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Abstract
Research on the effects of stigmatizing on smokers shows that it is stressful to be reminded of one's devalued status and stigmatization might help or hinder quitting intentions. In this study, we asked smokers (N=277) to play an online ball-tossing Cyberball game, ostensibly with non-smoking strangers. Participants were randomly assigned to an ostracism (included or excluded) and concealment (smoking status concealed or revealed) manipulation. We found that exclusion led smokers (directly or via threat appraisals) to be more stressed, cognitively depleted, rejection sensitive, have fewer positive cognitions, see themselves at greater health risk, feel more internalized stigma, and be more interested in quitting, with stronger effects when their smoking status was revealed instead of concealed. These results suggest that concealment is imperfect in protecting against stigma and that exclusion (although stressful and cognitively taxing) can lead to cognitions, attitudes, and intentions helping smokers quit and thus leave their devalued identity. The results do not imply that one ought to stigmatize; stigmatizing smokers might be unethical or create barriers to health-seeking behaviors which could counteract structural efforts to help smokers quit. Future research should examine the role of self-affirmation to increase the effectiveness of health messages perceived as stigmatizing or identity threatening.
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Thaivalappil A, Bhattacharyya A, Young I, Gosselin S, Pearl DL, Papadopoulos A. Environmental determinants of infectious and chronic disease prevention behaviours: A systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative research. Health Psychol Open 2023; 10:20551029231179157. [PMID: 37255528 PMCID: PMC10226319 DOI: 10.1177/20551029231179157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory health policies facilitate desired health behaviours in communities, and among them, smoke-free policies and COVID-19 restrictions have been widely implemented. Qualitative research studies have explored how these measures and other environmental influences shape preventive behaviours. The objective of this systematic review was to synthesize previously published qualitative research, generate across-study themes, and propose recommendations for behaviour change interventions. We used a comprehensive search strategy, relevance screening and confirmation, data extraction, quality assessment, thematic synthesis, and quality-of-evidence assessment. In total, 87 relevant studies were identified. Findings were grouped under six overarching themes and mapped under three categories: (i) the political environment, (ii) the sociocultural environment, and (iii) the physical environment. These findings provide insights into the environmental influences of behaviour and indicate future interventions may be more effective by considering moral norms, community norms, policy support, and group identity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian Young
- School of Occupational and Public Health, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sydney Gosselin
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David L Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Papadopoulos
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Arhiri L, Gherman MA, Holman AC. Using Moralization as a Persuasion Strategy in Public Health Messages: A Cross-Sectional, Experimental Study on Vaping. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14859. [PMID: 36429579 PMCID: PMC9690559 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192214859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Using moralization in anti-vaping public health messages as a persuasion strategy was recently recommended to address the current vaping epidemic. However, previous findings indicated this could lead to moralized attitudes in the general population, which can be very difficult to change and could severely affect social cohesion and distort risk perception. Since the safety and efficiency of using electronic cigarettes as smoking cessation devices are still being investigated, we conducted a cross-sectional, experimental study on a convenience sample of 612 Romanian never vapers, never smokers to assess how exposure to moralizing public health messages about vaping might influence their trust in future scientific results about this topic. Participants were randomized into six groups according to the type of message ("moral," "immoral," "neutral") and the type of effects of vaping on smokers' health, documented in a future fictitious study ("health benefits," "health risks"). Results showed that the type of message moderated trust in future scientific results after controlling for participants' general trust in science. When vaping was framed as immoral, trust in future scientific results showing health benefits was decreased, and vice versa. Implications are discussed for using moralization strategically in public health messaging to curtail or promote certain health behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Arhiri
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Str. Toma Cozma 3, 700554 Iasi, Romania
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Helweg-Larsen M, Pyakuryal M, Pisinger C. Reminders of a Stigmatized Status Might Help Smokers Quit. STIGMA AND HEALTH 2020; 5:273-283. [PMID: 34027059 PMCID: PMC8132603 DOI: 10.1037/sah0000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
As members of a devalued group, it is not surprising that smokers experience stigmatization and discrimination. But it is not clear if smokers react to these experiences by moving toward or away from their group membership and identity as smokers. Guided by the identity threat model of stigma (Major and O'Brien, 2005) we examined the process of stigmatization and its emotional, cognitive, attitudinal, and behavioral consequences. We experimentally examined how reading a stigmatizing newspaper article or a control article (Experiment 1) and recalling one's experience with smoking discrimination or a control prompt (Experiment 2) affected smokers' responses. We also examined the role of cultural contexts (U.S. vs. Denmark; only in Experiment 1) and smoking identity. In Experiment 1, we used a community sample of smokers from the U.S. (N = 111) and Denmark (N = 111). We found that reading the stigmatizing article (compared to the control) caused more rejection sensitivity (U.S. participants only) and more intentions to quit smoking (both U.S. and Danish participants) for smokers low in smoking identity. In Experiment 2, we used an online sample of 194 U.S. smokers and found that recalling instances of mistreatment made smokers more stressed, rejection sensitive, and interested in smoking cessation, when smokers appraised the stigma cue as threatening. Thus, we generally found that identity threat moved smokers toward leaving their stigmatized group (e.g., quitting smoking) rather than away from it. Our studies highlight the importance of understanding psychological process by which smokers distance themselves from their spoiled identity.
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Gao C, Yao Y, Niu H, Li L, Li M, Qu Y, Wang R, Zhang P, Li M, Yan S, Li B. Urban-rural differences in related factors of second-hand smoke exposure: a cross-sectional study of adult non-smokers in Northeast China. J Public Health (Oxf) 2020; 41:321-328. [PMID: 30053172 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdy120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND this study aims to examine the different factors associated with exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) between urban and rural areas and to facilitate a reduction in SHS exposure in Northeast China. METHODS a multistage stratified random cluster sampling design was used in this 2012 cross-sectional survey in Jilin Province, Northeast China. A total of 13 056 non-smokers were included in this study. The Rao-Scott χ2 test, multiple regression analysis and discriminant function analysis were used. RESULTS the SHS prevalence among adult non-smokers was 60.2% in urban areas and 61.8% in rural areas. In urban areas, males were more likely to be exposed to SHS, while in rural areas, females were more likely to be exposed to SHS (P < 0.05). Increasing age was a protective factor against SHS exposure both in urban and rural areas (P < 0.05). Tobacco-relevant knowledge was positively associated with SHS exposure. Among urban non-smokers, high education level and engagement in manual work were risk factors for SHS exposure, and retired subjects were less likely to be exposed to SHS (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS non-smokers from urban and rural areas differ in the factors associated with SHS exposure, and urban-rural differentials, especially with regard to gender, should be considered in tobacco control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunshi Gao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University School of Public Health, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Yao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University School of Public Health, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Huikun Niu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University School of Public Health, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University School of Public Health, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Meiqi Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University School of Public Health, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yangming Qu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University School of Public Health, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University School of Public Health, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shoumeng Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University School of Public Health, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University School of Public Health, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Kodriati N, Hayati EN, Santosa A, Pursell L. Perceived social benefits versus perceived harms of smoking among Indonesian boys aged 12-16 years: A secondary analysis of Global Youth Tobacco Survey 2014. Tob Prev Cessat 2020; 6:8. [PMID: 32548345 PMCID: PMC7291914 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/115034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smoking among boys has not been prioritised as a gender issue despite its high prevalence worldwide. In Indonesia, steep increases in prevalence have been observed in adolescent boys. This study explored how smoking-related beliefs are associated with smoking among this group. METHODS Data extracted from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey Indonesia 2014, provided a nationally representative sample of 2729 male students aged 12–16 years. Measures of smoking-related beliefs were derived from eight survey items using principal component analysis. Associations between resulting components and smoking outcomes were modelled using logistic regression. RESULTS Smoking prevalence was found to be almost tripling between ages 12 to 16 years. Smoking-related belief items clustered into two components: perceived social benefits and perceived harms. The four beliefs representing smoking’s perceived social benefits and measures of smokers in the boys’ social circles increased with age while the four beliefs representing smoking’s perceived harms remained stable except an item of safe to smoke for one or two years, which increased with age. The two components of smoking-related beliefs were associated with smoking in opposite ways that represent boys’ masculine tendency for risk-taking and risk minimisation. For example, score increases for perceived benefits were positively associated with susceptibility to future tobacco use (OR=1.6; 95% CI: 1.3–1.9) but an increased score of perceived harm was negatively associated with susceptibility to future tobacco use (OR=0.8; 95% CI: 0.7–0.9). CONCLUSIONS Indonesian boys experience a rapid increase in smoking outcomes and smoking reported among their social circle. The sustained high percentage of smoking harms but also increased social benefits are similar to the concept of risk minimisation that is closely related to the masculine tendency to undermine health hazards of tobacco. Therefore, it is important to focus on these highly gender-related issues within the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Kodriati
- School of Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Elli Nur Hayati
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ailiana Santosa
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lisa Pursell
- School of Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Helweg-Larsen M, Sorgen LJ, Pisinger C. DOES IT HELP SMOKERS IF WE STIGMATIZE THEM? A TEST OF THE STIGMA-INDUCED IDENTITY THREAT MODEL AMONG U.S. AND DANISH SMOKERS. SOCIAL COGNITION 2019; 37:294-313. [PMID: 31303688 DOI: 10.1521/soco.2019.37.3.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Research shows that smokers feel stigmatized, but does stigmatizing smokers do more harm than good? The model of stigma-induced identity threat was used to experimentally examine how U.S. and Danish smokers respond to stigma-relevant cues. Heavy smokers (112 Americans, 112 Danes) smoked a cigarette while giving a speech that was either video (stigma-visible condition) or audio recorded (stigma-concealed condition). Smokers high in self-concept reacted to the stigma-visible (as opposed to the stigma-concealed) condition with greater physiological reactivity (b = -2.80, p = .05), cognitive depletion (U.S. smokers, b = -0.06, p = .11), self-exempting beliefs (b = 0.32, p < .001), and less interest in stopping smoking (b = 0.28, p = .02). Thus, stigmatization led smokers toward emotional, cognitive, and attitudinal reactions that might make them less likely to quit. Future research should examine when smokers respond to stigmatization by quitting rather than with resistance or indifference.
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Schreuders M, Krooneman NT, van den Putte B, Kunst AE. Boy Smokers' Rationalisations for Engaging in Potentially Fatal Behaviour: In-Depth Interviews in The Netherlands. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15040767. [PMID: 29659521 PMCID: PMC5923809 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent smokers engage in cognitive rationalisation processes that lower perceptions of personal vulnerability to the health consequences of smoking. There is, however, hardly any evidence that provides in-depth insights on adolescents’ recurring rationalisations. Therefore, we explored how boy smokers deal with the knowledge that they are engaging in potentially fatal behaviour. Interviews were held with 16 boy smokers aged 16 to 17 years old. The qualitative analysis focussed on combining boys’ reasons about why they think they will not experience severe health consequences into coherent rationalisations that recurred among interviewees. Three rationalisations emerged from the analysis. First, boys trivialize the immediate consequences and think these can be compensated for and are outweighed by the benefits of smoking. Second, boys assume that smoking will only take place during adolescence and they will, therefore, recover from the damage inflicted. Third, boys believe that they have control over the amount and frequency of smoking and, thereby, can ensure that they will not experience fatal consequences. Boys’ recurring rationalisations build on their view that they are supposed to have fun and will not become typical adult smokers. Interventions should address these rationalisations in order to increase adolescents’ perceptions of personal vulnerability, and thereby contribute to decreasing adolescent smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schreuders
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, 1100DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nikha T Krooneman
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, 1100DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Bas van den Putte
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1018WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute for Mental Health and Addiction, 3521VS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Anton E Kunst
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, 1100DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Triandafilidis Z, Ussher JM, Perz J, Huppatz K. ‘It’s one of those “It’ll never happen to me” things’: young women’s constructions of smoking and risk. HEALTH, RISK & SOCIETY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13698575.2017.1384801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Triandafilidis
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jane M Ussher
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Janette Perz
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kate Huppatz
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
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Shahwan S, Fauziana R, Satghare P, Vaingankar J, Picco L, Chong SA, Subramaniam M. Qualitative study of Singaporean youths' perception of antismoking campaigns: what works and what does not. Tob Control 2016; 25:e101-e106. [PMID: 26944686 PMCID: PMC5284335 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Youths are more likely to rebel against messages perceived to inhibit their independence. In order for antismoking campaigns to be effective with this population, adopting evidence-based strategies is crucial. In this study, we examined youths’ reaction to past and ongoing antismoking campaigns, and delineate effective and ineffective components of campaigns as identified by them. Methods 12 focus group discussions were conducted with 91 youth smokers aged 15–29 years. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis. A codebook was derived through an iterative process. The data were coded systematically by three coders, using Nvivo V.10. Results Fear appeals that had no immediate relevance to youths, and campaigns involving humour or sports/dance activities that distracted youths from the antismoking messages, were deemed ineffective. In contrast, elements identified to be efficacious were: positive tone, low-fear visual images, ‘low-controlling language’ and a genuine spokesperson. Youth tended to favour campaigns circulating on social media platforms. Importantly, youths voiced a lack of tangible support for their efforts to quit smoking. Conclusions Participants expressed a preference towards antismoking messages that were less authoritative, and perceived a distinct lack of support for their intentions to quit smoking. There is room for incorporating suggestions by participants in future antismoking campaigns. Future research is needed to identify barriers to accessing available support.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Louisa Picco
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
| | - Siow Ann Chong
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
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Subramaniam M, Shahwan S, Fauziana R, Satghare P, Picco L, Vaingankar JA, Chong SA. Perspectives on Smoking Initiation and Maintenance: A Qualitative Exploration among Singapore Youth. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:8956-70. [PMID: 26264011 PMCID: PMC4555258 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120808956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies among adolescents have shown that several important interpersonal, intrapersonal and environmental factors are associated with smoking behaviour. The current qualitative research project aimed to explore the determinants of smoking initiation and maintenance, from a youth perspective, among young people who smoked, living in a multi-ethnic Asian country. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with youths in Singapore in youth-friendly and accessible locations. Young people, from a variety of social contexts-varying on age, gender, ethnicity and educational level, were included in the study. All FGDs were conducted in English and participants were recruited using a mix of network and purposive sampling. All FGDs were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis, allowing themes to emerge from the data with the goal of answering the research question. Ninety-one youth smokers (54 males, 37 females), aged between 14 to 29 years, participated in the study. The majority were males (59%) and of Chinese ethnicity (52%). Participants identified multiple personal, social, and familial influences on young adults' smoking behaviors. Peer and family influences, as well as risk minimization, played a key role in smoking initiation and maintenance. While young people were aware of policies that restricted smoking, these did not directly affect their decision to start smoking. The theory of triadic influence provided a promising theoretical framework to understand smoking initiation and maintenance in a sample of young adult smokers from a multi-ethnic Asian country. It also provides actionable information for initiatives to prevent smoking in young people, which includes their perspectives and emphasizes an inclusive approach without stigmatizing those who smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mythily Subramaniam
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Buangkok Green Medical Park, 10 Buangkok View, 539747, Singapore.
| | - Shazana Shahwan
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Buangkok Green Medical Park, 10 Buangkok View, 539747, Singapore.
| | - Restria Fauziana
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Buangkok Green Medical Park, 10 Buangkok View, 539747, Singapore.
| | - Pratika Satghare
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Buangkok Green Medical Park, 10 Buangkok View, 539747, Singapore.
| | - Louisa Picco
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Buangkok Green Medical Park, 10 Buangkok View, 539747, Singapore.
| | - Janhavi Ajit Vaingankar
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Buangkok Green Medical Park, 10 Buangkok View, 539747, Singapore.
| | - Siow Ann Chong
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Buangkok Green Medical Park, 10 Buangkok View, 539747, Singapore.
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Mulder LB, Rupp DE, Dijkstra A. Making snacking less sinful: (Counter-)moralising obesity in the public discourse differentially affects food choices of individuals with high and low perceived body mass. Psychol Health 2014; 30:233-51. [DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2014.969730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Helweg-Larsen M. Does moralization motivate smokers to quit? A longitudinal study of representative samples of smokers in the United States and Denmark. Nicotine Tob Res 2014; 16:1379-86. [PMID: 24907242 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Moralization refers to the gradual cultural and personal process by which objects or activities move from being morally neutral to morally contemptuous. Research suggests important cross-cultural differences in how smokers react to being targets of moralization. However, research has not examined whether smokers who agree with moralized sentiments about smoking are more willing to quit or reduce their smoking. Additionally, the mediating role of perceived personal risk has not been examined. METHODS In this study, representative samples of smokers in Denmark (a smoking lenient country; N = 429) and the United States (a smoking prohibitive country; N = 431) completed surveys 6 months apart. RESULTS As expected, Danish smokers (compared to U.S. smokers) moralized less and estimated that their personal risk of lung cancer was smaller. Furthermore, moralization at T1 predicted an increase in perceived personal risk at T2 (for Danish smokers and marginally for U.S. smokers), a decrease in smoking behaviors (for Danish smokers only), and an increase in quitting intentions (marginally for Danish smokers only). For Danish smokers, perceived personal risk mediated the relationship between moralization and quitting intentions. CONCLUSIONS Moralization predicted an increase in perceived personal risk, an increase in quitting intentions, and a reduction in smoking behaviors, especially for the Danish sample. Future research should examine the effects of moralization in different cultural contexts.
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Hammer R, Inglin S. ‘I don’t think it’s risky, but…’: pregnant women’s risk perceptions of maternal drinking and smoking. HEALTH RISK & SOCIETY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/13698575.2013.863851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Gough B, Antoniak M, Docherty G, Jones L, Stead M, McNeill A. Smoking, self-regulation and moral positioning: a focus group study with British smokers from a disadvantaged community. Psychol Health 2013; 28:1171-91. [PMID: 23710702 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2013.799160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Smoking in many Western societies has become a both moral aand health issue in recent years, but little is known about how smokers position themselves and regulate their behaviour in this context. In this article, we report the findings from a study investigating how smokers from an economically disadvantaged community in the East Midlands (UK) respond to concerns about the health impact of smoking on others. We conducted ten focus group (FG) discussions with mixed groups (by smoking status and gender; N = 58 participants) covering a range of topics, including smoking norms, self-regulation, and smoking in diverse contexts. We transcribed all FG discussions before analysing the data using techniques from discourse analysis. Smokers in general positioned themselves as socially responsible smokers and morally upstanding citizens. This position was bolstered in two main ways: 'everyday accommodation', whereby everyday efforts to accommodate the needs of non-smokers were referenced, and 'taking a stand', whereby proactive interventions to prevent smoking in (young) others were cited. We suggest that smoking cessation campaigns could usefully be informed by this ethic of care for others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Gough
- a School of Social, Psychological & Communication Sciences, Leeds Metropolitan University , Leeds , UK
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