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Fahy KM, Sha F, Reischauer S, Lee S, Tai TY, Farha OK. Role of Metal-Organic Framework Topology on Thermodynamics of Polyoxometalate Encapsulation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:30296-30305. [PMID: 38825765 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Polyoxometalates (POMs) are discrete anionic clusters whose rich redox properties, strong Bro̷nsted acidity, and high availability of active sites make them potent catalysts for oxidation reactions. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as tunable, porous platforms to immobilize POMs, thus increasing their solution stability and catalytic activity. While POM@MOF composite materials have been widely used for a variety of applications, little is known about the thermodynamics of the encapsulation process. Here, we utilize an up-and-coming technique in the field of heterogeneous materials, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), to obtain full thermodynamic profiles (ΔH, ΔS, ΔG, and Ka) of POM binding. Six different 8-connected hexanuclear Zr-MOFs were investigated to determine the impact of MOF topology (csq, scu, and the) on POM encapsulation thermodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira M Fahy
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Fanrui Sha
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Susanne Reischauer
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Seryeong Lee
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Tzu-Yi Tai
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Kant R, Mishra N, Kandhari K, Saba L, Michel C, Reisdorph R, Tewari-Singh N, Pantcheva MB, Petrash JM, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Dexamethasone targets actin cytoskeleton signaling and inflammatory mediators to reverse sulfur mustard-induced toxicity in rabbit corneas. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 483:116834. [PMID: 38266871 PMCID: PMC10923037 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sulfur mustard (SM), a bi-functional alkylating agent, was used during World War I and the Iran-Iraq war. SM toxicity is ten times higher in eyes than in other tissues. Cornea is exceptionally susceptible to SM-injuries due to its anterior positioning and mucous-aqueous interphase. Ocular SM exposure induces blepharitis, photosensitivity, dry eye, epithelial defects, limbal ischemia and stem cell deficiency, and mustard gas keratopathy leading to temporary or permanent vision impairments. We demonstrated that dexamethasone (Dex) is a potent therapeutic intervention against SM-induced corneal injuries; however, its mechanism of action is not well known. Investigations employing proteomic profiling (LC-MS/MS) to understand molecular mechanisms behind SM-induced corneal injury and Dex efficacy were performed in the rabbit cornea exposed to SM and then received Dex treatment. PEAKS studio was used to extract, search, and summarize peptide identity. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used for pathway identification. Validation was performed using immunofluorescence. One-Way ANOVA (FDR < 0.05; p < 0.005) and Student's t-test (p < 0.05) were utilized for analyzing proteomics and IF data, respectively. Proteomic analysis revealed that SM-exposure upregulated tissue repair pathways, particularly actin cytoskeleton signaling and inflammation. Prominently dysregulated proteins included lipocalin2, coronin1A, actin-related protein2, actin-related protein2/3 complex subunit2, actin-related protein2/3 complex subunit4, cell division cycle42, ezrin, bradykinin/kininogen1, moesin, and profilin. Upregulated actin cytoskeleton signaling increases F-actin formation, dysregulating cell shape and motility. Dex reversed SM-induced increases in the aforementioned proteins levels to near control expression profiles. Dex aids corneal wound healing and improves corneal integrity via actin cytoskeletal signaling and anti-inflammatory effects following SM-induced injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Kant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Neha Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kushal Kandhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laura Saba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cole Michel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Richard Reisdorph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Mina B Pantcheva
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - J Mark Petrash
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Mishra N, Kant R, Kandhari K, Ammar DA, Tewari-Singh N, Pantcheva MB, Petrash JM, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Nitrogen Mustard-Induced Ex Vivo Human Cornea Injury Model and Therapeutic Intervention by Dexamethasone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:484-494. [PMID: 37474260 PMCID: PMC10801761 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM), a vesicating agent first used during World War I, remains a potent threat as a chemical weapon to cause intentional/accidental chemical emergencies. Eyes are extremely susceptible to SM toxicity. Nitrogen mustard (NM), a bifunctional alkylating agent and potent analog of SM, is used in laboratories to study mustard vesicant-induced ocular toxicity. Previously, we showed that SM-/NM-induced injuries (in vivo and ex vivo rabbit corneas) are reversed upon treatment with dexamethasone (DEX), a US Food and Drug Administration-approved, steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Here, we optimized NM injuries in ex vivo human corneas and assessed DEX efficacy. For injury optimization, one cornea (randomly selected from paired eyes) was exposed to NM: 100 nmoles for 2 hours or 4 hours, and 200 nmoles for 2 hours, and the other cornea served as a control. Injuries were assessed 24 hours post NM-exposure. NM 100 nmoles exposure for 2 hours was found to cause optimal corneal injury (epithelial thinning [∼69%]; epithelial-stromal separation [6-fold increase]). In protein arrays studies, 24 proteins displayed ≥40% change in their expression in NM exposed corneas compared with controls. DEX administration initiated 2 hours post NM exposure and every 8 hours thereafter until 24 hours post-exposure reversed NM-induced corneal epithelial-stromal separation [2-fold decrease]). Of the 24 proteins dysregulated upon NM exposure, six proteins (delta-like canonical Notch ligand 1, FGFbasic, CD54, CCL7, endostatin, receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-4) associated with angiogenesis, immune/inflammatory responses, and cell differentiation/proliferation, showed significant reversal upon DEX treatment (Student's t test; P ≤ 0.05). Complementing our animal model studies, DEX was shown to mitigate vesicant-induced toxicities in ex vivo human corneas. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Nitrogen mustard (NM) exposure-induced injuries were optimized in an ex vivo human cornea culture model and studies were carried out at 24 h post 100 nmoles NM exposure. Dexamethasone (DEX) administration (started 2 h post NM exposure and every 8 h thereafter) reversed NM-induced corneal injuries. Molecular mediators of DEX action were associated with angiogenesis, immune/inflammatory responses, and cell differentiation/proliferation, indicating DEX aids wound healing via reversing vesicant-induced neovascularization (delta-like canonical Notch ligand 1 and FGF basic) and leukocyte infiltration (CD54 and CCL7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.M., R.K., K.K., C.A., R.A.) and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine (M.B.P., J.M.P.) University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Lions Eye Institute for Transplant and Research, Tampa, Florida (D.A.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (N.T.-S.)
| | - Rama Kant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.M., R.K., K.K., C.A., R.A.) and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine (M.B.P., J.M.P.) University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Lions Eye Institute for Transplant and Research, Tampa, Florida (D.A.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (N.T.-S.)
| | - Kushal Kandhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.M., R.K., K.K., C.A., R.A.) and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine (M.B.P., J.M.P.) University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Lions Eye Institute for Transplant and Research, Tampa, Florida (D.A.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (N.T.-S.)
| | - David A Ammar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.M., R.K., K.K., C.A., R.A.) and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine (M.B.P., J.M.P.) University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Lions Eye Institute for Transplant and Research, Tampa, Florida (D.A.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (N.T.-S.)
| | - Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.M., R.K., K.K., C.A., R.A.) and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine (M.B.P., J.M.P.) University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Lions Eye Institute for Transplant and Research, Tampa, Florida (D.A.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (N.T.-S.)
| | - Mina B Pantcheva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.M., R.K., K.K., C.A., R.A.) and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine (M.B.P., J.M.P.) University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Lions Eye Institute for Transplant and Research, Tampa, Florida (D.A.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (N.T.-S.)
| | - J Mark Petrash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.M., R.K., K.K., C.A., R.A.) and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine (M.B.P., J.M.P.) University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Lions Eye Institute for Transplant and Research, Tampa, Florida (D.A.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (N.T.-S.)
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.M., R.K., K.K., C.A., R.A.) and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine (M.B.P., J.M.P.) University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Lions Eye Institute for Transplant and Research, Tampa, Florida (D.A.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (N.T.-S.)
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.M., R.K., K.K., C.A., R.A.) and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine (M.B.P., J.M.P.) University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Lions Eye Institute for Transplant and Research, Tampa, Florida (D.A.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (N.T.-S.)
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Mishra N, Kant R, Kandhari K, Tewari-Singh N, Anantharam P, Croutch CR, Pantcheva MB, Petrash JM, Araj H, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Establishing a Dexamethasone Treatment Regimen To Alleviate Sulfur Mustard-Induced Corneal Injuries in a Rabbit Model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:469-483. [PMID: 37316330 PMCID: PMC10801779 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is an ominous chemical warfare agent. Eyes are extremely susceptible to SM toxicity; injuries include inflammation, fibrosis, neovascularization (NV), and vision impairment/blindness, depending on the exposure dosage. Effective countermeasures against ocular SM toxicity remain elusive and are warranted during conflicts/terrorist activities and accidental exposures. We previously determined that dexamethasone (DEX) effectively counters corneal nitrogen mustard toxicity and that the 2-hour postexposure therapeutic window is most beneficial. Here, the efficacy of two DEX dosing frequencies [i.e., every 8 or 12 hours (initiated, as previously established, 2 hours after exposure)] until 28 days after SM exposure was assessed. Furthermore, sustained effects of DEX treatments were observed up to day 56 after SM exposure. Corneal clinical assessments (thickness, opacity, ulceration, and NV) were performed at the day 14, 28, 42, and 56 post-SM exposure time points. Histopathological assessments of corneal injuries (corneal thickness, epithelial degradation, epithelial-stromal separation, inflammatory cell, and blood vessel counts) using H&E staining and molecular assessments (COX-2, MMP-9, VEGF, and SPARC expressions) were performed at days 28, 42, and 56 after SM exposure. Statistical significance was assessed using two-way ANOVA, with Holm-Sidak post hoc pairwise multiple comparisons; significance was established if P < 0.05 (data represented as the mean ± S.E.M.). DEX administration every 8 hours was more potent than every 12 hours in reversing ocular SM injury, with the most pronounced effects observed at days 28 and 42 after SM exposure. These comprehensive results are novel and provide a comprehensive DEX treatment regimen (therapeutic-window and dosing-frequency) for counteracting SM-induced corneal injuries. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The study aims to establish a dexamethasone (DEX) treatment regimen by comparing the efficacy of DEX administration at 12 versus 8 hours initiated 2 hours after exposure. DEX administration every 8 hours was more effective in reversing sulfur mustard (SM)-induced corneal injuries. SM injury reversal during DEX administration (initial 28 days after exposure) and sustained [further 28 days after cessation of DEX administration (i.e., up to 56 days after exposure)] effects were assessed using clinical, pathophysiological, and molecular biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.M., R.K., K.K., N.T.-S., C.A., R.A.) and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine (M.B.P., J.M.P.), University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; MRIGlobal, Kansas City, Missouri (P.A., C.R.C.); and Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (H.A.)
| | - Rama Kant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.M., R.K., K.K., N.T.-S., C.A., R.A.) and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine (M.B.P., J.M.P.), University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; MRIGlobal, Kansas City, Missouri (P.A., C.R.C.); and Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (H.A.)
| | - Kushal Kandhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.M., R.K., K.K., N.T.-S., C.A., R.A.) and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine (M.B.P., J.M.P.), University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; MRIGlobal, Kansas City, Missouri (P.A., C.R.C.); and Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (H.A.)
| | - Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.M., R.K., K.K., N.T.-S., C.A., R.A.) and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine (M.B.P., J.M.P.), University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; MRIGlobal, Kansas City, Missouri (P.A., C.R.C.); and Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (H.A.)
| | - Poojya Anantharam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.M., R.K., K.K., N.T.-S., C.A., R.A.) and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine (M.B.P., J.M.P.), University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; MRIGlobal, Kansas City, Missouri (P.A., C.R.C.); and Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (H.A.)
| | - Claire R Croutch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.M., R.K., K.K., N.T.-S., C.A., R.A.) and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine (M.B.P., J.M.P.), University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; MRIGlobal, Kansas City, Missouri (P.A., C.R.C.); and Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (H.A.)
| | - Mina B Pantcheva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.M., R.K., K.K., N.T.-S., C.A., R.A.) and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine (M.B.P., J.M.P.), University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; MRIGlobal, Kansas City, Missouri (P.A., C.R.C.); and Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (H.A.)
| | - J Mark Petrash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.M., R.K., K.K., N.T.-S., C.A., R.A.) and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine (M.B.P., J.M.P.), University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; MRIGlobal, Kansas City, Missouri (P.A., C.R.C.); and Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (H.A.)
| | - Houmam Araj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.M., R.K., K.K., N.T.-S., C.A., R.A.) and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine (M.B.P., J.M.P.), University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; MRIGlobal, Kansas City, Missouri (P.A., C.R.C.); and Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (H.A.)
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.M., R.K., K.K., N.T.-S., C.A., R.A.) and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine (M.B.P., J.M.P.), University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; MRIGlobal, Kansas City, Missouri (P.A., C.R.C.); and Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (H.A.)
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.M., R.K., K.K., N.T.-S., C.A., R.A.) and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine (M.B.P., J.M.P.), University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; MRIGlobal, Kansas City, Missouri (P.A., C.R.C.); and Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (H.A.)
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Alemi H, Dehghani S, Forouzanfar K, Surico PL, Narimatsu A, Musayeva A, Sharifi S, Wang S, Dohlman TH, Yin J, Chen Y, Dana R. Insights into mustard gas keratopathy- characterizing corneal layer-specific changes in mice exposed to nitrogen mustard. Exp Eye Res 2023; 236:109657. [PMID: 37722586 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to mustard agents, such as sulfur mustard (SM) and nitrogen mustard (NM), often results in ocular surface damage. This can lead to the emergence of various corneal disorders that are collectively referred to as mustard gas keratopathy (MGK). In this study, we aimed to develop a mouse model of MGK by using ocular NM exposure, and describe the subsequent structural changes analyzed across the different layers of the cornea. A 3 μL solution of 0.25 mg/mL or 5 mg/mL NM was applied to the center of the cornea via a 2-mm filter paper for 5 min. Mice were evaluated prior to and after exposure on days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 for 4 weeks using slit lamp examination with fluorescein staining. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) tracked changes in the epithelium, stroma, and endothelium of the cornea. Histologic evaluation was used to examine corneal cross-sections collected at the completion of follow-up. Following exposure, mice experienced central corneal epithelial erosion and thinning, accompanied by a decreased number of nerve branches in the subbasal plexus and increased activated keratocytes in the stroma in both dosages. The epithelium was recovered by day 3 in the low dose group, followed by exacerbated punctuate erosions alongside persistent corneal edema that arose and continued onward to four weeks post-exposure. The high dose group showed persistent epitheliopathy throughout the study. The endothelial cell density was reduced, more prominent in the high dose group, early after NM exposure, which persisted until the end of follow-up, along with increased polymegethism and pleomorphism. Microstructural changes in the central cornea at 4 weeks post-exposure included dysmorphic basal epithelial cells and reduced epithelial thickness, and in the limbal cornea included decreased cellular layers. We present a mouse model of MGK using NM that successfully replicates ocular injury caused by SM in humans who have been exposed to mustard gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Alemi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shima Dehghani
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katayoon Forouzanfar
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pier Luigi Surico
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Akitomo Narimatsu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aytan Musayeva
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sina Sharifi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shudan Wang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas H Dohlman
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jia Yin
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yihe Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Reza Dana
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Umejiego E, Paramo R, Zafiris A, Mullane E, Bargagna-Mohan P, Mohan R. A corneo-retinal hypercitrullination axis underlies ocular injury to nitrogen mustard. Exp Eye Res 2023; 231:109485. [PMID: 37080381 PMCID: PMC10214858 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The vesicant sulfur mustard (SM) is a chemical warfare agent that causes acute and chronic injury to the cornea and proximal anterior segment structures. Despite clinical evidence of SM-exposure causing unexplained retinal deficits, there have been no animal studies conducted to examine the retinal toxicity of this vesciant. The cardinal hallmark of retinal response to stressors or injury is the activation of reactive gliosis, a cellular process largely governed by Müller glia. Previously we showed that corneal exposure to sodium hydroxide elicits rapid induction of reactive gliosis and results in retinal degeneration in a dose-related manner. Based on this evidence, we hypothesized that the vesicant nitrogen mustard (NM), an analog of SM, may also elicit reactive gliosis. To test this idea, we developed a mouse model of NM ocular injury and investigated corneal and retinal effects focusing on citrullination, a posttranslational modification (PTM) of proteins. This PTM was recently linked to alkali injury and has also been shown to occur in retinal degenerative conditions. Here, we demonstrate that corneal exposure to 1% NM causes a synchronous activation of citrullination in both the cornea and retina with hypercitrullination becoming apparent temporally and manifesting with altered cellular expression characteristics. A key finding is that ocular citrullination occurs acutely as early as 1-h post-injury in both the cornea and retina, which underscores a need for expeditious interception of this acute corneal and retinal response. Moreover, exploiting dose response and temporal studies, we uncoupled NM-induced retinal citrullination from its induction of retinal gliosis. Our findings demonstrate that hypercitrullination is a common corneo-retinal mechanism that sensitizes the eye to NM injury and suggests that counteracting hypercitrullination may provide a suitable countermeasure to vesicant injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezigbobiara Umejiego
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Ricky Paramo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Alexander Zafiris
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Elias Mullane
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Paola Bargagna-Mohan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Royce Mohan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA.
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Alemi H, Dehghani S, Musayeva A, Nadari A, Narimatsu A, Sharifi S, Forouzanfar K, Wang S, Dohlman TH, Yin J, Chen Y, Dana R. Insights into mustard gas keratopathy: Characterizing corneal layer-specific changes in mice exposed to nitrogen mustard. Exp Eye Res 2023:109495. [PMID: 37142048 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to mustard agents, such as sulfur mustard (SM) and nitrogen mustard (NM), often results in ocular surface damage. This can lead to the emergence of various corneal disorders that are collectively referred to as mustard gas keratopathy (MGK). In this study, we aimed to develop a mouse model of MGK by using ocular NM exposure, and describe the subsequent structural changes analyzed across the different layers of the cornea. A 3 μL solution of 0.25 mg/mL NM was applied to the center of the cornea via a 2-mm filter paper for 5 min. Mice were evaluated prior to and after exposure on days 1 and 3, and weekly for 4 weeks using slit lamp examination with fluorescein staining. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) tracked changes in the epithelium, stroma, and endothelium of the cornea. Histologic evaluation and immunostaining were used to examine corneal cross-sections collected at the completion of follow-up. A biphasic ocular injury was observed in mice exposed to NM, most prominent in the corneal epithelium and anterior stroma. Following exposure, mice experienced central corneal epithelial erosions and thinning, accompanied by a decreased number of nerve branches in the subbasal plexus and increased activated keratocytes in the stroma. The epithelium was recovered by day 3, followed by exacerbated punctuate erosions alongside persistent stromal edema that arose and continued onward to four weeks post-exposure. The endothelial cell density was reduced on the first day after NM exposure, which persisted until the end of follow-up, along with increased polymegethism and pleomorphism. Microstructural changes in the central cornea at this time included dysmorphic basal epithelial cells, and in the limbal cornea included decreased cellular layers and p63+ area, along with increased DNA oxidization. We present a mouse model of MGK using NM that successfully replicates ocular injury caused by SM in humans who have been exposed to mustard gas. Our research suggests DNA oxidation contributes to the long-term effects of nitrogen mustard on limbal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Alemi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shima Dehghani
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aytan Musayeva
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amirreza Nadari
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Akitomo Narimatsu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sina Sharifi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katayoun Forouzanfar
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shudan Wang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas H Dohlman
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jia Yin
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yihe Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Reza Dana
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Gore A, Kadar T, Cohen M, Gutman H, Gez R, Dachir S, Horwitz V. The use of aflibercept (VEGF trap) in mitigating sulfur mustard-induced corneal neovascularization in a rabbit model. Toxicol Rep 2023; 10:206-215. [PMID: 36825253 PMCID: PMC9941054 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM)-induced ocular injury is characterized by an acute inflammatory response that may become chronic or enter a latent phase with delayed pathology. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ziv-aflibercept and aflibercept in preventing and ameliorating corneal neovascularization (NV), respectively, following chemical eye exposure to SM vapor in a rabbit model. Chemical SM ocular insult was induced in the right eye of rabbits. A single application of ziv-aflibercept was administered 2 h or 9 days post-exposure. A single subconjunctival aflibercept treatment in an ocular formulation was administered 4 weeks after SM vapor exposure and subsequent to an initial 1-week treatment with 0.1 % dexamethasone. Clinical monitoring was performed 5-12 weeks post-exposure, and digital corneal pictures were taken to assess the extent of NV. The rabbits were euthanized and the corneas were processed for histological assessment. Treatment with ziv-aflibercept 2 h and 9 days post-exposure moderately reduced insult severity and partially delayed or prevented corneal NV. Aflibercept application 4 weeks post-exposure significantly reduced the extent of NV for 8 weeks. The substantial decrease in existing corneal NV in this group was confirmed by histology. These results reveal the powerful anti-angiogenic efficacy of the VEGF-trap for ameliorating existing NV as opposed to preventing NV development, revealing the ability of this treatment to mitigate corneal NV.
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Bourassa S, Noebert D, Dauphin M, Rambaud J, Kawaguchi A, Léger F, Beijer D, Fortier Y, Dligui M, Ivanovski H, Simard S, Jouvet P, Leclerc J. Acute care for patients exposed to a chemical attack: protocol for an international multicentric observational study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e065015. [PMID: 36175098 PMCID: PMC9528586 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of weapons of mass destruction against civilian populations is of serious concern to public health authorities. Chemical weapons are of particular concern. A few studies have investigated medical responses in prehospital settings in the immediate aftermath of a chemical attack, and they were limited by the paucity of clinical data. This study aims to describe the acute management of patients exposed to a chemical attack from the incident site until their transfer to a medical facility. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This international multicentric observational study addresses the period from 1970 to 2036. An online electronic case report form was created to collect data; it will be hosted on the Biomedical Telematics Laboratory Platform of the Quebec Respiratory Health Research Network. Participating medical centres and their clinicians are being asked to provide contextual and clinical information, including the use of protective equipment and decontamination capabilities for the medical evacuation of the patient from the incident site of the chemical attack to the moment of admission at the medical facility. In brief, variables are categorised as follows: (1) chemical exposure (threat); (2) prehospital and hospital/medical facility capabilities (staffing, first aid, protection, decontamination, disaster plans and medical guidelines); (3) clinical interventions before hospital admission, including the use of protection and decontamination and (4) outcomes (survivability vs mortality rates). Judgement criteria focus on decontamination drills applied to any of the patient's conditions. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The Sainte-Justine Research Centre Ethics Committee approved this multicentric study and is acting as the main evaluating centre. Study results will be disseminated through various means, including conferences, indexed publications in medical databases and social media. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05026645.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Bourassa
- Faculty of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- CFINTCOMD (retired), Department of National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Medical Intelligence CBRNE Inc, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Ste-Justine University Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Noebert
- Medical Intelligence CBRNE Inc, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- DCBRND&RCAF (retired), Department of National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc Dauphin
- Medical Intelligence CBRNE Inc, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- RCAMC (retired), Department of National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Atsushi Kawaguchi
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- CHU Sainte Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - François Léger
- CFINTCOMD (retired), Department of National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Medical Intelligence CBRNE Inc, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daan Beijer
- DCBRND&RCAF (retired), Department of National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yvan Fortier
- University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mina Dligui
- University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hristijan Ivanovski
- Centre for Defence and Security Studies, University of Manitoba Faculty of Arts, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Serge Simard
- Research Centre Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe Jouvet
- Ste-Justine University Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacinthe Leclerc
- RCAMC (retired), Department of National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Research Centre Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Nursing, University of Quebec at Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada
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Ghavami Shahri SH, Balali-Mood M, Heidarzadeh HR, Abrishami M. Ophthalmic Complications and Managements of Sulfur Mustard Exposure: A Narrative Review. ARCHIVES OF IRANIAN MEDICINE 2022; 25:647-657. [PMID: 37543890 PMCID: PMC10685765 DOI: 10.34172/aim.2022.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a lethal chemical agent that affects many organs, particularly the eyes, respiratory system and skin. Even asymptomatic patients with documented SM vapor exposure may develop organ disorder many years later. Patients with even minor signs in the acute stage may experience late complications that necessitate surgery. Early decontamination and conservative measures could help the patients and decrease the complications. Despite decades of research, there is still no effective treatment for either acute or long-term SM-induced ocular complications. Even after multiple medications and surgical procedures, the majority of patients continue to have symptoms. For dry eye, punctual occlusion, autologous eye drops, and aggressive lubrication are used; for persistent epithelial defects (PED), tarsorrhaphy, amniotic membrane transplant, and stem cell transplantation are used; for total limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD), living-related conjunctivolimbal allograft and keratolimbal allograft are used; for corneal vascularization, steroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor prescribed; and for corneal opacities, corneal transplantation is done. Platelet rich plasma and topical drops containing stem cell transplantation for LSCD, photodynamic therapy paired with subconjunctival or topical anti-vascular endothelial growth factors for corneal vascularization, topical curcumin and topical ciclosporin-A for dry eye, and orbital fat-derived stem cells for PED are all alternative treatments that can be suggested. Despite the experimental and clinical research on the complications of SM exposure over the past decades, there is still no effective treatment for eye complications. However, supportive medical and surgical management has been applied with relatively good outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahdi Balali-Mood
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Mojtaba Abrishami
- Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- Ocular Oncology Service, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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11
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Goswami DG, Mishra N, Kant R, Agarwal C, Ammar DA, Petrash JM, Tewari-Singh N, Agarwal R. Effect of dexamethasone treatment at variable therapeutic windows in reversing nitrogen mustard-induced corneal injuries in rabbit ocular in vivo model. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 437:115904. [PMID: 35108561 PMCID: PMC8849585 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.115904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard (NM) is an analogue of the potent vesicating agent sulfur mustard, with well-established ocular injury models in rabbit eyes to study vesicant-induced ocular toxicity. The effects of NM-exposure to eyes may include irritation, redness, inflammation, fibrosis, epithelial degradation, blurred vision, partial/complete blindness, which may be temporary or permanent, depending on the route, duration, and dosage of exposure. Effective countermeasures against vesicant exposure are presently not available and are warranted in case of any terrorist activity or accidental leakage from stockpiles. Herein, our focus was to evaluate whether dexamethasone (DEX), an FDA approved potent corticosteroid with documented anti-inflammatory activities, could be an effective treatment modality. Accordingly, utilizing NM-induced corneal injuries in rabbit ocular in vivo model, we examined and compared the efficacy of DEX treatments when administration was started at early (2 h), intermediate (4 h), and late (6 h) therapeutic windows of intervention after NM-exposure and administered every 8 h thereafter. The effects of NM-exposure and DEX treatments were evaluated on clinical (corneal opacity, ulceration, and neovascularization), biological (epithelial thickness, epithelial-stromal separation, blood vessels density, and inflammatory cell and keratocyte counts) and molecular (COX-2 and VEGF expression) parameters, at day 1, 3, 7 and 14. Results indicated that DEX treatment markedly and effectively reversed the NM-induced injury markers in rabbit corneas. Early administration of DEX at 2 h was found to be most effective in reversing NM-induced corneal injuries, followed by DEX 4 h and DEX 6 h administration initiation, indicating that DEX has best efficacy at the early therapeutic window in our study model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh G. Goswami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Neha Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rama Kant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - David A. Ammar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - J. Mark Petrash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.
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12
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Yang Y, Yin J, Tao F, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Zhong Y, Wang Y. Enhancing the quantum yield of singlet oxygen: photocatalytic degradation of mustard gas simulant 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide catalyzed by a hybrid of polyhydroxyl aluminum cations and porphyrin anions. RSC Adv 2022; 12:20251-20258. [PMID: 35919596 PMCID: PMC9277536 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01821g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
By combining the anionic salt meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP4−) and the Keggin polyoxometalate cation cluster [Al13O4(OH)24(H2O)12]7+via a simple ion-exchange method, a hybrid (C48H26N4O8)[Al13O4(OH)24(H2O)12]2(OH)10·18H2O (Al13–TCPP) was prepared and thoroughly characterized as a prototype of polyoxometalate–porphyrin hybrids for the photocatalytic degradation of the mustard gas simulant 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES). The experimental results showed that the catalytic degradation rate of CEES in the presence of Al13–TCPP reached 96.16 and 99.01% in 180 and 90 min in methanol and methanol–water solvent mixture (v/v = 1 : 1), respectively. The reaction followed first-order reaction kinetics, and the half-life and kinetic constant in methanol and solvent mixture were 39.8 min, −0.017 min−1 and 14.7 min, −0.047 min−1. Mechanism analysis indicated that under visible light irradiation in air, CEES was degraded through a combination of oxidation and alcoholysis/hydrolysis in methanol and the methanol–water solvent mixture. The superoxide radical (O2˙−) and singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) generated by Al13–TCPP selectively oxidized CEES into a non-toxic sulfoxide. The singlet oxygen capture experiments showed that Al13–TCPP (Φ = 0.236) had a higher quantum yield of singlet oxygen generation than H4TCPP (Φ = 0.135) under visible light irradiation in air. The material Al13–TCPP has good reusability, and the degradation rate of CEES can still reach 98.37% after being recycled five times. A hybrid Al13–TCPP was thoroughly characterized as a prototype of polyoxometalate–porphyrin hybrids for the photocatalytic degradation of the mustard gas simulant 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
- Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Jianbo Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Fangsheng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yunshan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yuxu Zhong
- Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Yong'an Wang
- Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
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Zhou S, Li W, Zhao Q, Dong H, Wang Y, Lu F, Zhao J, Liu S, Chen H, Wang L, Liu W, Zhang M, Chen S. Detoxification of the Toxic Sulfur Mustard Simulant by a Supramolecular Antidote in Vitro and in Vivo. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:58291-58300. [PMID: 34846119 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although great potential hazards and threats still occur from sulfur mustard, there are no specific medicine or therapy for the intoxication of sulfur mustard. Herein, we have demonstrated a supramolecular approach for the detoxification of the sulfur mustard simulant CEES (4) in vitro and in vivo by carboxylatopillar[5]arene potassium salts (CP[5]AK 1) efficiently based on host-guest interactions. The encapsulation of CEES (4) by the cavity of the pillar[5]arene 2 is driven by C-H···π interactions between CEES (4) and the electron-rich cavity of pillar[5]arene 2, which was investigated by 1H NMR titration, density functional theory studies, and the independent gradient model studies. CEES (4) is degradated to the reactive sulfonium salts quickly in aqueous media, resulting in the alkylation of DNA and proteins. The sulfonium salts can be encapsulated by CP[5]AK 1 efficiently, which accelerates the degradation of the sulfonium salts about 14 times. The cell and animal experiments indicated that the bioactivities of the sulfonium salts are inhibited with the formation of stable host-guest complexes, and CP[5]AK 1 has a good therapeutic effect on the damages caused by CEES (4) at either pre- or post-treatments. Due to the low cytotoxicity and good therapeutic effect, the anionic pillar[5]arenes are expected to be developed as specific antidotes against sulfur mustard (HD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Zhou
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Wangzi Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Hongqiang Dong
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Yueqi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Feihong Lu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Jiahao Zhao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lu Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Mingchang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shigui Chen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
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14
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Bhatti SA, Memon FH, Rehman F, Bhatti Z, Naqvi T, Thebo KH. Recent progress in decontamination system against chemical and biological materials: challenges and future perspectives. REV INORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/revic-2021-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Environmental contamination is one of the key issues of developing countries in recent days, and several types of methods and technologies have been developed to overcome these issues. This paper highlights the importance of decontamination in a contaminated environment that normally precedes protection, detection and identification followed by medical support. Further, this paper especially focuses on individual and collective NBC decontamination required on navy ships and correspondingly presents solutions (viable and economical) through the use of indigenously developed decontamination equipment. The paper also highlights the integration of various decontamination technologies with pre-existing ship decontamination systems, indicating the need for various decontaminants. Finally, we will also focus on new decontamination systems based on nanomaterials and enzymes and their utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Akhtar Bhatti
- Department of Defence & Strategic Studies , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , 45320 , Pakistan
| | - Fida Hussain Memon
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Sukkur IBA University , Sukkur , Sindh , Pakistan
| | - Faisal Rehman
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering , College of EME, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) , Peshawar Road , Rawalpindi , Pakistan
| | - Zubeda Bhatti
- Department of Physics and Electronics , Shah Abdul Latif University , Khairpur Mirs , 66020 , Pakistan
| | - Tehsin Naqvi
- Department of Defence & Strategic Studies , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , 45320 , Pakistan
| | - Khalid Hussain Thebo
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) , Shenyang , China
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15
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Evaluating the clinical translational relevance of animal models for limbal stem cell deficiency: A systematic review. Ocul Surf 2021; 23:169-183. [PMID: 34583088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Animal models are pivotal for elucidating pathophysiological mechanisms and evaluating novel therapies. This systematic review identified studies that developed or adapted animal models of limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD), assessed their reporting quality, summarized their key characteristics, and established their clinical translational relevance to human disease. METHODS The protocol was prospectively registered (PROSPERO CRD42020203937). Searches were conducted in PubMed, Ovid EMBASE and Web of Science in August 2020. Two authors screened citations, extracted data, assessed the reporting quality of eligible studies using the ARRIVE guidelines, and judged the clinical translational relevance of each model using a custom matrix. RESULTS 105 studies were included. Rabbits were the most common animal species. Overall, 97% of studies recapitulated LSCD to a clinical etiology, however 62% did not provide sufficient methodological detail to enable independent reproduction of the model. Adverse events and/or exclusion of animals were infrequently (20%) reported. Approximately one-quarter of studies did not produce the intended severity of LSCD; 34% provided insufficient information to assess the fidelity of disease induction. Adjunctive diagnostic confirmation of LSCD induction was performed in 13% of studies. CONCLUSIONS This is the first systematic review to assess the reporting quality and clinical translational relevance of animal models of LSCD. Models of LSCD have evolved over time, resulting in variable reporting of the characteristics of animals, experimental procedures and adverse events. In most studies, validation of LSCD was made using clinical tests; newer adjunctive techniques would enhance diagnostic validation. As most studies sought to evaluate novel therapies for LSCD, animal models should ideally recapitulate all features of the condition that develop in patients.
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Mahayoni E, Min S, Kim J, Jeong K, Kim SH. Effective degradation of sulfur mustard simulant using novel sulfur-doped mesoporous zinc oxide under ambient conditions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 411:125144. [PMID: 33858104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur doped metal oxides were synthesized using a two-step precipitation method. When reacted against neat 2-CEES (2-chloroethyl-ethyl sulfide, a mustard gas simulant) under ambient conditions, sulfur doped mesoporous zinc oxide (MS-Zn) showed higher catalytic activity than the other metal oxides with 92.7% overall conversion in 24 h for a 2.5 μL neat 2-CEES droplet added on top of 2 × 2 cm large 400 mg catalyst layer. The reaction proceeded mainly by hydrolysis and further solvolysis reaction also occurred depending on the extracting solvents. Cyclic sulfonium ion intermediate reaction was thought to be involved in this reaction, and metal oxide surfaces were thought to facilitate the formation of sulfonium ions from adsorbed 2-CEES. All other by-products were also found to form via sulfonium ions, reconfirming the well-known importance of this intermediate species for the degradation reaction to proceed. The sulfur content for MS-Zn was varied and tested for degradation of neat 2-CEES. This modification showed that there is an optimal amount of sulfur content for the peak catalytic activity of MS-Zn for 2-CEES degradation. Adsorption energy of a 2-CEES molecule was calculated on model sulfur doped and non doped zinc oxide surfaces and the different adsorption energy levels were correlated with the catalytic activity of sulfur doped zinc oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunike Mahayoni
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Nano and Information Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sein Min
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsik Kim
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Keunhong Jeong
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Korea Military Academy, Seoul 01805, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Hoon Kim
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Nano and Information Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Kim HH, Seo JY, Kim H, Jeong S, Baek KY, Kim J, Min S, Kim SH, Jeong K. Decomposition of the Simulant 2-Chloroethyl Ethyl Sulfide Blister Agent under Ambient Conditions Using Metal-Organic Frameworks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:3782-3792. [PMID: 33461292 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have been suggested as promising materials for application in the degradation of chemical warfare agents, with the majority of studies to date focusing on nerve agents. One of the most prominent MOFs used in the detoxification of nerve agents is UiO-66, which is of interest as a future nerve agent decontaminant. However, blister agents, which constitute one of the most toxic and highly reactive categories of chemical agents, are yet to be examined as gas-phase decontamination targets using MOF structures. In this study, a novel type of UiO-66 with a smaller particle size, namely, UiO-66S, was used as a decontaminant for the blister agent simulant, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (2-CEES). The gas-phase chemical adsorption and decomposition of 2-CEES were demonstrated for the first time, with an estimated t1/2 of 1.34 h. This value is the highest reported value for an MOF in gas-phase reaction conditions. The obtained nontoxic degradation products were identified, and the reaction mechanism was studied using density functional theory calculations. Furthermore, the synthesized UiO-66S catalyst also exhibits superior catalytic ability toward nerve agent simulants (diisopropyl fluorophosphate).The results of the study provide a firm basis for the use of UiO-66S as a future decontaminant for both nerve and blister agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering Science and Nuclear & WMD Protection Research Center, Korea Military Academy, Seoul 01805, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Seo
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejeong Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nuclear & WMD Protection Research Center, Korea Military Academy, Seoul 01805, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangjo Jeong
- Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering Science and Nuclear & WMD Protection Research Center, Korea Military Academy, Seoul 01805, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Youl Baek
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsik Kim
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sein Min
- Department of Chemistry and Nuclear & WMD Protection Research Center, Korea Military Academy, Seoul 01805, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Kim
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Keunhong Jeong
- Department of Chemistry and Nuclear & WMD Protection Research Center, Korea Military Academy, Seoul 01805, Republic of Korea
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18
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Gore A, Kadar T, Dachir S, Horwitz V. Therapeutic measures for sulfur mustard-induced ocular injury. Toxicol Lett 2021; 340:58-66. [PMID: 33440228 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of sulfur mustard (SM) in global terrorism is still a relevant threat to both civilian population and military personnel. Casualties exposed to SM may present mild, moderate or severe acute ocular lesions followed by a complete ocular resolution, chronic lesions or re-emerged ocular pathologies after a latent period. Current treatment for SM-induced ocular injury is based mainly on the clinical manifestation at the different stages of the injury and includes pharmaceutical and surgical interventions. These therapeutic measures are beneficial but not sufficient, and the ocular injury remains a continuous challenge for medical professionals. This review focuses on treatment experience carried out in humans and studied in animal models, for both SM-induced ocular acute injury and late pathology. In general, therapeutic measures are based on clinical features of the ocular injury or on the involvement of specific factors during the ocular injury that point out towards potential treatments. Anti-inflammatory treatments and limbal stem cell transplantation techniques were developed based on the clinical manifestation of the ocular injury. Optional therapies for impaired corneal innervation and endothelium are suggested for future research. Additionally, studies on potential treatments with anti-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and anti-IL-6 agents are discussed. Consequently, future studies may reveal the potential of additional pharmacological and biological treatments or advanced cellular and molecular biology methods to serve as novel therapeutic measures and techniques for this complicated ocular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Gore
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 74100, Israel.
| | - Tamar Kadar
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 74100, Israel
| | - Shlomit Dachir
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 74100, Israel
| | - Vered Horwitz
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 74100, Israel.
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19
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Huang X, Zhao T, Zhang H, Yan C, Sha J, Tang H, Zhu H, Wu Y. Dual-purpose high-efficiency air filter paper loaded with reactive zirconium hydroxide for the filtration aerosols and degradation of chemical warfare agents. RSC Adv 2021; 11:35245-35257. [PMID: 35493143 PMCID: PMC9042809 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06903a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional air filter papers can only filter toxic aerosols without the function of decontamination. If the poison stagnating in the paper is desorbed, it may pose a secondary threat to personnel and make it more difficult to dispose of the scrapped paper. Using an alkali-free glass fiber as the base material and zirconium hydroxide as the decontaminant, a self-decontaminating air filter paper that can degrade HD and VX simultaneously was successfully prepared by an intra-pulp addition method, with high filtration efficiency, low pressure drop and moderate tensile strength. The physicochemical properties were characterized by FE-SEM, EDX, XRD and TGA, and the results indicated that Zr(OH)4 was dispersed uniformly in the paper and filled in the interstices of the glass fiber. The preparation of the composite material had no impact on the structure of fibers and Zr(OH)4. The preparation technology of the self-decontaminating air filter paper was optimized. It was found that the paper with a fiber grammage of 50 g m−2, the adhesive of 2% and a Zr(OH)4 retention rate of 175.0 wt% could completely degrade HD and VX, whose conversion rate exceeded 99.0%, and had a tensile strength of 0.1193 kN m−1, a filtration efficiency of 99.995%, and a pressure drop of 313.6 Pa. Using GC-MS to detect the decontamination products, it was speculated that HD mainly underwent hydrolysis and elimination reactions, VX mainly underwent hydrolysis and polymerization reactions, and their products were non-toxic or low-toxic. The reaction kinetics of HD and VX on the paper was investigated and the half-lives were 2.6 h and 16.2 min, respectively, which demonstrated an outstanding degradation performance. This work manifested for the first time that the air filter paper can be optimized as an efficient self-decontaminating material, which will open up new possibilities for the design and manufacture of multifunctional protective materials. Dual-functional air filter paper with addition of Zr(OH)4 was prepared by an intra-pulp addition method, whose filtration performance is maintained while the decontamination performance is added for HD and VX.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingqi Huang
- Department of Chemistry Defense, Institute of NBC Defense, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Shanxi Xinhua Chemical Defense Equipment Research Institute Co., Ltd, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Hongpeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Defense, Institute of NBC Defense, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Chunxiao Yan
- Department of Chemistry Defense, Institute of NBC Defense, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Jiulong Sha
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Huamin Tang
- Department of Chemistry Defense, Institute of NBC Defense, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry Defense, Institute of NBC Defense, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Shanxi Xinhua Chemical Defense Equipment Research Institute Co., Ltd, Taiyuan 030000, China
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20
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Singh SK, Klein JA, Wright HN, Tewari-Singh N. Phosgene oxime: a highly toxic urticant and emerging chemical threat. Toxicol Mech Methods 2020; 31:288-292. [PMID: 33297803 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2020.1861670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Highly toxic industrial chemicals that are widely accessible, and hazardous chemicals like phosgene oxime (CX) that can be easily synthesized, pose a serious threat as potential chemical weapons. In addition, their accidental release can lead to chemical emergencies and mass casualties. CX, an urticant, or nettle agent, grouped with vesicating agents, causes instant pain, injury and systemic effects, which can lead to mortality. With faster cutaneous penetration, corrosive properties, and more potent toxicity compared to other vesicating agents, CX causes instantaneous and severe tissue damage. CX, a potential chemical terrorism threat agent, could therefore be weaponized with other chemical warfare agents to enhance their harmful effects. CX is the least studied vesicant and its acute and long-term toxic effects as well as its mechanism of action are largely unknown. This has hampered the identification of therapeutic targets and the development of effective medical countermeasures. There are only protective measures, decontamination, and supportive treatments available for reducing the toxic effects from CX exposure. This review summarizes CX toxicity, its known mechanism of action, and our current studies exploring the role of mast cell activation and associated signaling pathways in CX cutaneous exposure under the National Institutes of Health Countermeasures Against Chemical Threats program. Potential treatment options and the development of effective targeted countermeasures against CX-induced morbidity and mortality is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyendra K Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Joshua A Klein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Holly N Wright
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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21
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Mishra N, Raina K, Agarwal R. Deciphering the role of microRNAs in mustard gas-induced toxicity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1491:25-41. [PMID: 33305460 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mustard gas (sulfur mustard, SM), a highly vesicating chemical warfare agent, was first deployed in warfare in 1917 and recently during the Iraq-Iran war (1980s) and Syrian conflicts (2000s); however, the threat of exposure from stockpiles and old artillery shells still looms large. Whereas research has been long ongoing on SM-induced toxicity, delineating the precise molecular pathways is still an ongoing area of investigation; thus, it is important to attempt novel approaches to decipher these mechanisms and develop a detailed network of pathways associated with SM-induced toxicity. One such avenue is exploring the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in SM-induced toxicity. Recent research on the regulatory role of miRNAs provides important results to fill in the gaps in SM toxicity-associated mechanisms. In addition, differentially expressed miRNAs can also be used as diagnostic markers to determine the extent of toxicity in exposed individuals. Thus, in our review, we have summarized the studies conducted so far in cellular and animal models, including human subjects, on the expression profiles and roles of miRNAs in SM- and/or SM analog-induced toxicity. Further detailed research in this area will guide us in devising preventive strategies, diagnostic tools, and therapeutic interventions against SM-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Komal Raina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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22
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Radbel J, Laskin DL, Laskin JD, Kipen HM. Disease-modifying treatment of chemical threat agent-induced acute lung injury. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1480:14-29. [PMID: 32726497 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a highly morbid lung pathology induced by exposure to chemical warfare agents, including vesicants, phosgene, chlorine, and ricin. In this review, we describe the pathology associated with the development of ARDS in humans and experimental models of acute lung injury following animal exposure to these high-priority threat agents. Potential future approaches to disease-modifying treatment used in preclinical animal studies, including antioxidants, anti-inflammatories, biologics, and mesenchymal stem cells, are also described. As respiratory pathologies, including ARDS, are the major cause of morbidity and mortality following exposure to chemical threat agents, understanding mechanisms of disease pathogenesis is key to the development of efficacious therapeutics beyond the primary intervention principle, which remains mechanical ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Radbel
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Howard M Kipen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
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23
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Atilgan A, Cetin MM, Yu J, Beldjoudi Y, Liu J, Stern CL, Cetin FM, Islamoglu T, Farha OK, Deria P, Stoddart JF, Hupp JT. Post-Synthetically Elaborated BODIPY-Based Porous Organic Polymers (POPs) for the Photochemical Detoxification of a Sulfur Mustard Simulant. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18554-18564. [PMID: 32981316 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Atilgan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - M. Mustafa Cetin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Kadir Has University, 34083 Cibali Campus Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jierui Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Yassine Beldjoudi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Charlotte L. Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Furkan M. Cetin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Timur Islamoglu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Omar K. Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Pravas Deria
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Institute of Molecular Design and Synthesis, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Joseph T. Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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24
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Kumar P, Kim KH, Lee J, Shang J, Khazi MI, Kumar N, Lisak G. Metal-organic framework for sorptive/catalytic removal and sensing applications against nitroaromatic compounds. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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25
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Ghasemi H, Javadi MA, Ardestani SK, Mahmoudi M, Pourfarzam S, Mahdavi MRV, Yarmohammadi ME, Baradaran-Rafii A, Jadidi K, Shariatpanahi S, Rastin M, Heidary F, Safavi M, Mirsharif ES, Nasiri Z, Ghazanfari T. Alteration in inflammatory mediators in seriously eye-injured war veterans, long-term after sulfur mustard exposure. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 80:105897. [PMID: 31685435 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulfur mustard (SM) exposure produces extensive systemic and ocular adverse effects on the victims. One of the most important effects is immunological insults that can lead to other organ damages, including the eyes. METHODS In this descriptive study, 128 SM-exposed veterans with severe eye injury were compared with 31 healthy controls. Tear levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL1Ra, IL-6, TNF-α, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and Fas Ligand (FasL) were compared between the two groups. RESULTS Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD); tear breakup time (TBUT < 10″); and conjunctival, limbal, and corneal abnormalities were more frequent among the cases (MS-exposed veterans) than the controls. Ocular involvement was mild in 14.8%, moderate in 24.2%, and severe in 60.9% of the cases. Serum levels of IL-1α and FasL were significantly higher among the cases than among the controls (P < 0.001 and P = 0.037, respectively). Also, a significant decrease was observed in serum and tear levels of TNF-α in the cases as compared with controls (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively). Serum levels of FasL were significantly higher in cases with severe ocular involvement than in the controls (P = 0.03). Nonetheless, serum levels of IL-1β, IL-1Ra, IL-1α/IL-1Ra, and IL-6 were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION Serum levels of IL-1α and FasL may cause different ocular surface abnormalities in SM-exposed patients. Lower tear TNF-α concentration may be due to lower serum levels of this cytokine in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ghasemi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shahed University, Tehran 3319118651, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Javadi
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1983969411, Iran
| | - Sussan K Ardestani
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417614335, Iran.
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9138813944, Iran.
| | | | | | | | - Alireza Baradaran-Rafii
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No 23, Paydarfard-9th Boostan St., Pasdaran Ave, Tehran 1666673111, Iran
| | - Khosro Jadidi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1435915371, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Rastin
- Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9138813944, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Heidary
- Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran 3319118651, Iran
| | - Maliheh Safavi
- Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Sh. Ehsani Rad St., Enqelab St., Parsa Sq., Ahmadabad Mostoufi Rd., Azadegan Highway, Tehran 3313193685, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Nasiri
- Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran 3319118651, Iran
| | - Tooba Ghazanfari
- Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran 3319118651, Iran; Department of Immunology, Shahed University, Tehran 3319118651, Iran.
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26
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Acute corneal injury in rabbits following nitrogen mustard ocular exposure. Exp Mol Pathol 2019; 110:104275. [PMID: 31233733 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2019.104275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM), a potent vesicating chemical warfare agent, and its analog nitrogen mustard (NM), are both strong bi-functional alkylating agents. Eyes, skin, and the respiratory system are the main targets of SM and NM exposure; however, ocular tissue is most sensitive, resulting in severe ocular injury. The mechanism of ocular injury from vesicating agents' exposure is not completely understood. To understand the injury mechanism from exposure to vesicating agents, NM has been previously employed in our toxicity studies on primary human corneal epithelial cells and ex vivo rabbit cornea organ culture model. In the current study, corneal toxicity from NM ocular exposure (1%) was analyzed for up to 28 days post-exposure in New Zealand White male rabbits to develop an acute corneal injury model. NM exposure led to conjunctival and eyelid swelling within a few hours after exposure, in addition to significant corneal opacity and ulceration. An increase in total corneal thickness and epithelial degradation was observed starting at day 3 post-NM exposure, which was maximal at day 14 post-exposure and did not resolve until 28 days post-exposure. There was an NM-induced increase in the number of blood vessels and inflammatory cells, and a decrease in keratocytes in the corneal stroma. NM exposure resulted in increased expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2, Interleukin-8, vascular endothelial growth factor and Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 indicating their involvement in NM-induced corneal injury. These clinical, biological, and molecular markers could be useful for the evaluation of acute corneal injury and to screen for therapies against NM- and SM-induced ocular injury.
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27
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Sun X, Dong J, Li Z, Liu H, Jing X, Chi Y, Hu C. Mono-transition-metal-substituted polyoxometalate intercalated layered double hydroxides for the catalytic decontamination of sulfur mustard simulant. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:5285-5291. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00395a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The mono-transition-metal-substituted polyoxometalate intercalated layered double hydroxides Zn2Cr-LDH-PW11M can effectively catalyze the oxidative decontamination of a sulfur mustard simulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Ministry of Education
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
| | - Jing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Ministry of Education
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
| | - Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Ministry of Education
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
| | - Huifang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Ministry of Education
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
| | - Xiaoting Jing
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Ministry of Education
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
| | - Yingnan Chi
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Ministry of Education
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
| | - Changwen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Ministry of Education
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
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28
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Goswami DG, Kant R, Tewari-Singh N, Agarwal R. Efficacy of anti-inflammatory, antibiotic and pleiotropic agents in reversing nitrogen mustard-induced injury in ex vivo cultured rabbit cornea. Toxicol Lett 2018; 293:127-132. [PMID: 29174984 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vesicating agent, Sulfur mustard (SM), causes devastating eye injury; however, there are no effective antidotes available. Using nitrogen mustard (NM), a bi-functional analog of SM, we have earlier reported that NM-induced corneal injury in ex vivo rabbit cornea organ culture model parallels corneal injury reported with SM. Using this model, we have demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of dexamethasone (DEX), doxycycline (DOX) and silibinin (SB) in reversing NM (2h exposure)-induced corneal injuries when added immediately after washing NM. In the present study, we further examined the efficacy of similar/higher doses of these agents when added immediately, 2, or 4h after washing NM following its 2h exposure. All three treatment agents caused a reversal in established NM-induced injury biomarkers when added immediately or 2h after washing NM following its 2h exposure; however, when treatments were carried out 4h after washing NM, there was no significant effect. Together, our results further show the beneficial effect of these agents in reversing NM-induced corneal injury and indicate the time window for effective treatment. This could be useful towards future development of targeted therapeutics against vesicant-induced ocular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh G Goswami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rama Kant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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29
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Buru CT, Majewski MB, Howarth AJ, Lavroff RH, Kung CW, Peters AW, Goswami S, Farha OK. Improving the Efficiency of Mustard Gas Simulant Detoxification by Tuning the Singlet Oxygen Quantum Yield in Metal-Organic Frameworks and Their Corresponding Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:23802-23806. [PMID: 29979020 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b05792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The photocatalytically driven partial oxidation of a mustard gas simulant, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), was studied using the perylene-based metal-organic framework (MOF) UMCM-313 and compared to the activities of the Zr-based MOFs: PCN-222/MOF-545 and NU-1000. The rates of CEES oxidation positively correlated with the singlet oxygen quantum yield of the MOF linkers, porphyrin (PCN-222/MOF-545) < pyrene (NU-1000) < perylene (UMCM-313). Subsequently, thin films of UMCM-313 and NU-1000 were solvothermally grown on a conductive glass substrate to minimize catalyst loading and prevent light scattering by suspended MOF particles. Using a conductive glass support, the initial turnover frequencies of the MOFs in the photocatalytic reaction improved by 10-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra T Buru
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Marek B Majewski
- Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Ashlee J Howarth
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Robert H Lavroff
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Chung-Wei Kung
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Aaron W Peters
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Subhadip Goswami
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia
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Wang H, Wagner GW, Lu AX, Nguyen DL, Buchanan JH, McNutt PM, Karwacki CJ. Photocatalytic Oxidation of Sulfur Mustard and Its Simulant on BODIPY-Incorporated Polymer Coatings and Fabrics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:18771-18777. [PMID: 29766717 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b04576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard is one of the most toxic chemical warfare agents worldwide. We report the use of 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza- s-indacene (BODIPY) photosensitizers as a fast and effective sulfur mustard decontaminant and their incorporation into various polymer coatings and fabrics, including army combat uniform. These BODIPY-embedded materials are capable of generating singlet oxygen under visible light irradiation and effectively detoxifying sulfur mustard by converting it into nontoxic sulfoxides as the major products. The rate of decontamination is found to be affected by the photosensitizer structure and concentration as well as the excitation wavelength. The most effective BODIPY-embedded self-decontamination material observed in this study shows a half-life of only 0.8 min. In comparison to the current methods, which use activated carbon as the adsorbent layer, these self-detoxifying coatings and fabrics provide constant destruction of and real-time protection against sulfur mustard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center , 8198 Blackhawk Road , Aberdeen Proving Ground , Maryland 21010 , United States
| | - George W Wagner
- U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center , 8198 Blackhawk Road , Aberdeen Proving Ground , Maryland 21010 , United States
| | - Annie Xi Lu
- Defense Threat Reduction Agency , 8228 Scully Road , Aberdeen Proving Ground , Maryland 21010 , United States
| | - Dominique L Nguyen
- Department of Neuroscience , U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , 2900 Ricketts Point Road , Aberdeen Proving Ground , Maryland 21010 , United States
| | - James H Buchanan
- U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center , 8198 Blackhawk Road , Aberdeen Proving Ground , Maryland 21010 , United States
| | - Patrick M McNutt
- Department of Neuroscience , U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense , 2900 Ricketts Point Road , Aberdeen Proving Ground , Maryland 21010 , United States
| | - Christopher J Karwacki
- U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center , 8198 Blackhawk Road , Aberdeen Proving Ground , Maryland 21010 , United States
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Gore A, Horwitz V, Cohen M, Gutman H, Cohen L, Gez R, Kadar T, Dachir S. Successful single treatment with ziv-aflibercept for existing corneal neovascularization following ocular chemical insult in the rabbit model. Exp Eye Res 2018; 171:183-191. [PMID: 29548928 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy of ziv-aflibercept as a treatment for established corneal neovascularization (NV) and to compare its efficacy to that of bevacizumab following ocular chemical insult of sulfur mustard (SM) in the rabbit model. METHODS Chemical SM burn was induced in the right eye of NZW rabbits by vapor exposure. Ziv-aflibercept (2 mg) was applied once to neovascularized eyes by subconjunctival injection while subconjunctival bevacizumab (5 mg) was administered twice a week, for 3 weeks. Non-treated exposed eyes served as a control. A clinical follow-up employed by slit-lamp microscope, was performed up to 12 weeks following exposure and digital photographs of the cornea were taken for measurement of blood vessels length using the image analysis software. Eyes were taken for histological evaluation 2, 4 and 8 weeks following treatment for general morphology and for visualization of NV, using H&E and Masson Trichrome stainings, while conjunctival goblet cell density was determined by PAS staining. RESULTS Corneal NV developed, starting as early as two weeks after exposure. A single subconjunctival treatment of ziv-aflibercept at 4 weeks post exposure, significantly reduced the extent of existing NV already one week following injection, an effect which lasted for at least 8 weeks following treatment, while NV in the non-treated exposed eyes continued to advance. The extensive reduction in corneal NV in the ziv-aflibercept treated group was confirmed by histological evaluation. Bevacizumab multiple treatment showed a benefit in NV reduction, but to a lesser extent compared to the ziv-aflibercept treatment. Finally, ziv-aflibercept increased the density of conjunctival goblet cells as compared to the exposed non-treated group. CONCLUSIONS Subconjunctival ziv-aflibercept single treatment presented a highly efficient long-term therapeutic benefit in reducing existing corneal NV, following ocular sulfur mustard exposure. These findings show the robust anti-angiogenic efficacy of ziv-aflibercept and demonstrate the advantage of this treatment over the other anti-angiogenic therapies in ameliorating corneal NV and protecting the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Gore
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 74100, Israel.
| | - Vered Horwitz
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 74100, Israel
| | - Maayan Cohen
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 74100, Israel
| | - Hila Gutman
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 74100, Israel
| | - Liat Cohen
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 74100, Israel
| | - Rellie Gez
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 74100, Israel
| | - Tamar Kadar
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 74100, Israel
| | - Shlomit Dachir
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, 74100, Israel
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Goswami DG, Agarwal R, Tewari-Singh N. Phosgene oxime: Injury and associated mechanisms compared to vesicating agents sulfur mustard and lewisite. Toxicol Lett 2017; 293:112-119. [PMID: 29141200 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phosgene Oxime (CX, Cl2CNOH), a halogenated oxime, is a potent chemical weapon that causes immediate acute injury and systemic effects. CX, grouped together with vesicating agents, is an urticant or nettle agent with highly volatile, reactive, corrosive, and irritating vapor, and has considerably different chemical properties and toxicity compared to other vesicants. CX is absorbed quickly through clothing with faster cutaneous penetration compared to other vesicating agents causing instantaneous and severe damage. For this reason, it could be produced as a weaponized mixture with other chemical warfare agents to enhance their deleterious effects. The immediate devastating effects of CX and easy synthesis makes it a dangerous chemical with both military and terrorist potentials. Although CX is the most potent vesicating agent, it is one of the least studied chemical warfare agents and the pathophysiology as well as long term effects are largely unknown. CX exposure results in immediate pain and inflammation, and it mainly affects skin, eye and respiratory system. There are no antidotes available against CX-induced injury and the treatment is only supportive. This review summarizes existing knowledge regarding exposure, toxicity and the probable underlying mechanisms of CX compared to other important vesicants' exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Giri Goswami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Atilgan A, Islamoglu T, Howarth AJ, Hupp JT, Farha OK. Detoxification of a Sulfur Mustard Simulant Using a BODIPY-Functionalized Zirconium-Based Metal-Organic Framework. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:24555-24560. [PMID: 28653831 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Effective detoxification of chemical warfare agents is a global necessity. As a powerful photosensitizer, a halogenated BODIPY ligand is postsynthetically appended to the Zr6 nodes of the metal-organic framework (MOF), NU-1000, to enhance singlet oxygen generation from the MOF. The BODIPY/MOF material is then used as a heterogeneous photocatalyst to produce singlet oxygen under green LED irradiation. The singlet oxygen selectively detoxifies the sulfur mustard simulant, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), to the less toxic sulfoxide derivative (2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfoxide, CEESO) with a half-life of approximately 2 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Atilgan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Timur Islamoglu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ashlee J Howarth
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
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Bobbitt NS, Mendonca ML, Howarth AJ, Islamoglu T, Hupp JT, Farha OK, Snurr RQ. Metal–organic frameworks for the removal of toxic industrial chemicals and chemical warfare agents. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:3357-3385. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00108h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 593] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Toxic gases can be captured or degraded by metal–organic frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Scott Bobbitt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Matthew L. Mendonca
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | | | | | - Joseph T. Hupp
- Department of Chemistry
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Omar K. Farha
- Department of Chemistry
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Randall Q. Snurr
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
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35
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Howarth AJ, Buru CT, Liu Y, Ploskonka AM, Hartlieb KJ, McEntee M, Mahle JJ, Buchanan JH, Durke EM, Al-Juaid SS, Stoddart JF, DeCoste JB, Hupp JT, Farha OK. Postsynthetic Incorporation of a Singlet Oxygen Photosensitizer in a Metal-Organic Framework for Fast and Selective Oxidative Detoxification of Sulfur Mustard. Chemistry 2016; 23:214-218. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee J. Howarth
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Cassandra T. Buru
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Ann M. Ploskonka
- Leidos, Inc., P.O. Box 68; Edgewood Chemical Biological Center; Aberdeen Proving Ground MD 21010 USA
| | - Karel J. Hartlieb
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Monica McEntee
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center; US Army Research Development, and Engineering Command; 5183 Blackhawk Rd. Aberdeen Proving Ground MD 21010 USA
| | - John J. Mahle
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center; US Army Research Development, and Engineering Command; 5183 Blackhawk Rd. Aberdeen Proving Ground MD 21010 USA
| | - James H. Buchanan
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center; US Army Research Development, and Engineering Command; 5183 Blackhawk Rd. Aberdeen Proving Ground MD 21010 USA
| | - Erin M. Durke
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center; US Army Research Development, and Engineering Command; 5183 Blackhawk Rd. Aberdeen Proving Ground MD 21010 USA
| | - Salih S. Al-Juaid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Jared B. DeCoste
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center; US Army Research Development, and Engineering Command; 5183 Blackhawk Rd. Aberdeen Proving Ground MD 21010 USA
| | - Joseph T. Hupp
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Omar K. Farha
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
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Nitrogen Mustard-Induced Corneal Injury Involves DNA Damage and Pathways Related to Inflammation, Epithelial-Stromal Separation, and Neovascularization. Cornea 2016; 35:257-66. [PMID: 26555588 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000000685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the toxic effects and associated mechanisms in corneal tissue exposed to the vesicating agent, nitrogen mustard (NM), a bifunctional alkylating analog of the chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard. METHODS Toxic effects and associated mechanisms were examined in maximally affected corneal tissue using corneal cultures and human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells exposed to NM. RESULTS Analysis of ex vivo rabbit corneas showed that NM exposure increased apoptotic cell death, epithelial thickness, epithelial-stromal separation, and levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, cyclooxygenase 2, and matrix metalloproteinase-9. In HCE cells, NM exposure resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability and proliferation, which was associated with DNA damage in terms of an increase in p53 ser15, total p53, and H2A.X ser139 levels. NM exposure also induced caspase-3 and poly ADP ribose polymerase cleavage, suggesting their involvement in NM-induced apoptotic death in the rabbit cornea and HCE cells. Similar to rabbit cornea, NM exposure caused an increase in cyclooxygenase 2, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and vascular endothelial growth factor levels in HCE cells, indicating a role of these molecules and related pathways in NM-induced corneal inflammation, epithelial-stromal separation, and neovascularization. NM exposure also induced activation of activator protein 1 transcription factor proteins and upstream signaling pathways including mitogen-activated protein kinases and Akt protein kinase, suggesting that these could be key factors involved in NM-induced corneal injury. CONCLUSIONS Results from this study provide insight into the molecular targets and pathways that could be involved in NM-induced corneal injuries laying the background for further investigation of these pathways in vesicant-induced ocular injuries, which could be helpful in the development of targeted therapies.
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Liu Y, Buru CT, Howarth AJ, Mahle JJ, Buchanan JH, DeCoste JB, Hupp JT, Farha OK. Efficient and selective oxidation of sulfur mustard using singlet oxygen generated by a pyrene-based metal-organic framework. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2016; 4:13809-13813. [PMID: 28919977 PMCID: PMC5600290 DOI: 10.1039/c6ta05903a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A pyrene-based metal-organic framework (MOF) NU-1000 was used as a heterogeneous photocatalyst for the degradation of a sulfur mustard simulant, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES). Using irradiation from a commercially available and inexpensive ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diode (LED), singlet oxygen (1O2) is generated by NU-1000 and selectively oxidizes CEES to the nontoxic product 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfoxide (CEESO). More importantly, this method was tested on the warfare agent sulfur mustard (HD) for the first time using 1O2 and a MOF catalyst, and this method proved to be effective in oxidizing sulfur mustard to nontoxic products without forming the toxic sulfone by-product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Cassandra T Buru
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Ashlee J Howarth
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - John J Mahle
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, US Army Research, Development, and Engineering Command, 5183 Blackhawk Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, United States
| | - James H Buchanan
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, US Army Research, Development, and Engineering Command, 5183 Blackhawk Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, United States
| | - Jared B DeCoste
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, US Army Research, Development, and Engineering Command, 5183 Blackhawk Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, United States
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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38
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Goswami DG, Tewari-Singh N, Agarwal R. Corneal toxicity induced by vesicating agents and effective treatment options. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1374:193-201. [PMID: 27327041 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The vesicating agents sulfur mustard (SM) and lewisite (LEW) are potent chemical warfare agents that primarily cause damage to the ocular, skin, and respiratory systems. However, ocular tissue is the most sensitive organ, and vesicant exposure results in a biphasic injury response, including photophobia, corneal lesions, corneal edema, ulceration, and neovascularization, and may cause loss of vision. There are several reports on ocular injury from exposure to SM, which has been frequently used in warfare. However, there are very few reports on ocular injury by LEW, which indicate that injury symptoms appear instantly after exposure and faster than SM. In spite of extensive research efforts, effective therapies for vesicant-induced ocular injuries, mainly to the most affected corneal tissue, are not available. Hence, we have established primary human corneal epithelial cells and rabbit corneal organ culture models with the SM analog nitrogen mustard, which have helped to test the efficacy of potential therapeutic agents. These agents will then be further evaluated against in vivo SM- and LEW-induced corneal injury models, which will assist in the development of potential broad-spectrum therapies against vesicant-induced ocular injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh G Goswami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Panahi Y, Gholami N, Ghojazadeh M, Moslemi F, Naghavi-Behzad M, Azami-Aghdash S, Ghaffari A, Piri R. Complications and Carcinogenic Effects of Mustard Gas - a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:7567-73. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.17.7567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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40
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Xiaoji Z, Xiao M, Rui X, Haibo C, Chao Z, Chengjin L, Tao W, Wenjun G, Shengming Z. Mechanism underlying acute lung injury due to sulfur mustard exposure in rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2014; 32:1345-1357. [PMID: 25537624 DOI: 10.1177/0748233714560603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM), a bifunctional alkylating agent that causes severe lung damage, is a significant threat to both military and civilian populations. The mechanisms mediating the cytotoxic effects of SM are unknown and were investigated in this study. The purpose of this study was to establish a rat model of SM-induced lung injury to observe the resulting changes in the lungs. Male rats (Sprague Dawley) were anesthetized, intratracheally intubated, and exposed to 2 mg/kg of SM by intratracheal instillation. Animals were euthanized 6, 24, 48, and 72 h post-exposure, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissues were collected. Exposure of rats to SM resulted in rapid pulmonary toxicity, including partial bronchiolar epithelium cell shedding, focal ulceration, and an increased amount of inflammatory exudate and number of cells in the alveoli. There was also evidence that the protein content and cell count of BALF peaked at 48 h, and the alveolar septum was widened and filled with lymphocytes. SM exposure also resulted in partial loss of type I alveolar epithelial cell membranes, fuzzy mitochondrial cristae, detachment and dissociation of ribosomes attached to the surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum, cracked, missing, and disorganized microvilli of type II alveolar epithelial cells, and increased apoptotic cells in the alveolar septum. The propylene glycol control group, however, was the same as the normal group. These data demonstrate that the mechanism of a high concentration of SM (2 mg/kg) induced acute lung injury include histologic changes, inflammatory reactions, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and nuclear DNA damage; the degree of injury is time dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Xiaoji
- Department of Respiration, The 89th Hospital of PLA, Weifang, China
| | - Meng Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xu Rui
- Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Chu Haibo
- Department of Respiration, The 89th Hospital of PLA, Weifang, China
| | - Zhao Chao
- Department of Respiration, The 89th Hospital of PLA, Weifang, China
| | - Lian Chengjin
- Department of Respiration, The 89th Hospital of PLA, Weifang, China
| | - Wang Tao
- Department of Respiration, The 89th Hospital of PLA, Weifang, China
| | - Guo Wenjun
- Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Zhang Shengming
- Department of Electron Microscope, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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Goswami DG, Kumar D, Tewari-Singh N, Orlicky DJ, Jain AK, Kant R, Rancourt RC, Dhar D, Inturi S, Agarwal C, White CW, Agarwal R. Topical nitrogen mustard exposure causes systemic toxic effects in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 67:161-70. [PMID: 25481215 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Vesicating agents sulfur mustard (SM) and nitrogen mustard (NM) are reported to be easily absorbed by skin upon exposure causing severe cutaneous injury and blistering. Our studies show that topical exposure of NM (3.2mg) onto SKH-1 hairless mouse skin, not only caused skin injury, but also led to significant body weight loss and 40-80% mortality (120 h post-exposure), suggesting its systemic effects. Accordingly, further studies herein show that NM exposure initiated an increase in circulating white blood cells by 24h (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils) and thereafter a decrease (neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes). NM exposure also reduced both white and red pulp areas of the spleen. In the small intestine, NM exposure caused loss of membrane integrity of the surface epithelium, abnormal structure of glands and degeneration of villi. NM exposure also resulted in the dilation of glomerular capillaries of kidneys, and an increase in blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio. Our results here with NM are consistent with earlier reports that exposure to higher SM levels can cause damage to the hematopoietic system, and kidney, spleen and gastrointestinal tract toxicity. These outcomes will add to our understanding of the toxic effects of topical vesicant exposure, which might be helpful towards developing effective countermeasures against injuries from acute topical exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh G Goswami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dileep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Anil K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rama Kant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Raymond C Rancourt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Deepanshi Dhar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Swetha Inturi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Carl W White
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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42
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Rancourt RC, Ahmad A, Veress LA, Rioux JS, Garlick RB, White CW. Antifibrinolytic mechanisms in acute airway injury after sulfur mustard analog inhalation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:559-67. [PMID: 24796565 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0012oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury in response to mustard gas (sulfur mustard [SM]) inhalation results in formation of fibrin casts, which obstruct the airway. The objective of this study was to identify fibrinolytic pathways that could be contributing to the persistence of airway casts after SM exposure. Rats were exposed to the SM analog, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, via nose-only aerosol inhalation. At 4 and 18 hours after exposure, animals were killed and airway-capillary leak estimated by measuring bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein and IgM content. The fibrin clot-degrading and plasminogen-activating capabilities of BALF were also assessed by activity assays, whereas Western blotting was used to determine the presence and activities of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, thrombin activatable fibrinolytic inhibitor and α2-antiplasmin. Measurement of tissue-specific steady-state mRNA levels was also conducted for each fibrinolytic inhibitor to assess whether its synthesis occurs in lung or at extrapulmonary sites. The results of this study demonstrate that fibrin-degrading and plasminogen-activating capabilities of the airways become impaired during the onset of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide-induced vascular leak. Findings of functionally active reservoirs of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor, and α2-antiplasmin in BALF indicate that airway fibrinolysis is inhibited at multiple levels in response to SM.
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Zhu XJ, Xu R, Meng X, Chu HB, Zhao C, Lian CJ, Wang T, Guo WJ, Zhang SM. Mechanistic Insights of Sulfur Mustard-Induced Acute Tracheal Injury in Rats. Int J Toxicol 2014; 33:382-92. [PMID: 25163474 DOI: 10.1177/1091581814548730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is believed to be a major threat to civilian populations because of the persistent asymmetric threat by nonstate actors, such as terrorist groups, the ease of synthesis and handling, and the risk of theft from stockpiles. The purpose of this study was to establish mechanisms of acute tracheal injury in rats induced by SM using histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and biochemical parameters. Male rats (Sprague-Dawley) were anesthetized, intratracheally intubated, and exposed to 2 mg/kg of SM. Animals were euthanized 6-, 24-, 48-, and 72-hour postexposure, and intracavitary blood samples from the heart and tracheal tissues were collected. Exposure of rats to SM resulted in rapid tracheal injury, including tracheal epithelial cell shedding, focal ulceration, and abundant lymphocyte invasion of the submucosa. There was also evidence of a large number of apoptotic cells in the epithelium and submucosa, the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β (IL) 1β, IL-6, and γ-glutamyl transferase peaked at 24 hours, and the serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase, glutathione peroxidase, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance peaked at 6 hours. The SM exposure also resulted in a loss of the cellular membrane, leakage of cytoplasm, fuzzy mitochondrial cristae, medullary changes in ciliated and goblet cells, and the nuclear chromatin appeared marginated in basal cells and fibroblasts. The results in the propylene glycol group were the same as the control group. These data demonstrated the histologic changes, inflammatory reactions, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and DNA damage following SM (2 mg/kg)-induced acute tracheal injury; the severity of changes was time dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ji Zhu
- Department of Respiration, the 89th Hospital of PLA, Weifang, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiao Meng
- Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Hai-Bo Chu
- Department of Respiration, the 89th Hospital of PLA, Weifang, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Respiration, the 89th Hospital of PLA, Weifang, China
| | - Cheng-Jin Lian
- Department of Respiration, the 89th Hospital of PLA, Weifang, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Respiration, the 89th Hospital of PLA, Weifang, China
| | - Wen-Jun Guo
- Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Sheng-Ming Zhang
- Department of Electron Microscope, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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Ganesan K, Raza SK, Vijayaraghavan R. Chemical warfare agents. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2011; 2:166-78. [PMID: 21829312 PMCID: PMC3148621 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.68498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the Weapons of Mass Destruction, chemical warfare (CW) is probably one of the most brutal created by mankind in comparison with biological and nuclear warfare. Chemical weapons are inexpensive and are relatively easy to produce, even by small terrorist groups, to create mass casualties with small quantities. The characteristics of various CW agents, general information relevant to current physical as well as medical protection methods, detection equipment available and decontamination techniques are discussed in this review article. A brief note on Chemical Weapons Convention is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ganesan
- Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior - 474 002, Madhya Pradesh, India
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45
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Seagrave J, Weber WM, Grotendorst GR. Sulfur mustard vapor effects on differentiated human lung cells. Inhal Toxicol 2011; 22:896-902. [PMID: 20569120 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2010.493901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sulfur mustard (SM) causes skin blistering and long-term pulmonary dysfunction. Its adverse effects have been studied in battlefield-exposed humans, but lack of knowledge regarding confounding factors makes interpretation challenging. Animal studies are critical to understanding mechanisms, but differences between animals and humans must be addressed. Studies of cultured human cells can bridge animal studies and humans. OBJECTIVE Evaluate effects of SM vapor on airway cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined responses of differentiated human tracheal/bronchial epithelial cells, cultured at an air-liquid interface, to SM vapors. SM effects on metabolic activity (Water Soluble Tetrazolium (WST) assay), cytokine and metalloproteinase secretion, and cellular heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), an oxidative stress indicator, were measured after 24 h. RESULTS At noncytotoxic levels of exposure, interleukin 8 and matrix metalloproteinase-13 were significantly increased in these cultures, but HO-1 was not significantly affected. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Exposure of differentiated airway epithelial cells to sub-cytotoxic levels of SM vapor induced inflammatory and degradative responses that could contribute to the adverse health effects of inhaled SM.
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Pesonen M, Vähäkangas K, Halme M, Vanninen P, Seulanto H, Hemmilä M, Pasanen M, Kuitunen T. Capsaicinoids, chloropicrin and sulfur mustard: possibilities for exposure biomarkers. Front Pharmacol 2010; 1:140. [PMID: 21833179 PMCID: PMC3153014 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2010.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Incapacitating and irritating agents produce temporary disability persisting for hours to days after the exposure. One can be exposed to these agents occupationally in industrial or other working environments. Also general public can be exposed in special circumstances, like industrial accidents or riots. Incapacitating and irritating agents discussed in this review are chloropicrin and capsaicinoids. In addition, we include sulfur mustard, which is an old chemical warfare agent and known to cause severe long-lasting injuries or even death. Chloropicrin that was used as a warfare agent in the World War I is currently used mainly as a pesticide. Capsaicinoids, components of hot pepper plants, are used by police and other law enforcement personnel as riot control agents. Toxicity of these chemicals is associated particularly with the respiratory tract, eyes, and skin. Their acute effects are relatively well known but the knowledge of putative long-term effects is almost non-existent. Also, mechanisms of effects at cellular level are not fully understood. There is a need for further research to get better idea of health risks, particularly of long-term and low-level exposures to these chemicals. For this, exposure biomarkers are essential. Validated exposure biomarkers for capsaicinoids, chloropicrin, and sulfur mustard do not exist so far. Metabolites and macromolecular adducts have been suggested biomarkers for sulfur mustard and these can already be measured qualitatively, but quantitative biomarkers await further development and validation. The purpose of this review is, based on the existing mechanistic and toxicokinetic information, to shed light on the possibilities for developing biomarkers for exposure biomonitoring of these compounds. It is also of interest to find ideas for early effect biomarkers considering the need for studies on subchronic and chronic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Pesonen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Debiak M, Kehe K, Bürkle A. Role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in sulfur mustard toxicity. Toxicology 2009; 263:20-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2008] [Revised: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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48
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Ocular injuries following sulfur mustard exposure—Pathological mechanism and potential therapy. Toxicology 2009; 263:59-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Sharma M, Vijayaraghavan R, Gautam A. DRDE-07 and its analogues as promising cytoprotectants to nitrogen mustard (HN-2)—An alkylating anticancer and chemical warfare agent. Toxicol Lett 2009; 188:243-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kreuter KA, Mahon SB, Mukai DS, Su J, Jung WG, Narula N, Guo S, Wakida N, Raub C, Berns MW, George SC, Chen Z, Brenner M. Detection and monitoring of early airway injury effects of half-mustard (2-chloroethylethylsulfide) exposure using high-resolution optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:044037. [PMID: 19725748 PMCID: PMC2792700 DOI: 10.1117/1.3210775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive, high-resolution imaging technology capable of delivering real-time, near-histologic images of tissues. Mustard gas is a vesicant-blistering agent that can cause severe and lethal damage to airway and lungs. The ability to detect and assess airway injury in the clinical setting of mustard exposure is currently limited. The purpose of this study is to assess the ability to detect and monitor progression of half-mustard [2-chloroethylethylsulfide (CEES)] airway injuries with OCT techniques. A ventilated rabbit mustard exposure airway injury model is developed. A flexible fiber optic OCT probe is introduced into the distal trachea to image airway epithelium and mucosa in vivo. Progression of airway injury is observed over eight hours with OCT using a prototype time-domain superluminescent diode OCT system. OCT tracheal images from CEES exposed animals are compared to control rabbits for airway mucosal thickening and other changes. OCT detects the early occurrence and progression of dramatic changes in the experimental group after exposure to CEES. Histology and immunofluorescence staining confirms this finding. OCT has the potential to be a high resolution imaging modality capable of detecting, assessing, and monitoring treatment for airway injury following mustard vesicant agent exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Kreuter
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California 92612, USA
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