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Liabeuf S, Hafez G, Pešić V, Spasovski G, Bobot M, Mačiulaitis R, Bumblyte IA, Ferreira AC, Farinha A, Malyszko J, Pépin M, Massy ZA, Unwin R, Capasso G, Mani LY. Drugs with a negative impact on cognitive functions (part 3): antibacterial agents in patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin Kidney J 2024; 17:sfae174. [PMID: 39114495 PMCID: PMC11304602 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfae174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The relationship between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cognitive function has received increased attention in recent years. Antibacterial agents (ABs) represent a critical component of therapy regimens in patients with CKD due to increased susceptibility to infections. Following our reviewing work on the neurocognitive impact of long-term medications in patients with CKD, we propose to focus on AB-induced direct and indirect consequences on cognitive function. Patients with CKD are predisposed to adverse drug reactions (ADRs) due to altered drug pharmacokinetics, glomerular filtration decline, and the potential disruption of the blood-brain barrier. ABs have been identified as a major cause of ADRs in vulnerable patient populations. This review examines the direct neurotoxic effects of AB classes (e.g. beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and metronidazole) on the central nervous system (CNS) in patients with CKD. We will mainly focus on the acute effects on the CNS associated with AB since they are the most extensively studied effects in CKD patients. Moreover, the review describes the modulation of the gut microbiota by ABs, potentially influencing CNS symptoms. The intricate brain-gut-kidney axis emerges as a pivotal focus, revealing the interplay between microbiota alterations induced by ABs and CNS manifestations in patients with CKD. The prevalence of antibiotic-associated encephalopathy in patients with CKD undergoing intravenous AB therapy supports the use of therapeutic drug monitoring for ABs to reduce the number and seriousness of ADRs in this patient population. In conclusion, elucidating AB-induced cognitive effects in patients with CKD demands a comprehensive understanding and tailored therapeutic strategies that account for altered pharmacokinetics and the brain-gut-kidney axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Liabeuf
- Pharmacoepidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France
- MP3CV Laboratory, EA7517, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Gaye Hafez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Altinbas University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Vesna Pešić
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goce Spasovski
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Centre “Mother Theresa”, Saints Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Mickaël Bobot
- Aix-Marseille University, Department of Nephrology, AP-HM, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France; C2VN Laboratory, Inserm 1263, INRAE 1260, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Romaldas Mačiulaitis
- Department of Nephrology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicines, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Inga Arune Bumblyte
- Department of Nephrology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ana Carina Ferreira
- Nephrology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa-Faculdade de Ciências Médicas-Nephology, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Farinha
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital de Vila Franca de Xira, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jolanta Malyszko
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marion Pépin
- Department of Geriatrics, Ambroise Paré University Medical Center, APHP, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- Paris-Saclay University, UVSQ, Inserm, Clinical Epidemiology Team, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), Villejuif, France
| | - Ziad A Massy
- Paris-Saclay University, UVSQ, Inserm, Clinical Epidemiology Team, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), Villejuif, France
- Department of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré University Medical Center, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Robert Unwin
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giovambattista Capasso
- Department of Translantional Medical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
- Biogem Research Institute, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Laila-Yasmin Mani
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Althubyani AA, Canto S, Pham H, Holger DJ, Rey J. Antibiotic-induced neuropsychiatric toxicity: epidemiology, mechanisms and management strategies - a narrative literature review. Drugs Context 2024; 13:2024-3-3. [PMID: 39072301 PMCID: PMC11281100 DOI: 10.7573/dic.2024-3-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are amongst the most prescribed medications globally in both inpatient and outpatient settings. Antibiotic-induced neuropsychiatric toxicity is relatively uncommon; yet, when it occurs, it can lead to severe morbidity ranging from dizziness and confusion to seizure and psychosis. However, the actual incidence rate of these adverse events may be higher due to underdiagnosis or misdiagnosis as they are commonly confused with clinical manifestations of different neuropsychiatric conditions. The incidence and mechanism of antibiotic-induced neuropsychiatric toxicity vary between different antibiotic classes and clinical presentation (i.e. neurotoxicity versus psychiatric toxicity). However, the exact mechanism by which antibiotics can cause neuropsychiatric toxicity remains unclear. This article reviews the epidemiology of antibiotic-induced neuropsychiatric toxicity, explores potential mechanisms of this adverse event, investigates variations in frequency and clinical presentations between different antibiotic classes causing neuropsychiatric toxicity, and discusses management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Althubyani
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samantha Canto
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
- Department of Pharmacy Services, South Florida State Hospital, Pembroke Pines, Florida, USA
| | - Huy Pham
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Dana J Holger
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Jose Rey
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
- Department of Pharmacy Services, South Florida State Hospital, Pembroke Pines, Florida, USA
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3
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Kim JH, Kim T, Kim W, Kim SH, Hong YJ, Lim E, Bae DW, Noh SM, Lee J. The incidence and predictors of antibiotic-associated encephalopathy: a multicenter hospital-based study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8747. [PMID: 38627483 PMCID: PMC11021399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59555-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the incidence and likelihood of antibiotic-associated encephalopathy (AAE), comparing rates among the classes of antibiotics in monotherapy or in combination therapy. We also investigated the associations between the incidence of AAE and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and electroencephalogram features. Consecutive admissions that used any kind of antibiotics to treat infectious diseases were identified from six hospitals. We classified antibiotics according to three distinct pathophysiologic mechanisms and clinical subtypes. We searched for the incidence of AAE as the primary outcome. A total of 97,433 admission cases among 56,038 patients was identified. Cases that received type 1 antibiotics had significantly more frequent AAE compared to those that received type 2 antibiotics (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.62; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15-5.95; P = 0.021). Combined use of type 1 + 2 antibiotics was associated with a significantly higher incidence of AAE compared to the use of type 2 antibiotics alone (adjusted OR, 3.44; 95% CI 1.49-7.93; P = 0.004). Groups with GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 had significantly higher incidence rates of AAE compared to those with GFRs ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 among cases that received type 1 + 2 antibiotics. Detection of spike-and-wave or sharp-and-wave patterns on electroencephalogram was significantly more common in the combination therapy group. Combination use of antibiotics was associated with a higher incidence of AAE compared to monotherapy. The incidence of AAE significantly increased as renal function decreased, and epileptiform discharges were more likely to be detected in cases receiving combined antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Hee Kim
- Department of Neurology, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Taewon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, #56 Dongsu-Ro, Bupyeong-Gu, Incheon, 21431, South Korea.
| | - Woojun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun Jeong Hong
- Department of Neurology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunyae Lim
- Department of Neurology, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dae Woong Bae
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Mi Noh
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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Freund BE, Husari KS, Kaplan PW. Danger in plain sight: determining who is at highest risk for cefepime induced neurotoxicity and its associated morbidity and mortality. Acta Neurol Belg 2024:10.1007/s13760-024-02546-5. [PMID: 38589733 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-024-02546-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Cefepime is a fourth-generation cephalosporin that is widely used to treat sepsis but is associated with a potentially dangerous neurotoxicity syndrome, cefepime-induced neurotoxicity (CIN). As a result, patients treated with cefepime may be at higher risk for morbidity, including seizures, and mortality. Though the recent ACORN trial concluded that cefepime does not increase the risk of mortality, most of these patients were not critically ill or elderly, two of the most at risk populations for CIN. Further, diagnosis may be difficult in the critical care setting as patients may have multiple reasons for encephalopathy. Therefore, this population in particular should be studied and monitored closely for CIN. Importantly, there are not well defined diagnostic criteria for CIN to guide evaluation and management. Defining the risk factors for CIN and using laboratory and EEG to help support the clinical diagnosis could be helpful in early recognition of CIN to help institute treatment and to rule out seizures. In this mini review, we highlight risk factors for CIN, discuss the possible value of EEG, and propose a diagnostic and management approach in the evaluation and management of CIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brin E Freund
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
| | - Khalil S Husari
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter W Kaplan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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5
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Martins AF, Dias M, Matos Sousa R, Regadas MJ. Ceftriaxone-Induced Encephalopathy in a Patient With Chronic Kidney Disease. Cureus 2024; 16:e54476. [PMID: 38510903 PMCID: PMC10954202 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.54476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurotoxicity is an acknowledged side effect of third and fourth-generation cephalosporins, but its occurrence with ceftriaxone is not widely recognized. This article presents a case involving a 56-year-old woman with multiple comorbidities who sought medical attention after experiencing lipothymia. The initial diagnosis suggested a urinary tract infection with acute kidney failure, leading to the initiation of ceftriaxone and hemodialysis. Subsequently, the patient exhibited a progressive deterioration of her neurological state, characterized by agitation and chorea. Metabolic encephalopathy, seizure/nonconvulsive status epilepticus, and acute central nervous system lesions were considered primary differential diagnoses, all of which were subsequently ruled out through thorough investigations. Days later, a remarkable recovery of the patient's neurological state was observed. A retrospective analysis revealed a correlation between the improvement and the fourth day of antimicrobial suspension. Consequently, a presumptive diagnosis of ceftriaxone-induced encephalopathy was made. This unusual case underscores the importance of recognizing the potential for pharmacological encephalopathy, particularly with ceftriaxone, and emphasizes its reversibility upon discontinuation of the implicated drug. Clinicians should remain vigilant to this uncommon adverse effect, promoting timely intervention and improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rita Matos Sousa
- Clinical Sciences, Escola de Medicina Universidade do Minho, Braga, PRT
- Internal Medicine, Hospital de Braga, Braga, PRT
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Hambrick HR, Pavia K, Tang Girdwood S, Lazear D, Taylor JM, Benoit S. Cefepime-Associated Neurotoxicity in a Pediatric Patient With Stage V Chronic Kidney Disease. J Pharm Pract 2024; 37:243-247. [PMID: 36081354 DOI: 10.1177/08971900221125000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Studies in adult patients suggest cefepime can cause neurotoxicity, including disorientation, seizures, and coma, particularly when present at high concentrations. Patients with underlying kidney dysfunction or central nervous system anomalies are at particularly high risk. There is a relative paucity of pediatric literature on the neurotoxic effects of cefepime. Case Report: Herein is reported the case of a 2-year-old patient with chronic kidney disease receiving cefepime for Serratia marcescens bacteremia who experienced agitation, tremor, and inconsolability in the setting of an elevated cefepime trough that improved with cefepime discontinuation alone. Conclusions: Pediatric patients with acute and chronic kidney disease are at risk of cefepime-related neurologic changes. Therapeutic drug monitoring for cefepime in patients with kidney dysfunction or baseline neurologic abnormalities may help inform appropriate antimicrobial dosing and avoidance of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horace Rhodes Hambrick
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kathryn Pavia
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sonya Tang Girdwood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hospital Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Danielle Lazear
- Division of Pharmacy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - John Michael Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Stefanie Benoit
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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7
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Zarauskas A, Rodrigues B, Alvarez V. Ceftriaxone-induced encephalopathy in a patient with a normal renal function. BMJ Case Rep 2024; 17:e256934. [PMID: 38216159 PMCID: PMC10806959 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-256934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Ceftriaxone-induced encephalopathy is an exceptionally rare adverse effect of this commonly used cephalosporin and is generally observed in patients undergoing haemodialysis or suffering from severe renal failure. We present a case of a fit woman in her mid-80s with a normal renal function who developed severe fluctuating neurological symptoms (aphasia, loss of contact, chorea-like tongue movements) while being treated with ceftriaxone for a urinary tract infection with bacteraemia. The symptoms began on day 4 of treatment and an adverse drug reaction was suspected on day 7, after exhaustive investigations failed to reveal another cause. A complete recovery was observed 3 days after discontinuing ceftriaxone. Our case highlights the need to consider the diagnosis of ceftriaxone encephalopathy, even if the traditional risk factors are lacking. In this article, we also provide a brief overview of the pathophysiology as well as a literature review concerning the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrius Zarauskas
- Internal Medicine, Hopital de Sion Centre Hospitalier du Valais Romand, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Rodrigues
- Internal Medicine, Hopital de Sion Centre Hospitalier du Valais Romand, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Alvarez
- Neurology, Hôpital de Sion Centre Hospitalier du Valais Romand, Sion, Switzerland
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8
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Pfister T, Schröder S, Heck J, Bleich S, Krüger THC, Wedegärtner F, Groh A, Schulze Westhoff M. Potentially inappropriate prescriptions of antibiotics in geriatric psychiatry-a retrospective cohort study. Front Psychiatry 2024; 14:1272695. [PMID: 38264634 PMCID: PMC10803574 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1272695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Older patients are frequently affected by infectious diseases and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of consecutively prescribed antibiotics. Particularly within geriatric psychiatry, high rates of potentially inappropriate prescriptions (PIPs) have been described, significantly complicating pharmacological treatment. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the frequency and characteristics of antibiotic PIPs in geriatric psychiatry. Methods Medication charts of 139 patient cases (mean age 78.8 years; 69.8% female) receiving antibiotic treatment on a geriatric psychiatric ward were analyzed. Utilizing previously published definitions of antibiotic PIPs, adequacy of the antibiotic prescriptions was subsequently assessed. Results 16.3% of all screened patient cases (139/851) received an antibiotic treatment during their inpatient stay. 59.5% of antibiotic prescriptions were due to urinary tract infections, followed by pulmonary (13.3%) and skin and soft tissue infections (11.3%). 46.7% of all antibiotic prescriptions fulfilled at least one PIP criterium, with the prescription of an antibiotic course for more than seven days as the most common PIP (15.3%). Discussion Antibiotic PIPs can be considered as a frequent phenomenon in geriatric psychiatry. Especially the use of fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins should be discussed critically due to their extensive side effect profiles. Due to the special characteristics of geriatric psychiatric patients, international guidelines on the use of antibiotics should consider frailty and psychotropic polypharmacy of this patient population more closely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Pfister
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schröder
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johannes Heck
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Bleich
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tillmann H. C. Krüger
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Wedegärtner
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Adrian Groh
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Schulze Westhoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Gangar T, Patra S. Antibiotic persistence and its impact on the environment. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:401. [PMID: 37982084 PMCID: PMC10654327 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03806-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
From boon molecules to molecules contributing to rising concern has been the sojourn of antibiotics. The problem of antibiotic contamination has gotten worse due to antibiotics' pervasive use in every aspect of the environment. One such consequence of pollution is the increase in infections with antibiotic resistance. All known antimicrobials being used for human benefit lead to their repetitive and routine release into the environment. The misuse of antibiotics has aggravated the situation to a level that we are short of antibiotics to treat infections as organisms have developed resistance against them. Overconsumption is not just limited to human health care, but also occurs in other areas such as aquaculture, livestock, and veterinary applications for the purpose of improving feed and meat products. Due to their harmful effects on non-target species, the trace level of antibiotics in the aquatic ecosystem presents a significant problem. Since the introduction of antibiotics into the environment is more than their removal, they have been given the status of persistent pollutants. The buildup of antibiotics in the environment threatens aquatic life and may lead to bacterial strains developing resistance. As newer organisms are becoming resistant, there exists a shortage of antibiotics to treat infections. This has presented a very critical problem for the health-care community. Another rising concern is that the development of newer drug molecules as antibiotics is minimal. This review article critically explains the cause and nature of the pollution and the effects of this emerging trend. Also, in the latter sections, why we need newer antibiotics is questioned and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Gangar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati, Assam 781039 India
| | - Sanjukta Patra
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati, Assam 781039 India
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10
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Yasmin M, Nutman A, Wang L, Marshall S, Chen K, Wang J, Yahav D, Lupinsky L, Hujer AM, Bhimraj A, van Duin D, Li J, Bonomo RA. Utilizing Ceftazidime/Avibactam Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in the Treatment of Neurosurgical Meningitis Caused by Difficult-to-Treat Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and KPC-Producing Enterobacterales. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad507. [PMID: 38023540 PMCID: PMC10661062 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Central nervous system (CNS) infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing Enterobacterales and difficult-to-treat resistant (DTR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa represent a formidable clinical challenge. Antimicrobial regimens that efficiently penetrate the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and achieve sufficient concentrations associated with microbiologic and clinical cure are limited. We evaluated therapy with ceftazidime-avibactam (CAZ-AVI) in order to guide precise dosing in the treatment of CNS infections. Methods Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) was performed in 3 patients with health care-associated ventriculitis and meningitis (HAVM) using CAZ-AVI 2.5 g infused intravenously every 8 hours as standard and extended infusion. Simultaneous CSF and plasma samples were obtained throughout the dosing interval in each patient. Concentrations of CAZ and AVI were determined by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Results Bacterial identification revealed KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC-Kp), DTR Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and KPC-producing Enterobacter cloacae (KPC-Ent.c). All isolates were resistant to carbapenems. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of CAZ-AVI were 0.25/4, 4/4, and 0.25/4 μg/mL, respectively. CAZ and AVI concentrations were determined in CSF samples ranging from 29.0 to 15.0 µg/mL (CAZ component) and 4.20 to 0.92 µg/mL (AVI component), respectively. AVI achieved concentrations ≥1 µg/mL in 11 out of 12 CSF samples collected throughout the dosing interval. Clinical and microbiologic cure were attained in all patients. Conclusions Postinfusion concentrations of CAZ-AVI were measured in plasma and CSF samples obtained from 3 patients with complicated CNS infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant isolates. The measured concentrations revealed that standard CAZ and AVI exposures sufficiently attained values correlating to 50% fT > MIC, which are associated with efficient bacterial killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Yasmin
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Amir Nutman
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tiqva and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Lu Wang
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven Marshall
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ke Chen
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jiping Wang
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dafna Yahav
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tiqva and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Liad Lupinsky
- Neurosurgical Department, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tiqva, Israel
| | - Andrea M Hujer
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Adarsh Bhimraj
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David van Duin
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert A Bonomo
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- CWRU-Cleveland VAMC Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Epidemiology (Case VA CARES), Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Departments of Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Pharmacology, and Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Yadav S, Shah D, Dalai P, Agrawal-Rajput R. The tale of antibiotics beyond antimicrobials: Expanding horizons. Cytokine 2023; 169:156285. [PMID: 37393846 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics had proved to be a godsend for mankind since their discovery. They were once the magical solution to the vexing problem of infection-related deaths. German scientist Paul Ehrlich had termed salvarsan as the silver bullet to treatsyphilis.As time passed, the magic of newly discovered silver bullets got tarnished with raging antibiotic resistance among bacteria and associated side-effects. Still, antibiotics remain the primary line of treatment for bacterial infections. Our understanding of their chemical and biological activities has increased immensely with advancement in the research field. Non-antibacterial effects of antibiotics are studied extensively to optimise their safer, broad-range use. These non-antibacterial effects could be both useful and harmful to us. Various researchers across the globe including our lab are studying the direct/indirect effects and molecular mechanisms behind these non-antibacterial effects of antibiotics. So, it is interesting for us to sum up the available literature. In this review, we have briefed the possible reason behind the non-antibacterial effects of antibiotics, owing to the endosymbiotic origin of host mitochondria. We further discuss the physiological and immunomodulatory effects of antibiotics. We then extend the review to discuss molecular mechanisms behind the plausible use of antibiotics as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Yadav
- Immunology Lab, Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Dhruvi Shah
- Immunology Lab, Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Parmeswar Dalai
- Immunology Lab, Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Reena Agrawal-Rajput
- Immunology Lab, Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, India.
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Ajibola O, Aremu TO, Dada SO, Ajibola O, Adeyinka KO, Ajibola A, Oluwole OE. The Trend of Cefepime-Induced Neurotoxicity: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e40980. [PMID: 37503476 PMCID: PMC10370502 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been increased use of cefepime due to concerns about the nephrotoxic effects of the combined use of vancomycin and Zosyn. However, cefepime is associated with neurotoxicity. We conducted a systematic review using online data to explore the trend of cefepime-induced neurotoxicity over the last 10 years. Forty-six articles met our inclusion criteria, including 73 cases of cefepime-induced neurotoxicity. We noticed a steady increase in the reports of cefepime-induced neurotoxicity, from one case in 2013 to 11 cases in 2022. Individuals aged 65 and older accounted for most cefepime-induced neurotoxicity cases (52%). The top three indications for cefepime administration included bone and joint infections (25%), urinary tract infections (22.7%), and pneumonia (22.7%). Most patients with renal impairment have never had a renal adjustment of their cefepime dosage (either 2 g 12 hours a day or 2 g eight hours a day). Most cases of cefepime-induced neurotoxicity occurred between days two and five (n=29, 71%), while most resolution occurred between days one and five (n=29, 85%). While cefepime continues to be a popularly used and effective antibiotic against gram-negative bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, its dosage needs to be adjusted in patients with renal impairment to avoid neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwafemi Ajibola
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA
| | - Taiwo O Aremu
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
- Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, USA
- Pharmaceutical Care & Health Systems, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Stephen O Dada
- Medicine, Windsor University School of Medicine, Cayon, KNA
| | - Olawale Ajibola
- Medicine, American University of St. Vincent School of Medicine, Leeward Hwy, VCT
| | | | | | - Oluwatosin E Oluwole
- Epidemiology & Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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Zavrelova A, Sima M, Malakova J, Rozsivalova P, Paterova P, Zak P, Visek B, Michalickova D, Slanar O, Radocha J. Superiority of ceftazidime off-label high-dose regimen in PK/PD target attainment during treatment of extensively drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in cancer patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 89:1452-1461. [PMID: 36422512 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The objective of this study was to evaluate off-label high-dose ceftazidime population pharmacokinetics in cancer patients with suspected or proven extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections and then to compare the achievement of the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) target after standard and off-label high-dose regimens using population model-based simulations. A further aim was to clinically observe the occurrence of adverse effects during the off-label high-dose ceftazidime treatment. METHODS In patients treated with off-label high-dose ceftazidime (3 g every 6 h), blood samples were collected and ceftazidime serum levels measured using LC-MS/MS. A pharmacokinetic population model was developed using a nonlinear mixed-effects modelling approach and Monte Carlo simulations were then used to compare standard and high-dose regimens for PK/PD target attainment. RESULTS A total of 14 cancer patients with serious infection suspected of XDR P. aeruginosa aetiology were eligible for PK analysis. XDR P. aeruginosa was confirmed in 10 patients as the causative pathogen. Population ceftazidime volume of distribution was 13.23 L, while clearance started at the baseline of 1.48 L/h and increased by 0.0076 L/h with each 1 mL/min/1.73 m2 of eGFR. High-dose regimen showed significantly higher probability of target attainment (i.e., 86% vs. 56% at MIC of 32 mg/L). This was translated into a very low mortality rate of 20%. Only one case of reversible neurological impairment was observed. CONCLUSION We proved the superiority of the ceftazidime off-label high-dose regimen in PK/PD target attainment with very low occurrence of adverse effects. The off-label high-dose regimen should be used to optimize treatment of XDR P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alzbeta Zavrelova
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Sima
- Department of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Malakova
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Hradec Kralove and Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Rozsivalova
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Hospital Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Paterova
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Zak
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Benjamin Visek
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Danica Michalickova
- Department of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Slanar
- Department of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Radocha
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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15
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Better Outcome of Off-Label High-Dose Ceftazidime in Hemato-Oncological Patients with Infections Caused by Extensively Drug-Resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2023; 15:e2023001. [PMID: 36660352 PMCID: PMC9833305 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2023.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background P. aeruginosa sepsis in immunocompromised patients is a serious complication of cancer treatment, especially in the case of an Extensively Drug Resistant (XDR) pathogen. The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of high-dose ceftazidime in the treatment of XDR P. aeruginosa infection and to compare it with the conventionally treated cohort in hemato-oncological patients. Methods We identified 27 patients with XDR P. aeruginosa infection during the 2008-2018 period, 16 patients served as a conventionally treated cohort with an antipseudomonal beta-lactam antibiotic in standard dose (cohort A), and 11 patients were treated with high-dose ceftazidime (cohort B). Most of the patients were neutropenic and under active treatment for their cancer in both cohorts. Results Mortality and related mortality were statistically significantly better for cohort B than cohort A; it was 18.2% and 9.1% for cohort B and 68.8% and 68.8% for cohort A, respectively. More patients in cohort A needed mechanical ventilation and renal replacement therapy, 75% and 50% for cohort A and 27.3% and 9.9% for cohort B, respectively. It corresponded well with the worst sequential organ failure score (SOFA) in cohort A compared to cohort B, 16 versus 7, respectively. Reversible neurotoxicity was seen only in two patients in cohort B. Conclusion Ceftazidime in high doses is a very potent antibiotic (ATB) for treating XDR P. aeruginosa infections in neutropenic cancer with acceptable toxicity.
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Hongjin Zhai, Zhang S, Ampomah-Wireko M, Wang H, Cao Y, Yang P, Yang Y, Frejat FOA, Wang L, Zhao B, Ren C, Wu C. Pyrazole: An Important Core in Many Marketed and Clinical Drugs. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162022060280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Pang H, Kumar S, Ely EW, Gezalian MM, Lahiri S. Acute kidney injury-associated delirium: a review of clinical and pathophysiological mechanisms. Crit Care 2022; 26:258. [PMID: 36030220 PMCID: PMC9420275 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-022-04131-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury is a known clinical risk factor for delirium, an acute cognitive dysfunction that is commonly encountered in the critically ill population. In this comprehensive review of clinical and basic research studies, we detail the epidemiology, clinical implications, pathogenesis, and management strategies of patients with acute kidney injury-associated delirium. Specifically addressed are the pathological roles of endogenous toxin or drug accumulation, acute kidney injury-mediated neuroinflammation, and acute kidney injury-associated volume overload as discrete potential biological mechanisms of the condition. The optimization of clinical contributors and normalization of renal function are reviewed as pragmatic management strategies in addition to potential and emerging therapeutic approaches.
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18
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Anto M, Iyer RS, Manuel A, Jayachandran A, Jose R, John N, Shyam P, Thankachan A, Thomas SG, Bahuleyan B. Ceftriaxone-induced encephalopathy in a patient with multicentric glioma. Surg Neurol Int 2022; 13:303. [PMID: 35928317 PMCID: PMC9345111 DOI: 10.25259/sni_483_2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Ceftriaxone is a commonly used antibiotic in a wide range of local and systemic infections. Encephalopathy is a rare complication of ceftriaxone, often seen in older adults and those with renal insufficiency.
Case Description:
A 73-year-old lady with prior history of hypertension and dyslipidemia presented with the complaints of slurred speech, gait imbalance, nocturnal vomiting, and progressively worsening headache. A magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed two intracerebral lesions involving the right frontal and temporal lobes, suggestive of multicentric glioma. She underwent craniotomy and excision of these lesions. The biopsy was reported as intra-axial tumors with features suggestive of the WHO Grade IV glioma. Postoperatively, she did not wake up. An electroencephalogram demonstrated triphasic waves suggestive of encephalopathy. The probable diagnosis of ceftriaxone-induced encephalopathy was made after ruling out other causes of delayed awakening after surgery. Ceftriaxone was discontinued and the patient improved within 2 days of withdrawal of ceftriaxone.
Conclusion:
Drug-induced encephalopathy should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with delayed awakening after surgery. Discontinuation of the drug leads to the recovery of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariette Anto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lisie Hospital, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Rajesh Shankar Iyer
- Department of Neurology, Kovai Medical Centre and Hospital, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Adarsh Manuel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lisie Hospital, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | | | - Rosmy Jose
- Department of Anaesthesia, Lisie Hospital, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Nisha John
- Department of Anaesthesia, Lisie Hospital, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Puja Shyam
- Department of Anaesthesia, Lisie Hospital, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | | | | | - Biji Bahuleyan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lisie Hospital, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Aleissa MM, Gonzalez-Bocco IH, Zekery-Saad S, Kubiak DW, Zhang EM, Signorelli J, Hammond SP, Mohareb AM, Luskin MR, Manne-Goehler J, Marty FM. The relationship between antibiotic agent and mortality in patients with febrile neutropenia due to Staphylococcal bloodstream infection: a multicenter cohort study. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac306. [PMID: 35949404 PMCID: PMC9356691 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) is a common cause of bloodstream infection (BSI) in patients with febrile neutropenia, but treatment practices vary, and guidelines are not clear on the optimal regimen. Methods We conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study of MSSA BSI in febrile neutropenia. We divided patients into 3 treatment groups: (1) broad-spectrum beta-lactams (ie, piperacillin-tazobactam, cefepime, meropenem); (2) narrow-spectrum beta-lactams (ie, cefazolin, oxacillin, nafcillin); and (3) combination beta-lactams (ie, both narrow- and broad-spectrum). We used multivariable logistic regression to compare 60-day mortality and bacteremia recurrence while adjusting for potential confounders. Results We identified 889 patients with MSSA BSI, 128 of whom had neutropenia at the time of the index culture: median age 56 (interquartile range, 43–65) years and 76 (59%) male. Of those, 56 (44%) received broad-spectrum beta-lactams, 30 (23%) received narrow-spectrum beta-lactams, and 42 (33%) received combination therapy. After adjusting for covariates, including disease severity, combination therapy was associated with a significantly higher odds for 60-day all-cause mortality compared with broad spectrum beta-lactams (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.29–8.89; P = .013) and compared with narrow spectrum beta-lactams, although the latter was not statistically significant (aOR, 3.30; 95% CI, .80–13.61; P = .071). Conclusions Use of combination beta-lactam therapy in patients with MSSA BSI and febrile neutropenia is associated with a higher mortality compared with treatment with broad-spectrum beta-lactam after adjusting for potential confounders. Patients in this study who transitioned to narrow-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics did not have worse clinical outcomes compared with those who continued broad-spectrum beta-lactam therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneerah M Aleissa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA , USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Isabel H Gonzalez-Bocco
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Sara Zekery-Saad
- Department of Pharmacy, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, MA , USA
| | - David W Kubiak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Eric M Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Jessie Signorelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Sarah P Hammond
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Amir M Mohareb
- Department of Pharmacy, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Marlise R Luskin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Jennifer Manne-Goehler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Francisco M Marty
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
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Onogi C, Osada A, Imai K, Mimura T, Saka Y, Urahama Y, Oishi H, Naruse T. Two cases of ceftriaxone-induced encephalopathy treated by hemoperfusion in hemodialysis patients. Hemodial Int 2022; 26:E27-E30. [PMID: 35441472 PMCID: PMC9545014 DOI: 10.1111/hdi.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ceftriaxone is a third‐generation cephalosporin commonly used to treat infection. However, encephalopathy is an emerging adverse effect of ceftriaxone infusion. These patients present with various symptoms, including those of neurotoxicity, that typically resolve 1 week after discontinuation of ceftriaxone. We experienced two cases of ceftriaxone‐induced encephalopathy that were successfully treated by rapid removal of ceftriaxone by hemoperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikao Onogi
- Department of Nephrology, Kasugai Municipal Hospital, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Akinori Osada
- Department of Nephrology, Komaki City Hospital, Komaki, Japan
| | - Kentaro Imai
- Department of Nephrology, Komaki City Hospital, Komaki, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Mimura
- Department of Nephrology, Kasugai Municipal Hospital, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Yosuke Saka
- Department of Nephrology, Kasugai Municipal Hospital, Kasugai, Japan
| | | | - Hideto Oishi
- Department of Nephrology, Komaki City Hospital, Komaki, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Naruse
- Department of Nephrology, Kasugai Municipal Hospital, Kasugai, Japan
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Tanem JM, Scott JP. Common Presentations of Rare Drug Reactions and Atypical Presentations of Common Drug Reactions in the Intensive Care Unit. Crit Care Clin 2022; 38:287-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Gorham J, Taccone FS, Hites M. Ensuring target concentrations of antibiotics in critically ill patients through dose adjustment. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2022; 18:177-187. [PMID: 35311440 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2056012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antibiotics are commonly prescribed in critical care, and given the large variability of pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters in these patients, drug PK frequently varies during therapy with the risk of either treatment failure or toxicity. Therefore, adequate antibiotic dosing in critically ill patients is very important. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of the basic principles of PK and pharmacodynamics of antibiotics and the main patient and pathogen characteristics that may affect the dosage of antibiotics and different approaches to adjust doses. EXPERT OPINION Dose adjustment should be done for aminoglycosides and glycopeptides based on daily drug concentration monitoring. For glycopeptides, in particular vancomycin, the residual concentration (Cres) should be assessed daily. For beta-lactam antibiotics, a loading dose should be administered, followed by three different possible approaches, as TDM is rarely available in most centers: 1) antibiotic regimens should be adapted according to renal function and other risk factors; 2) nomograms or software can be used to calculate daily dosing; 3) TDM should be performed 24-48 h after the initiation of treatment; however, the results are required within 24 hours to appropriately adjust dosage regimens. Drug dosing should be reduced or increased according to the TDM results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Gorham
- Department of intensive care, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabio Silvio Taccone
- Department of intensive care, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maya Hites
- Clinic of Infectious diseases, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Ceftriaxone-associated encephalopathy in a patient with high levels of ceftriaxone in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 116:223-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Hurkacz M, Dobrek L, Wiela-Hojeńska A. Antibiotics and the Nervous System-Which Face of Antibiotic Therapy Is Real, Dr. Jekyll (Neurotoxicity) or Mr. Hyde (Neuroprotection)? Molecules 2021; 26:7456. [PMID: 34946536 PMCID: PMC8708917 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics as antibacterial drugs have saved many lives, but have also become a victim of their own success. Their widespread abuse reduces their anti-infective effectiveness and causes the development of bacterial resistance. Moreover, irrational antibiotic therapy contributes to gastrointestinal dysbiosis, that increases the risk of the development of many diseases, including neurological and psychiatric. One of the potential options for restoring homeostasis is the use of oral antibiotics that are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., rifaximin alfa). Thus, antibiotic therapy may exert neurological or psychiatric adverse drug reactions which are often considered to be overlooked and undervalued issues. Drug-induced neurotoxicity is mostly observed after beta-lactams and quinolones. Penicillin may produce a wide range of neurological dysfunctions, including encephalopathy, behavioral changes, myoclonus or seizures. Their pathomechanism results from the disturbances of gamma-aminobutyric acid-GABA transmission (due to the molecular similarities between the structure of the β-lactam ring and GABA molecule) and impairment of the functioning of benzodiazepine receptors (BZD). However, on the other hand, antibiotics have also been studied for their neuroprotective properties in the treatment of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory processes (e.g., Alzheimer's or Parkinson's diseases). Antibiotics may, therefore, become promising elements of multi-targeted therapy for these entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Hurkacz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.H.); (L.D.)
- Clinical Pharmacy Service, Jan Mikulicz-Radecki University Clinical Hospital, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Dobrek
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.H.); (L.D.)
| | - Anna Wiela-Hojeńska
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.H.); (L.D.)
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Ortega AJ, Ghafouri SR, Vu L, Edwards B, Nickel N. Cefepime-Induced Encephalopathy in a High-Risk Patient With Renal Insufficiency and Cirrhosis. Cureus 2021; 13:e18767. [PMID: 34796060 PMCID: PMC8590204 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cefepime is a fourth-generation, cephalosporin antibiotic commonly used as a first-line empirical treatment in a wide range of bacterial infections. It is predominantly excreted renally; therefore, a reduction in kidney function allows for the accumulation of cefepime to potentially toxic levels. Here we present a case of cefepime-induced encephalopathy (CIE) in a 67 years old male patient with advanced-stage renal insufficiency and cirrhosis who was admitted to our hospital for altered mental status (AMS). The patient was initially treated for hepatic encephalopathy (HE) given an elevated ammonia level (105 µg/dL), which had significantly improved. He was also placed on intravenous (IV) cefepime for Pseudomonas bacteremia. Four days later, the patient became drowsy and confused. A detailed workup for secondary causes of AMS was performed however no significant acute abnormalities were detected. The ammonia level remained within the normal range. There was no acute intracranial pathology reported on a head computerized tomography (CT). Furthermore, an electroencephalograph (EEG) was obtained which showed generalized periodic discharge with a tri-phasic wave pattern suggesting non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE). CIE was suspected at that point and cefepime administration was stopped. Following cefepime discontinuation, there was a remarkable improvement in the patient’s mental status for several days after cefepime discontinuation that supported the diagnosis of CIE in our patient. Although the exact pathophysiology is unclear, CIE should be suspected in elderly patients, patients with renal dysfunction, and critical illness. Meanwhile, liver dysfunction can be an additional risk factor for CIE as it increases the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), altered neurotransmission, and neuro-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ortega
- Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, USA
| | - S Reshad Ghafouri
- Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, USA
| | - Lynn Vu
- Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, USA
| | - Brian Edwards
- Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, USA
| | - Nils Nickel
- Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, USA
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Sadaka Y, Freedman J, Ashkenazi S, Vinker S, Golan-Cohen A, Green I, Israel A, Eran A, Merzon E. The Effect of Antibiotic Treatment of Early Childhood Shigellosis on Long-Term Prevalence of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8100880. [PMID: 34682145 PMCID: PMC8535120 DOI: 10.3390/children8100880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been shown that children with early shigellosis are at increased risk of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study aimed to evaluate the association between antibiotic treatment of shigellosis with long-term ADHD rates. A retrospective cohort study was conducted that included all the Leumit Health Services (LHS) enrollees aged 5-18 years between 2000-2018 with a documented Shigella-positive gastroenteritis before the age of 3 years. Of the 5176 children who were positive for Shigella gastroenteritis before the age of 3 years, 972 (18.8%) were treated with antibiotics early (<5 days), 250 (4.8%) were treated late (≥5 days), and 3954 children (76.4%) were not prescribed antibiotics. Late antibiotic treatment was associated with significantly increased rates of ADHD (adjusted OR = 1.61; 95% CI, 1.1-2.3). Early treatment with antibiotics was not associated with increased ADHD rates (adjusted OR = 1.02; 95% CI, 0.8-1.3). In conclusion, late antibiotic treatment of early childhood shigellosis was associated with increased rates of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Sadaka
- The Joyce and Irving Goldman Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8443944, Israel; (Y.S.); (J.F.)
- Neuro-Developmental Research Center, Mental Health Institute, Beer Sheva 8461144, Israel
| | - Judah Freedman
- The Joyce and Irving Goldman Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8443944, Israel; (Y.S.); (J.F.)
- Neuro-Developmental Research Center, Mental Health Institute, Beer Sheva 8461144, Israel
| | - Shai Ashkenazi
- The Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
| | - Shlomo Vinker
- Leumit Health Services, Tel-Aviv 6473817, Israel; (S.V.); (A.G.-C.); (A.I.)
- Department of Family Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
| | - Avivit Golan-Cohen
- Leumit Health Services, Tel-Aviv 6473817, Israel; (S.V.); (A.G.-C.); (A.I.)
- Department of Family Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
| | - Ilan Green
- Department of Family Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
| | - Ariel Israel
- Leumit Health Services, Tel-Aviv 6473817, Israel; (S.V.); (A.G.-C.); (A.I.)
| | - Alal Eran
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva 8443944, Israel;
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eugene Merzon
- Leumit Health Services, Tel-Aviv 6473817, Israel; (S.V.); (A.G.-C.); (A.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-50-7643281
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Incidence and predictors of delirium on the intensive care unit in patients with acute kidney injury, insight from a retrospective registry. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17260. [PMID: 34446816 PMCID: PMC8390667 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96839-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) and delirium are common complications on the intensive care unit (ICU). Few is known about the association of AKI and delirium, as well as about incidence and predictors of delirium in patients with AKI. In this retrospective study, all patients with AKI, as defined by the KDIGO (kidney disease improving global outcome) guideline, treated for more than 24 h on the ICU in an university hospital in 2019 were included and analyzed. Delirium was defined by a NuDesc (Nursing Delirium screening scale) ≥ 2, which is evaluated three times a day in every patient on our ICU as part of daily routine. A total of 383/919 (41.7%) patients developed an AKI during the ICU stay. Delirium was detected in 230/383 (60.1%) patients with AKI. Independent predictors of delirium were: age, psychiatric disease, alcohol abuse, mechanical ventilation, severe shock, and AKI stage II/III (all p < 0.05). The primary cause of illness had no influence on the onset of delirium. Among patients with AKI, the duration of the ICU stay correlated with higher stages of AKI and the presence of delirium (stage I/no delirium: median 1.9 (interquartile range (25th–75th) 1.3–2.9) days; stage II/III/no delirium: 2.6 (1.6–5.5) days; stage I/delirium: 4.1 (2.5–14.3) days; stage II/III/delirium: 6.8 (3.5–11.9) days; all p < 0.01). Delirium, defined as NuDesc ≥ 2 is frequent in patients with AKI on an ICU and independently predicted by higher stages of AKI.
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Somoza-Cano FJ, Al Armashi AR, Weiland A, Chakhachiro D, Ravakhah K. Cefepime-Induced Delirium. Cureus 2021; 13:e15505. [PMID: 34268036 PMCID: PMC8261796 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cefepime is a fourth-generation cephalosporin usually reserved to treat severe infections or those caused by multi-resistant microorganisms. Neurotoxicity is attributed to its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and produce gamma-aminobutyric acid antagonism. Neurological symptoms may range from mild somnolence to seizures and coma. Our patient is an 88-year-old man who presented from a nursing home due to worsening pressure ulcers. After cefepime was started, he started developing worsening altered mental status and hallucinations. Cefepime was discontinued and his neurological symptoms improved shortly afterward. He was discharged to a long-term acute facility for antibiotic therapy where he recovered. Our case illustrates a commonly missed side effect of cefepime. Prompt recognition of this adverse effect is paramount to prevent disease progression and avoid permanent neurological damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Deema Chakhachiro
- Internal Medicine, St. Vincent Charity Medical Center, Cleveland, USA
| | - Keyvan Ravakhah
- Internal Medicine, St. Vincent Charity Medical Center, Cleveland, USA
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Teng C, Frei CR. Delirium Associations with Antibiotics: A Pharmacovigilance Study of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Drugs Real World Outcomes 2021; 9:23-29. [PMID: 34275113 PMCID: PMC8844315 DOI: 10.1007/s40801-021-00268-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ertapenem, cefepime, imipenem, ofloxacin, ceftazidime, clarithromycin, cefaclor, levofloxacin, linezolid, moxifloxacin, azithromycin, piperacillin–tazobactam, trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, and cefuroxime are known to be associated with delirium. Other antibiotics may also lead to delirium, but no study has systemically compared delirium associations for many available antibiotics. Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between delirium and antibiotics using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Methods FAERS reports from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2018 were included in the study. Reporting odds ratios (RORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the association between antibiotics and delirium were calculated. An association was considered to be statistically significant when the lower limit of the 95% CI was greater than 1.0. Results A total of 10,015,622 reports (including 16,982 delirium reports) were considered, after inclusion criteria were applied. Statistically significant delirium RORs (95% CI) for antibiotics were: ertapenem 21.07 (16.38–27.10), cefepime 9.8 (6.37–15.09), imipenem 9.68 (6.75–13.89), ofloxacin 7.73 (4.00–14.92), ceftazidime 6.09 (2.73–13.62), clarithromycin 5.34 (4.37–6.53), cefaclor 5.32 (1.71–16.58), ampicillin–sulbactam 4.49 (2.13–9.45), levofloxacin 4.47 (3.88–5.16), linezolid 4.33 (3.28–5.72), moxifloxacin 3.51 (2.81–4.38), azithromycin 2.76 (2.09–3.64), piperacillin–tazobactam 2.41 (1.47–3.93), trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole 2.36 (1.61–3.47), metronidazole 1.85 (1.31–2.60), ciprofloxacin 1.83 (1.44–2.33), and cefuroxime 1.81 (1.03–3.20). Conclusion This study found statistically significant increased risk of reporting delirium with ertapenem, cefepime, imipenem, ofloxacin, ceftazidime, clarithromycin, cefaclor, ampicillin–sulbactam, levofloxacin, linezolid, moxifloxacin, azithromycin, piperacillin–tazobactam, trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, and cefuroxime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwen Teng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - Christopher R Frei
- Pharmacotherapy Division, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Pharmacotherapy Education and Research Center, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA.,University Health System, San Antonio, TX, USA
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30
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Roger C, Louart B. Beta-Lactams Toxicity in the Intensive Care Unit: An Underestimated Collateral Damage? Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071505. [PMID: 34361942 PMCID: PMC8306322 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-lactams are the most commonly prescribed antimicrobials in intensive care unit (ICU) settings and remain one of the safest antimicrobials prescribed. However, the misdiagnosis of beta-lactam-related adverse events may alter ICU patient management and impact clinical outcomes. To describe the clinical manifestations, risk factors and beta-lactam-induced neurological and renal adverse effects in the ICU setting, we performed a comprehensive literature review via an electronic search on PubMed up to April 2021 to provide updated clinical data. Beta-lactam neurotoxicity occurs in 10-15% of ICU patients and may be responsible for a large panel of clinical manifestations, ranging from confusion, encephalopathy and hallucinations to myoclonus, convulsions and non-convulsive status epilepticus. Renal impairment, underlying brain abnormalities and advanced age have been recognized as the main risk factors for neurotoxicity. In ICU patients, trough concentrations above 22 mg/L for cefepime, 64 mg/L for meropenem, 125 mg/L for flucloxacillin and 360 mg/L for piperacillin (used without tazobactam) are associated with neurotoxicity in 50% of patients. Even though renal complications (especially severe complications, such as acute interstitial nephritis, renal damage associated with drug induced hemolytic anemia and renal obstruction by crystallization) remain rare, there is compelling evidence of increased nephrotoxicity using well-known nephrotoxic drugs such as vancomycin combined with beta-lactams. Treatment mainly relies on the discontinuation of the offending drug but in the near future, antimicrobial optimal dosing regimens should be defined, not only based on pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) targets associated with clinical and microbiological efficacy, but also on PK/toxicodynamic targets. The use of dosing software may help to achieve these goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Roger
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Pain and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes-Caremeau University Hospital, Place du Professeur Robert Debré, CEDEX 9, 30029 Nîmes, France;
- UR UM 103 IMAGINE, Faculty of Medicine, Montpellier University, 34090 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Benjamin Louart
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Pain and Emergency Medicine, Nîmes-Caremeau University Hospital, Place du Professeur Robert Debré, CEDEX 9, 30029 Nîmes, France;
- UR UM 103 IMAGINE, Faculty of Medicine, Montpellier University, 34090 Montpellier, France
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31
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Fillâtre P, Lemaitre F, Nesseler N, Schmidt M, Besset S, Launey Y, Maamar A, Daufresne P, Flecher E, Le Tulzo Y, Tadie JM, Tattevin P. Impact of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support on piperacillin exposure in septic patients: a case-control study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:1242-1249. [PMID: 33569597 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the impact of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) devices on piperacillin exposure in ICU patients. METHODS This observational, prospective, multicentre, case-control study was performed in the ICUs of two tertiary care hospitals in France. ECMO patients with sepsis treated with piperacillin/tazobactam were enrolled. Control patients were matched according to SOFA score and creatinine clearance. The pharmacokinetics of piperacillin were described based on a population pharmacokinetic model, calculating the proportion of time the piperacillin plasma concentration was above 64 mg/L (i.e. 4× MIC breakpoint for Pseudomonas aeruginosa). RESULTS Forty-two patients were included. Median (IQR) age was 60 years (49-66), SOFA score was 11 (9-14) and creatinine clearance was 47 mL/min (5-95). There was no significant difference in the proportion of time piperacillin concentrations were ≥64 mg/L in patients treated with ECMO and controls during the first administration (P = 0.184) or at steady state (P = 0.309). Following the first administration, 36/42 (86%) patients had trough piperacillin concentrations <64 mg/L. Trough concentrations at steady state were similar in patients with ECMO and controls (P = 0.535). Creatinine clearance ≥40 mL/min was independently associated with piperacillin trough concentration <64 mg/L at steady state [OR = 4.3 (95% CI 1.1-17.7), P = 0.043], while ECMO support was not [OR = 0.5 (95% CI 0.1-2.1), P = 0.378]. CONCLUSIONS ECMO support has no impact on piperacillin exposure. ICU patients with sepsis are frequently underexposed to piperacillin, which suggests that therapeutic drug monitoring should be strongly recommended for severe infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fillâtre
- St Brieuc Hospital, Réanimation Polyvalente, F-22000 St Brieuc, France
| | - F Lemaitre
- Univ Rennes, Rennes University Hospital, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - N Nesseler
- Rennes University Hospital, Service de Réanimation de Chirurgie Cardiothoracique et de Chirurgie Vasculaire, F-35000 Rennes, France.,Univ Rennes, Inra, Inserm, Institut NUMECAN - UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, CIC 1414, F35000 Rennes, France
| | - M Schmidt
- Sorbonne Université, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Paris, France
| | - S Besset
- Louis Mourier Hospital, Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, AP-HP, F92700 Colombes, France
| | - Y Launey
- Univ Rennes, Inra, Inserm, Institut NUMECAN - UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, CIC 1414, F35000 Rennes, France.,Rennes University Hospital, Surgical Critical Care Unit, Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Perioperative Medicine, F-35033 Rennes, France
| | - A Maamar
- Rennes University Hospital, Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Unit, F-35033 Rennes, France.,Univ Rennes, Faculté de Médecine, Biosit, F-35043 Rennes, France.,Univ Rennes, Inserm-CIC-1414, IFR 140, F-35033 Rennes, France
| | - P Daufresne
- Rennes University Hospital, Haematology Unit, F-35033 Rennes, France
| | - E Flecher
- Rennes University Hospital, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, F-35033 Rennes, France.,Univ Rennes, Inserm U1099, Signal and Image Treatment Laboratory (LTSI), F-35033 Rennes, France
| | - Y Le Tulzo
- Rennes University Hospital, Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Unit, F-35033 Rennes, France.,Univ Rennes, Faculté de Médecine, Biosit, F-35043 Rennes, France.,Univ Rennes, Inserm-CIC-1414, IFR 140, F-35033 Rennes, France
| | - J M Tadie
- Rennes University Hospital, Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Unit, F-35033 Rennes, France.,Univ Rennes, Faculté de Médecine, Biosit, F-35043 Rennes, France.,Univ Rennes, Inserm-CIC-1414, IFR 140, F-35033 Rennes, France
| | - P Tattevin
- Rennes University Hospital, Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Unit, F-35033 Rennes, France.,Univ Rennes, Faculté de Médecine, Biosit, F-35043 Rennes, France.,Univ Rennes, Inserm-CIC-1414, IFR 140, F-35033 Rennes, France
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32
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Xiao M, Huang X. Unmasking antibiotic-associated neurological disorders: The underminer in Intensive Care Unit. J Clin Neurosci 2021; 91:131-135. [PMID: 34373018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Psychosis is a common and intractable disorder of hospitalization, especially in patients hospitalized in Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Along with the widely use of multiple antibiotics in community-acquired infection and hospital-acquired infection, the occurrence of antibiotic-associated neurological disorders has become more frequently. However, antibiotic neurotoxicity is often overlooked or misinterpreted. In this review, we summarized the neurological disorders caused by antibacterial agent usage and firstly systematically formulated the pathogenesis of antibiotic-associated neurotoxic reactions. Precautions of the complications are critical in preventing serious clinical outcome as the inducement is curable. Regular neurological physical examination, electroencephalogram (EEG) examination, lumbar puncture and therapeutic drug monitoring closely are essential for early diagnosis and differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjia Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Yueyang, Yueyang, China
| | - Xiang Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Yueyang, Yueyang, China.
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Lacroix C, Bera-Jonville AP, Montastruc F, Velly L, Micallef J, Guilhaumou R. Serious Neurological Adverse Events of Ceftriaxone. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:540. [PMID: 34066591 PMCID: PMC8148437 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We described ceftriaxone-induced CNS adverse events through the largest case series of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) reports, from 1995 to 2017, using the French Pharmacovigilance Database. In total, 152 cases of serious CNS ADRs were analyzed; 112 patients were hospitalized or had a prolonged hospitalization (73.7%), 12 dead (7.9%) and 16 exhibited life-threatening ADRs (10.5%). The median age was 74.5 years, mainly women (55.3%), with a median creatinine clearance of 35 mL/min. Patients mainly exhibited convulsions, status epilepticus, myoclonia (n = 75, 49.3%), encephalopathy (n = 45, 29.6%), confused state (n = 34, 22.4%) and hallucinations (n = 16, 10.5%). The median time of onset was 4 days, and the median duration was 4.5 days. The mean daily dose was 1.7 g mainly through an intravenous route (n = 106, 69.7%), and three patients received doses above maximal dose of Summary of Product Characteristics. Ceftriaxone plasma concentrations were recorded for 19 patients (12.5%), and 8 were above the toxicity threshold. Electroencephalograms (EEG) performed for 32.9% of the patients (n = 50) were abnormal for 74% (n = 37). We described the world's biggest case series of ceftriaxone-induced serious CNS ADRs. Explorations (plasma concentrations, EEG) are contributive to confirm the ceftriaxone toxicity-induced. Clinicians may be cautious with the use of ceftriaxone, especially in the older age or renal impairment population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Lacroix
- Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, APHM, INSERM, Institut Neurosciences Système, UMR 1106, Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France; (C.L.); (J.M.)
| | - Annie-Pierre Bera-Jonville
- Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance et d’Information sur le Médicament Centre-Val-de-Loire, Service de Pharmacosurveillance, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, 37000 Tours, France;
| | - François Montastruc
- Service de Pharmacologie Médicale et Clinique, Centre de Pharmacovigilance, Pharmacoépidémiologie et d’Informations sur le Médicament, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine, 31000 Toulouse, France;
- Unité Clinique de Pharmacologie Psychiatrique, Faculté de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel Velly
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Timone, Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France;
- CNRS, INT, Institut Neurosci Timone, UMR 7289, Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Joëlle Micallef
- Centre Régional de Pharmacovigilance, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, APHM, INSERM, Institut Neurosciences Système, UMR 1106, Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France; (C.L.); (J.M.)
| | - Romain Guilhaumou
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Clinique, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, APHM, INSERM, Institut Neurosciences Système, UMR 1106, Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France
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Pancu DF, Scurtu A, Macasoi IG, Marti D, Mioc M, Soica C, Coricovac D, Horhat D, Poenaru M, Dehelean C. Antibiotics: Conventional Therapy and Natural Compounds with Antibacterial Activity-A Pharmaco-Toxicological Screening. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:401. [PMID: 33917092 PMCID: PMC8067816 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are considered as a cornerstone of modern medicine and their discovery offers the resolution to the infectious diseases problem. However, the excessive use of antibiotics worldwide has generated a critical public health issue and the bacterial resistance correlated with antibiotics inefficiency is still unsolved. Finding novel therapeutic approaches to overcome bacterial resistance is imperative, and natural compounds with antibacterial effects could be considered a promising option. The role played by antibiotics in tumorigenesis and their interrelation with the microbiota are still debatable and are far from being elucidated. Thus, the present manuscript offers a global perspective on antibiotics in terms of evolution from a historical perspective with an emphasis on the main classes of antibiotics and their adverse effects. It also highlights the connection between antibiotics and microbiota, focusing on the dual role played by antibiotics in tumorigenesis. In addition, using the natural compounds with antibacterial properties as potential alternatives for the classical antibiotic therapy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Florin Pancu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 1, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.F.P.); (D.H.); (M.P.)
| | - Alexandra Scurtu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.S.); (M.M.); (C.S.); (D.C.); (C.D.)
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioana Gabriela Macasoi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.S.); (M.M.); (C.S.); (D.C.); (C.D.)
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Daniela Marti
- Faculty of Medicine, Western University Vasile Goldis Arad, 94 Revolutiei Blvd., 310025 Arad, Romania
| | - Marius Mioc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.S.); (M.M.); (C.S.); (D.C.); (C.D.)
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Codruta Soica
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.S.); (M.M.); (C.S.); (D.C.); (C.D.)
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Dorina Coricovac
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.S.); (M.M.); (C.S.); (D.C.); (C.D.)
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Delia Horhat
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 1, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.F.P.); (D.H.); (M.P.)
| | - Marioara Poenaru
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 1, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.F.P.); (D.H.); (M.P.)
| | - Cristina Dehelean
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.S.); (M.M.); (C.S.); (D.C.); (C.D.)
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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Hulde N, Zittermann A, Deutsch MA, von Dossow V, Gummert JE, Koster A. Moderate Dose of Tranexamic Acid and Complications after Valvular Heart Surgery. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021; 71:181-188. [PMID: 33662990 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1724035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In valvular open-heart surgery, data regarding the effect of a moderate dose of tranexamic acid (TXA) on clinical outcomes are limited. METHODS Out of a cohort of 13,293 patients, we performed a propensity-score-matched analysis in 6,106 patients and assessed the risk of convulsive seizures (CS, primary endpoint), stroke, renal replacement therapy, and mortality (secondary endpoints). In the entire study cohort of 13,293 patients, we also assessed the multivariable-adjusted association of CS with postoperative outcomes. RESULTS The risk of CS was significantly higher in the TXA group (2.4%; n = 72) than in the non-TXA group (1.0%; n = 32), with a relative risk ratio (RR) of 2.28 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.50-3.47; p < 0.001). The risk of CS was also higher in patients receiving TXA doses ≥25 mg/kg body weight (3.7%; n = 40) than in patients receiving <25 mg/kg body weight (1.6%; n = 32; p < 0.001). Perioperative secondary clinical endpoints and 1-year mortality did not differ significantly between study groups (p-value > 0.05). Compared with non-CS patients (n = 13,000), patients with nonhemorrhagic, nonembolic CS (n = 253) revealed higher multivariable-adjusted in-hospital risks of stroke (RR: 3.82 [95% CI: 2.44-5.60; p < 0.001]) and mortality (RR: 2.07 [95% CI: 1.23-3.48; p = 0.006]), and a higher 1-year mortality risk (RR: 1.85 [95% CI: 1.42-2.41; p < 0.001]). CONCLUSION A moderate TXA dose was associated with a significantly higher risk of seizure, but not with other clinical complications such as stroke, renal replacement therapy, and mortality. However, in the small group of patients experiencing a seizure, the risks of stroke and short- and mid-term mortality were substantially higher than in patients not experiencing a seizure, indicating that the use of a low-dose TXA protocol (<25 mg/kg body weight) should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Hulde
- Institute of Anesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Bad Oeynhausen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Armin Zittermann
- Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Marcus-Andre Deutsch
- Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Vera von Dossow
- Institute of Anesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Bad Oeynhausen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Jan E Gummert
- Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Andreas Koster
- Institute of Anesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Bad Oeynhausen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
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Amirouche L, Cerulli-Kanellopoulos A, Landry S, LeBlanc VC, Léger G. Ceftazidime-Induced Neurotoxicity in an 80-Year-Old Female With Renal Dysfunction: A Case Report. J Pharm Pract 2021; 35:482-487. [PMID: 33517818 DOI: 10.1177/0897190021989931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Neurological toxicity is a relatively rare adverse reaction reported in elderly patients treated with cephalosporins. We present a case of ceftazidime-induced encephalopathy in the context of acute kidney injury in an 80-year-old female treated for a Pseudomonas aeruginosa prosthetic joint infection. During the course of treatment, the patient developed sudden confusion and disorientation. The patient's mental state progressively worsened, eventually leading to intubation and admission to the intensive care unit. As imaging and laboratory analyses revealed no alternative causes explaining the patient's symptoms, ceftazidime was stopped under the suspicion of drug-induced neurotoxicity. Shortly after ceftazidime discontinuation, the patient's condition drastically improved and returned to baseline within 5 days. This case reveals the potential severity of cephalosporin-induced neurotoxicity in elderly patients and highlights the importance of quickly detecting such adverse events in order to prevent dire outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sébastien Landry
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Ghislain Léger
- Dr. Georges-L.-Dumont University Hospital Center, Université Ave, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
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Oyenuga M, Oyenuga A, Rauf A, Balogun O, Singh N. New Onset Non-Convulsive Status Epilepticus Despite Cefepime Renal Dose Adjustment. Cureus 2021; 13:e12689. [PMID: 33614301 PMCID: PMC7883526 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cefepime, a widely used fourth-generation cephalosporin for coverage of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, has been reported to have associated neurological adverse effects. These effects have been seen mostly in patients mostly with impaired renal function, and currently, dosing is based on creatinine clearance to reduce its toxic effect profile. Despite renal dose adjustment, we present a case of a 40-year-old woman who was managed for Escherichia coli bacteremia, acute kidney injury, and hemorrhagic shock. About 96 hours after cefepime therapy was commenced, she was noted to be twitching with passive movement of her upper limb and myoclonus of the facial muscles. Her workup including computed tomography (CT) scan of the head and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain were negative. Electroencephalograph (EEG) showed 2 Hertz sharply contoured triphasic form rhythmic waves suggestive of nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE). She received antiseizure medications and later had hemodialysis for effective clearance of cefepime. She had significant improvement in her neurological status following hemodialysis and a repeat EEG showed no further seizure activity. Clinicians should be aware of the risk of NCSE in patients on cefepime despite renal dose adjustment. Once identified, immediate discontinuation of the offending drug, treatment with benzodiazepines, and clearance of the medication with hemodialysis is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abayomi Oyenuga
- Internal Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Abdul Rauf
- Internal Medicine, SSM Health St. Mary's Hospital, St. Louis, USA
| | - Omotola Balogun
- Internal Medicine, Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadephia, USA
| | - Niranjan Singh
- Neurology, SSM Health St. Mary's Hospital, St. Louis, USA
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Kamboj AK, Yung-Lun Chin J, Huebert RC. A Curious Case of Confusion in a Patient With Cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:2036-2038. [PMID: 32304693 PMCID: PMC7158825 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amrit K. Kamboj
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jerry Yung-Lun Chin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Robert C. Huebert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Robert C. Huebert, Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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Abstract
Neurotoxicity is a rare side effect of Cefepime use. Cefepime can cross the blood-brain barrier and can be neurotoxic by competitive albeit weak antagonism of the gamma-aminobutyric acid complex. It is cleared by the kidneys which puts individuals with renal impairment at risk of side effects. We describe a case of Cefepime neurotoxicity in the context of nephrotoxicity secondary to the use of other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Ojha
- Internal Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA
| | - Sana Riaz
- Internal Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA
| | - Ambika Eranki
- Infectious Disease, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA
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41
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Delattre IK, Hites M, Laterre PF, Dugernier T, Spapen H, Wallemacq PE, Jacobs F, Taccone FS. What is the optimal loading dose of broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics in septic patients? Results from pharmacokinetic simulation modelling. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56:106113. [PMID: 32721604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Optimal loading doses of β-lactams to rapidly achieve adequate drug concentrations in critically ill patients are unknown. This was a post-hoc analysis of a prospective study that evaluated broad-spectrum β-lactams [piperacillin (PIP), ceftazidime (CAZ), cefepime (FEP) and meropenem (MEM)] pharmacokinetics (PKs) in patients with sepsis or septic shock (n = 88). Monte Carlo simulation was performed for 1000 virtual patients using specific sets of covariates for various dosing regimens and different durations of administration. Pharmacodynamic (PD) targets were considered as drug concentrations exceeding at least 50% of time above four times the minimum inhibitory concentration (T>4 × MIC) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, according to EUCAST criteria, for PIP, 70%T>4 × MIC for CAZ and FEP and 40%T>4 × MIC for MEM. The probability of target attainment (PTA) was derived by calculating the percentage of patients who attained the PK/PD target at each MIC. The optimal loading dose was defined as the one associated with a ≥90% probability to achieve the PD targets. Our simulation model identified an optimal loading dose for PIP of 8 g given as a 3-h infusion (PTA of 96.2%), for CAZ and FEP of 4 g given as a 3-h infusion (PTA of 96.5% and 98.4%, respectively), and for MEM of 2 g given as a 30-min infusion (PTA of 93.4%), with the following antibiotic dose administered 6 h thereafter regardless of the drug. A higher first dose of broad-spectrum β-lactams should be given to adequately treat less-susceptible pathogens in septic patients. These findings need to be validated in a prospective study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle K Delattre
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium; Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maya Hites
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre-Francois Laterre
- Department of Intensive Care, Cliniques Universitaires St Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thierry Dugernier
- Department of Intensive Care, Clinique St-Pierre, Ottignies, Belgium
| | - Herbert Spapen
- Department of Intensive Care, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre E Wallemacq
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frédérique Jacobs
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabio Silvio Taccone
- Department of Intensive Care, Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
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Cojutti PG, Maximova N, Schillani G, Hope W, Pea F. Population pharmacokinetics of continuous-infusion ceftazidime in febrile neutropenic children undergoing HSCT: implications for target attainment for empirical treatment against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 74:1648-1655. [PMID: 30838391 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To conduct a population pharmacokinetic analysis of continuous-infusion ceftazidime in a retrospective cohort of paediatric HSCT patients who were empirically treated for febrile neutropenia (FN) and who underwent therapeutic drug monitoring of ceftazidime steady-state plasma concentrations (Css) for optimization of drug exposure. METHODS A non-parametric approach with Pmetrics was used for pharmacokinetic analysis and covariate evaluation. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to calculate the PTA of the pharmacodynamic determinant of efficacy (Css/MIC ≥4) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with continuous-infusion ceftazidime dosages of 1-6 g daily. The Css safety threshold was arbitrarily placed at 100 mg/L and advisable dosages were used. RESULTS A total of 46 patients with 70 ceftazidime Css values were included. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and body surface area were the covariates associated with drug clearance. At the EUCAST clinical breakpoint of 8 mg/L, simulations showed that continuous-infusion ceftazidime dosages of 4-6 g daily attained optimal PTAs (>90%) across most of 16 different clinical scenarios based on four classes of eGFR (50-145, 145.1-200, 200.1-286 and 286.1-422 mL/min/1.73 m2) and body surface area (0.30-0.64, 0.65-0.88, 0.89-1.34 and 1.35-1.84 m2). In patients with body surface area 0.30-0.64 m2 and eGFR ≤200 mL/min/1.73 m2 the advisable dose of 3 g daily allowed only suboptimal PTAs (<75%). The cumulative fraction of response against MIC distribution of P. aeruginosa was >87%. CONCLUSIONS Continuous-infusion ceftazidime dosages ranging from 3 to 6 g daily according to different classes of eGFR and body surface area may allow optimized empirical treatment of P. aeruginosa infections in paediatric HSCT patients with FN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Giorgio Cojutti
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, ASUIUD, Udine, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Natalia Maximova
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giulia Schillani
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - William Hope
- Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Federico Pea
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, ASUIUD, Udine, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Khorasani-Zadeh A, Greca I, Gada K. Cefepime-Induced Seizures: The Overlooked Outpatient Adverse Reaction. Cureus 2020; 12:e9268. [PMID: 32699729 PMCID: PMC7372227 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.9268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cefepime is a 4th generation cephalosporin often used for its ability to cover gram-positives, gram negatives, anaerobic bacteria, and, most importantly, pseudomonas. Prior to initiation of cefepime, the medication is dosed based on the renal function to avoid a multitude of its toxicity profiles, including encephalopathy, aphasia, myoclonus, seizures, and nonconvulsive status epilepticus. These risks are increased in the presence of renal impairment.
We present a case of a 65-year-old woman who had presented to the emergency department (ED) two weeks after initiation of outpatient IV cefepime therapy with concerns of altered mentation and decreased oral intake. In the ED, the patient was noted to have a creatinine: 5.77 (baseline of 0.76) and urea: 94. During evaluation by the ED provider, the patient was noted to have transient slurring of speech, speech arrest, and tonic-clonic movements on the right. CT of the head, followed by CT angiography of the head and neck, demonstrated no acute intracranial pathology. Spot EEG revealed generalized slowing with unclear left-sided epileptiform discharges. There was a concern for complex partial seizures. Neurology and nephrology were consulted. The patient was given 1 g of levetiracetam, and emergent dialysis was performed. After dialysis, no other epileptiform activity was noted with the improvement of her encephalopathy. The patient returned to her baseline mentation. Here we emphasize the importance of recognizing cefepime’s toxicity profile while triaging patients. In the rare event of toxicity, immediate treatment is discontinuing the offending agent and initiation of emergent hemodialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Indrit Greca
- Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA
| | - Kunal Gada
- Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA
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44
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Le Turnier P, Navas D, Garot D, Guimard T, Bernard L, Tattevin P, Vandamme YM, Hoff J, Chiffoleau A, Dary M, Leclair-Visonneau L, Grégoire M, Pere M, Boutoille D, Sébille V, Dailly E, Asseray N. Tolerability of high-dose ceftriaxone in CNS infections: a prospective multicentre cohort study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 74:1078-1085. [PMID: 30698733 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ceftriaxone is widely used to treat community-acquired CNS bacterial infections. French guidelines for meningitis in adults promote 75-100 mg/kg/day ceftriaxone without an upper limit for dosage, yet little is known about the pharmacology and tolerability of such regimens. PATIENTS AND METHODS A multicentre prospective cohort study was conducted in adult patients to assess the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of high-dose ceftriaxone (i.e. daily dosage ≥4 g or ≥75 mg/kg) in CNS infections and to analyse their related factors. Drug causality was systematically assessed by an expert committee who reviewed the medical charts of all included patients. RESULTS A total of 196 patients were enrolled over a 31 month period. Median dosage and duration of ceftriaxone were 96.4 mg/kg/day (7 g/day) and 8 days, respectively. Nineteen ceftriaxone-related ADRs (mainly neurological) occurred in 17 patients (8.7%), with only one case of treatment discontinuation (biliary pseudolithiasis). In univariate analysis, older age, male gender, renal impairment and high trough ceftriaxone plasma concentration were associated with ceftriaxone-related ADRs. CONCLUSIONS High-dose ceftriaxone for CNS infection administered as recommended by French guidelines in adults was well tolerated overall, suggesting these recommendations could be applied and generalized. In patients with advanced age or renal insufficiency, prescription should be done with caution and therapeutic drug monitoring could be useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Le Turnier
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nantes University Hospital and CIC 1413, INSERM, Nantes, France
| | - Dominique Navas
- EA 3826, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.,Pharmacy Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Denis Garot
- Intensive Care Unit, Anaesthesia and Critical Care Department, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Thomas Guimard
- Infectious Diseases Department, La Roche sur Yon Hospital, La Roche sur Yon, France
| | - Louis Bernard
- Infectious Diseases Department, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Pierre Tattevin
- Infectious Diseases Department, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | | | - Jérôme Hoff
- Intensive Care Unit, Anaesthesia and Critical Care Department, Saint Nazaire Hospital, Saint Nazaire, France
| | - Anne Chiffoleau
- Pharmacovigilance, Research Board, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Martin Dary
- Emergency Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | | | - Matthieu Grégoire
- EA 3826, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.,Clinical Pharmacology Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Morgane Pere
- Biostatistics Unit, Research Board, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - David Boutoille
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nantes University Hospital and CIC 1413, INSERM, Nantes, France.,EA 3826, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Véronique Sébille
- Biostatistics Unit, Research Board, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Eric Dailly
- EA 3826, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.,Clinical Pharmacology Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Nathalie Asseray
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nantes University Hospital and CIC 1413, INSERM, Nantes, France
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Amakhin DV, Smolensky IV, Soboleva EB, Zaitsev AV. Paradoxical Anticonvulsant Effect of Cefepime in the Pentylenetetrazole Model of Seizures in Rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13050080. [PMID: 32357511 PMCID: PMC7281561 DOI: 10.3390/ph13050080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many β-lactam antibiotics, including cephalosporins, may cause neurotoxic and proconvulsant effects. The main molecular mechanism of such effects is considered to be γ-aminobutyric acid type a (GABAa) receptor blockade, leading to the suppression of GABAergic inhibition and subsequent overexcitation. We found that cefepime (CFP), a cephalosporin, has a pronounced antiepileptic effect in the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure model by decreasing the duration and severity of the seizure and animal mortality. This effect was specific to the PTZ model. In line with findings of previous studies, CFP exhibited a proconvulsant effect in other models, including the maximal electroshock model and 4-aminopyridine model of epileptiform activity, in vitro. To determine the antiepileptic mechanism of CFP in the PTZ model, we used whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. We demonstrated that CFP or PTZ decreased the amplitude of GABAa receptor-mediated postsynaptic currents. PTZ also decreased the current decay time constant and temporal summation of synaptic responses. In contrast, CFP slightly increased the decay time constant and did not affect summation. When applied together, CFP prevented alterations to the summation of responses by PTZ, strongly reducing the effects of PTZ on repetitive inhibitory synaptic transmission. The latter may explain the antiepileptic effect of CFP in the PTZ model.
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Jerky Movement with Ceftazidime: A Case of Ceftazidime-Induced Neurotoxicity with a Review of the Literature. Case Rep Med 2019; 2019:8936478. [PMID: 31915439 PMCID: PMC6930738 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8936478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotoxicity manifested as confusion and seizures has been recognized as a side effect of multiple cephalosporins including ceftazidime. Renal impairment and inappropriate dosing are the most common contributors to the development of neurological abnormalities in patients receiving these antibiotics. The presence of baseline neurological abnormalities likely contributes to the frequency of these adverse events. Here, we present a case of a 78-year-old man that developed altered mental status and myoclonic movement after initiation of ceftazidime in the setting of mild renal dysfunction. Resolution of clinical picture was evident after 48 hours of discontinuation of the antibiotic without additional interventions.
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High Pyridine Generation in Ceftazidime-Icodextrin Admixtures Used to Treat Peritoneal Dialysis-associated Peritonitis. Clin Ther 2019; 41:2446-2451. [PMID: 31575441 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the amount of pyridine generated from degradation of ceftazidime in icodextrin peritoneal dialysis (PD) solutions. METHODS PD solutions that contained 1 and 1.5 g of ceftazidime were stored at 25 °C for 12 hours and then at 37 °C for 14 hours. An aliquot was withdrawn at predefined time points and analyzed for the concentrations of ceftazidime and pyridine. FINDINGS The amount of pyridine generated was >225% and 400% of its maximum recommended daily exposure in the 1- and 1.5-g ceftazidime-PD admixtures, respectively. IMPLICATIONS Until these results are confirmed with appropriate in vivo studies, intermittent intraperitoneal dosing of ceftazidime admixed with icodextrin should be used with caution and appropriate clinical monitoring or a suitable alternative antibiotic should be used.
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49
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An Uncommon Case of Hyperammonemic Encephalopathy. Neurocrit Care 2019; 31:439-442. [DOI: 10.1007/s12028-019-00715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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50
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Tan ML, Tun WWW. Reversible Choreoathetosis in a Patient with End-stage Renal Disease from Administration of Ceftriaxone. Cureus 2019; 11:e5764. [PMID: 31723523 PMCID: PMC6825443 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.5764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide spectrum of neurological manifestations may be induced in patients with impaired renal function when receiving beta-lactam antibiotics due to the altered pharmacokinetics. Beta-lactam antibiotics is commonly chosen for treatment in patients with end-stage renal disease due to its good penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid and long half-life. Here, we present a case of a 73-year-old Malay lady with end-stage renal disease who was admitted for treatment of gastroenteritis. She presented with acute onset of diarrhoea and vomiting for two days. She was febrile during admission and was prescribed intravenous ceftriaxone 2 grams daily for coverage of bacterial gastroenteritis. Among the investigations done, white cell count were raised together with the C-reactive protein. Stool and blood cultures were also sent for further investigations. Over a three-day period, her general condition improved and she was discharged home. The onset of clinical manifestation of choreoathetosis was noticed by her caregiver on the same day of discharge. She was brought back to the emergency department and was readmitted for further workup of the new presenting complain of abnormal movement and disorientation. Haemodialysis was arranged and immediately commenced during her admission. The renal nurses reported that her neurological symptoms were noticeably improved after completion of the initial dialysis without any treatment. Ceftriaxone including other beta lactam antibiotics penetrates the blood-brain barrier and induces glutamate in excess in the striatum and cerebral cortex, resulting in neurological hyper excitability disorders despite appropriate renal adjusted dosage for end-stage renal disease patients on haemodialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Ling Tan
- General Medicine, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore, SGP
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