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Barnhart WR, Cui S, Xu Y, Cui T, Tan C, Zhao Y, Yin J, He J. Self-objectification in Chinese pregnant women: The mixed role of functionality appreciation. Body Image 2024; 49:101698. [PMID: 38489965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Extensions of objectification theory to pregnant women are few and continued research is needed to better understand the psychological consequences of significant changes to physical appearance during pregnancy. Specific interests in this area include functionality appreciation which may be particularly relevant to pregnancy. Research in this area is also lacking representation of non-Western cultural contexts. To this end, we employed an online survey to assess objectification theory and functionality appreciation in Chinese pregnant women (N = 345). Correlations showed that higher body surveillance and body shame were associated with higher disordered eating and psychological distress, and higher functionality appreciation was associated with lower body surveillance, body shame, and disordered eating. Mediation analyses suggested that higher body surveillance was associated with higher body shame which, in turn, was associated with higher disordered eating and psychological distress. Main effects suggested a negative association between functionality appreciation and body shame, but moderation analyses suggested that higher functionality appreciation strengthened the positive association between body surveillance and body shame. Findings underscore objectification theory as a useful framework to understand eating and body image disturbances and psychological distress in Chinese pregnant women and outline future directions to clarify the temporal nature of these associations and the precise role of functionality appreciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley R Barnhart
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Shuqi Cui
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinuo Xu
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianxiang Cui
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Chuyi Tan
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yumeng Zhao
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Junyu Yin
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinbo He
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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Sadore AA, Kebede Y, Birhanu Z. Pregnancy Risk Perception, Knowledge of Obstetric Danger Signs and Attitude Towards Skilled Delivery Service Utilization Among Pregnant Mothers in a Rural Setting in South Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Womens Health 2023; 15:1845-1856. [PMID: 38046268 PMCID: PMC10691428 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s432447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Poor pregnancy risk perception, ignorance of obstetric risk symptoms, and attitudes toward institutional delivery services are factors that prevent pregnant women from choosing to receive emergency obstetric treatment. Objective To assess pregnancy risk perception, attitude towards skilled delivery service, and knowledge of obstetric danger signs and associated factors among pregnant mothers. Methods A cross-sectional community-based study design was used. The 668 pregnant women who participated in this study were chosen using a multi-stage sampling methodology. Data were gathered using a pretested questionnaire that was presented by an interviewer. To find independent factors, logistic regression analysis was used. With a p-value of less than 0.05, which denotes statistical significance, a corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated. Results Pregnancy risk perception was shown to have a lower mean score (23) overall. Only 40.9% of the study participants had high pregnancy risk perception. Over 50% (337) of respondents had a positive attitude towards skilled delivery service utilization. In all categories of obstetric danger signs, only 153 respondents (or 22.9%) knew what the obstetric danger signs were. Maternal age (AOR = 1.966, CI: 1.185-3.261), maternal education (AOR = 1.965, 1.002-3.854), and parity (AOR = 0.534, CI: 0.305-0.933) were factors affecting knowledge of obstetric danger signs. Pregnancy risk Perception (AOR = 14.7, CI: 9.849-22.235) and parity (AOR = 2.27, CI: 1.381-3.733) were significantly associated with attitudes on the use of skilled delivery services. Conclusion This study found that pregnant women in rural locations had poor levels of knowledge of obstetric danger sign, attitude toward using skilled delivery services, and perception of pregnancy risk. The knowledge of obstetric danger indicators among pregnant women was considerably affected by the mother's age, education, and parity. The perception of pregnancy risk and parity were found to be substantially associated with attitudes towards skilled delivery services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinet Arega Sadore
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behaviour and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdie Birhanu
- Department of Health, Behaviour and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Ralston ER, Smith P, Clark K, Wiles K, Chilcot J, Bramham K. Exploring biopsychosocial correlates of pregnancy risk and pregnancy intention in women with chronic kidney disease. J Nephrol 2023; 36:1361-1372. [PMID: 36971978 PMCID: PMC10041500 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-023-01610-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Women with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) are at increased risk of adverse pregnancy and renal outcomes. It is unknown how women with CKD understand their pregnancy risk. This nine-centre, cross-sectional study aimed to explore how women with CKD perceive their pregnancy risk and its impact on pregnancy intention, and identify associations between biopsychosocial factors and perception of pregnancy risk and intention. METHODS Women with CKD in the UK completed an online survey measuring their pregnancy preferences; perceived CKD severity; perception of pregnancy risk; pregnancy intention; distress; social support; illness perceptions and quality of life. Clinical data were extracted from local databases. Multivariable regression analyses were performed. Trial registration: NCT04370769. RESULTS Three hundred fifteen women participated, with a median estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 64 ml/min/1.73m2 (IQR 56). Pregnancy was important or very important in 234 (74%) women. Only 108 (34%) had attended pre-pregnancy counselling. After adjustment, there was no association between clinical characteristics and women's perceived pregnancy risk nor pregnancy intention. Women's perceived severity of their CKD and attending pre-pregnancy counselling were independent predictors of perceived pregnancy risk. Importance of pregnancy was an independent predictor of pregnancy intention but there was no correlation between perceived pregnancy risk and pregnancy intention (r = - 0.002, 95% CI - 0.12 to 0.11). DISCUSSION Known clinical predictors of pregnancy risk for women with CKD were not associated with women's perceived pregnancy risk nor pregnancy intention. Importance of pregnancy in women with CKD is high, and influences pregnancy intention, whereas perception of pregnancy risk does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Ralston
- Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, 5th Floor Addison House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Priscilla Smith
- Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, 5th Floor Addison House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Katherine Clark
- Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, 5th Floor Addison House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Kate Wiles
- Department of Obstetric Medicine, Bart's and the London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Joseph Chilcot
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kate Bramham
- Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, 5th Floor Addison House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- Department of Renal Medicine, School of Inflammation, Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London, UK
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Knowledge and Perception of Risk in Pregnancy and Childbirth among Women in Low-Income Communities in Accra. WOMEN 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/women2040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception and knowledge of risk factors for pregnancy influence health behaviors during pregnancy and childbirth. We used a descriptive qualitative study to examine the perception and knowledge of risk factors in pregnancy and childbirth in low-income urban women in Ghana. Over the course of three-months, 12 focus group discussions and six individual interviews were conducted with 90 participants selected from six communities in the study area. Data were analyzed using inductive-thematic content analysis. Findings revealed that participants had knowledge of some risk factors, although some had superstitious beliefs. Participants viewed pregnancy as an exciting and unique experience, but also challenging, with a host of medical and psychological risks. Pre-existing medical conditions (e.g., diabetes), lack of physical activity, poverty, poor nutrition, and lack of social support were identified as conditions that could lead to negative pregnancy outcomes. Superstitious beliefs such as exposure to “evil eye” during pregnancy, as well as curses and spells, were also identified as risk factors for pregnancy complications. This research has implications for policies and programs to improve pregnancy outcomes for low-income women in Ghana. Thus, we recommend social and economic support programs as well as health education to change misperceptions about pregnancy risk and to support other efforts being made to improve maternal health outcomes.
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Dallak FH, Gosadi IM, Haidar WN, Durayb AA, Alomaish AR, Alshamakhi AH, Khormi RM, Almudeer AH, Alibrahim MA. Prevalence of adverse birth outcomes and associated factors in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31119. [PMID: 36254006 PMCID: PMC9575805 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to measure the prevalence of adverse birth outcomes and associated factors among mothers from the Jazan region in Saudi, Arabia. This was a cross-sectional investigation where data was collected via a semi-structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was completed during interviews to assess data regarding the participants' demographics, morbidity, the reported adverse birth outcomes, and maternal complications during pregnancy. Chi-squared and Fisher's Exact tests were both used to compare the distribution of demographic and obstetric risk factors according to the historical presence of adverse birth outcomes. A total of 1315 women with a combined history of 4950 pregnancies were involved in the current investigation. The mean age of the participants was 33.1 years. The total number of adverse birth outcomes was 1009. The most frequently reported adverse birth outcome was miscarriage (12.1%), followed by premature birth (2.3%) and underweight birth (1.9%). Reports of a minimum of 1 adverse birth outcome were higher among women who reported family incomes of more than 10,000 Saudi Arabian Riyal (SAR), women who were first-degree cousins of their husbands, and women with less than a secondary level education (P values <.05). This study found a relatively high prevalence of miscarriage. Further investigations are needed to assess factors associated with this high frequency level of miscarriage. Furthermore, these findings have preventive and clinical implications concerning pregnant women with a history of obesity, anemia, consanguinity, and hypertension. The goal is to target them with a better range of antenatal care services to reduce the incidence of potential adverse birth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ibrahim M. Gosadi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- * Correspondence: Ibrahim M Gosadi, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, 2349, Jazan 82621, Saudi Arabia (e-mail: )
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ali H. Almudeer
- Neonatology Department, King Fahd Central Hospital, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed A. Alibrahim
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, King Fahd Central Hospital, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Rajbanshi S, Norhayati MN, Nik Hazlina NH. Risk perceptions among high-risk pregnant women in Nepal: a qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021; 21:539. [PMID: 34348703 PMCID: PMC8340362 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-04018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A woman's perception of risk affects her decisions about seeking obstetric care and following prescribed regimens of care. This study explored the perceptions of high-risk pregnancy among women with high-risk factors. METHODS A qualitative study was conducted in the Morang district, Nepal. A phenomenological approach was used. In-depth interviews were conducted with 14 participants. Postpartum women with one risk factor for high-risk pregnancy who non-adhere to referral hospital birth were selected purposively. Thematic analysis was done to generate themes and categories. FINDINGS Two main themes emerged in this study: (i) knowledge and understanding of risk and (ii) normalizing and non-acceptance of risk. The participants had inadequate knowledge of risk in pregnancy and childbirth. Their information source was their personal experiences of risk, witnessing their close relatives, and community incidents. The participants perceived pregnancy as a normal event and did not consider themselves as at risk. They tended to deny risk and perceived that everything was fine with their pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study provide a glimpse into how women perceived risk and the reasons that lead them to deny the risks and gave home birth. In the presence of risk factors in pregnancy, some women were not convinced that they were at risk. An antenatal check-up should be utilized as a platform to educate women, explore their intentions, and encourage safer births.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Rajbanshi
- Women's Health Development Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Noor Norhayati
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Nik Hussain Nik Hazlina
- Women's Health Development Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Ralston ER, Smith P, Chilcot J, Silverio SA, Bramham K. Perceptions of risk in pregnancy with chronic disease: A systematic review and thematic synthesis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254956. [PMID: 34280227 PMCID: PMC8289065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women with chronic disease are at increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Pregnancies which pose higher risk, often require increased medical supervision and intervention. How women perceive their pregnancy risk and its impact on health behaviour is poorly understood. The aim of this systematic review of qualitative literature is to evaluate risk perceptions of pregnancy in women with chronic disease. METHODS Eleven electronic databases including grey literature were systematically searched for qualitative studies published in English which reported on pregnancy, risk perception and chronic disease. Full texts were reviewed by two researchers, independently. Quality was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Qualitative checklist and data were synthesised using a thematic synthesis approach. The analysis used all text under the findings or results section from each included paper as data. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO. RESULTS Eight studies were included in the review. Three themes with sub-themes were constructed from the analysis including: Information Synthesis (Sub-themes: Risk to Self and Risk to Baby), Psychosocial Factors (Sub-themes: Emotional Response, Self-efficacy, Healthcare Relationship), and Impact on Behaviour (Sub-themes: Perceived Risk and Objective Risk). Themes fitted within an overarching concept of Balancing Act. The themes together inter-relate to understand how women with chronic disease perceive their risk in pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Women's pregnancy-related behaviour and engagement with healthcare services appear to be influenced by their perception of pregnancy risk. Women with chronic disease have risk perceptions which are highly individualised. Assessment and communication of women's pregnancy risk should consider their own understanding and perception of risk. Different chronic diseases introduce diverse pregnancy risks and further research is needed to understand women's risk perceptions in specific chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Ralston
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Priscilla Smith
- Department of Renal Medicine, King’s Kidney Care Centre, King’s College Hospital, National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Chilcot
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sergio A. Silverio
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Bramham
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Renal Medicine, King’s Kidney Care Centre, King’s College Hospital, National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Badakhsh M, Hastings-Tolsma M, Firouzkohi M, Amirshahi M, Hashemi ZS. The lived experience of women with a high-risk pregnancy: A phenomenology investigation. Midwifery 2020; 82:102625. [PMID: 31923707 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2019.102625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy is a time of transformation, hope, expectation, and worry for women and their families - none more so than when the pregnancy is at-risk. The objective of this study was to describe the lived experience of women during high-risk pregnancy. METHODS This qualitative investigation utilized a hermeneutic phenomenology study. The study was conducted in a public health center in a large urban area in southeast Iran. Purposive sampling of 20 women with a high-risk pregnancy. Participants included both nulligravid and multigravid women in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy with varied medical conditions. Data collection used face-to-face interview with transcribed data analyzed using Braun and Clarke's six stage thematic analysis approach. RESULTS Four themes were extracted and included challenge of family in high-risk pregnancy, challenge of anticipation for motherhood, and challenges for future pregnancies, and challenge of adaptation. CONCLUSIONS Findings demonstrate that women with a high-risk pregnancy struggle to adapt with burdens related to successful maternal role attainment and family functioning. Fears about pregnancy outcome and future pregnancies are dominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahin Badakhsh
- Midwifery Department, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
| | - Marie Hastings-Tolsma
- Nurse Midwifery, Louise Herrington School of Nursing, Baylor University, Dallas, TX 75246, USA; University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mohammadreza Firouzkohi
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Mehrbanoo Amirshahi
- Midwifery Department, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Zohreh Sadat Hashemi
- Midwifery Department, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Abstract
Any unexpected or unanticipated medical or obstetric condition associated with a pregnancy with an actual or potential hazard to the health or well-being of the mother or fetus is considered a high-risk pregnancy. There is no exact definition of risk in pregnancy, as risk may be perceived in different ways by the woman and her health care provider. Women with complicated pregnancies may require lifestyle changes, medication regimens, technical support, and even hospitalization. Nurses can foster an environment of security and trust during preconception, antenatal, intrapartal, and postnatal care to enhance the health and well-being of mother and fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nola Holness
- Florida International University, 100 Luna Park Drive, Apartment #139, Alexandria, VA 22305, USA.
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Abstract
AIM To report an analysis of the concept of risk perception in pregnancy. BACKGROUND Pregnant women are increasingly exposed to the view that pregnancy and childbirth are intrinsically dangerous, requiring medical monitoring and management. Societal pressures are applied to women that dictate appropriate behaviours during pregnancy. These changes have resulted in increased perception of risk for pregnant women. DESIGN Walker and Avant's method was selected to guide this analysis. DATA SOURCES Peer-reviewed articles published in English from CINAHL, Scopus, PubMed and Psychinfo. No date limits were applied. METHODS Thematic analysis was conducted on 79 articles. Attributes, antecedents and consequences of the concept were identified. RESULTS The attributes of the concept are the possibility of harm to mother or infant and beliefs about the severity of the risk state. The physical condition of pregnancy combined with the cognitive ability to perceive a personal risk state is antecedents. Risk perception in pregnancy influences women's affective state and has an impact on decision-making about pregnancy and childbirth. There are limited empirical referents with which to measure the concept. CONCLUSION Women today know more about their developing infant than at any other time in history; however, this has not led to a sense of reassurance. Nurses and midwives have a critical role in assisting pregnant women, and their families make sense of the information they are exposed to. An understanding of the complexities of the concept of risk perception in pregnancy may assist in enabling nurses and midwives to reaffirm the normalcy of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Lydia Lennon
- College of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie F Cole
- Midwife and Perinatal Resuscitation Officer Kettering General Hospital NHS Trust
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