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Massányi M, Halo M, Mlyneková E, Kováčiková E, Tokárová K, Greń A, Massányi P, Halo M. The effect of training load stress on salivary cortisol concentrations, health parameters and hematological parameters in horses. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19037. [PMID: 37636408 PMCID: PMC10457446 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The performance of sport horses is conditioned not only by the quality of its gene pool, but also by a large number of external factors. The most dominant being nutrition, quality of breeding, level of zootechnical care and the quality of the sports rider and coach. Important factor is the process of individuals' adaptation to the training load occurring during the training itself. This study was focused on the analysis of salivary cortisol levels as well as hematological and biochemical blood parameters in relation to load to which the tested horses were subjected. In the study 14 horses of sport breeds were analyzed a all tested horses were in the same (medium) level of training load. Tested horses underwent following stages of workload - transportation, jumping training, parkour competition, treadmill training, riding training, shoeing and lunging of various intensity. Saliva samples were obtained using a tampon on a string which was inserted into horse's oral cavity, chewed by the horse and placed in a sterile tube with a closable lid. Afterwards, the samples were then stored in deep-freezing boxes at temperature of -80 °C. The EIA cortisol kit was used in this study. The absorbance was read at the wavelength of 450 nm against a reference wavelength of 620-630 nm or a blank sample. Blood samples were obtained at the beginning of the experiment, after half a year of running the experiment and at the end of the experiment from v. jugularis. Hematological analysis were carried out using automatic hematologic analyser and multiple parameters were observed. Analysis of biochemical parameters in blood serum were realized using commercial DiaSys kits and semiautomatic biochemical spectrophotometer. Sodium, potassium and chlorides were measured using automatic analyzer EasyLytePlus. In all monitored forms of exercise (transportation, jumping training, parkour competition, treadmill training, riding training, horse shoeing, lunging), an increase in cortisol concentrations immediately after the exercise was recorded, but only spotted statistically significant differences were found during the transportation of monitored horses. The levels of blood parameters were within the reference range during the experiment period. From a comprehensive evaluation of the results, it can be stated that there were no visible health changes to the horses that underwent the experimental load and that manipulation with horses is an important factor that has effect on horses' stress response. In general, the results of this study show no visible impact of training and/or load on the health status of horses over entire 12-month duration of the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Massányi
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Marko Halo
- Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Eva Mlyneková
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Eva Kováčiková
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Katarína Tokárová
- Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Agnieszka Greń
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Cracow, Poland
| | - Peter Massányi
- Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Cracow, Poland
| | - Marko Halo
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic
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Aragona F, Arfuso F, Fazio F, De Caro S, Giudice E, Monteverde V, Piccione G, Giannetto C. Circadian Variation of Peripheral Blood Cells in Horses Maintained in Different Environmental and Management Conditions. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1865. [PMID: 37889772 PMCID: PMC10251899 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to analyze circadian rhythm of the hematological profile of horses housed in a loose box and paddock during the different seasons (spring, summer, autumn, and winter). Blood samples were performed every 4 h for 48 consecutive hours. Red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), white blood cells (WBCs), platelets (PLTs), and leukocyte subpopulations (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes) were analyzed, and, at the same time, environmental conditions were recorded. A statistically significant effect of housing conditions (p < 0.0001) was observed on all hematological values except for WBC during winter and for neutrophils (p < 0.0001) during spring and autumn. A statistically significant effect of season (p < 0.0001) was found for RBC, HCT, and PLT and for all leukocyte cells (p < 0.0001) except for basophils. The single Cosinor method revealed a daily rhythm of hematological parameters during spring in both groups, and a daily rhythm for lymphocytes and neutrophils was observed during spring and summer in horses kept in a loose box and during winter in horses housed in a paddock. Our results revealed that the response of the immune system is regulated by circadian physiology. Knowledge of the periodic temporal structure of mammals should be considered when evaluating animals' adaptation to temporizations imposed by the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Aragona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.A.); (F.A.); (F.F.); (E.G.); (G.P.)
| | - Francesca Arfuso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.A.); (F.A.); (F.F.); (E.G.); (G.P.)
| | - Francesco Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.A.); (F.A.); (F.F.); (E.G.); (G.P.)
| | - Salvatore De Caro
- Department of Engineering, University of Messina, C/Da Di Dio (S. Agata), 98166 Messina, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Giudice
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.A.); (F.A.); (F.F.); (E.G.); (G.P.)
| | | | - Giuseppe Piccione
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.A.); (F.A.); (F.F.); (E.G.); (G.P.)
| | - Claudia Giannetto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.A.); (F.A.); (F.F.); (E.G.); (G.P.)
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Hematological and Biochemical Responses of Donkeys (Equus asinus) to Packing and Trekking During the Hot-Dry Season. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 122:104203. [PMID: 36586520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate effects of packing (load-carrying) and trekking on hematological and biochemical parameters in donkeys during the hot-dry season. Ten pack donkeys, aged 2-3 years, weighing 93 ± 2.7 kg were enrolled in the study and randomly divided into two groups of five animals each. Group 1 donkeys were subjected to packing + trekking while group 2 trekked only. All the donkeys trekked 20 km thrice, 1-day apart. Blood was collected before and after packing or trekking for hematological evaluation; and serum analyzed for electrolyte concentrations, and aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities. Temperature-humidity index pre and postpacking was 70.00 ± 0.1 and 79.67 ± 0.3, respectively. The packed cell volume (30.93 ± 1.1%) was higher (P < .05) before packing than postpacking value (27.83 ± 0.7%) in group 1 donkeys. Hemoglobin concentration (9.01 ± 0.3 g/dL) decreased (P < .05) after trekking (7.81 ± 0.1 g/dL) in group 2 donkeys. Neutrophil count increased (P < .05) in group 1 donkeys after packing (from 8.63 ± 0.9 × 109/L to 10.59 ± 1.2 × 109/L). Lymphocyte count (8.58 ± 0.8 × 109/L) decreased (P < .05), compared to postpacking (5.23 ± 0.5 × 109/L) in group 1 donkeys. Postpacking neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in group 1 donkeys (2.33 ± 0.4) was higher (P < .05) than in group 2 donkeys (1.31 ± 0.3). Electrolyte concentrations and enzyme activities did not change significantly. In conclusion, packing + trekking was more stressful to the donkeys than trekking only, evidenced by postpacking increased neutrophil count, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and phosphate ion concentration, but decreased lymphocyte count. If this stress is not mitigated, the performance of pack donkeys during hot-dry season may not be optimum.
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Ake AS, Ayo JO, Aluwong T, Mohammed A. Effects of melatonin on hematologic and biochemical changes, and the effects on circadian rhythm on hematologic changes in donkeys (Equus asinus) subjected to packing during the hot-dry season. Vet Clin Pathol 2023. [PMID: 36781397 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melatonin is a hormone with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and may alleviate the effects of stress on hematologic and biochemical analytes in working donkeys that pack (load-carry). OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the effects of melatonin administration on hematologic and biochemical responses in donkeys subjected to packing during the hot-dry season. We also examined its effects on circadian rhythms. METHODS Ten male Nubian pack donkeys with (Packing + Melatonin; P + M) and without melatonin (Packing-Melatonin; P-M) administration were included. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after (15 min), and from 16 h to over 27-h postpacking at 3-h intervals for hematologic and total protein analyses. Serum from blood samples collected before and immediately after packing was analyzed for muscle enzyme activities and electrolyte concentrations. Student's t-test, one-way ANOVA, and online cosinor analysis were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS Packed cell volumes (PCVs) of the P + M donkeys did not differ before and after packing. However, for the P-M donkeys, values before packing (30.20 ± 0.8%) were higher than those (26.87 ± 0.5%) after packing. The hematologic values recorded in the P + M donkeys were higher than those in the P-M donkeys, especially during the scotophase (P ˂ 0.05). The mesor PCV, hemoglobin (Hb), and red blood cell (RBC) values for the P + M donkeys were significantly (P ˂ 0.05) higher than those in the P-M donkeys. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was not different before (289.40 ± 60.8 U/L) or after packing (323.20 ± 36.0 U/L) in P + M donkeys, but the activity was significantly (P ˂ 0.05) higher postpacking than prepacking in the P-M donkeys (294.20 ± 66.9 U/L and 513.40 ± 68.5 U/L, respectively). The relationships between the meteorologic parameters and PCV, Hb, and RBC concentrations in the P + M donkeys were significantly negative (P ˂ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Melatonin prevented a decrease in PCV and increase in LDH activity immediately after packing compared with non-treated donkeys. There was a marked effect during the scotophase on PCV, Hb, and RBC concentrations. The circadian parameters indicated a significant effect of melatonin on the rhythmicity of the PCV, Hb, and RBC concentration in the treated donkeys. Melatonin administration may reduce the risk of adverse effects of environmental stress and stress due to packing in donkeys during the hot-dry season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodele Stephen Ake
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Joseph Olusegun Ayo
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Tagang Aluwong
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Aliyu Mohammed
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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Kutara K, Ono T, Hisaeda K, Inoue Y, Henmi C, Sho K, Ohnishi A, Ohzawa E, Une Y, Iwata E, Shibano K, Asanuma T, Kitagawa H. An anatomical study of the skull, the dorsal and ventral nasal conchal bullae and paranasal sinuses in normal Noma horses: Computed tomographic anatomical and morphometric findings. Anat Histol Embryol 2022; 51:624-632. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kutara
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Tetsushi Ono
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Keiichi Hisaeda
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Yoichi Inoue
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Chizuka Henmi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Kadekaru Sho
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Akihiro Ohnishi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Emi Ohzawa
- Noma Horse Preservation Society 8 Noma Imabari Japan
| | - Yumi Une
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Eri Iwata
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Kenichi Shibano
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Taketoshi Asanuma
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kitagawa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
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Inoue Y, Ono T, Hisaeda K, Yamada Y, Hata A, Shimokawa T, Miyama, Shibano K, Ohzawa E, Kitagawa H, Iwata E. Relationships between the age and blood test results or body sizes in Noma horses. J Equine Sci 2022; 33:27-30. [PMID: 35847483 PMCID: PMC9260032 DOI: 10.1294/jes.33.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to analyze the relationships between the age and blood
test results or body sizes in Noma horses by using the results of periodical health
examination. Out of 45 hematological or physical items examined, statistically
significant, but loose correlations were observed in 14 items. Red blood cell count,
activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and creatinine kinase,
concentrations of calcium and inorganic phosphorus decreased with aging. Conversely, mean
corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, lipase activity, γ-globulin and chloride
concentrations, body height, chest circumference and cannon bone circumference increased
with aging. The changes in a few items seemed unique to Noma horse. However, most
age-related changes found in this study might be considered as a common trend in horse
breeds rather than distinctive characteristic in Noma horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Inoue
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Ono
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Keiichi Hisaeda
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yamada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Akihisa Hata
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Takako Shimokawa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Miyama
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Shibano
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Emi Ohzawa
- Noma Horse Preservation Society, Ehime 794-0082, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kitagawa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Eri Iwata
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
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