzhou P. R. China .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University Yangzhou P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Noncoding RNA Research, Medical College, Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225001 China
| | - Dan Lu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University Yangzhou P. R. China .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University Yangzhou P. R. China.,The Yangzhou School of Clinial Medicine of Dalian Medical University Yangzhou P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University Yangzhou P. R. China
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23
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Dang MN, Hoover EC, Scully MA, Sterin EH, Day ES. Antibody Nanocarriers for Cancer Management. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2021; 19:100295. [PMID: 34423177 PMCID: PMC8373047 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2021.100295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are extremely valuable tools in modern medicine due to their ability to target diseased cells through selective antigen binding and thereby regulate cellular signaling or inhibit cell-cell interactions with high specificity. However, the therapeutic utility of freely delivered antibodies is limited by high production costs, low efficacy, dose-limiting toxicities, and inability to cross the cellular membrane (which hinders antibodies against intracellular targets). To overcome these limitations, researchers have begun to develop nanocarriers that can improve antibodies' delivery efficiency, safety profile, and clinical potential. This review summarizes recent advances in the design and implementation of nanocarriers for extracellular or intracellular antibody delivery, emphasizing important design considerations, and points to future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan N. Dang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, United States
| | - Elise C. Hoover
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, United States
| | - Mackenzie A. Scully
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, United States
| | - Eric H. Sterin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, United States
| | - Emily S. Day
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, United States
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Newark, Delaware, 19713, United States
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24
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The evolution of commercial drug delivery technologies. Nat Biomed Eng 2021; 5:951-967. [PMID: 33795852 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-021-00698-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery technologies have enabled the development of many pharmaceutical products that improve patient health by enhancing the delivery of a therapeutic to its target site, minimizing off-target accumulation and facilitating patient compliance. As therapeutic modalities expanded beyond small molecules to include nucleic acids, peptides, proteins and antibodies, drug delivery technologies were adapted to address the challenges that emerged. In this Review Article, we discuss seminal approaches that led to the development of successful therapeutic products involving small molecules and macromolecules, identify three drug delivery paradigms that form the basis of contemporary drug delivery and discuss how they have aided the initial clinical successes of each class of therapeutic. We also outline how the paradigms will contribute to the delivery of live-cell therapies.
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25
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Katturajan R, S V, Rasool M, Evan Prince S. Molecular toxicity of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis treatment: A novel perspective and therapeutic implications. Toxicology 2021; 461:152909. [PMID: 34453959 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory systematic complication which is a chronic disorder that severely affects bones and joints and results in the quality of life impairment. Methotrexate (MTX), an FDA-approved drug has maintained the standard of care for treating patients affected with RA. The mechanism of MTX includes the inhibition of purine and pyrimidine synthesis, suppression of polyamine accumulation, promotion of adenosine release, adhesion of the inflammatory molecules, and controlling of cytokine cascade in RA. The recommended dose for RA patients is 5-25 mg of MTX per week, depending on the severity of the disease but MTX has proven to be cytotoxic with side effects affecting various tissues when treating RA patients even with low doses over a prolonged period of time. The mechanism of such toxicity is not entirely understood. This review strives to understand it by correlating the different pathways, including MTX in folate metabolism, Sirt1/Nrf2/γ-gcs, and γ-gcs/CaSR-TNF-α/NF-kB signaling. In addition to this, the importance of targeted therapy combination with MTX on RA treatment and combinations approved from the clinical trials are also briefly discussed. Overall, this review elucidates the various MTX molecular mechanisms and toxicity at the molecular level, the limitations, and the scope for future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumar Katturajan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vijayalakshmi S
- Department of English, School of Social Sciences and Languages, VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahabookhan Rasool
- Immunopathology Lab, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sabina Evan Prince
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Campuzano IDG, Sandoval W. Denaturing and Native Mass Spectrometric Analytics for Biotherapeutic Drug Discovery Research: Historical, Current, and Future Personal Perspectives. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1861-1885. [PMID: 33886297 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) plays a key role throughout all stages of drug development and is now as ubiquitous as other analytical techniques such as surface plasmon resonance, nuclear magnetic resonance, and supercritical fluid chromatography, among others. Herein, we aim to discuss the history of MS, both electrospray and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, specifically for the analysis of antibodies, evolving through to denaturing and native-MS analysis of newer biologic moieties such as antibody-drug conjugates, multispecific antibodies, and interfering nucleic acid-based therapies. We discuss challenging therapeutic target characterization such as membrane protein receptors. Importantly, we compare and contrast the MS and hyphenated analytical chromatographic methods used to characterize these therapeutic modalities and targets within biopharmaceutical research and highlight the importance of appropriate MS deconvolution software and its essential contribution to project progression. Finally, we describe emerging applications and MS technologies that are still predominantly within either a development or academic stage of use but are poised to have significant impact on future drug development within the biopharmaceutic industry once matured. The views reflected herein are personal and are not meant to be an exhaustive list of all relevant MS performed within biopharmaceutical research but are what we feel have been historically, are currently, and will be in the future the most impactful for the drug development process.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/analysis
- Automation, Laboratory
- Biopharmaceutics/methods
- Chromatography, Liquid
- Drug Discovery/methods
- Drug Industry/history
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/analysis
- Immunoconjugates/chemistry
- Protein Denaturation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Proteins/analysis
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/history
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/history
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain D G Campuzano
- Discovery Attribute Sciences, Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 92130, United States
| | - Wendy Sandoval
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Sun Y, Estevez A, Schlothauer T, Wecksler AT. Antigen physiochemical properties allosterically effect the IgG Fc-region and Fc neonatal receptor affinity. MAbs 2021; 12:1802135. [PMID: 32795110 PMCID: PMC7531492 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1802135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is a key membrane protein that plays an integral role in serum immunoglobulin (IgG) recycling, which extends the half-life of antibody. In addition, FcRn is known to traffic antigen-bound immunoglobulins (Ag-IgGs), and to interact with immune complexes to facilitate the antigen cross-presentation of peptides derived from the immune complexes in antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Studies on the IgG-FcRn molecular interactions have primarily focused on the Fc region, and only recently have shown the potential impact of the antigen-binding fragment physiochemical properties on FcRn binding. However, the effect of the antigen physiochemical properties on IgG structure as it relates to Ag-IgG-FcRn binding is not well understood. Here we used an IgG-peptide antigen complex as a model system to investigate the structural effects of the antigen's physiochemical properties on the IgG structure, and the subsequent effects of Ag-IgG-FcRn interactions. We used hydroxyl radical footprinting-mass spectrometry to investigate the structural impact on an IgG upon antigen binding, and observed that the physicochemical properties of the antigen differentially induce conformational changes in the IgG FcRn binding region. The extent of these structural changes directly correlates to the magnitude of the affinity differences between the Ag-IgG complexes and FcRn. Moreover, the antigen's physicochemical properties differentially induce structural differences within the Ag-IgG-FcRn ternary complex. We also provide electron microscopy data that shows corroborating Fab-FcRn interactions, and confirms the hypothesis of potential 2:1 FcRn:IgG binding stoichiometry. These data demonstrate antigen-induced Fc structural rearrangements affect both the affinity toward FcRn and the trimeric antigen-IgG-FcRn complex, providing novel molecular insights in the first steps toward understanding interactions of FcRn-containing large(r)-sized immune complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alberto Estevez
- Structural Biology, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tilman Schlothauer
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich , Penzberg, Germany.,Biological Technologies, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron T Wecksler
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Lee JE, Kang YW, Jung KH, Son MK, Shin SM, Kim JS, Kim SJ, Fang Z, Yan HH, Park JH, Yoon YC, Han B, Cheon MJ, Woo MG, Seo MS, Lim JH, Kim YS, Hong SS. Intracellular KRAS-specific antibody enhances the anti-tumor efficacy of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer by inducing endosomal escape. Cancer Lett 2021; 507:97-111. [PMID: 33744388 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
KRAS mutation is associated with the progression and growth of pancreatic cancer and contributes to chemo-resistance, which poses a significant clinical challenge in pancreatic cancer. Here, we developed a RT22-ep59 antibody (Ab) that directly targets the intracellularly activated GTP-bound form of oncogenic KRAS mutants after it is internalized into cytosol by endocytosis through tumor-associated receptor of extracellular epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and investigated its synergistic anticancer effects in the presence of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer. We first observed that RT22-ep59 specifically recognized tumor-associated EpCAM and reached the cytosol by endosomal escape. In addition, the anticancer effect of RT22-ep59 was observed in the high-EpCAM-expressing pancreatic cancer cells and gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cells, but it had little effect on the low-EpCAM-expressing pancreatic cancer cells. Additionally, co-treatment with RT22-ep59 and gemcitabine synergistically inhibited cell viability, migration, and invasion in 3D-cultures and exhibited synergistic anticancer activity by inhibiting the RAF/ERK or PI3K/AKT pathways in cells with high-EpCAM expression. In an orthotopic mouse model, combined administration of RT22-ep59 and gemcitabine significantly inhibited tumor growth. Furthermore, the co-treatment suppressed cancer metastasis by blocking EMT signaling in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrated that RT22-ep59 synergistically increased the antitumor activity of gemcitabine by inhibiting RAS signaling by specifically targeting KRAS. This indicates that co-treatment with RT22-ep59 and gemcitabine might be considered a potential therapeutic strategy for pancreatic cancer patients harboring KRAS mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, 3-ga, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon, 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Wool Kang
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, 3-ga, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon, 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Jung
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, 3-ga, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon, 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kwon Son
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, 3-ga, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon, 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Min Shin
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jung Kim
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, 3-ga, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon, 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhenghuan Fang
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, 3-ga, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon, 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Hua Yan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, 3-ga, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon, 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hee Park
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, 3-ga, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon, 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chan Yoon
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, 3-ga, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon, 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Boreum Han
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, 3-ga, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon, 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ji Cheon
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, 3-ga, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon, 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gyu Woo
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, 3-ga, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon, 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Sung Seo
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, 3-ga, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon, 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Han Lim
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, 3-ga, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon, 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sung Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soon-Sun Hong
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, 3-ga, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon, 400-712, Republic of Korea.
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Dyrka K, Witasik D, Czarnywojtek A, Łącka K. The influence of monoclonal antibodies for cancer
treatment on the endocrine system. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2021. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.8889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the main causes of mortality worldwide. Thanks to scientific research, new
methods of cancer treatment, including molecularly targeted therapy, are being developed.
Monoclonal antibodies are used to treat many diseases, including some types of cancer, and
affect various systems of the human body. The presented article aims to present the adverse
effects of molecularly targeted cancer therapy on the endocrine system based on the current
literature data. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 or its
ligand PD-L1, can cause a variety of autoimmune adverse effects, among others, thyroid dysfunction,
hypophysitis, and diabetes mellitus. The authors also paid attention to monitoring
selected diagnostic parameters to prevent endocrine adverse effects during a therapy with
monoclonal antibodies. The development of adverse effects may sometimes progress atypically
and rapidly, and may be a life-threatening condition. Clinicians should choose individual
schemes of treatment for particular patients. The patient’s condition should also be monitored
before, during and after the therapy. The decision about the continuation of treatment with
monoclonal antibodies should be based especially on a risk connected with the cessation of
treatment. Clinical trials should be continued to improve knowledge about the side effects of
monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Dyrka
- Student’s Scientific Group of Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Daria Witasik
- Student’s Scientific Group of Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agata Czarnywojtek
- Chair and Department of Pharmacology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Łącka
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Santos-Neto JF, Oliveira FO, Hodel KVS, Fonseca LMS, Badaró R, Machado BAS. Technological Advancements in Monoclonal Antibodies. ScientificWorldJournal 2021; 2021:6663708. [PMID: 33628140 PMCID: PMC7892242 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6663708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals are innovative solutions that have revolutionized the treatment of important chronic diseases and malignancies. The approval of biosimilar products has become a complex and balanced process, and there are versions of drugs with established biosimilarity that can offer a more accessible treatment option to patients. The objective of this work was to identify the advancement of these technologies by means of patent and article analysis based on technological and scientific prospection. In patent document recovery, Derwent Innovation Index (DWPI) and PatentInspiration databases were used. The research was based on the search of the selected terms in the title, summary, and claims of the documents through a search strategy containing IPC code and keywords. In articles recovery, the Web of Science tool was used in the search of scientific publications dated from the last 5 years. The search resulted in a total of 2295 individual patent documents and 467 families using DWPI database, 769 individual patents and 205 families using PatentInspiration, and 2602 articles using Web of Science database. Additionally, this work describes the number of organizations that contribute to this area, where they are, how much development they have undergone, and the inventors/authors involved. Based on the number of publications registered, there is an important prominence for scientific research in mAbs. In terms of innovation, it is expected that several therapeutic drugs are already under regulatory review, which will allow drugs to be approved over the next few years and will thus generate a continuous flow of new products based on immunotherapies, mAbs, and biosimilar drugs. These drugs have become essential weapons for the treatment of significant diseases, and the increasing trend in the number of related scientific and technological publications contributes to making these therapies available to the greatest number of people.
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Affiliation(s)
- José F. Santos-Neto
- University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, National Service of Industrial Learning–SENAI, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fabricia O. Oliveira
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Advanced Health Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, National Service of Industrial Learning–SENAI, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Katharine V. S. Hodel
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Advanced Health Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, National Service of Industrial Learning–SENAI, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Larissa M. S. Fonseca
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Advanced Health Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, National Service of Industrial Learning–SENAI, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Roberto Badaró
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Advanced Health Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, National Service of Industrial Learning–SENAI, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Bruna A. S. Machado
- University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, National Service of Industrial Learning–SENAI, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Advanced Health Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, National Service of Industrial Learning–SENAI, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Sivaccumar J, Sandomenico A, Vitagliano L, Ruvo M. Monoclonal Antibodies: A Prospective and Retrospective View. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:435-471. [PMID: 32072887 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200219142231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs) represent one of the most important classes of biotherapeutic agents. They are used to cure many diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, angiogenesis-related diseases and, more recently also haemophilia. They can be highly varied in terms of format, source, and specificity to improve efficacy and to obtain more targeted applications. This can be achieved by leaving substantially unchanged the basic structural components for paratope clustering. OBJECTIVES The objective was to trace the most relevant findings that have deserved prestigious awards over the years, to report the most important clinical applications and to emphasize their latest emerging therapeutic trends. RESULTS We report the most relevant milestones and new technologies adopted for antibody development. Recent efforts in generating new engineered antibody-based formats are briefly reviewed. The most important antibody-based molecules that are (or are going to be) used for pharmacological practice have been collected in useful tables. CONCLUSION The topics here discussed prove the undisputed role of mAbs as innovative biopharmaceuticals molecules and as vital components of targeted pharmacological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jwala Sivaccumar
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Annamaria Sandomenico
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Vitagliano
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Menotti Ruvo
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
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Gklinos P, Papadopoulou M, Stanulovic V, Mitsikostas DD, Papadopoulos D. Monoclonal Antibodies as Neurological Therapeutics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14020092. [PMID: 33530460 PMCID: PMC7912592 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last 30 years the role of monoclonal antibodies in therapeutics has increased enormously, revolutionizing treatment in most medical specialties, including neurology. Monoclonal antibodies are key therapeutic agents for several neurological conditions with diverse pathophysiological mechanisms, including multiple sclerosis, migraines and neuromuscular disease. In addition, a great number of monoclonal antibodies against several targets are being investigated for many more neurological diseases, which reflects our advances in understanding the pathogenesis of these diseases. Untangling the molecular mechanisms of disease allows monoclonal antibodies to block disease pathways accurately and efficiently with exceptional target specificity, minimizing non-specific effects. On the other hand, accumulating experience shows that monoclonal antibodies may carry class-specific and target-associated risks. This article provides an overview of different types of monoclonal antibodies and their characteristics and reviews monoclonal antibodies currently in use or under development for neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Gklinos
- Department of Neurology, KAT General Hospital of Attica, 14561 Athens, Greece;
| | - Miranta Papadopoulou
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Vid Stanulovic
- Global Pharmacovigilance, R&D Sanofi, 91385 Chilly-Mazarin, France;
| | - Dimos D. Mitsikostas
- 1st Neurology Department, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11521 Athens, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 129 Vasilissis Sophias Avenue, 11521 Athens, Greece
- Salpetriere Neuropsychiatric Clinic, 149 Papandreou Street, Metamorphosi, 14452 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
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Kaur H. Characterization of glycosylation in monoclonal antibodies and its importance in therapeutic antibody development. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:300-315. [PMID: 33430641 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1869684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the structurally diverse and complex forms of post translational modifications observed in proteins which influence the effector functions of IgG-Fc. Although the glycosylation constitutes 2-3% of the total mass of the IgG antibody, a thorough assessment of glycoform distribution present on the antibody is a critical quality attribute (cQA) for the majority of novel and biosimilar monoclonal antibody (mAb) development. This review paper will highlight the impact of different glycoforms such as galactose, fucose, high mannose, NANA (N-acetylneuraminic acid), and NGNA (N-glycoylneuraminic acid) on the safety/immunogeneicity, efficacy/biological activity and clearance (pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetic property (PD/PK)) of biological molecules. In addition, this paper will summarize routinely employed reliable analytical techniques such as hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and mass spectrometry (MS) for characterizing and monitoring glycosylation in monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The advantages and disadvantages of each of the methods are addressed. The scope of this review paper is limited to only N-linked and O-linked glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Kaur
- Analytical Sciences, Aurobindo Biologics, Hyderabad, India
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Zhang B, Vidanapathirana SM, Greineder CF. Site-Specific Modification of Single-Chain Affinity Ligands for Fluorescence Labeling, Radiolabeling, and Bioconjugation. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2355:163-173. [PMID: 34386959 PMCID: PMC9289842 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1617-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Single-chain protein affinity ligands are recombinant polypeptides that recreate the antigen-binding site of parental, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or present unique binding surfaces derived from display technologies, computational design, or other approaches. These diverse ligands have several advantages over full-length mAbs as agents for delivery of small molecule, protein, and nanoparticle cargoes to desired sites in the body. However, they present unique challenges for modification and bioconjugation. Fusion of a LPXTGG motif, or "sortag," and a 5-amino acid, flexible linker to the C-terminus of these affinity ligands enables high-efficiency transpeptidation by the bacterial enzyme, Sortase A, and site-specific addition of fluorophores, radiolabels, or functional groups for oriented and stoichiometrically controlled bioconjugation. We describe in detail this method and address several challenges and pitfalls in the purification and characterization of modified single-chain affinity ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boya Zhang
- Departments of Pharmacology and Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- BioInterfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sachith M Vidanapathirana
- Departments of Pharmacology and Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- BioInterfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Colin F Greineder
- Departments of Pharmacology and Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- BioInterfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Gao X, Wang W, Tesar D, Wei B, Eschelbach J, Kelley RF, Jiang G. An Approach to Bioactivity Assessment for Critical Quality Attribute Identification Based on Antibody-Antigen Complex Structure. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1652-1660. [PMID: 33383056 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Identification of critical quality attributes (CQAs) is an important step for development of biopharmaceuticals with intended performance. An accurate CQA assessment is needed to ensure product quality and focusing on development efforts where control is needed. The assignment of criticality is based on safety and efficacy. Efficacy is related to PK and bioactivity. Here, we developed a novel approach based on antibody-antigen complex structure and modeling as a complementary method for bioactivity assessment. To validate this approach, common product related quality attributes and mutagenesis data from several IgGs were assessed using available antibody-antigen complex structures, and results were compared with experimental data from bioactivity or binding affinity measurements. A stepwise evaluation scheme for structural based analysis is proposed; based on systematic assessment following the scheme, good correlation has been observed between structural analysis and experimental data. This demonstrates that such an approach can be applied as a complementary tool for bioactivity assessment. Main applications are 1) To decouple multiple attributes to achieve amino acid resolution for bioactivity assessment, 2) To assess bioactivity of attributes that cannot be experimentally generated, 3) To provide molecular mechanism for experimental observation and understand structure function relationship. Examples are provided to illustrate these applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Gao
- Analytical Development and Quality Control, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA.
| | - Weiru Wang
- Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Devin Tesar
- Drug Delivery, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Bingchuan Wei
- Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - John Eschelbach
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Guoying Jiang
- Analytical Development and Quality Control, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA.
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Monoclonal Antibody to CD14, TLR4, or CD11b: Impact of Epitope and Isotype Specificity on ROS Generation by Human Granulocytes and Monocytes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5708692. [PMID: 33294123 PMCID: PMC7700042 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5708692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs or endotoxins) from Gram-negative bacteria represent pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are recognized by CD14 and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Lipopolysaccharides prime polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) for substantial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during its response to secondary stimuli such as chemoattractants or pathogens. The excessive ROS production can damage surrounding host tissues, thereby amplifying the inflammatory reaction caused by pathogens. Today, specific antibodies against CD14, TLR4, and CD11b are being used as the essential tools to elucidate the role of these receptors in acute inflammation and some of these antibodies have advised as therapeutic agents for clinical use. Because each antibody has two antigen-binding arms [F(ab′)2] and one Fc arm, its effect on cellular response is much more complicated rather than simple blockage of target receptor. In fact, IgG antibody, once bound to target receptor, engages Fc receptors γ (FcγRs) and thereby is able to activate the adaptive immune system. The consequences of antibody-dependent binary heterotypic association of CD14, TLR4, or CD11b with FcγRs as well as homotypic one on ROS production are not well elucidated. Moreover, the consequences of antigenic recognition of CD14, TLR4, or CD11b by specific F(ab′)2 fragments are not always investigated. In this review, we will discuss known mechanisms underlying the therapeutic efficiency of CD14, TLR4, and CD11b/CD18 antibodies with a focus on LPS-dependent ROS or cytokine production by PMNs or monocytes. The impacts of F(ab′)2 as well as antibody IgG subclasses (isotypes) in therapeutic efficiency or agonistic potency of known antibodies against abovementioned receptors are presented. We also pay attention to how the efficiency of different IgG antibody subclasses is modulated during LPS-induced inflammation and by production of priming agents such as interferon γ (IFN-γ). Our review reinforces the molecular targets and therapeutic approaches to amelioration of harmful consequences of excessive activation of human pattern recognition receptors.
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Kukkar D, Kukkar P, Kumar V, Hong J, Kim KH, Deep A. Recent advances in nanoscale materials for antibody-based cancer theranostics. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 173:112787. [PMID: 33190049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The quest for advanced management tools or options of various cancers has been on the rise to efficiently reduce their risks of mortality without the demerits of conventional treatments (e.g., undesirable side effects of the medications on non-target tissues, non-targeted distribution, slow clearance of the administered drugs, and the development of drug resistance over the duration of therapy). In this context, nanomaterials-antibody conjugates can offer numerous advantages in the development of cancer theranostics over conventional delivery systems (e.g., highly specific and enhanced biodistribution of the drug in targeted tissues, prolonged systemic circulation, low toxicity, and minimally invasive molecular imaging). This review comprehensively discusses and evaluates recent advances in the application of nanomaterial-antibody bioconjugates for cancer theranostics for the further advancement in the control of diverse cancerous diseases. Further, discussion is expanded to cover the various challenges and limitations associated with the design and development of nanomaterial-antibody conjugates applicable towards better management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kukkar
- Department of Nanotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, 140406, India
| | - Preeti Kukkar
- Department of Chemistry, Mata Gujri College, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, 140406, India
| | - Vanish Kumar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Jongki Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Republic of Korea.
| | - Akash Deep
- Central Scientific Instruments Organization (CSIR-CSIO), Sector 30 C, Chandigarh, 160030, India.
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Odales J, Guzman Valle J, Martínez-Cortés F, Manoutcharian K. Immunogenic properties of immunoglobulin superfamily members within complex biological networks. Cell Immunol 2020; 358:104235. [PMID: 33137645 PMCID: PMC7548077 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-based therapies induce CDR-specific T and B cell responses. Idiotype-anti-idiotype network alters immune system memory compartment. Antigenized antibodies are efficient vaccine immunogen.
Antibodies, T cell receptors and major histocompatibility complex molecules are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily and have pivotal roles in the immune system. The fine interrelation between them regulates several immune functions. Here, we describe lesser-known functions ascribed to these molecules in generating and maintaining immune response. Particularly, we outline the contribution of antibody- and T cell receptor-derived complementarity-determining region neoantigens, antigenized antibodies, as well as major histocompatibility complex class I molecules-derived epitopes to the induction of protective/therapeutic immune responses against pathogens and cancer. We discuss findings of our own and other studies describing protective mechanisms, based on immunogenic properties of immunoglobulin superfamily members, and evaluate the perspectives of application of this class of immunogens in molecular vaccines design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Odales
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), AP 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, México, DF 04510, Mexico
| | - Jesus Guzman Valle
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), AP 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, México, DF 04510, Mexico
| | - Fernando Martínez-Cortés
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), AP 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, México, DF 04510, Mexico
| | - Karen Manoutcharian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), AP 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, México, DF 04510, Mexico.
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Guevara ML, Persano F, Persano S. Advances in Lipid Nanoparticles for mRNA-Based Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Chem 2020; 8:589959. [PMID: 33195094 PMCID: PMC7645050 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.589959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, messenger RNA (mRNA) has emerged as potent and flexible platform for the development of novel effective cancer immunotherapies. Advances in non-viral gene delivery technologies, especially the tremendous progress in lipid nanoparticles' manufacturing, have made possible the implementation of mRNA-based antitumor treatments. Several mRNA-based immunotherapies have demonstrated antitumor effect in preclinical and clinical studies, and marked successes have been achieved most notably by its implementation in therapeutic vaccines, cytokines therapies, checkpoint blockade and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cell therapy. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the development of lipid nanoparticles for mRNA-based immunotherapies and their applications in cancer treatment. Finally, we also highlight the variety of immunotherapeutic approaches through mRNA delivery and discuss the main factors affecting transfection efficiency and tropism of mRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Guevara
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Persano
- Department Matematica e Fisica 'Ennio De Giorgi', Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Stefano Persano
- Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genova, Italy
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Bakherad H, Farahmand M, Setayesh N, Ebrahim-Habibi A. Engineering an anti-granulocyte colony stimulating factor receptor nanobody for improved affinity. Life Sci 2020; 257:118052. [PMID: 32634431 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a cytokine that induces proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells and activation of mature neutrophils. G-CSF is overexpressed in several malignant tumors and blocking its binding to the receptor can lead to significant decrease in tumor growth, vascularization and metastasis. Furthermore, targeting G-CSF receptor has shown therapeutic benefit in other diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, progressive neurodegenerative disorder and uveitis. Camelid single-chain antibodies (nanobodies) have exceptional properties making them appropriate for tumor imaging and therapeutic application. In this study we aim to use the rational design approach to engineer a previously described G-CSF-R targeting nanobody (VHH1), to improve its affinity toward G-CSF-R. MAIN METHODS We redesigned the complementary determining region 3 (CDR3) domain of the VHH1 nanobody to mimic G-CSF interaction to its receptor and developed five new engineered nanobodies. Binding affinity of the engineered nanobodies was evaluated by ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) on NFS60 cells. KEY FINDINGS Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) confirmed the specificity of the engineered nanobodies and ELISA-based determination of affinity revealed that two of the engineered nanobodies (1c and 5a) bind to G-CSF-R on the surface of NFS60 cells in a dose-dependent manner and with a higher potency compared to the parental nanobody. SIGNIFICANCE Additional studies are required to better characterize these nanobodies and assess their interaction with G-CSF-R in vitro and in vivo. These newly developed nanobodies could be beneficial in tumor imaging and therapy and make a basis for development of additional engineered nanobodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Bakherad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Farahmand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Biotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Setayesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Biotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Ebrahim-Habibi
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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42
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Ademe M. Immunomodulation for the Treatment of Fungal Infections: Opportunities and Challenges. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:469. [PMID: 33042859 PMCID: PMC7522196 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Opportunistic fungal infections are major causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with single or multiple defects in their immunity. Antifungal agents targeting the pathogen remain the treatment of choice for fungal infections. However, antifungal agents are toxic to the host mainly due to the close evolutionary similarity of fungi and humans. Moreover, antifungal therapy is ineffective in patients with immunosuppression. For this reason, there is an increased demand to develop novel strategies to enhance immune function and augment the existing antifungal drugs. In recent times, targeting the immune system to improve impaired host immune responses becomes a reasonable approach to improve the effectiveness of antifungal drugs. In this regard, immunomodulating therapeutic agents that turn up the immune response in the fight against fungal infections hold promise for enhancing the efficacy and safety of conventional antifungal therapy. In general, immunomodulating therapies are safe with decreased risk of resistance and broad spectrum of activity. In this review, therefore, clinical evidences supporting the opportunities and challenges of immunomodulation therapies in the treatment of invasive fungal infections are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muluneh Ademe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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43
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Macpherson AM, Barry SC, Ricciardelli C, Oehler MK. Epithelial Ovarian Cancer and the Immune System: Biology, Interactions, Challenges and Potential Advances for Immunotherapy. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2967. [PMID: 32937961 PMCID: PMC7564553 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the understanding of immune function and the interactions with tumour cells have led to the development of various cancer immunotherapies and strategies for specific cancer types. However, despite some stunning successes with some malignancies such as melanomas and lung cancer, most patients receive little or no benefit from immunotherapy, which has been attributed to the tumour microenvironment and immune evasion. Although the US Food and Drug Administration have approved immunotherapies for some cancers, to date, only the anti-angiogenic antibody bevacizumab is approved for the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer. Immunotherapeutic strategies for ovarian cancer are still under development and being tested in numerous clinical trials. A detailed understanding of the interactions between cancer and the immune system is vital for optimisation of immunotherapies either alone or when combined with chemotherapy and other therapies. This article, in two main parts, provides an overview of: (1) components of the normal immune system and current knowledge regarding tumour immunology, biology and their interactions; (2) strategies, and targets, together with challenges and potential innovative approaches for cancer immunotherapy, with attention given to epithelial ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Macpherson
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (A.M.M.); (C.R.)
| | - Simon C. Barry
- Molecular Immunology, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia;
| | - Carmela Ricciardelli
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (A.M.M.); (C.R.)
| | - Martin K. Oehler
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (A.M.M.); (C.R.)
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide 5000, Australia
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Sun Y, Cai H, Hu Z, Boswell CA, Diao J, Li C, Zhang L, Shen A, Teske CA, Zhang B, Kamath AV, Jiang G. Balancing the Affinity and Pharmacokinetics of Antibodies by Modulating the Size of Charge Patches on Complementarity-Determining Regions. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3690-3696. [PMID: 32910947 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A localized positive charge on IgG (referred to as a "charge patch") shows an adverse effect on pharmacokinetics (PK), so it would seem to be best practice to avoid charge patches during the discovery stage and closely monitor charge interactions during the development process. In certain circumstances, however, charge patches are required for target binding, in which case completely removing charge patches is not feasible. Therefore, quantitative measurement of a charge patch and its impact on PK is critical to the success of therapeutic antibody development. In this article, we generated mutations of a recombinant human antibody (referred to as mAb1) with disrupted charge patches to investigate how charge patches on IgG antibodies impact both target-binding affinity and PK-related factors. We conclude that it is important to modulate the size of the charge patch in order to balance target-binding affinity and PK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Biological Technologies, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hao Cai
- DevSci PTPK, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Zhilan Hu
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - C Andrew Boswell
- DevSci PTPK, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jinpian Diao
- Purification Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Charlene Li
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Liangyi Zhang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Amy Shen
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Christopher A Teske
- Purification Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Boyan Zhang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Amrita V Kamath
- DevSci PTPK, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Guoying Jiang
- Biological Technologies, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Moffett S, Shiao TC, Mousavifar L, Mignani S, Roy R. Aberrant glycosylation patterns on cancer cells: Therapeutic opportunities for glycodendrimers/metallodendrimers oncology. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 13:e1659. [PMID: 32776710 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite exciting discoveries and progresses in drug design against cancer, its cure is still rather elusive and remains one of the humanities major challenges in health care. The safety profiles of common small molecule anti-cancer therapeutics are less than at acceptable levels and limiting deleterious side-effects have to be urgently addressed. This is mainly caused by their incapacity to differentiate healthy cells from cancer cells; hence, the use of high dosage becomes necessary. One possible solution to improve the therapeutic windows of anti-cancer agents undoubtedly resides in modern nanotechnology. This review presents a discussion concerning multivalent carbohydrate-protein interactions as this topic pertains to the fundamental aspects that lead glycoscientists to tackle glyconanoparticles. The second section describes the detailed properties of cancer cells and how their aberrant glycan surfaces differ from those of healthy cells. The third section briefly describes the immune systems, both innate and adaptative, because the numerous displays of cell surface protein receptors necessitate to be addressed from the multivalent angles, a strength full characteristic of nanoparticles. The next chapter presents recent advances in glyconanotechnologies, including glycodendrimers in particular, as they apply to glycobiology and carbohydrate-based cancer vaccines. This was followed by an overview of metallodendrimers and how this rapidly evolving field may contribute to our arsenal of therapeutic tools to fight cancer. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - René Roy
- Glycovax Pharma Inc, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Kunushpayeva Z, Rapikov A, Akhmetova A, Sultangaziyev A, Dossym D, Bukasov R. Sandwich SERS immunoassay of human immunoglobulin on silicon wafer compared to traditional SERS substrate, gold film. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2020.100355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Fujii E, Funahashi S, Taniguchi K, Kawai S, Nakano K, Kato A, Suzuki M. Tissue-specific effects of an anti-desmoglein-3 ADCC antibody due to expression of the target antigen and physiological characteristics of the mouse vagina. J Toxicol Pathol 2020; 33:67-76. [PMID: 32425339 PMCID: PMC7218237 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2019-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmoglein-3 (DSG3) is a potential target of cytotoxic antibody therapy for squamous cell carcinomas but is also expressed in various normal squamous epithelia. We obtained information about DSG3 distribution in mouse tissues by immunohistochemistry and conducted an intravenous multiple-dose study in mouse to estimate the toxic potential of anti-DSG3 therapy. DSG3 was expressed in the squamous epithelium of several organs including the skin, esophagus, tongue, forestomach, eye, and vagina. It was expressed at all estrous cycles of the vagina with changes in distribution patterns along with the structural changes in each cycle, and expression was reduced in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. On the administration of the antibody, there was disarrangement of the vaginal mucosal epithelium with formation of miroabscess, increased granulocyte infiltration, and single cell necrosis. Despite similar expression levels of DSG3 in other tissues, histopathological changes were limited to the vagina. The severity of the changes was reduced by ovariectomy. From these findings, the lesions were thought to be related to the drastic change in the histological structure of the vaginal mucosa accompanying the estrous cycle. Thus, we have shown that the changing expression of target antigen distribution and its relationship with physiological changes in tissue structure are important features for estimating the toxic potential of cytotoxic antibody therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Fujii
- Forerunner Pharma Research Co., Ltd., Komaba Open Laboratory, The University of Tokyo, 6-1 Komaba 4, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan.,Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Shinichi Funahashi
- Forerunner Pharma Research Co., Ltd., Komaba Open Laboratory, The University of Tokyo, 6-1 Komaba 4, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Kenji Taniguchi
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Shigeto Kawai
- Forerunner Pharma Research Co., Ltd., Komaba Open Laboratory, The University of Tokyo, 6-1 Komaba 4, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nakano
- Forerunner Pharma Research Co., Ltd., Komaba Open Laboratory, The University of Tokyo, 6-1 Komaba 4, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Kato
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Masami Suzuki
- Forerunner Pharma Research Co., Ltd., Komaba Open Laboratory, The University of Tokyo, 6-1 Komaba 4, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan.,Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
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Generating therapeutic monoclonal antibodies to complex multi-spanning membrane targets: Overcoming the antigen challenge and enabling discovery strategies. Methods 2020; 180:111-126. [PMID: 32422249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex integral membrane proteins, which are embedded in the cell surface lipid bilayer by multiple transmembrane spanning helices, encompass families of proteins which are important target classes for drug discovery. These protein families include G protein-coupled receptors, ion channels and transporters. Although these proteins have typically been targeted by small molecule drugs and peptides, the high specificity of monoclonal antibodies offers a significant opportunity to selectively modulate these target proteins. However, it remains the case that isolation of antibodies with desired pharmacological function(s) has proven difficult due to technical challenges in preparing membrane protein antigens suitable to support antibody drug discovery. In this review recent progress in defining strategies for generation of membrane protein antigens is outlined. We also highlight antibody isolation strategies which have generated antibodies which bind the membrane protein and modulate the protein function.
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Poreba M. Protease-activated prodrugs: strategies, challenges, and future directions. FEBS J 2020; 287:1936-1969. [PMID: 31991521 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteases play critical roles in virtually all biological processes, including proliferation, cell death and survival, protein turnover, and migration. However, when dysregulated, these enzymes contribute to the progression of multiple diseases, with cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, inflammation, and blood disorders being the most prominent examples. For a long time, disease-associated proteases have been used for the activation of various prodrugs due to their well-characterized catalytic activity and ability to selectively cleave only those substrates that strictly correspond with their active site architecture. To date, versatile peptide sequences that are cleaved by proteases in a site-specific manner have been utilized as bioactive linkers for the targeted delivery of multiple types of cargo, including fluorescent dyes, photosensitizers, cytotoxic drugs, antibiotics, and pro-antibodies. This platform is highly adaptive, as multiple protease-labile conjugates have already been developed, some of which are currently in clinical use for cancer treatment. In this review, recent advancements in the development of novel protease-cleavable linkers for selective drug delivery are described. Moreover, the current limitations regarding the selectivity of linkers are discussed, and the future perspectives that rely on the application of unnatural amino acids for the development of highly selective peptide linkers are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Poreba
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
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50
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Barrott L, Foreman E. Staff sensitisation to therapeutic monoclonal antibodies resulting from workplace exposure: A case report. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2020; 26:1282-1284. [PMID: 32050851 DOI: 10.1177/1078155220901750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies were introduced to clinical practice in 1980s and play a vital role in a variety of diseases and clinical interventions including cancer, inflammatory disease, and ophthalmologic disease. There is a lack of substantial research or evidence on the effect of occupational exposure on staff, leading many staff to have significant concerns about what is a safe level of exposure, especially given their increasing availability and use. This report describes a case in which a nurse became sensitised to monoclonal antibodies as a result of preparing and administering them in a clinical area, and the subsequent actions taken in response to the incident to reduce the risk to staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Barrott
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Emma Foreman
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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