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Arega Sadore A, Kebede Y, Birhanu Z. Effectiveness of trained religious leaders' engagement in maternal health education on improving maternal health service utilizations: Protocol of cluster randomized controlled trial in Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296173. [PMID: 38598508 PMCID: PMC11006183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the many supply- and demand-side interventions aimed at increasing uptake of maternal health service utilizations, the maternal and new-born health service utilizations remains low. Religious leaders have the power to inhibit or facilitate effective adoption of maternal health service utilizations to promote maternal health. However, evidence on the roles of religious leaders in promoting maternal health in developing world is not fully known. Therefore this cluster-randomized trial is designed to evaluate the effects of trained religious leaders' engagement in maternal health education in improving maternal health service utilization and knowledge of obstetric danger signs. METHODS A community based cluster randomized control trial in which the study kebeles are randomly assigned into intervention and control groups will be conducted. The sample size is calculated using stata software. Three hundred six pregnant mothers will be enrolled in each group. A baseline study will be conducted before the intervention and post-intervention evaluation will be conducted after four months of intervention. Religious leaders will be selected and trained to lead participatory sessions on maternal health. Data on maternal health service utilizations, knowledge about obstetric danger signs, attitude towards skilled delivery service utilization and perception of pregnancy risk will be collected from a repeated cross sectional household survey. Effect of intervention will be assessed using multivariable logistic regression with generalized estimating equation model. Data will be analyzed using STATA software. For qualitative study, coded transcripts will be further analyzed and summarized in narratives for each theme and sub-themes. DISCUSSION This is one of the first trials to evaluate the effectiveness of trained religious leaders' engagement in maternal health education and will provide much needed evidence to policy makers about aspects of functionality and the religious leaders engagement required as they scale-up this programme in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinet Arega Sadore
- Department of Health, Behaviour and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behaviour and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdie Birhanu
- Department of Health, Behaviour and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Abdissa D, Kebede Y, Sudhakar M, Abraham G, Bulcha G, Shiferaw T, Berhanu N, Teshome F, Miecha H, Birhanu Z. Community's knowledge, perceptions and preventive practices on Onchocerciasis in Jimma zone, Ethiopia, formative mixed study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011995. [PMID: 38478481 PMCID: PMC10936768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Ethiopia, Onchocerciasis is a prevalent neglected tropical disease, currently targeted for elimination with mass drug administration and community behavioral changes towards sustained control and eventual elimination. This study aimed to elucidate the awareness, perceptions and practices of endemic communities in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. METHODS AND MATERIALS Community-based cross-sectional study triangulated with qualitative method was conducted from October-November, 2021. A multistage sampling was employed and data were collected using a pre-tested interviewer-administered structured questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to identify the predictors of comprehensive knowledge and preventive practice. Adjusted odds ratios were calculated at 95% confidence interval (CI) and considered significant with a p-value of <0.05. Kruskal-Whallis and Mann-whitney tests were used to compare median risk perception score by socio-demographic factors. Qualitative data were collected through focus group discussions and key informant interviews and transcribed verbatim. Then the data were coded, categorized, and themes were developed. RESULT The overall prevalence of adequate comprehensive knowledge was 48.8% (95% CI: 44.9, 52.3), high risk perception was 18.7% (95%CI15.9, 21.4) and preventive practice was 46.9%(95%CI:(43.3,50.4). High risk perception[AOR = 1.95 95%CI: (1.32, 2.89] was statistically significant with comprehensive knowledge, likewise knowledge of mode of transmission [AOR = 2.64 95% CI: (1.44, 4.85)], knowledge of consequences [AOR = 2.12 95%CI: (1.21, 3.72)] and knowledge of preventive measures [AOR = 15.65,95%CI:(10.1, 24.2)] were statistically significant with preventive practice. The median risk perception was varied significantly between the groups by educational status, study district and age category. Qualitative evidence showed that there were great community knowledge gap about the disease. CONCLUSION Community knowledge, perceptions, and practices are unacceptably low. Risk perception was significantly associated with comprehensive knowledge, likewise knowledge of mode of transmission, consequences and preventive measures were significantly associated with preventive practice. This implies knowledge is a key component of effective prevention strategies as it is a necessary condition for the behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daba Abdissa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Morankar Sudhakar
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Gelila Abraham
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | | | | | | | - Firanbon Teshome
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Hirpa Miecha
- Oromia, regional health bureau, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdie Birhanu
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Sadore AA, Kebede Y, Birhanu Z. Pregnancy Risk Perception, Knowledge of Obstetric Danger Signs and Attitude Towards Skilled Delivery Service Utilization Among Pregnant Mothers in a Rural Setting in South Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Womens Health 2023; 15:1845-1856. [PMID: 38046268 PMCID: PMC10691428 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s432447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Poor pregnancy risk perception, ignorance of obstetric risk symptoms, and attitudes toward institutional delivery services are factors that prevent pregnant women from choosing to receive emergency obstetric treatment. Objective To assess pregnancy risk perception, attitude towards skilled delivery service, and knowledge of obstetric danger signs and associated factors among pregnant mothers. Methods A cross-sectional community-based study design was used. The 668 pregnant women who participated in this study were chosen using a multi-stage sampling methodology. Data were gathered using a pretested questionnaire that was presented by an interviewer. To find independent factors, logistic regression analysis was used. With a p-value of less than 0.05, which denotes statistical significance, a corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated. Results Pregnancy risk perception was shown to have a lower mean score (23) overall. Only 40.9% of the study participants had high pregnancy risk perception. Over 50% (337) of respondents had a positive attitude towards skilled delivery service utilization. In all categories of obstetric danger signs, only 153 respondents (or 22.9%) knew what the obstetric danger signs were. Maternal age (AOR = 1.966, CI: 1.185-3.261), maternal education (AOR = 1.965, 1.002-3.854), and parity (AOR = 0.534, CI: 0.305-0.933) were factors affecting knowledge of obstetric danger signs. Pregnancy risk Perception (AOR = 14.7, CI: 9.849-22.235) and parity (AOR = 2.27, CI: 1.381-3.733) were significantly associated with attitudes on the use of skilled delivery services. Conclusion This study found that pregnant women in rural locations had poor levels of knowledge of obstetric danger sign, attitude toward using skilled delivery services, and perception of pregnancy risk. The knowledge of obstetric danger indicators among pregnant women was considerably affected by the mother's age, education, and parity. The perception of pregnancy risk and parity were found to be substantially associated with attitudes towards skilled delivery services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinet Arega Sadore
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behaviour and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdie Birhanu
- Department of Health, Behaviour and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Park SH, Hong SH, Kim K, Lee SW, Yon DK, Jung SJ, Abdeen Z, Ghayda RA, Ahmed MLCB, Serouri AA, Al‐Herz W, Al‐Shamsi HO, Ali S, Ali K, Baatarkhuu O, Nielsen HB, Bernini‐Carri E, Bondarenko A, Cassell A, Cham A, Chua MLK, Dadabhai S, Darre T, Davtyan H, Dragioti E, East B, Edwards RJ, Ferioli M, Georgiev T, Ghandour LA, Harapan H, Hsueh P, Mallah SI, Ikram A, Inoue S, Jacob L, Janković SM, Jayarajah U, Jesenak M, Kakodkar P, Kapata N, Kebede Y, Khader Y, Kifle M, Koh D, Maleš VK, Kotfis K, Koyanagi A, Kretchy J, Lakoh S, Lee J, Lee JY, Mendonça MDLL, Ling L, Llibre‐Guerra J, Machida M, Makurumidze R, Memish ZA, Mendoza I, Moiseev S, Nadasdy T, Nahshon C, Ñamendys‐Silva SA, Yongsi BN, Nicolasora AD, Nugmanova Z, Oh H, Oksanen A, Owopetu O, Ozguler ZO, Parperis K, Perez GE, Pongpirul K, Rademaker M, Radojevic N, Roca A, Rodriguez‐Morales AJ, Roshi E, Saeed KMI, Sah R, Sakakushev B, Sallam DE, Sathian B, Schober P, Ali PSS, Simonović Z, Singhal T, Skhvitaridze N, Solmi M, Subbaram K, Tizaoui K, Tlhakanelo JT, Torales J, Torres‐Roman JS, Tsartsalis D, Tsolmon J, Vieira DN, Rosa SGV, Wanghi G, Wollina U, Xu R, Yang L, Zia K, Zildzic M, Il Shin J, Smith L. Nonpharmaceutical interventions reduce the incidence and mortality of COVID‐19: A study based on the survey from the International COVID‐19 Research Network (ICRN). J Med Virol 2023; 95. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1002/jmv.28354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe recently emerged novel coronavirus, “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2),” caused a highly contagious disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). It has severely damaged the world's most developed countries and has turned into a major threat for low‐ and middle‐income countries. Since its emergence in late 2019, medical interventions have been substantial, and most countries relied on public health measures collectively known as nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). We aimed to centralize the accumulative knowledge of NPIs against COVID‐19 for each country under one worldwide consortium. International COVID‐19 Research Network collaborators developed a cross‐sectional online survey to assess the implications of NPIs and sanitary supply on the incidence and mortality of COVID‐19. The survey was conducted between January 1 and February 1, 2021, and participants from 92 countries/territories completed it. The association between NPIs, sanitation supplies, and incidence and mortality were examined by multivariate regression, with the log‐transformed value of population as an offset value. The majority of countries/territories applied several preventive strategies, including social distancing (100.0%), quarantine (100.0%), isolation (98.9%), and school closure (97.8%). Individual‐level preventive measures such as personal hygiene (100.0%) and wearing facial masks (94.6% at hospitals; 93.5% at mass transportation; 91.3% in mass gathering facilities) were also frequently applied. Quarantine at a designated place was negatively associated with incidence and mortality compared to home quarantine. Isolation at a designated place was also associated with reduced mortality compared to home isolation. Recommendations to use sanitizer for personal hygiene reduced incidence compared to the recommendation to use soap. Deprivation of masks was associated with increased incidence. Higher incidence and mortality were found in countries/territories with higher economic levels. Mask deprivation was pervasive regardless of economic level. NPIs against COVID‐19 such as using sanitizer, quarantine, and isolation can decrease the incidence and mortality of COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyun Park
- Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hwi Hong
- Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanghyun Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
- Department of Public Health Yonsei University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Precision Medicine Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Suwon Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Keon Yon
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Jae Jung
- Department of Preventive Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
- Department of Public Health Yonsei University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ziad Abdeen
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine Al‐Quds University East Jerusalem Palestine
| | - Ramy Abou Ghayda
- Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Ohio United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Humaid O. Al‐Shamsi
- Burjeel Cancer Institute, Burjeel Medical City Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Sheeza Ali
- School of Medicine, The Maldives National University Male Maldives
| | - Kosar Ali
- University of Sulaimani College of Medicine Sulaymaniyah Iraq
| | - Oidov Baatarkhuu
- Department of Infectious Diseases Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences Ulaanbaatar Mongolia
| | - Henning Bay Nielsen
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Zealand University Hospital Roskilde Roskilde Denmark
- Department of Nutrition Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Enrico Bernini‐Carri
- European Centre for Disaster Medicine, Council of Europe (CEMEC) Strasbourg France
| | - Anastasiia Bondarenko
- Department of Pediatrics, Immunology, Infectious and Rare Diseases International European University Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Ayun Cassell
- John F. Kennedy Medical Center, Edison New Jersey United States of America
| | - Akway Cham
- School of Medicine, University of Juba Juba South Sudan
| | - Melvin L. K. Chua
- Department of Head and Neck and Thoracic Cancers, Division of Radiation Oncology National Cancer Centre Singapore Singapore Singapore
- Oncology Academic Programme, Duke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
- Division of Medical Sciences National Cancer Centre Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Sufia Dadabhai
- Department of Epidemiology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore Maryland United States of America
| | - Tchin Darre
- Department of Pathology University of Lomé Lome Togo
| | - Hayk Davtyan
- Tuberculosis Research and Prevention Center Yerevan Armenia
| | - Elena Dragioti
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Barbora East
- 3rd Department of Surgery 1st Medical Faculty of Charles University, Motol University Hospital Prague Czech Republic
| | | | - Martina Ferioli
- Respiratory and Critical Care Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Tsvetoslav Georgiev
- First Department of Internal Medicine Medical University—Varna Varna Bulgaria
| | | | - Harapan Harapan
- Department of Microbiology Universitas Syiah Kuala Banda Aceh Indonesia
| | - Po‐Ren Hsueh
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine China Medical University Hospital China Medical University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Saad I. Mallah
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland ‐ Bahrain Al Sayh Bahrain
| | - Aamer Ikram
- National Institute of Health, Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Shigeru Inoue
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Louis Jacob
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Dr. Antoni Pujadas Barcelona Spain
- Faculty of Medicine University of Versailles Saint‐Quentin‐en‐Yvelines, Montigny‐le‐Bretonneux France
| | | | - Umesh Jayarajah
- Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo Colombo Sri Lanka
| | - Milos Jesenak
- Department of Pediatrics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin University Teaching Hospital in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia
| | | | - Nathan Kapata
- Zambia National Public Health Institute Lusaka Zambia
| | - Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society Jimma University Jimma Ethiopia
| | - Yousef Khader
- Department of Public Health Jordan University of Science and Technology Irbid Jordan
| | - Meron Kifle
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom
| | - David Koh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health National University of Singapore, Singapore Singapore
| | - Višnja Kokić Maleš
- Clinical Hospital Centre Split, University Department of Health Studies University of Split Croatia
| | - Katarzyna Kotfis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Acute Intoxications Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin Szczecin Poland
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, ICREA, CIBERSAM, ISCIII Barcelona Spain
| | - James‐Paul Kretchy
- Public Health Unit, School of Medicine and Health Sciences Central University Accra Ghana
| | - Sulaiman Lakoh
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences University of Sierra Leone Freetown Sierra Leone
| | - Jinhee Lee
- Department of Psychiatry Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju‐si Gangwon‐do Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Lee
- Department of Nephrology Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju‐si Gangwon‐do Republic of Korea
| | | | - Lowell Ling
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR China
| | | | - Masaki Machida
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Richard Makurumidze
- Family Medicine, Global and Public Health Unit University of Zimbabwe Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Harare Zimbabwe
| | - Ziad A. Memish
- Director Research and Innovation Center, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health & College of Medicine Alfaisal University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Ivan Mendoza
- Tropical Cardiology Central University of Venezuela, Caracas Venezuela
| | - Sergey Moiseev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University Moscow Russia
| | | | - Chen Nahshon
- Department of Gynecologic Surgery & Oncology Carmel Medical Center Haifa Israel
| | - Silvio A. Ñamendys‐Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia Mexico City Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Hans Oh
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles California United States of America
| | - Atte Oksanen
- Faculty of Social Sciences Tampere University Tampere Finland
| | - Oluwatomi Owopetu
- Department of Community Medicine University College Hospital Ibadan Nigeria
| | - Zeynep Ozge Ozguler
- General Directorate of Public Health Ministry of Health of Turkey Adnan Saygun St, Çankaya Ankara Turkey
| | | | | | - Krit Pongpirul
- School of Global Health and Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Marius Rademaker
- Clinical Trials New Zealand, Waikato Hospital Campus Hamilton New Zealand
| | | | - Anna Roca
- MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara Gambia
| | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez‐Morales
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Americas ‐ Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas Pereira Colombia
- Master of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Cientifica del Sur Lima Peru
- Gilbert and Rose‐Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University Beirut Lebanon
| | - Enver Roshi
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine University of Medicine of Tirana Albania
| | | | - Ranjit Sah
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine Kathmandu Nepal
| | - Boris Sakakushev
- RIMU/Research Institute of Medical University Plovdiv Bulgaria
- Chair of Propedeutics of Surgical Diseases
- University Hospital St. George, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Dina E. Sallam
- Pediatrics and Pediatric Nephrology Department Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt
| | - Brijesh Sathian
- Geriatrics and Long Term Care Department Rumailah Hospital Doha Qatar
| | - Patrick Schober
- Department of Anesthesiology Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands
| | | | | | - Tanu Singhal
- Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Research Institute Mumbai India
| | | | - Marco Solmi
- Department of Psychiatry University of Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Department of Mental Health Ontario Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI) Clinical Epidemiology Program University of Ottawa, Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Germany
| | - Kannan Subbaram
- School of Medicine, The Maldives National University Male Maldives
| | - Kalthoum Tizaoui
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Actives Biomolecules, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis University Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | - John Thato Tlhakanelo
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health University of Botswana, Faculty of Medicine Gaborone Botswana
| | - Julio Torales
- National University of Asunción, School of Medical Sciences San Lorenzo Paraguay
| | | | | | - Jadamba Tsolmon
- Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS) Ulaanbaatar Mongolia
| | | | | | - Guy Wanghi
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Kinshasa Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Physiology Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology Städtisches Klinikum Dresden – Academic Teaching Hospital Dresden Germany
| | - Ren‐He Xu
- Faculty of Health Sciences University of Macau Macau China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Cancer Care Alberta, Alberta Health Services School of Medicine, University of Calgary Calgary Canada
| | - Kashif Zia
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow Glasgow United Kingdom
| | - Muharem Zildzic
- Academy of Medical Science of Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Lee Smith
- Centre for Health Performance and Wellbeing Anglia Ruskin University Cambridge United Kingdom
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Kebede Y, Teshome F, Binu W, Kebede A, Seid A, Kasaye HK, Alemayehu YK, Tekalign W, Medhin G, Abera Y, Tadesse D, Gerbaba MJ. Structural, programmatic, and sociocultural intersectionality of gender influencing access-uptake of reproductive, maternal, and child health services in developing regions of Ethiopia: A qualitative study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282711. [PMID: 36881602 PMCID: PMC10045587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender remains a critical social factor in reproductive, maternal, and child health and family planning (RMNCH/FP) care. However, its intersectionality with other social determinants of the RMNCH remains poorly documented. This study aimed to explore the influence of gender intersectionality on the access uptake of RMNCH/FP in Developing Regional States (DRS) in Ethiopia. METHODS We conducted a qualitative study to explore the intersectionality of gender with other social and structural factors and its influence on RMNCH/FP use in 20 selected districts in four DRS of Ethiopia. We conducted 20 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and 32 in-depth and key informant interviews (IDIs/KIIs) among men and women of reproductive age who were purposively selected from communities and organizations in different settings. Audio-recorded data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically. FINDINGS Women in the DRS were responsible for the children and families' health care and information, and household chores, whereas men mainly engaged in income generation, decision making, and resource control. Women who were overburdened with household chores were not involved in decision-making, and resource control was less likely to incur transport expenses and use RMNCH/FP services. FP was less utilized than antenatal, child, and delivery services in the DRS,as it was mainly affected by the sociocultural, structural, and programmatic intersectionality of gender. The women-focused RMNCH/FP education initiatives that followed the deployment of female frontline health extension workers (HEWs) created a high demand for FP among women. Nonetheless, the unmet need for FP worsened as a result of the RMNCH/FP initiatives that strategically marginalized men, who often have resource control and decision-making virtues that emanate from the sociocultural, religious, and structural positions they assumed. CONCLUSIONS Structural, sociocultural, religious, and programmatic intersectionality of gender shaped access to and use of RMNCH/FP services. Men's dominance in resource control and decision-making in sociocultural-religious affairs intersected with their poor engagement in health empowerment initiatives that mainly engaged women set the key barrier to RMNCH/FP uptake. Improved access to and uptake of RMNCH would best result from gender-responsive strategies established through a systemic understanding of intersectional gender inequalities and through increased participation of men in RMNCH programs in the DRS of Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Kebede
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Firanbon Teshome
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Wakgari Binu
- School of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Ayantu Kebede
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Anwar Seid
- Department of Nursing, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Samara University, Semera, Ethiopia
| | | | - Yibeltal Kiflie Alemayehu
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Health policy and management, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- MERQ Consultancy PLC, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | | | - Girmay Medhin
- MERQ Consultancy PLC, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yared Abera
- USAID Transform Health in Developing Regions, Amref Health Africa in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Derebe Tadesse
- USAID Transform Health in Developing Regions, Amref Health Africa in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mulusew J. Gerbaba
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Ophinni Y, Frediansyah A, Sirinam S, Megawati D, Stoian AM, Enitan SS, Akele RY, Sah R, Pongpirul K, Abdeen Z, Aghayeva S, Ikram A, Kebede Y, Wollina U, Subbaram K, Koyanagi A, Al Serouri A, Blaise Nguendo-Yongsi H, Edwards J, Sallam DE, Khader Y, Viveiros-Rosa SG, Memish ZA, Amir-Behghadami M, Vento S, Rademaker M, Sallam M. Monkeypox: Immune response, vaccination and preventive efforts. Narra J 2022; 2:e90. [PMID: 38449905 PMCID: PMC10914130 DOI: 10.52225/narra.v2i3.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Infectious threats to humans are continuously emerging. The 2022 worldwide monkeypox outbreak is the latest of these threats with the virus rapidly spreading to 106 countries by the end of September 2022. The burden of the ongoing monkeypox outbreak is manifested by 68,000 cumulative confirmed cases and 26 deaths. Although monkeypox is usually a self-limited disease, patients can suffer from extremely painful skin lesions and complications can occur with reported mortalities. The antigenic similarity between the smallpox virus (variola virus) and monkeypox virus can be utilized to prevent monkeypox using smallpox vaccines; treatment is also based on antivirals initially designed to treat smallpox. However, further studies are needed to fully decipher the immune response to monkeypox virus and the immune evasion mechanisms. In this review we provide an up-to-date discussion of the current state of knowledge regarding monkeypox virus with a special focus on innate immune response, immune evasion mechanisms and vaccination against the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youdiil Ophinni
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Andri Frediansyah
- PRTPP-National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Salin Sirinam
- Department of Tropical Pediatrics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dewi Megawati
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Universitas Warmadewa, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Ana M. Stoian
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, CA, United States
| | - Seyi S. Enitan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria
| | - Richard Y. Akele
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Applied Science, University of Brighton, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Krit Pongpirul
- Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ziad Abdeen
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem
| | - Sevda Aghayeva
- Department of Gastroenterology, Baku Medical Plaza Hospital, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Aamer Ikram
- National Institute of Heath, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kannan Subbaram
- School of Medicine, The Maldives National University, Maldives
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - H. Blaise Nguendo-Yongsi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jeffrey Edwards
- Medical Research Foundation of Trinidad and Tobago, Port of Spain, Trinidad
| | - Dina E. Sallam
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yousef Khader
- The Center of Excellence for Applied Epidemiology, The Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network (EMPHNET), Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Ziad A. Memish
- Research & Innovation Centre, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, AlFaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehrdad Amir-Behghadami
- Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, Department of Health Service Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sandro Vento
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Marius Rademaker
- Clinical Trial New Zealand, Waikato Hospital Campus, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Malik Sallam
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
- Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan
- Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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7
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Park SH, Hong SH, Kim K, Lee SW, Yon DK, Jung SJ, Abdeen Z, Brahim Ahmed MLC, Serouri AA, Al‐Herz W, Subbaram K, Shaik Syed P, Ali S, ALI KOSAR, Al‐Shamsi HO, Baatarkhuu O, Nielsen HB, BERNINI‐CARRI E, Bondarenko A, Cassell A, Cham A, Chua MLK, Dadabhai S, Darre T, Davtyan H, Dragioti E, East B, Jeffrey Edwards R, Ferioli M, Georgiev T, Ghandour L, Harapan H, Hsueh P, Ikram A, Inoue S, Jacob L, Janković S, Jayarajah U, Jesenak M, Kakodkar P, Kapata N, Kebede Y, Khader Y, Kifle M, Koh D, Maleš VK, Kotfis K, Koyanagi A, Kretchy J, Lakoh S, Lee J, Lee JY, Mendonça MDLL, Ling L, Llibre‐Guerra J, Machida M, Makurumidze R, Mallah S, Memish ZA, MENDOZA IVAN, Moiseev S, Nadasdy T, Nahshon C, ÑAMENDYS‐SILVA SILVIOA, Yongsi BN, Nicolasora AD, Nugmanova Z, Oh H, Oksanen A, OWOPETU OLUWATOMI, Ozguler ZO, Perez GE, Pongpirul K, Rademaker M, Radojevic N, Roca A, Rodriguez‐Morales AJ, Viveiros Rosa SG, Roshi E, SAEED KMI, Sah R, Sakakushev B, Sallam DE, SATHIAN BRIJESH, Schober P, Simonović Z, Singhal T, Skhvitaridze N, Solmi M, Tizaoui K, TLHAKANELO JOHNTHATO, Torales J, Torres‐Roman S, Tsartsalis D, Tsolmon J, Vieira DN, Wanghi G, Wollina U, Xu R, Yang L, Zia K, Zildzic M, Il Shin J, Smith L. Nonpharmaceutical interventions reduce the incidence and mortality of COVID-19: A study based on the survey from the International COVID-19 Research Network (ICRN). J Med Virol 2022; 95:e28354. [PMID: 36447130 PMCID: PMC9878143 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The recently emerged novel coronavirus, "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)," caused a highly contagious disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It has severely damaged the world's most developed countries and has turned into a major threat for low- and middle-income countries. Since its emergence in late 2019, medical interventions have been substantial, and most countries relied on public health measures collectively known as nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). We aimed to centralize the accumulative knowledge of NPIs against COVID-19 for each country under one worldwide consortium. International COVID-19 Research Network collaborators developed a cross-sectional online survey to assess the implications of NPIs and sanitary supply on the incidence and mortality of COVID-19. The survey was conducted between January 1 and February 1, 2021, and participants from 92 countries/territories completed it. The association between NPIs, sanitation supplies, and incidence and mortality were examined by multivariate regression, with the log-transformed value of population as an offset value. The majority of countries/territories applied several preventive strategies, including social distancing (100.0%), quarantine (100.0%), isolation (98.9%), and school closure (97.8%). Individual-level preventive measures such as personal hygiene (100.0%) and wearing facial masks (94.6% at hospitals; 93.5% at mass transportation; 91.3% in mass gathering facilities) were also frequently applied. Quarantine at a designated place was negatively associated with incidence and mortality compared to home quarantine. Isolation at a designated place was also associated with reduced mortality compared to home isolation. Recommendations to use sanitizer for personal hygiene reduced incidence compared to the recommendation to use soap. Deprivation of masks was associated with increased incidence. Higher incidence and mortality were found in countries/territories with higher economic levels. Mask deprivation was pervasive regardless of economic level. NPIs against COVID-19 such as using sanitizer, quarantine, and isolation can decrease the incidence and mortality of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sung Hwi Hong
- Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Kwanghyun Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea,Department of Public HealthYonsei UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Data Science, Sejong University College of Software ConvergenceSeoulSouth Korea,Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSuwonRepublic of Korea
| | - Dong Keon Yon
- Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Sun Jae Jung
- Department of Public HealthYonsei UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Ziad Abdeen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Augusta Victoria Hospital, Address: Al Tour, East Jerusalem
| | | | | | | | - Kannan Subbaram
- School of Medicine, The Maldives National University School of MedicineMaldives
| | - P. Shaik Syed
- School of Medicine, The Maldives National University School of MedicineMaldives
| | - Sheeza Ali
- School of Medicine, The Maldives National University School of MedicineMaldives
| | - KOSAR ALI
- University of Sulaimani college of medicine
| | - Humaid O. Al‐Shamsi
- Burjeel Cancer Institute, Burjeel Medical City, Abu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Oidov Baatarkhuu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences
| | - Henning Bay Nielsen
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Zealand University Hospital RoskildeRoskildeDenmark,Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of CopenhagenDenmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Melvin LK Chua
- National Cancer Centre Singapore,Duke‐NUS medical school
| | - Sufia Dadabhai
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; BlantyreMalawi
| | - Tchin Darre
- Department of Pathology, University of LoméTogo
| | | | - Elena Dragioti
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Barbora East
- 3rd, Department of Surgery, 1st Medical Faculty of Charles University, Motol University HospitalPrague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Martina Ferioli
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, Respiratory and Critical Care UnitBolognaItaly,Department of Clinical, Integrated and Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum UniversityBolognaItaly
| | | | | | - Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research UnitUniversitas Syiah KualaBanda AcehIndonesia
| | - Po‐Ren Hsueh
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, China Medical University HospitalChina Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | | | - Shigeru Inoue
- Tokyo Medical University, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
| | - Louis Jacob
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de LlobregatBarcelona08830Spain,Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint‐Quentin‐en‐Yvelines78180Montigny‐le‐BretonneuxFrance
| | | | - Umesh Jayarajah
- Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of ColomboSri Lanka
| | - Milos Jesenak
- Department of Pediatrics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in MartinComenius University in Bratislava, University Teaching Hospital in Martin
| | | | | | - Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma UniversityEthiopia
| | | | - Meron Kifle
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - David Koh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore
| | | | - Katarzyna Kotfis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Acute Intoxications, Pomeranian Medical University in SzczecinPoland
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Parc Sanitari San Joan de Deu, ICREA, CIBERSAM, ISCIII
| | - James‐Paul Kretchy
- Public Health Unit, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Central University, P. O. Box2305AccraGhana
| | - Sulaiman Lakoh
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone
| | - Jinhee Lee
- Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | - Masaki Machida
- Tokyo Medical University, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
| | - Richard Makurumidze
- University of Zimbabwe Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Family Medicine, Global and Public Health Unit
| | - Saad Mallah
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland ‐Bahrain
| | - Ziad A Memish
- Director Research and Innovation Center, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of health
| | - IVAN MENDOZA
- Tropical Cardiology. Central University of Venezuela
| | | | | | - Chen Nahshon
- Department of Gynecologic Surgery & Oncology, Carmel Medical Center, HaifaIsrael
| | - SILVIO A. ÑAMENDYS‐SILVA
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran; Instituto Nacional de CancerologiaMexico CityMexico
| | | | - Amalea Dulcene Nicolasora
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, Muntinlupa CityPhilippines1781
| | | | - Hans Oh
- University of Southern California
| | - Atte Oksanen
- Faculty of social sciencesTampere UniversityFinland
| | - OLUWATOMI OWOPETU
- Department of Community Medicine, University College HospitalIbadanNigeria
| | | | | | | | - Marius Rademaker
- Marius Rademaker Waikato Clinical Campus, University of Auckland Medical SchoolHamiltonNew Zealand
| | | | - Anna Roca
- MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, The Gambia
| | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez‐Morales
- Grupo de Investigación BiomedicinaFaculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las AmericasPereiraColombia,Universidad Cientifica del SurLimaPeru
| | | | | | | | - Ranjit Sah
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine
| | - Boris Sakakushev
- RIMU/Research Institute of Medical University Plovdiv,Chair of Propedeutics of Surgical Diseases,University Hospital St George Plovdiv
| | - Dina Ebrahem Sallam
- Pediatrics & Pediatric Nephrology Department, Faculty of MedicineAin Shams UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - BRIJESH SATHIAN
- Geriatrics and long term care department, Rumailah HospitalDohaQatar
| | - Patrick Schober
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of AnesthesiologyAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Tanu Singhal
- Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Medical Research Institute
| | | | - Marco Solmi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of OttawaOntarioCanada,Department of Mental HealthThe Ottawa HospitalOntarioCanada,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI) Clinical Epidemiology Program University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité UniversitätsmedizinBerlinGermany
| | - kalthoum Tizaoui
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Actives Biomolecules, Faculty of Sciences of TunisUniversity Tunis El Manar
| | | | - Julio Torales
- National University of Asunción, School of Medical SciencesParaguay
| | - Smith Torres‐Roman
- South American Center for Education and Research in Public Health, Universidad Norbert WienerLima15108Peru
| | - Dimitrios Tsartsalis
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hippokration Hospital, Address: Leof Vasilissis Sofias 8011527AthensGreece
| | | | | | - Guy Wanghi
- University of Kinshasa Faculty of Medicine
| | - Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden – Academic Teaching HospitalDresdenGermany
| | - Ren‐He Xu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Cancer Care Alberta, Alberta Health Services; School of Medicine, University of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
| | - Kashif Zia
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, U.K
| | | | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Lee Smith
- Centre for Health Performance and WellbeingAnglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK, CB1 1PT
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8
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Park SH, Hong SH, Kim K, Lee SW, Yon DK, Jung SJ, Abdeen Z, Brahim Ahmed MLC, Serouri AA, Al‐Herz W, Subbaram K, Shaik Syed P, Ali S, ALI KOSAR, Al‐Shamsi HO, Baatarkhuu O, Nielsen HB, BERNINI‐CARRI E, Bondarenko A, Cassell A, Cham A, Chua MLK, Dadabhai S, Darre T, Davtyan H, Dragioti E, East B, Jeffrey Edwards R, Ferioli M, Georgiev T, Ghandour L, Harapan H, Hsueh P, Ikram A, Inoue S, Jacob L, Janković S, Jayarajah U, Jesenak M, Kakodkar P, Kapata N, Kebede Y, Khader Y, Kifle M, Koh D, Maleš VK, Kotfis K, Koyanagi A, Kretchy J, Lakoh S, Lee J, Lee JY, Mendonça MDLL, Ling L, Llibre‐Guerra J, Machida M, Makurumidze R, Mallah S, Memish ZA, MENDOZA IVAN, Moiseev S, Nadasdy T, Nahshon C, ÑAMENDYS‐SILVA SILVIOA, Yongsi BN, Nicolasora AD, Nugmanova Z, Oh H, Oksanen A, OWOPETU OLUWATOMI, Ozguler ZO, Perez GE, Pongpirul K, Rademaker M, Radojevic N, Roca A, Rodriguez‐Morales AJ, Viveiros Rosa SG, Roshi E, SAEED KMI, Sah R, Sakakushev B, Sallam DE, SATHIAN BRIJESH, Schober P, Simonović Z, Singhal T, Skhvitaridze N, Solmi M, Tizaoui K, TLHAKANELO JOHNTHATO, Torales J, Torres‐Roman S, Tsartsalis D, Tsolmon J, Vieira DN, Wanghi G, Wollina U, Xu R, Yang L, Zia K, Zildzic M, Il Shin J, Smith L. Non‐Pharmaceutical Interventions Reduce the Incidence, and Mortality of COVID‐19: A Study based on the Survey from the International COVID‐19 Research Network (ICRN). J Med Virol 2022. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.28354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sung Hwi Hong
- Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Kwanghyun Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Department of Public HealthYonsei UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Data Science, Sejong University College of Software ConvergenceSeoulSouth Korea
- Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSuwonRepublic of Korea
| | - Dong Keon Yon
- Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Sun Jae Jung
- Department of Public HealthYonsei UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Ziad Abdeen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Augusta Victoria Hospital, Address: Al Tour, East Jerusalem
| | | | | | | | - Kannan Subbaram
- School of Medicine, The Maldives National University School of MedicineMaldives
| | - P. Shaik Syed
- School of Medicine, The Maldives National University School of MedicineMaldives
| | - Sheeza Ali
- School of Medicine, The Maldives National University School of MedicineMaldives
| | - KOSAR ALI
- University of Sulaimani college of medicine
| | - Humaid O. Al‐Shamsi
- Burjeel Cancer Institute, Burjeel Medical City, Abu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Oidov Baatarkhuu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences
| | - Henning Bay Nielsen
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Zealand University Hospital RoskildeRoskildeDenmark
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of CopenhagenDenmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sufia Dadabhai
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; BlantyreMalawi
| | - Tchin Darre
- Department of Pathology, University of LoméTogo
| | | | - Elena Dragioti
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Barbora East
- 3rd, Department of Surgery, 1st Medical Faculty of Charles University, Motol University HospitalPrague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Martina Ferioli
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, Respiratory and Critical Care UnitBolognaItaly
- Department of Clinical, Integrated and Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum UniversityBolognaItaly
| | | | | | - Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research UnitUniversitas Syiah KualaBanda AcehIndonesia
| | - Po‐Ren Hsueh
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, China Medical University HospitalChina Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | | | - Shigeru Inoue
- Tokyo Medical University, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
| | - Louis Jacob
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de LlobregatBarcelona08830Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint‐Quentin‐en‐Yvelines78180Montigny‐le‐BretonneuxFrance
| | | | - Umesh Jayarajah
- Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of ColomboSri Lanka
| | - Milos Jesenak
- Department of Pediatrics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in MartinComenius University in Bratislava, University Teaching Hospital in Martin
| | | | | | - Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma UniversityEthiopia
| | | | - Meron Kifle
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - David Koh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore
| | | | - Katarzyna Kotfis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Acute Intoxications, Pomeranian Medical University in SzczecinPoland
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Parc Sanitari San Joan de Deu, ICREA, CIBERSAM, ISCIII
| | - James‐Paul Kretchy
- Public Health Unit, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Central University, P. O. Box2305AccraGhana
| | - Sulaiman Lakoh
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone
| | - Jinhee Lee
- Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | - Masaki Machida
- Tokyo Medical University, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
| | - Richard Makurumidze
- University of Zimbabwe Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Family Medicine, Global and Public Health Unit
| | - Saad Mallah
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland ‐Bahrain
| | - Ziad A Memish
- Director Research and Innovation Center, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of health
| | - IVAN MENDOZA
- Tropical Cardiology. Central University of Venezuela
| | | | | | - Chen Nahshon
- Department of Gynecologic Surgery & Oncology, Carmel Medical Center, HaifaIsrael
| | - SILVIO A. ÑAMENDYS‐SILVA
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran; Instituto Nacional de CancerologiaMexico CityMexico
| | | | - Amalea Dulcene Nicolasora
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, Muntinlupa CityPhilippines1781
| | | | - Hans Oh
- University of Southern California
| | - Atte Oksanen
- Faculty of social sciencesTampere UniversityFinland
| | - OLUWATOMI OWOPETU
- Department of Community Medicine, University College HospitalIbadanNigeria
| | | | | | | | - Marius Rademaker
- Marius Rademaker Waikato Clinical Campus, University of Auckland Medical SchoolHamiltonNew Zealand
| | | | - Anna Roca
- MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, The Gambia
| | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez‐Morales
- Grupo de Investigación BiomedicinaFaculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las AmericasPereiraColombia
- Universidad Cientifica del SurLimaPeru
| | | | | | | | - Ranjit Sah
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine
| | - Boris Sakakushev
- RIMU/Research Institute of Medical University Plovdiv
- Chair of Propedeutics of Surgical Diseases
- University Hospital St George Plovdiv
| | - Dina Ebrahem Sallam
- Pediatrics & Pediatric Nephrology Department, Faculty of MedicineAin Shams UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - BRIJESH SATHIAN
- Geriatrics and long term care department, Rumailah HospitalDohaQatar
| | - Patrick Schober
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of AnesthesiologyAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Tanu Singhal
- Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Medical Research Institute
| | | | - Marco Solmi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of OttawaOntarioCanada
- Department of Mental HealthThe Ottawa HospitalOntarioCanada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI) Clinical Epidemiology Program University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité UniversitätsmedizinBerlinGermany
| | - kalthoum Tizaoui
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Actives Biomolecules, Faculty of Sciences of TunisUniversity Tunis El Manar
| | | | - Julio Torales
- National University of Asunción, School of Medical SciencesParaguay
| | - Smith Torres‐Roman
- South American Center for Education and Research in Public Health, Universidad Norbert WienerLima15108Peru
| | - Dimitrios Tsartsalis
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hippokration Hospital, Address: Leof Vasilissis Sofias 8011527AthensGreece
| | | | | | - Guy Wanghi
- University of Kinshasa Faculty of Medicine
| | - Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden – Academic Teaching HospitalDresdenGermany
| | - Ren‐He Xu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Cancer Care Alberta, Alberta Health Services; School of Medicine, University of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
| | - Kashif Zia
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, U.K
| | | | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Lee Smith
- Centre for Health Performance and WellbeingAnglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK, CB1 1PT
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9
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Girma Tareke K, Feyissa GT, Kebede Y. Exploration of barriers to postnatal care service utilization in Debre Libanos District, Ethiopia: A descriptive qualitative study. Front Glob Womens Health 2022; 3:986662. [PMID: 36090597 PMCID: PMC9458955 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2022.986662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Ethiopia, postnatal care (PNC) service utilization was low although many interventions had been implemented. Previous studies showed community-/caregiver-related barriers to PNC service utilization, but limited evidence was available on the health facilities and health care provider-related barriers. Therefore, the study was aimed at exploring both community and health care provider-related barriers to PNC service utilization. Methods A descriptive qualitative study was conducted at Debre Libanos District, Ethiopia, from 11 March to 7 April 2019. A purposive sampling technique was used to recruit study participants among recently delivered women (<2 months), health care providers, and community members. A total of five in-depth interviews, 12 key informant interviews, and four FGDs were conducted. Data were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and translated, and inductive thematic analysis was used to analyze the data using the atlas ti.7.1 software. Results A total of 51 participants were involved in the study. The findings were organized into two major themes: (1) Community/caregiver-related barriers to PNC service utilization: lack of awareness about PNC, its importance, and schedules; lack of awareness about postnatal danger signs, sociocultural and religious beliefs, topographical and transportation problems, non-functionality of the health developmental armies (HDA); (2) health facility and health care provider-related barriers to PNC service utilization: poor supportive supervision and monitoring, lack of health extension workers' (HEW) commitment, lack of an organized system to notify delivery to HEW, shortage of HEWs, the residence of the HEWs, closure of health posts (HP) on working hours, and non-functionality of HPs. Conclusions The study findings underscore the need to develop different strategies and take actions. Therefore, the health centers and district health offices should have to assign the required number of HEWs at HPs, regularly supervise and monitor HEWs, and develop an organized system to facilitate early notification of delivery to HEWs. The HEWs should have to live near the HP, re-organize HDAs, create awareness of maternal and newborn danger signs, and conduct social and behavioral change communications to increase the health-seeking behavior of community members for utilizing PNC services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasahun Girma Tareke
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- *Correspondence: Kasahun Girma Tareke ;
| | - Garumma Tolu Feyissa
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Haile S, Sullamo D, Ejajo T, Teshome F, Kebede Y. Predictors of uncircumcised primary school girls’ intention to genital cutting in South Ethiopia: Application of theory of planned behavior. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270738. [PMID: 35771830 PMCID: PMC9246209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Female genital cutting (FGC) is still among the most common harmful traditional practices, especially in Africa and Asia. Despite the existence of rich evidence on the prevalence of FGC, information about the primary target audiences’ (girls’) intention toward FGC is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the predictors of primary school girls’ behavioral intention toward female genital cutting.
Methods
An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May 08 to 28, 2019 in Dunna district, South Ethiopia. A two-stage sampling technique was used to select 354 uncircumcised female students. A self-administered pre-tested structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were entered into Epi data manager version 4.0.2 and exported to STATA version 16.0. Descriptive analyses such as frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were performed as necessary. Univariable and multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted to identify predictors of primary school girls’ intention to experience FGC.
Results
The mean age of the respondents was 13.09±1.69 years with an age range of 10 to 18 years. Of the 354 respondents, 156 (44.1%) intended to experience FGC. The model accounted for 76.58% of the variance in primary school girls’ intention to experience FGC. Among socio-demographic characteristics, mothers’ educational level of ≤8 grade (β = 1.95, p<0.001) and the age of the respondents (β = -0.23, p = 0.036) predicted primary school girls’ intention toward FGC. Among the constructs of the theory of planned behavior (TPB), direct perceived behavioral control (β = 0.47, p = 0.015), indirect perceived behavioral controls (β = 0.05, p = 0.002), and direct subjective norms (β = 0.18, p = 0.039) predicted primary school girls’ intention to experience FGC.
Conclusions
In this study, we found that primary school girls’ intention toward FGC was high. The educational level of mothers and the age of the respondents had a great influence on primary school girls’ intention to experience FGC. Perceived lack of power and social pressure also predicted primary school girls’ intention to engage in genital cutting. The findings suggest that FGC is mainly performed by the decision of the parents irrespective of the girls’ preferences. Therefore, behavioral change communication interventions such as media campaigns, peer education and community dialogue guided by the TPB for empowering girls to confront FGC and reducing the influence of referents need to be focused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Haile
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Ethiopia
| | - Dawit Sullamo
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Ethiopia
| | - Tekle Ejajo
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Ethiopia
| | - Firanbon Teshome
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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11
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Tareke KG, Hayder A, Teshome F, Birhanu Z, Kebede Y. Students’ figurative communication of malaria messages, belief, norms, and practices in Oromia, Ethiopia: A qualitative content analysis approach. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268808. [PMID: 35613101 PMCID: PMC9132334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
School engagement is an emerging strategy and proven potent vehicles for social and behavioral change communication (SBCC) intervention to prevent and control malaria. Little was known about the figurative speeches used in the malaria messages disseminated and communicated by school students. Therefore, this study evaluated the figurative speeches used in the poems to convey messages related to malarial perceptions, beliefs, norms and practices to prevent and control malaria.
Methods
A qualitative content analysis was conducted to explore the figurative speeches used in malaria messages conveyed in poems produced by primary school students. Twenty poems were purposively selected from twenty schools across rural villages in five districts of Jimma Zone. Data were analyzed using ATLAS.ti version 7.1.4 software. The figurative speeches were presented using central themes and categories supported with quotations.
Results
The predominantly used figurative speeches were simile, metaphor, personification and hyperbole. Simile was used to express the nature of anopheles mosquito, and sign and symptoms of malaria. The metaphor was used to express malaria, severity/seriousness of malaria and Insecticide-Treated Net (ITN); and also to express the relationship between persons ITN malpractice and its effect on their health. Personification was used to express the nature of anopheles mosquito and malaria. Finally, hyperbole was used to express nature of anopheles mosquito, severity of malaria and exaggerated effect of ITN and Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS).
Conclusions
The students conveyed messages related to malarial perceptions, beliefs, norms and practices of the local community to prevent and control malaria through different types of figurative speeches. Therefore, conceptualizing the local norms, beliefs, values, perception and practices, and expressing in different figurative speeches to convey messages and convince the local community might be important to bring the desired or intended behavioral change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasahun Girma Tareke
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Abdu Hayder
- Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Tepi, Ethiopia
| | - Firanbon Teshome
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdie Birhanu
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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12
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Legesse E, Nigussie T, Kebede Y, Aman M, Chaka M, Tilahun D. What is the community's knowledge and understanding regarding epilepsy? Epilepsy knowledge and its determinants among residents of Debub Bench District, Bench Sheko Zone, Southwest Ethiopia, 2019: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e052480. [PMID: 35105625 PMCID: PMC8804647 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epilepsy is a neurological condition marked by recurring seizures. People with epilepsy, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries, are stigmatised due to a lack of understanding and a negative attitude towards the disease. Increased public awareness of epilepsy will aid in the search for therapy and the quality of life of the patients. The study aimed to assess knowledge about epilepsy and the associated factors among residents of Debub Bench District, Bench Sheko Zone, Southwest Ethiopia in 2020. SETTING This community-based, cross-sectional study triangulated with qualitative method was conducted from 25 April 2020 to 20 May 2020. Multistage sampling technique was used to select 601 participants. A structured and interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were entered in EpiData Manager V.4.0.2.101 and exported to SPSS V.23 for analyses. Multivariable logistic regression was carried out to identify the factors associated with knowledge of epilepsy. A p value of <0.05 was taken to indicate statistical significance. RESULTS A total of 601 respondents participated, of whom 340 (56.6%) were male. The mean age of the respondents was 34.84±11.42 years. The proportion with good knowledge of epilepsy was 55.1%. Factors associated with good knowledge of epilepsy were attending primary education (adjusted OR (AOR)=2.06, 95% CI 1.27 to 3.34), secondary education (AOR=5.01, 95% CI 2.62 to 9.58), above secondary education (AOR=5.67, 95% CI 2.35 to 13.69), being in high wealth index (AOR=1.74, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.78), being a government employee (AOR=3.69, 95% CI 1.39 to 9.83), being a merchant (AOR=3.16, 95% CI 1.80 to 5.54) and being an urban resident (AOR=2.15, 95% CI 1.36 to 3.42). CONCLUSION Only 55% of the residents have sufficient knowledge about epilepsy. Factors associated with knowledge of epilepsy were educational status, wealth index, occupation and residence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yohannes Kebede
- Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Mamusha Aman
- Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Chaka
- Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Dejene Tilahun
- Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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13
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Abou Ghayda R, Lee KH, Han YJ, Ryu S, Hong SH, Yoon S, Jeong GH, Yang JW, Lee HJ, Lee J, Lee JY, Effenberger M, Eisenhut M, Kronbichler A, Solmi M, Li H, Jacob L, Koyanagi A, Radua J, Park MB, Aghayeva S, Ahmed MLCB, Al Serouri A, Al-Shamsi HO, Amir-Behghadami M, Baatarkhuu O, Bashour H, Bondarenko A, Camacho-Ortiz A, Castro F, Cox H, Davtyan H, Douglas K, Dragioti E, Ebrahim S, Ferioli M, Harapan H, Mallah SI, Ikram A, Inoue S, Jankovic S, Jayarajah U, Jesenak M, Kakodkar P, Kebede Y, Kifle M, Koh D, Males VK, Kotfis K, Lakoh S, Ling L, Llibre-Guerra J, Machida M, Makurumidze R, Mamun MA, Masic I, Van Minh H, Moiseev S, Nadasdy T, Nahshon C, Ñamendys-Silva SA, Yongsi BN, Nielsen HB, Nodjikouambaye ZA, Ohnmar O, Oksanen A, Owopetu O, Parperis K, Perez GE, Pongpirul K, Rademaker M, Rosa S, Sah R, Sallam D, Schober P, Singhal T, Tafaj S, Torres I, Torres-Roman JS, Tsartsalis D, Tsolmon J, Tuychiev L, Vukcevic B, Wanghi G, Wollina U, Xu RH, Yang L, Zaidi Z, Smith L, Shin JI. The global case fatality rate of coronavirus disease 2019 by continents and national income: A meta-analysis. J Med Virol 2022; 94:2402-2413. [PMID: 35099819 PMCID: PMC9015248 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to provide a more accurate representation of COVID‐19's case fatality rate (CFR) by performing meta‐analyses by continents and income, and by comparing the result with pooled estimates. We used multiple worldwide data sources on COVID‐19 for every country reporting COVID‐19 cases. On the basis of data, we performed random and fixed meta‐analyses for CFR of COVID‐19 by continents and income according to each individual calendar date. CFR was estimated based on the different geographical regions and levels of income using three models: pooled estimates, fixed‐ and random‐model. In Asia, all three types of CFR initially remained approximately between 2.0% and 3.0%. In the case of pooled estimates and the fixed model results, CFR increased to 4.0%, by then gradually decreasing, while in the case of random‐model, CFR remained under 2.0%. Similarly, in Europe, initially, the two types of CFR peaked at 9.0% and 10.0%, respectively. The random‐model results showed an increase near 5.0%. In high‐income countries, pooled estimates and fixed‐model showed gradually increasing trends with a final pooled estimates and random‐model reached about 8.0% and 4.0%, respectively. In middle‐income, the pooled estimates and fixed‐model have gradually increased reaching up to 4.5%. in low‐income countries, CFRs remained similar between 1.5% and 3.0%. Our study emphasizes that COVID‐19 CFR is not a fixed or static value. Rather, it is a dynamic estimate that changes with time, population, socioeconomic factors, and the mitigatory efforts of individual countries. Europe showed the highest COVID‐19 case fatality rate (CFR) until mid‐October 2020, and North America and South America follows. Asia showed the highest CFR since the first confirmed case of COVID‐19 emerged, however, it had shown a declining tendency since March 2020. CFRs in high‐income countries showed an explosive increase compared with those in low‐income countries, which can be interpreted as due to the under‐reporting of mortality cases from COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy Abou Ghayda
- Urology Institute, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Keum Hwa Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Han
- Hospital Medicine Center, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seohyun Ryu
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hwi Hong
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sojung Yoon
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Hum Jeong
- College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Lee
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Lee
- Department of Nephrology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Maria Effenberger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Eisenhut
- Luton & Dunstable University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Luton, UK
| | - Andreas Kronbichler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marco Solmi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Mental Health, The Ottawa Hospital, Ontario, Canada.,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI) Clinical Epidemiology Program University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Han Li
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Louis Jacob
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France.,Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Radua
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Myung Bae Park
- Department of Gerontology Health and Welfare, Pai Chai University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sevda Aghayeva
- Department of Gastroenterology, Azerbaijan Medical University School of Medicine, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Mohamed L C B Ahmed
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Diversity of Microorganisms, Department of Biology, University of Nouakchott Al Aasriya, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | | | - Humaid O Al-Shamsi
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Burjeel Cancer Institute, Burjeel Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mehrdad Amir-Behghadami
- Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management (IceHM), School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee (SRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Iranian International Safe Community Support Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Oidov Baatarkhuu
- School of Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulan Bator, Mongolia
| | - Hyam Bashour
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | | | - Adrian Camacho-Ortiz
- Servicio de Infectología, Hospital Universitario "Dr José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Franz Castro
- Department of Research and Health Technology Assessment, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Horace Cox
- Ministry of Health Guyana, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Hayk Davtyan
- Tuberculosis Research and Prevention Center NGO, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Kirk Douglas
- Centre for Biosecurity Studies, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, St. Michael, Barbados
| | - Elena Dragioti
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Shahul Ebrahim
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technology, Bamako, Mali
| | - Martina Ferioli
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Respiratory and Critical Care Unit, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Saad I Mallah
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Busaiteen, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Aamer Ikram
- National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shigeru Inoue
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Slobodan Jankovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Umesh Jayarajah
- Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Milos Jesenak
- Department of Pediatrics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Pramath Kakodkar
- School of Medicine, National University of Galway Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Meron Kifle
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Koh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Siangapore
| | - Visnja K Males
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease in Split, Clinical Hospital Centre Split, School of Medicine Split, Šoltanska 1, Split, Croatia
| | - Katarzyna Kotfis
- Department Anaesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Acute Intoxications, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Sulaiman Lakoh
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Lowell Ling
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jorge Llibre-Guerra
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Masaki Machida
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Richard Makurumidze
- Department of Community Medicine, Department of Primary Care Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Mohammed A Mamun
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Public Health, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,CHINTA Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Izet Masic
- Academy of Medical Sciences of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Hoang Van Minh
- Center for Population Health Sciences, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Sergey Moiseev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Thomas Nadasdy
- Department of Dermatology, "St. Parascheva" Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Galati, Romania
| | - Chen Nahshon
- Department of Gynecologic Surgery and Oncology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Silvio A Ñamendys-Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Blaise N Yongsi
- Institute for Training & Research in Population Studies (IFORD), The University of Yaoundé II, Soa, Cameroon
| | - Henning B Nielsen
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Zealand University Hospital Roskilde, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Zita A Nodjikouambaye
- Mobile Laboratory for Hemorrhagic and Respiratory Viruses in Ndjamena, Ndjamena, Chad
| | - Ohnmar Ohnmar
- Department of Medical Research (Lower Myanmar), Myanmar Health Ministry, Yangon, Myanmar
| | | | - Oluwatomi Owopetu
- Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Konstantinos Parperis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cyprus Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Gonzalo E Perez
- Division of Cardiology, Clínica Olivos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Krit Pongpirul
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Marius Rademaker
- Waikato Clinical School, Auckland University Medical School, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Sandro Rosa
- College of Pharmacy, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Pharmacy Division, National Institute of Industrial Property, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ranjit Sah
- National Public Health Laboratory, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Dina Sallam
- Department of Pediatrics & pediatric nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Patrick Schober
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanu Singhal
- Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Medical Research Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Silva Tafaj
- University Hospital Shefqet Ndroqi, Tirana, Albania
| | | | | | | | - Jadamba Tsolmon
- Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Batric Vukcevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Guy Wanghi
- Unit of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ren-He Xu
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.,Departments of Oncology and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Zoubida Zaidi
- Faculty of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas, Setif, Algeria
| | - Lee Smith
- The Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Teshome F, Birhanu Z, Kebede Y. Development and validation of preconception care improvement scale (PCIS) in a resource-limited setting. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:28. [PMID: 35016627 PMCID: PMC8751307 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-04338-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preconception care helps to close the gaps in a continuum of care. It is of paramount importance to reduce maternal and child adverse pregnancy outcomes, increase the utilization of services such as antenatal care, skilled delivery care, and post-natal care, and improve the lives of future generations. Therefore, a validated instrument is required. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the preconception care improvement scale (PCIS) in a resource-limited setting. METHODS A mixed-method study was carried out from 02, March to 10, April 2019 in Manna district, Oromia region, Ethiopia to test the reliability and validity of the scale. Items were generated from literatures review, in-depth interviews with different individuals, and focused group discussions with women of reproductive age groups. A pretested structured questionnaire was used and a survey was conducted among 623 pregnant women in the district. The collected data were entered into EPI-data version 3.1 software and exported to SPSS version 23 software and data were analyzed for internal consistency and validity using reliability analysis and factor analysis. RESULTS The PCIS has 17 items loaded into six factors: Substance-related behaviors, screening for common non-communicable and infectious diseases, micronutrient supplementation and vaccination, seeking advice, decision and readiness for conception, and screening for sexually transmitted diseases. Factor analysis accounted for 67.51% of the observed variance. The internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) of the scale was 0.776. Diversified participants of the qualitative study and experts' discussions assured the face and content validity of the scale. Factor loading indicated the convergent validity of the scale. Three of the PCIS subscale scores had a positive and significant association with the practice of preconception care and antenatal care visits, which confirmed the predictive validity of the scale. CONCLUSION The PCIS exhibited good reliability, face validity, content validity, convergent validity, and predictive validity. Thus, the scale is valid and helps to improve preconception care, especially in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firanbon Teshome
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdie Birhanu
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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15
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Endale F, Woldeyohannes D, Belayneh F, Tamene A, Habte A, Gizachew A, Sulamo D, Kebede Y, Yohannes J, Mekonen T, Akiso D. Menstrual abnormality, maternal illiteracy, and household factors as main predictors of anemia among adolescent girls in Ethiopia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Womens Health (Lond Engl) 2022; 18:17455057221129398. [DOI: 10.1177/17455057221129398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background: Adolescent girls are more likely to develop anemia as a result of physical and physiological changes that place a greater strain on their nutritional needs. Primary studies, on the other hand, may not be sufficient to provide a complete picture of anemia in adolescent girls and its major risk factors. Objective: The study aimed to describe the pooled prevalence of adolescent girls’ anemia and the factors that contribute. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of observational studies using the databases CINAHL (EBSCO), PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the quality of the articles, and studies of fair to good quality were included. We pooled anemia prevalence among adolescents and odds ratio estimates for risk factors. Subgroup analysis employing sample size and study setup was computed to determine the source of heterogeneity, and the I2 test was used to identify the existence or absence of substantial heterogeneity during subgroup analysis. The pooled prevalence of adolescent girls’ anemia was calculated using a random-effects meta-analysis model. Results: The overall pooled prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls in Ethiopia was 23.03% (95% confidence interval: 17.07, 28.98). Low dietary diversity (odds ratio: 1.56; 95% confidence interval: 1.05, 2.32), illiterate mothers (odds ratio: 1.45; 95% confidence interval: 1.13, 1.86), household size greater than five (odds ratio: 1.65; 95% confidence interval: 1.14, 2.38), food-insecure households (odds ratio: 1.48; 95% confidence interval: 1.21, 1.82), and menstrual blood flow more than 5 days (odds ratio: 6.21; 95% confidence interval: 1.67, 23.12) were the identified factors associated with anemia among adolescent girls. Conclusion: The pooled prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls in Ethiopia was moderately high. Therefore, to combat the burden of anemia among adolescent girls offering nutritional education is crucial. Iron supplementation is also recommended for adolescent females who have a menstrual cycle that lasts longer than 5 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitsum Endale
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
| | - Demelash Woldeyohannes
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
| | - Fanuel Belayneh
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Aiggan Tamene
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
| | - Aklilu Habte
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
| | - Addisalem Gizachew
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
| | - Dawit Sulamo
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
| | - Janet Yohannes
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Mekonen
- Food Science and Nutrition Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Denebo Akiso
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
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Abawari MJ, Amdisa D, Birhanu Z, Kebede Y. Response to self-care practice messages among patients with diabetes mellitus visiting Jimma University medical center facility based cross sectional design application of extended parallel process model. PLoS One 2022; 16:e0261836. [PMID: 34972154 PMCID: PMC8719745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine response to self-care practice message among patients with diabetes in Jimma University Medical center based on the Extended Parallel Process Model. Design A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted. Setting Jimma University Medical Center is found in Jimma town. Participants A total of 343 patients with diabetes participated in the study; making a response rate of 93.9%. All patients with diabetes who were 18 years and above and who were on follow up and registered were included in the study and those with Gestational DM were excluded. Data analysis Multivariable logistic regression analysis. Result Responsive respondents scored high in self-care practice score as compared to other respondents. educational status, information sources, knowledge, and preferred message appeals were independent predictors of controlling the danger of diabetes. Conclusion There is a significant gap in controlling the danger of diabetes. Variables like the level of education, knowledge of diabetes mellitus, information sources, and message appeals were independent predictors of controlling the danger of diabetes. Designing message having higher efficacy while maintaining the level of threat is the best that fits the existing audience’s message processing to bring about desired diabetic self-care Practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Jemal Abawari
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Demuma Amdisa
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdie Birhanu
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Abamecha F, Midaksa G, Sudhakar M, Abebe L, Kebede Y, Mamo A, Alemayehu G, Birhanu Z. Acceptability and feasibility of the school-engaged social and behavior change communication approach on malaria prevention in Ethiopia: implications for engagement, empowerment, and retention (EER) of education sectors in malaria elimination efforts. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1909. [PMID: 34674682 PMCID: PMC8529361 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11995-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence on process outcomes such as acceptability, and feasibility of behavior change communication interventions are important in program evaluation to understand how, and why such a program works. However; documented evidence on the issue is not available as far as the social and behavior change communication (SBCC) on malaria is concerned. Enrolling the frontline providers this study measured the acceptability and feasibility of the school-engaged SBCC strategy on malaria prevention in malaria-endemic settings of Ethiopia. Methods A school-engaged SBCC strategy involving various communication and capacity-building interventions aimed to advance malaria preventive practices in primary schools in Jimma were implemented from 2017 to 2019. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 205 key stakeholders at the end of the intervention. Both acceptability and feasibility were measured using standardized tools. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and filled by the study participants. The SPSS version 26 was used to analyze the data. Multivariate general linear modeling was performed to identify the predictors of acceptability and feasibility of the program. P-value < 5% was considered to decide statistical significance. Results The result showed the mean scores (M, range = R) of acceptability and feasibility of the program were (M = 25.63, R = 6 to 30) and (M = 19.35, R = 5 to 25) respectively. The multivariate linear modeling showed acceptability was affected by self-efficacy; (β = 0.438, P < 0.001), community support; (β = 0.417, P < 0.001), school climate; (β = − 0.16; P = 0.003), perceived malaria threat; (β = 0.40, P < 0.001) and knowledge; (β = 0.229, P = 0.013). Similarly, feasibility was influenced by self-efficacy; (β = 0.352, P < 0.001), community support; (β = 0.591, P < 0.001), school climate; (β = − 0.099, P-value < 0.030) and perceived malaria threat; (β = 0.172, P = 0.002). Conclusion With a considerably high level of acceptability, the school-engaged SBCC strategy to enhance malaria preventive practices seems feasible. The SBCC strategy targeting personal factors such as malaria threat perceptions, knowledge and skills on the program, and contextual factors that include school social climate and community support would be fruitful to facilitate the implementation of the program. The result implicates the benefit of intensifying such a strategy to engage, empower, and retain the education sectors in malaria elimination efforts and beyond. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-11995-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fira Abamecha
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, P.O.Box: 378, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Gachana Midaksa
- Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Morankar Sudhakar
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, P.O.Box: 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Lakew Abebe
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, P.O.Box: 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, P.O.Box: 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Mamo
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, P.O.Box: 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | | | - Zewdie Birhanu
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, P.O.Box: 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Kebede Y, Hayder A, Girma K, Abamecha F, Alemayehu G, Abebe L, Sudhakar M, Birhanu Z. Primary school students' poetic malaria messages from Jimma zone, Oromia, Ethiopia: a qualitative content analysis. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1688. [PMID: 34530799 PMCID: PMC8447558 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11641-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The engagement of schools in malaria control is an emerging strategy. Little is known about the involvement of students in the development of malaria messages. This study evaluated the message content of primary school students’ malaria poems. Methods A qualitative content analysis was conducted to explore malaria messages conveyed in poems produced by students. Twenty poems were purposively selected from twenty schools across rural villages in five districts of the Jimma Zone. Data were analyzed using Atlas.ti version 7.1.4 software. The message contents were quantified in terms of frequency, and including metaphors, presented using central themes, categories, and supportive quotations. Results A total of 602 malarial contents were generated, and organized into 21 categories under five central themes. 1) Malaria-related knowledge (causation and modes of transmission, mosquito breeding and biting behavior, signs and symptoms, care for insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), and prevention methods), 2) Perceived threats from malaria, 3)The effectiveness of prevention methods (i.e., related to the adaption of ITNs, environmental cleaning, indoor residual spray (IRS), treatment for fever, and drug adherence practices), 4) Misconceptions, beliefs, and malpractices regarding the cause of malaria and drug use) and 5) Direct calls to the adopt ITN, IRS, clean surroundings, treatment, and drug use. The most commonly conveyed message contents were about the severity of malaria, distinguishable signs and symptoms, calls for community participation for malaria elimination, knowledge of preventive methods, and effectiveness of ITN use. Metaphoric expressions (war and death) were used to convey messages about the severity and the need to manage the prognosis of malaria through the active ITN use, which itself was metaphorically represented as ‘a trap’ to mosquitoes. Conclusions The poetic analysis indicated that the students developed and disseminated rich malarial messages, especially on malarial knowledge, and perceptions, beliefs, norms and practices of the local community to prevent and control malaria. Therefore, primary school students can be a source of information and would effectively communicate knowledge, perceptions, and promote malaria related practices, particularly in rural settings. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-11641-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia.
| | - Abdu Hayder
- Mizan-Tepi University, College of Public Health, Mizan, Ethiopia
| | - Kasahun Girma
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Fira Abamecha
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Guda Alemayehu
- President's Malaria Initiative, United States Agency for International Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lakew Abebe
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Morankar Sudhakar
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdie Birhanu
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
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Kebede Y, Alemayehu G, Abebe L, Sudhakar M, Birhanu Z. Messenger students' engagement scale: Community perspectives on school-based malaria education in Ethiopia. Health Soc Care Community 2021; 29:1391-1400. [PMID: 33068059 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A two-year school-based malaria education intervention was developed to engage students as implementers in malaria prevention and control in the Oromia region, Ethiopia. The current study aimed to validate messenger students' engagement scale (MSES) in malaria education. The scale development process was done stepwise. Multiple behavioural theories were examined to derive possible domains of engagement. Next, a pool of items was developed by linking the domains with malaria target behaviours. The items critically reviewed, pretested and refined for clarity and appropriateness. A cross-sectional survey of 451 sample households with school-going children was conducted in five districts of the Jimma-Zone in March-2019. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA)/principal component analysis (PCA) was executed to evaluate the construct validity of the scale. Rotated factor loading coefficients of ≥0.4 were retained. Items loaded on multiple factors were retained on the factor with a higher loading score. Cronbach's alpha of 0.7 was used as the cutoff point for reliability. Discriminative validity was declared based on Pearson correlation (between the extracted factors) coefficients that were moderate (r < 0.7), and less than the respective variance explained (VE) by each factor. The validity of convergence of domains with the overall MSES assessed (0.4 < r < 0.9). Logistic regression for key malaria preventive practices was conducted to assess predictive validity. The study explored a 24-item MSES in six domains of malaria education: reminding, supporting, monitoring, messenger credibility, role modelling and norm setting. The domains explained 67.82% variance of MSES, with a reliability of 93.3%. The factors were convergent with the overall scale (r = 0.764-0.834). Most factors were discriminative, with moderate correlation to each other. Adjusted odds ratios showed engaging credible students in reminding malaria preventive messages and modelling practices predicted exposure to message, insecticide-treated net (ITN) utilisation and cleaning surrounding. The current MSES is reliable, valid and predictive of malaria preventive practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Guda Alemayehu
- President's Malaria Initiative, United States Agency for International Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lakew Abebe
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Morankar Sudhakar
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdie Birhanu
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Kebede Y, Sudhakar M, Alemayehu G, Abebe L, Birhanu Z. Comparing insecticide-treated nets access-use based on universal household and population indicators vis-a-vis measures adapted to sleeping spaces in Ethiopia. Malar J 2021; 20:355. [PMID: 34454501 PMCID: PMC8403356 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03887-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) access-use has been pivotal monitoring indicator for malaria prevention and control, particularly in resource limited settings. The objective of the study was to compare ITN access-use based on universal household and population indicators and measures adapted to sleeping spaces. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in five districts of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia, March, 2019. 762 HHs were sampled for the survey. Multi-stage followed by simple random sampling used. Monitoring and evaluation reference group’s (MERG’s) indicators were used for measuring ITN access-use. MERG’s indicators are each adapted ITN access-use to sleeping spaces. Household (ownership, saturation and sufficiency) and population access and household members’ status of last night sleeping under ITN compared based on the two models. Differences of estimates of ITN access-use based on the two methods reported as magnitude of over/under estimations, at p-value < 0.05. Results Based on MERG’s approach, the study revealed household (HH) based indicators as such: HH ownership of at least 1 ITN (92.6%), sufficiency of ITN for every two people in HH (50.3%), and saturation of ITN for every 2 people in HHs with any ITN (54.6%). Moreover, population based indicators were: population with ITN access (P3 = 78.6%), people who slept under ITN previous night (63.0%), people who slept under ITN among who accessed it (73.1%), ITN use-gap (26.9%). Equivalent indicators of HH ownership, sufficiency, saturation, and people accessed at where they actually slept, and people slept under ITN among those accessed at where they slept estimated at 71.3%, 49.4%, 69.3%, 66.3%, and 92.1%, respectively. MERG’s approach over-estimated ownership, people’s access, and behaviour-failures by 21.3%, 12.3%, 19.0%, respectively. Over-estimation occurred for reasons such as many sleeping spaces lack ITN and > 2 people actually slept per sleeping space. Conclusions MERG’s universal indicators over estimated households and populations ITN access-use as a result of absence of measures capturing access-use values at spaces where people actually slept. Consequently, measures adapted to sleeping contexts revealed potential misdistributions practiced when the existing indicators are in use. Insertion of sleeping spaces into existing approach will be worthwhile and needs to be promoted as it improves curiosity in ITN distribution, produces closer estimates and prevents malaria prevention and control programmes from overlooking access-use challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia.
| | - Morankar Sudhakar
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Guda Alemayehu
- President's Malaria Initiative, United States Agency for International Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lakew Abebe
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdie Birhanu
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
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Teshome F, Kebede Y, Girma K, Birhanu Z. A survey on women's awareness of iron and folic acid intake during preconception period and its associated factors in Manna District, Oromia region, Southwest Ethiopia. Nurs Open 2021; 9:950-958. [PMID: 34415662 PMCID: PMC8859085 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to assess pregnant women's awareness of iron and folic acid intake during the preconception period and associated factors. Design A cross‐sectional study. Methods This study was conducted on 636 pregnant women in Manna District, Oromia region, Southwest Ethiopia. Women's awareness of iron and folic acid intake during the preconception period was measured using a pre‐tested structured questionnaire. Descriptive, binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were carried out. Results Of the total of 623 participants, 6.7% of them had an awareness of iron and folic acid intake during preconception period. Women's husband who had formal education, women who had ≥four ANC visits and women who were at distance of <30 min from the nearest health facility were significant predictors of pregnant women's awareness iron and folic acid intake during the preconception period. Conclusions Women's awareness of iron and folic acid intake during the preconception period was very low. Husband educational status, frequency of ANC visits and distance from health facility were predictors of women's awareness of iron and folic acid intake during the preconception period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firanbon Teshome
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Kasahun Girma
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdie Birhanu
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Birhanu Z, Abamecha F, Berhanu N, Dukessa T, Beharu M, Legesse S, Kebede Y. Patients' healthcare, education, engagement, and empowerment rights' framework: Patients', caretakers' and health care workers' perspectives from Oromia, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255390. [PMID: 34383786 PMCID: PMC8360507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful health care and clinical services essentially depend on patients' realization of ones' rights, and health workers' and facilities' fulfillments and protections of these rights. However, little is documented about how patients and health workers perceive patients' rights during care-seeking practices. METHODS A qualitative study was conducted in four hospitals in Ethiopia through 8 focus group discussions with patients and 14 individual interviews with diverse groups of patients, caretakers, and 14 interviews with health workers. Participants were recruited through a purposive sampling method to meet the saturation of ideas about patients' rights. The sampled patients, caretakers, and professionals were enlisted from various departments in the hospitals. The data analysis was assisted by ATLAS.ti 7.1.4. RESULTS The study identified three major categories of healthcare rights (clinical, socio-cultural, and organizational), incorporating supporting elements of education, engagement, and empowerment. Study participants reported detailed rights the patients would have during hospital visits which included the right to timely access to care and treatment, adequate medications) with full respect, dignity, and without any discrimination. Patients widely perceived that they had the right to tell their illness history and know their illness in the language they can understand. It was also widely agreed that patients have the right to be educated and guided to make informed choices of services, procedures, and medications. Additionally, patients reported that they had the right to be accompanied by caretakers together with the right to use facilities and resources and get instructions on how to utilize these resources, the right to be protected from exposure to infections and unsafe conditions in hospitals, right to get a diet of their preference, and right to referral for further care. Nevertheless, there was a common concern among patients and caretakers that these rights were mostly non-existent in practice which were due to barriers related to patients (fear of consequence; a sense of dependency, feeling of powerlessness, perceptions of low medical literacy), health workers (negligence, lack of awareness and recognition of patient rights, undermining patients), and facilities' readiness and support, including lack of guiding framework. CONCLUSIONS Perceived patients' rights in the context of hospital visits were profoundly numerous, ranging from the right to access clinical and non-clinical services that are humanely respectful, fulfilling socio-cultural contexts, and in a manner that is organizationally coordinated. Nonetheless, the rights were not largely realized and fulfilled. Engaging, educating, and empowering patients, caretakers, and health care providers supported with policy framework could help to move towards patient-centered and right-based healthcare whereby patients' rights are protected and fulfilled in such resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewdie Birhanu
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Fira Abamecha
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Nimona Berhanu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Dukessa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Beharu
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Shimelis Legesse
- Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
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Abamecha F, Midaksa G, Sudhakar M, Abebe L, Kebede Y, Alemayehu G, Birhanu Z. Perceived sustainability of the school-based social and behavior change communication (SBCC) approach on malaria prevention in rural Ethiopia: stakeholders' perspectives. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1171. [PMID: 34144692 PMCID: PMC8212521 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence on what makes the school-engaged social and behavior change communication (SBCC) interventions on malaria prevention more sustainable are limited in literature partly due to its recent emergence. Enrolling the key stakeholders, this study explored the perceived sustainability of the SBCC interventions on malaria prevention through primary school communities in rural Ethiopia. METHODS The SBCC interventions were implemented from 2017 to 2019 in 75 primary schools and villages in rural Jimma to promote malaria preventive practices. As a part of program evaluation, this study employed a mixed-method to collect qualitative and quantitative data from 205 stakeholders following the end of the program. Data were collected using interview guides and structured questionnaires. The SPSS version 26 and Atlas ti7.1 software were used to analyze the data. Multivariable linear regression modeling was used to identify predictors of the perceived sustainability of the program (SOP). RESULTS The mean score of SOP was 25.93 (SD = 4.32; range 6-30). Multivariable linear regression modeling showed that the perceived risk to malaria (β = 0.150; P = 0.029), self-efficacy (β = 0.192; P = 0.003), and perceived fidelity of implementation (β = 0.292; P = 0.000) and degree of adoption (β = 0.286; P = 0.000) were positively predicted the perceived SOP. The qualitative result identified various barriers and opportunities to sustaining the program that summarized under three themes which include perceptions about the quality of program delivery (e.g inadequate involvement of stakeholders and staffs, concerns over short project life, immature sustainability efforts), school settings (e.g schools' malaria priority, schools' climate and quality of coaching) and the outer settings (e.g existing structures in the health and education systems). CONCLUSION The study identified key predictive variables such as stakeholders' perceived risk to malaria, self-efficacy, perceived fidelity of implementation and degree of adoption that could help to improve the sustainment of the school-based SBCC approach on malaria prevention and control. Further longitudinal study should be conducted to examine the rate of decline in program components over time and how improved sustainability would contribute to the effectiveness on malaria preventive behaviors among students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fira Abamecha
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, P.O. Box: 378, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Gachena Midaksa
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Morankar Sudhakar
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, P.O. Box: 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Lakew Abebe
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, P.O. Box: 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, P.O. Box: 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | | | - Zewdie Birhanu
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, P.O. Box: 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Birhanu Z, Ambelu A, Fufa D, Mecha M, Zeynudin A, Abafita J, Belay A, Doyore F, Oljira L, Bacha E, Feyisa J, Hadis Z, Ayele K, Addisu Y, Gutu B, Tesfaye D, Tilahun T, Imana G, Tolosa T, Mekonen S, Yitayih Y, Jibat N, Moges M, Adamu A, Teym A, Kenea A, Addis T, Mengesha A, Kebede Y. Risk perceptions and attitudinal responses to COVID-19 pandemic: an online survey in Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:981. [PMID: 34034694 PMCID: PMC8148408 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10939-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective risk communication is one of the critical strategies in the response to COVID-19. This study examined risk perceptions and attitudinal responses to COVID-19 among the educated section of the society in Ethiopia. METHODS An internet-based survey was conducted from April 22 to May 04, 2020, in Ethiopia. A questionnaire addressing the perception of health threat-combination of perceived vulnerability (PV) and perceived seriousness (PS), and perceived efficacy-combinations of perceived response efficacy (PRE), perceived self-efficacy (PSE), and perceived collective efficacy (PCE). The data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0. Descriptive statistics were computed after the standardization of the scores. The scores for overall efficacy and threat were split by median value and response classifications were generated through threat by efficacy interactions. For statistical significance, 95% CI and p-value < 0.05 were used. RESULTS A total of 929 respondents submitted their responses. Eight hundred and twenty-eight (89.1%) of the respondents were male and 753 (81.1%) were Christian. The perceived threat to COVID-19 was generally low (median = 58.3). The median score for overall efficacy, PRE, and PSE were 79.8, 87.5, and 80.0, respectively. However, the median value (66.7) for PCE was relatively low. Perceived threat significantly varied by age, education, occupation, and place of residence (p < 0.05). Perceived efficacy significantly differed by gender, residence, and use of some sources of information (p < 0.05). In terms of response to COVID-19, 290 (31.2%), 239 (25.7%), 175 (18.8%) and 225 (24.2%) of the respondents were in the responsive, pro-active, avoidant, and indifferent attitudinal categories, respectively. The avoidant and indifferent groups constituted a fear control response (mal-adaptive motivation towards COVID-19 protective behavior) whereas responsive and pro-active categories formed a danger control response (self-protective motivation). These responses varied significantly by residence, region, religion, and sources of information (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Understanding people's perceived health threat and efficacy is a critical step toward creating risk communication campaigns. Hence, this study provided an insight that has the potential to inform the COVID-19 risk communication campaigns targeting the educated section of the society, by ensuring a balanced combination of threat appeals and efficacy messages for improved self-protective responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewdie Birhanu
- Departemnt of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Argaw Ambelu
- Departemnt of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Diriba Fufa
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Mecha
- Departemnt of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Ahmed Zeynudin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Jemal Abafita
- Department of Economics, College of Business and Economics, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Ashenafi Belay
- Department of English Language and Literature, College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Feleke Doyore
- Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
| | - Lemessa Oljira
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Endale Bacha
- Oromia Regional Health Bureau, Risk Communication and Community Engagement Unit, Finfinne, Ethiopia
| | - Jilcha Feyisa
- Department of Oncology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Zinabu Hadis
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Ketema Ayele
- Department of Public Health, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Addisu
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Birhanu Gutu
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dambi Dollo University, Dembi Dollo, Ethiopia
| | - Demu Tesfaye
- Department of Internal Medicine, Adama Hospital Medical College, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Tilahun
- Departemnt of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Gudeta Imana
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Tadele Tolosa
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Seblework Mekonen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Yimenu Yitayih
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Nega Jibat
- Department of Sociology, College of Social Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Mathewos Moges
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Department of Environmental Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Ayinengida Adamu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Department of Health System Management and Health Economics, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Teym
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Adamu Kenea
- Department of Public Health, Mettu University, Mettu, Ethiopia
| | - Taffere Addis
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Akalework Mengesha
- Department of Sociology, College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Kebede
- Departemnt of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Ambelu A, Birhanu Z, Yitayih Y, Kebede Y, Mecha M, Abafita J, Belay A, Fufa D. Psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia: an online cross-sectional study to identify the need for equal attention of intervention. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2021; 20:22. [PMID: 33766076 PMCID: PMC7992507 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-021-00344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic led individuals to suffer from different levels of mental health problems such as psychological distress, anxiety, depression, denial, panic, and fear. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of psychological distress and associated factors among the Ethiopian population during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed through an online survey using different online platforms. The questionnaire was created through Google Form and the survey link was administered by e-mail, LinkedIn, Telegram, and Facebook. Educated Ethiopian population who have access to the internet were invited to participate through an online survey and addressed to 929 respondents. The study participants completed the survey anonymously without any personal identifier. The psychological distress was assessed using the Kessler 10-item tool to measure psychological distress. Data were analyzed using SPSS and logistic regression to examine mutually adjusted associations, expressed as adjusted odds ratios. A generalized additive model was also employed to identify additional predictors using R. RESULTS The prevalence of high psychological distress among the study population was 236 (25.5%). Of all respondents, 421 (45.1%) had low psychological distress, 274 (29.4%) had moderate psychological distress, 164 (17.6%) had high psychological distress, and 72 (7.3%) had very high psychological distress. Psychological distress increased with being at young and middle-aged adults, getting information from social media, and not correctly practicing infection prevention and control measures to prevent COVID-19 infection. Respondents with high perceived severity had increased psychological distress. On the contrary, those with the highest score of perceived response efficacy had low distress. CONCLUSION Prevalence of psychological distress was substantial. The need for intervention of psychological distress inline with the prevention of COVID-19 is critically essential. The intervention target groups are those whose information sources are from social media, young and middle-aged adults, and those who do not correctly practice infection prevention and control measures against COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argaw Ambelu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Zewdie Birhanu
- Departemnt of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Yimenu Yitayih
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Mecha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Jemal Abafita
- Department of Economics, College of Business and Economics, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Ashenafi Belay
- Department of English Language and Literature, College of Social Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Diriba Fufa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Abamecha F, Sudhakar M, Abebe L, Kebede Y, Alemayehu G, Birhanu Z. Effectiveness of the school-based social and behaviour change communication interventions on insecticide-treated nets utilization among primary school children in rural Ethiopia: a controlled quasi-experimental design. Malar J 2021; 20:41. [PMID: 33441178 PMCID: PMC7805217 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03578-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND School-based behaviour change communication interventions could help to achieve behavioural changes in the school and enhance the enrollment of the students and teachers as health messengers to local communities. Evidence on the impacts of the school-engaged malaria preventive interventions are limited as far as the social and behaviour change communication (SBCC) is concerned. This study examined the effectiveness of the school-based SBCC approach on insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) utilization among primary school students in malaria-endemic settings of Ethiopia. METHODS Various participatory, educational, and communication interventions were implemented from 2017 to 2019 in 75 primary schools and respective villages in Jimma to promote malaria preventive practices. A quasi-experimental design was conducted with randomly selected 798 students (i.e. 399 intervention and 399 control groups). Data were collected by trained interviewers using structured questionnaires. The SPSS version 26 software was used to analyse the data. Propensity score matching analysis was performed to control for possible confounding biases. The average effects of the intervention were estimated using multivariate general linear modelling to estimate for mean differences and odds ratio based on the nature of data. RESULTS The result showed that the ITNs utilization was 6.857 folds in the intervention groups compared to the counterpart; (OR = 6.857; 95% CI: (4.636, 10.1430); effect size = 39%). A mean differences (MD) of self-efficacy (MD = 15.34; 95% CI: 13.73 to 16.95), knowledge (MD = 5.83; 95% CI: 5.12 to 6.55), attitude (MD = 6.01; 95% CI: 5.26 to 6.77), perceived malaria risk (MD = 2.14; 95% CI: 1.53 to 2.76), and perceived family supports (MD = 6.39; 95% CI: 5.57 to 7.22) were observed favoring the intervention. Multivariable logistic regression modelling results showed that knowledge (β = 0.194, 95% CI: 1.09 to 1.35) and perceived family supports (β = 0.165, 95% CI: 1.11 to 1.25) and self-efficacy (β = 0.10, 95% CI: 1.22 to 2.32) predicted the ITN utilization among the school children. CONCLUSIONS The finding of this study suggested that the school-based SBCC approach combined with peer education activities advanced the malaria-related knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, risk perceptions, and family supports and ultimately improved the sustained use of ITNs among school-going children. Further research should be conducted to understand the mechanism of these effects given the influences of social, health services, and school systems are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fira Abamecha
- Department of Health, Behaviour, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, P.O. Box: 378, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Morankar Sudhakar
- Department of Health, Behaviour, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, P.O. Box: 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Lakew Abebe
- Department of Health, Behaviour, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, P.O. Box: 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behaviour, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, P.O. Box: 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | | | - Zewdie Birhanu
- Department of Health, Behaviour, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, P.O. Box: 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Kebede Y, Birhanu Z, Fufa D, Yitayih Y, Abafita J, Belay A, Jote A, Ambelu A. Myths, beliefs, and perceptions about COVID-19 in Ethiopia: A need to address information gaps and enable combating efforts. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243024. [PMID: 33253268 PMCID: PMC7703946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endeavor to tackle the spread of COVID-19 effectively remains futile without the right grasp of perceptions and beliefs presiding in the community. Therefore, this study aimed to assess myths, beliefs, perceptions, and information gaps about COVID-19 in Ethiopia. METHODS An internet-based survey was conducted in Ethiopia from April 22 to May 04, 2020. The survey link was promoted through emails, social media, and the Jimma University website. Perceptions about COVID-19 have considered the World Health Organization (WHO) resources and local beliefs. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software version 20.0. Classifications and lists of factors for each thematic perception of facilitators, inhibitors, and information needs were generated. Explanatory factor analysis (EFA) was executed to assist categorizations. Standardized mean scores of the categories were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-tests. A significant difference was claimed at p-value <0.05. RESULTS A total of 929 responses were gathered during the study period. The EFA generated two main categories of perceived facilitators of COVID-19 spread: behavioral non-adherence (55.9%) and lack of enablers (86.5%). Behavioral non-adherence was illustrated by fear of stigma (62.9%), not seeking care (59.3%), and hugging and shaking (44.8%). Perceived lack of enablers of precautionary measures includes staying home impossible due to economic challenges (92.4%), overcrowding (87.6%), and inaccessible face masks (81.6%) and hand sanitizers (79.1%). Perceived inhibitors were categorized into three factors: two misperceived, myths (31.6%) and false assurances (32.9%), and one correctly identified; engagement in standard precautions (17.1%). Myths about protection from the virus involve perceived religiosity and effectiveness of selected food items, hot weather, traditional medicine, and alcohol drinking, ranging from 15.1% to 54.7%. False assurances include people's perception that they were living far away from areas where COVID-19 was rampant (36.9%), and no locally reported cases were present (29.5%). There were tremendous information needs reported about COVID-19 concerning protection methods (62.6%), illness behavior and treatment (59.5%), and quality information, including responses to key unanswered questions such as the origin of the virus (2.4%). Health workers were perceived as the most at-risk group (83.3%). The children, adolescents, youths were marked at low to moderate (45.1%-62.2%) risk of COVID-19. Regional, township, and access to communication showed significant variations in myths, false assurances, and information needs (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS Considering young population as being at low risk of COVID-19 would be challenging to the control efforts, and needs special attention. Risk communication and community engagement efforts should consider regional and township variations of myths and false assurances. It should also need to satisfy information needs, design local initiatives that enhance community ownership of the control of the virus, and thereby support engagement in standard precautionary measures. All forms of media should be properly used and regulated to disseminate credible information while filtering out myths and falsehoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdie Birhanu
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Diriba Fufa
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Yimenu Yitayih
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Jemal Abafita
- Department of Economics, College of Business and Economics, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Ashenafi Belay
- Department of English Language and Literature, College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Abera Jote
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Argaw Ambelu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Klemm GC, Birhanu Z, Ortolano SE, Kebede Y, Martin SL, Mamo G, Dickin KL. Integrating Calcium Into Antenatal Iron-Folic Acid Supplementation in Ethiopia: Women's Experiences, Perceptions of Acceptability, and Strategies to Support Calcium Supplement Adherence. Glob Health Sci Pract 2020; 8:413-430. [PMID: 33008855 PMCID: PMC7541115 DOI: 10.9745/ghsp-d-20-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recommendations for antenatal calcium supplementation to prevent preeclampsia could substantially reduce maternal mortality, but adherence to multiple daily doses may constrain effectiveness. World Health Organization guidelines recommend 3 daily calcium supplements (1.5-2 g/d), taken separately from 1 iron-folic acid (IFA) supplement; however, limited data suggest lower calcium doses may also be effective. We conducted mixed-methods household trials to identify strategies for supporting adherence and integrating calcium into antenatal IFA supplementation programming in Ethiopia. Participants were randomly assigned to 3 regimens varying in dose and timing and were later given a choice of regimens. Semistructured interviews conducted over 6 weeks explored acceptability, barriers, and facilitators and offered opportunities to choose calcium pill type. Interviews were transcribed, translated, and analyzed thematically. Calcium adherence was measured using medication event monitoring. All participants (N=48) agreed to try supplementation. Adherence barriers included forgetting to take pills when busy or travelling and perceived side effects. Midday doses were the most challenging because of farming, market, and social events; women avoided taking supplements in public due to fear of being perceived as HIV positive. Social support from families, visual reminders, and anticipated benefits motivated adherence. More participants (75%) selected chewable versus conventional supplements due to organoleptic properties, but this preference declined over time. Adherence rates did not substantially differ across regimens with 2 (81.1%), 3 (83.4%), or 4 (77.1%) pill-taking events. Women indicated that the 2-event regimen was more acceptable than 3- and 4-event regimens, but this acceptability was not associated with higher adherence. Consequently, mean daily calcium consumption (811.3 mg) was lower than for 3-event (1,251.1 mg) and 4-event (1,156.4 mg) regimens. Integrating calcium into antenatal IFA supplementation is acceptable to Ethiopian women, with a 3-event regimen yielding the highest consumption rates. Despite women experiencing challenges with midday dosing and stigma, using simple home-based strategies and being counseled on the purpose of supplementation were more effective than reducing dosage for mitigating barriers and improving adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina C Klemm
- Program in International Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Zewdie Birhanu
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Stephanie E Ortolano
- Program in International Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Yohannes Kebede
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Stephanie L Martin
- Program in International Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Girma Mamo
- Ethiopia-Canada Cooperation Office, Nutrition International, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Katherine L Dickin
- Program in International Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Teshome F, Kebede Y, Abamecha F, Birhanu Z. Why do women not prepare for pregnancy? Exploring women's and health care providers' views on barriers to uptake of preconception care in Mana District, Southwest Ethiopia: a qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020; 20:504. [PMID: 32873249 PMCID: PMC7465426 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-020-03208-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preconception care has the potential to reduce maternal and child morbidities and mortalities. It is a window of opportunity to timely alter or eliminate risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, despite strong evidence on the effectiveness of preconception care in safeguarding maternal and child health, its uptake remains low. Therefore, this study aimed to explore barriers to the uptake of preconception care. Methods A descriptive qualitative study was conducted in Mana district, Jimma Zone, Oromia region, Southwest Ethiopia from March 02 to April 10, 2019. A purposive sampling approach was used, and 13 key informant interviews (6 in rural and 7 in urban areas) were held with women of different age groups, health extension workers, and health care providers of different professions. In addition, 4 focused group discussions with women of reproductive age groups (two with rural women only and two with urban women only) were conducted. The data were collected by trained experts using semi-structured guides. An inductive process of thematic analysis was employed and the data were coded, categorized, and thematized using Atlas ti version 7.0.71 software. Results Four women of reproductive age groups, 1 older woman (grandmother), 2 health extension workers, and 6 health care providers of different professions were interviewed. In addition, a total of 38 women of reproductive age groups participated in the 4 focused group discussions: 20 in the two rural-focused group discussions and 18 in the two urban-focused group discussions. The findings indicated the presence of many barriers affecting the uptake of preconception care and organized into five themes: women-related barriers, husband-related barriers, community-related barriers, health-service-related barriers, and media-related barriers. Conclusions This study found a diverse array of potentially modifiable barriers to the uptake of preconception care. The findings imply the importance of scaling up health education and counseling, establishing preconception care strategies and functional units that can address all the components at all levels of health care facilities. Therefore, we recommend all stakeholders, such as program planners and managers, non-governmental organizations, media personnel, and health care providers to work in collaboration to increase the uptake of preconception care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firanbon Teshome
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Fira Abamecha
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdie Birhanu
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Teshome F, Kebede Y, Abamecha F, Birhanu Z. What do women know before getting pregnant? Knowledge of preconception care and associated factors among pregnant women in Mana district, Southwest Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e035937. [PMID: 32709644 PMCID: PMC7380725 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess knowledge of preconception care and associated factors among pregnant women in Mana district, Jimma zone, Oromia Region, Southwest Ethiopia, in 2019. DESIGN A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 2 March to 10 April 2019. SETTING The study was conducted in Mana district. Eight rural Gandas and one urban Ganda were included in the study. PARTICIPANTS Out of 715 pregnant women in the selected rural Gandas, 553 participated in the study, whereas 70 out of 88 were recruited from the urban Ganda. A total of 623 pregnant women participated in the study. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Women's knowledge of preconception care was determined. Descriptive statistics were calculated as necessary. Logistic and linear regression analyses were used to identify the association of women's knowledge of preconception care with explanatory variables. RESULTS Among 623 respondents, 133 (21.3%) of pregnant women had good knowledge of preconception care. Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that women who attended secondary and above education (β=3.6; p<0.001) and those for whom their husbands attended secondary and above education (β=2.3; p=0.001), planned pregnancy status (β=1.2; p=0.005), being on follow-up for pre-existing medical illnesses (β=1.5; p=0.014) and having four or more antenatal care visits (β=0.4; p=0.016) were significantly associated with women's knowledge of preconception care. CONCLUSION The findings imply that providing health education and health promotion for women is important to improve their level of knowledge of preconception care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yohannes Kebede
- Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Fira Abamecha
- Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdie Birhanu
- Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Kebede Y, Abebe L, Alemayehu G, Sudhakar M, Birhanu Z. School-based social and behavior change communication (SBCC) advances community exposure to malaria messages, acceptance, and preventive practices in Ethiopia: A pre-posttest study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235189. [PMID: 32584891 PMCID: PMC7316301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ethiopia has shown incredible success in malaria morbidity, mortality, and control. Community empowerment is a milestone to meet the ambitious plans of eliminating malaria by 2030. Objectives This study aimed to evaluate school-based malaria social behavior change communication (SBCC) in terms of community message exposure, acceptance, knowledge, and practices. Methods A community-based pre-posttest study was conducted in five districts of the Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. 762 and 759 households were sampled for baseline and end-line, respectively. The intervention engaged students from primary schools on participatory peer education within small groups, followed by exposing parents with malaria messages aimed to influencing ideation and preventive practices. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Proportion/mean differences were computed to compare both surveys on exposure, knowledge, perceptions, and practices at p <0.05. Finally, a regression analysis was conducted between key changes and school-based exposure. Results The study revealed a sharp increase in exposure to malaria messages with effect size (ES) of 65.7%, p <0.001. School specific exposure has grown to 57.8% (ES = 44.5%). Comprehensive knowledge about malaria increased to 39.1% (ES = 14.8%). Identifying mosquito bites as a cause of malaria was increased by ES = 20.8%. A slight reduction in risk perception (ES = 3.3%) and attitude (ES = 3.8%) and a higher rise in self-efficacy (ES = 8.5%) were observed. Community message acceptance in favor of malaria danger control was significantly improved by 10% i.e. an increase in rational decision making to uptake preventive practices. Consistently, insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) usage was improved to 63.0% (ES = 25.8%). Giving priority to use ITNs for under five years old children and pregnant women grew by 16.3% and 24.8%, respectively. Significant improvements were observed in treatment-seeking for fever (ES = 16.3%) and early treatment-seeking (ES = 15.5%). Not painting or plastering walls 6 months within spraying changed by ES = 61%. No significant change was observed in drug adherence. The school-based content intensity of exposure had effects on comprehensive knowledge, message acceptance, and ITN utilization. Conclusions Engaging school-aged children effectively advances community exposure, perception, and behaviors. We recommend the inclusion of school-based SBCC in the national malaria control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Lakew Abebe
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Guda Alemayehu
- President’s Malaria Initiative, United States Agency for International Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Morankar Sudhakar
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdie Birhanu
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Kebede Y, Yitayih Y, Birhanu Z, Mekonen S, Ambelu A. Knowledge, perceptions and preventive practices towards COVID-19 early in the outbreak among Jimma university medical center visitors, Southwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233744. [PMID: 32437432 PMCID: PMC7241810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel-coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is currently a pandemic and public health emergency of international concern, as avowed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Ethiopia has become one of the affected countries as of March 15, 2020. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the knowledge, perceptions, and practices among the Jimma University medical center (JUMC) visitors in Jimma town. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on 247 sampled visitors, from 20-24 March 2020. Consecutive sampling was used to recruit the participants. The study tools were adapted from WHO resources. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the status of knowledge, perception, and practices. Logistic regression was executed to assess the predictors of dominant preventive practices. RESULTS Of the 247 respondents, 205 (83.0%) knew the main clinical symptoms of COVID-19. 72.0% knew that older people who have chronic illnesses are at high risk of developing a severe form of COVID-19. About 95.1% knew that the COVID-19 virus spreads via respiratory droplets of infected people, while 77 (31.2%) of the respondents knew about the possibility of asymptomatic transmission. Only 15 (6.1%) knew that children and young adults had to involve preventive measures. Overall, 41.3% of the visitors had high knowledge. The majority, 170(68.8%), felt self-efficacious to controlling COVID-19. 207(83.3%) believed that COVID-19 is a stigmatized disease. Frequent hand washing (77.3%) and avoidance of shaking hands (53.8%) were the dominant practices. Knowledge status and self-efficacy (positively), older age, and unemployment (negatively) predicted hand washing and avoidance of handshaking. CONCLUSIONS The status of knowledge and desirable practices were not sufficient enough to combat this rapidly spreading virus. COVID-19 risk communication and public education efforts should focus on building an appropriate level of knowledge while enhancing the adoption of recommended self-care practices with special emphasis on high-risk audience segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Yimenu Yitayih
- Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Health Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdie Birhanu
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Seblework Mekonen
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Argaw Ambelu
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Handebo S, Kebede Y, Morankar SN. Does social connectedness influence risky sexual behaviours? finding from Ethiopian youths. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/02673843.2017.1306448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Simegnew Handebo
- Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Sudhakar N. Morankar
- Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Dupuytren's contracture is believed to be rare in Africa. We have observed the disease in many patients coming to our hospital. This study aimed to provide information concerning the occurrence of the disease and risk factors in these patients. All 75 patients who were referred to the hospital during a 2-year period because of a hand problem that was diagnosed as Dupuytren's contracture were included. The demographic data of the patients and possible risk factors were recorded and compared with a control group. The male to female ratio was 18:1. The little and ring fingers were most commonly affected. A total of 43 had bilateral hand involvement. The condition affected only the left hand in one patient. Six men also had fibromatosis of the soles of the feet and three of the penis. There was a statistically significant association with hypertension and alcohol consumption, but not with diabetes mellitus. We conclude that there are more cases of Dupuytren's contracture in Ethiopia than previously thought. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gebereegziabher
- 1 Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, ALERT Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - A Baraki
- 1 Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, ALERT Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Y Kebede
- 1 Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, ALERT Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - I Mohammed
- 1 Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, ALERT Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - V Finsen
- 2 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Olav's University Hospital and Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Tadesse T, Demissie M, Berhane Y, Kebede Y, Abebe M. Incidence of smear-positive tuberculosis in Dabat, northern Ethiopia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2013; 17:630-5. [PMID: 23575329 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.12.0449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of smear-positive tuberculosis (TB) in Dabat District, northern Ethiopia. METHODS Using a population-based longitudinal design, a TB surveillance system was initiated among 46,165 residents at the Dabat Health and Demographic Surveillance System site. Trained field workers visited each household every third month and interviewed all individuals aged ≥14 years using a uniform questionnaire to detect suspected cases of TB (cough ≥15 days), at which time two sputum (spot-morning) samples were collected for smear microscopy. RESULTS A total of 281,820 person-months were observed during the 1-year period, which generated 74 smear-positive TB cases. The incidence of smear-positive TB was calculated at 311 per 100,000 person-years (95%CI 240-382). Higher rates were observed among females (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 2.08, 95%CI 1.24-3.52), persons with no schooling (IRR 2.74, 95%CI 1.11-6.78) and urban residents (IRR 2.39, 95%CI 1.39-4.12). CONCLUSION The incidence of smear-positive TB is high in Dabat District, suggesting a high risk of transmission in the communities. TB control programmes thus need to improve case-finding mechanisms at the community level in Ethiopia, with greater emphasis on risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tadesse
- Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
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Birhanu Z, Godesso A, Kebede Y, Gerbaba M. Mothers' experiences and satisfactions with health extension program in Jimma zone, Ethiopia: a cross sectional study. BMC Health Serv Res 2013; 13:74. [PMID: 23433479 PMCID: PMC3607923 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-13-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although mothers are the fundamental unit of interventions in Health Extension Program in Ethiopia, their experiences and satisfactions with the service remain unstudied. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess mothers' experiences and satisfaction with health extension service. METHODS A community based cross sectional study was conducted in Jimma Zone, Oromiya, Ethiopia. Three hundred Seventy-nine mothers were participated in the study. The study was conducted in four randomly selected rural villages. Systematic sampling technique was used to identify respondents. As part of the data collection process, four focus group discussions were conducted with mothers. SPSS 17.0 and ATLASti.4.1. Softwares were used for data analysis. RESULTS One hundred Sixty nine (51.7%) of the respondents had an experience of interactions with health extension workers during one year prior to the survey, while 271 (71.5%) of them reported that they received visits from health extension workers during the same period. 298 (78.6%) of the respondents received information at least on one of the Health extension packages. In fact, they had better exposure to personal hygiene and environmental sanitation packages. Even though health extension program is being run by female workers alone, it was believed that the involvement of men is vital to the success of the program. Mothers thought that men are more courageous and professionally competent to deal with complex matters. They also tended to criticize health extension program for lacking curative services and health extension workers are less competent. The greater emphasis laid on outreach services was not supported. 286 (75.5%) of the respondents rated their relationship with health extension workers as positive. Similarly, higher satisfaction was reported though the program has problems. Age, perceived skill to diagnose community problems, perceived respect, involvement of husband and being recognized as a model family were significantly predicted satisfactions with health extension services. CONCLUSIONS Most mothers had good relationship, were satisfied with and had positive attitude towards health extension program though the program was criticized for not including curative services and the less attention given to static services at health post. Stakeholders are required to reconsider these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewdie Birhanu
- Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Ameyu Godesso
- Department of Sociology and Social Work, College of Social Sciences and Law, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Mulusew Gerbaba
- Department of Population and Family Health, College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Mekonnen D, Kebede Y. The prevalence of suicidal ideation and attempts among individuals attending an adult psychiatry out-patient clinic in Gondar, Ethiopia. Afr Health Sci 2011; 11:103-107. [PMID: 21572865 PMCID: PMC3092311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide is a common problem worldwide and the magnitude is high especially in countries where mental illnesses are prevalent and psychiatric services are poor. OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of suicidal ideation and attempts among patients who attended the Psychiatry clinic of Gondar University Hospital. METHODS A cross sectional study was conducted from March-December 2006 involving a total of 474 patients. Data was collected using a pre tested structured questionnaire containing basic socio-demographic variables, psychiatric diagnosis, suicidal ideation, suicidal attempt, the methods of suicide attempt and ways of survival from the attempted suicide. It was administered by psychiatry nurses working in the clinic. The data was analyzed anonymously using SPSS software. RESULTS The commonest mental illness was Major Depressive Disorder (51.3%) followed by Psychosis (38%). Ninety one (19.2 %) patients attempted suicide at least once after the onset of the current mental illness and 307(64.8%) have suicidal ideation. The common method of suicidal attempt was hanging (45.1%) and 69.2% were at home. An association was found between suicidal ideation and attempt (OR=33.7; CI=8.2-138.8, p-value <0.01). CONCLUSION Suicidal ideation was common in psychiatric patients. It was also associated with suicidal attempt.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mekonnen
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia.
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Moges F, Belyhun Y, Tiruneh M, Kebede Y, Mulu A, Kassu A, Huruy K. Brief Communication: Comparison of formol-acetone concentration method with that of the direct iodine preparation and formol-ether concentration methods for examination of stool parasites. ETHIOP J HEALTH DEV 2010. [DOI: 10.4314/ejhd.v24i2.62965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Fantahun M, Kumbi S, Degu G, Kebede Y, Admassu M, Haile W, Haile S. Dabat rural health Project, North West Ethiopia: Report of the baseline survey. ETHIOP J HEALTH DEV 2009. [DOI: 10.4314/ejhd.v15i1.46860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Moges F, Kebede Y, Kassu A, Mulu A, Tirunch M, Degu G, Adugna S, Alem A, Wale F. Seroprevalence of HIV, hepatitis B infections and syphilis among street dwellers in Gondar city, Northwest Ethiopia. ETHIOP J HEALTH DEV 2009. [DOI: 10.4314/ejhd.v20i3.46836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Andargie G, Kassu A, Moges F, Kebede Y, Gedefaw M, Wale F, Alem A, Andualem B, Adungna S. Brief communication: Low prevalence of HIV infection, and knowledge, attitude and practice on HIV/AIDS among high school students in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. ETHIOP J HEALTH DEV 2007. [DOI: 10.4314/ejhd.v21i2.10047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hailu A, Schoone GJ, Diro E, Tesfaye A, Techane Y, Tefera T, Assefa Y, Genetu A, Kebede Y, Kebede T, Schallig HDFH. Field evaluation of a fast anti-Leishmania antibody detection assay in Ethiopia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006; 100:48-52. [PMID: 16203020 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Revised: 07/01/2005] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A fast agglutination screening test (FAST) for the detection of Leishmania antibodies in human serum samples was evaluated under harsh field conditions in northern Ethiopia. Test performance was compared with a standard serological test, namely the direct agglutination test (DAT), and with parasitology. In total, 103 suspected cases were recruited for the study. Based on parasitological examination, 49 patients were confirmed of having visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and the other 54 suspected cases were parasitologically negative. Field evaluation of FAST was possible in blood samples of 89 patients. FAST had 4 false negative results and 13 false positive results. DAT had 2 false negative results and 20 false positive results. A good degree of agreement (86.9%) was observed between FAST and DAT (kappa value 0.73). In this field-based evalauation, the sensitivity and specificity of FAST were found to be 91.1% (95% CI 77.9-97.1) and 70.5% (95% CI 54.6-82.8), respectively, compared with 95.3% (95% CI 82.9-99.2) and 62.3% (95% CI 47.9-74.9) for DAT. FAST had a high predictive value of a negative test, demonstrating that FAST could be utilised to exclude rapidly non-VL patients from a large population of suspects with fever and splenomegaly in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hailu
- Institute for Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Jimma Road, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Bonnet M, Sizaire V, Kebede Y, Janin A, Doshetov D, Mirzoian B, Arzumanian A, Muminov T, Iona E, Rigouts L, Rüsch-Gerdes S, Varaine F. Does one size fit all? Drug resistance and standard treatments: results of six tuberculosis programmes in former Soviet countries. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2005; 9:1147-54. [PMID: 16229227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING After the collapse of the Soviet Union, countries in the region faced a dramatic increase in tuberculosis cases and the emergence of drug resistance. OBJECTIVE To discuss the relevance of the DOTS strategy in settings with a high prevalence of drug resistance. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of one-year treatment outcomes of short-course chemotherapy (SCC) and results of drug susceptibility testing (DST) surveys of six programmes located in the former Soviet Union: Kemerovo prison, Russia; Abkhasia, Georgia; Nagorno-Karabagh, Azerbaijan; Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan; Dashoguz Velayat, Turkmenistan; and South Kazakhstan Oblast, Kazakhstan. Results are reported for new and previously treated smear-positive patients. RESULTS Treatment outcomes of 3090 patients and DST results of 1383 patients were collected. Treatment success rates ranged between 87% and 61%, in Nagorno-Karabagh and Kemerovo, respectively, and failure rates between 7% and 23%. Any drug resistance ranged between 66% and 31% in the same programmes. MDR rates ranged between 28% in Karakalpakstan and Kemerovo prison and 4% in Nagorno-Karabagh. CONCLUSION These results show the limits of SCC in settings with a high prevalence of drug resistance. They demonstrate that adapting treatment according to resistance patterns, access to reliable culture, DST and good quality second-line drugs are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bonnet
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Paris, France.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence and risk factors of cigarette smoking and khat chewing. DESIGN College based cross sectional. SETTING Four colleges found in north west Ethiopia namely Gondar College of Medical Sciences, Gondar College of Teachers Education, Bahr Dar University Engineering Faculty, and Bahr Dar University Education Faculty. SUBJECTS All instructors in these colleges. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Prevalence of cigarette smoking and khat chewing. RESULTS Seventy six (42.0%) instructors were either lifetime smokers or lifetime khat chewers or both. The current prevalence rates of cigarette smoking and khat chewing were found to be 13.3% and 21.0%, respectively. The majority of the instructors started smoking (56.8%) and khat chewing (40.0%) while they were senior high school or first year college students. Most of the instructors (82.1%) knew that cigarette smoking is a risk factor for lung diseases including lung cancer. Statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was seen between the outcome variable and the independent variables faculty, religion, education status, income and family history of khat chewing. CONCLUSION The prevalence of cigarette smoking seemed to decrease among university instructors but the prevalence of khat chewing is almost the same as it was some years ago. Instructors knew the common health risks associated with cigarette smoking. The high schools and colleges should inform their students about the health and socioeconomic problems associated with cigarette smoking and khat chewing. Additionally, college students need counseling service on ways of coping with their problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kebede
- Gondar College of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Abstract
PURPOSE To identify disabilities and to determine their prevalence, age of onset and perceived cause in one urban and three rural areas in Northern Ethiopia. METHOD A community based cross-sectional study of households that were selected by systematic sampling. Trained enumerators identified individuals with physical disabilities or epilepsy who were 5 years of age or older. RESULTS The overall prevalence of disability in 4214 individuals was 4.9%. The more common forms were walking difficulty (1.7%), loss of vision in one or both eyes (1.5%), hand dysfunction (0.8%) and epilepsy (0.7%). Information provided by the interviewees revealed a pattern of early onset, with injury and infection prominent as perceived causes. The importance of injury and infections was confirmed by the findings in half the people with disability, who were examined by a surgeon. CONCLUSIONS Disability is a major public health problem and more facilities for rehabilitation and social support are needed. Measures that are needed to reduce the prevalence include health promotion, preventing injury, widening immunization coverage, better childhood nutrition and effective treatment for infection and injury. Further research should include younger children, cover a wider range of disability and use more sensitive means to detect hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tamrat
- Surgical Department, Gondar College of Medical Sciences, Ethiopia
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Abstract
HIV-1 antibody was detected in 6.0 percent of prisoners in an Ethiopian prison. HIV-1 seropositivity was strongly associated with positive VDRL status (RR = 3.7) and recent admission to prison (RR = 3.5). Seropositive prisoners were more likely to have prostitute contacts. No correlation was found between seropositivity and number of sexual contacts, long-term sex partners, or dental extractions. HIV-1 infection in this area may be of recent origin and the high prevalence may reflect rates in the surrounding community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kebede
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Montreal Children's Hospital, Quebec, Canada
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