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Clausen KU, Pienack N, Gripp J, Tuczek F. Oxidative Decarbonylation of an Azacalixpyridine-Supported Mo(0)-Tricarbonyl to a Mo(VI)-Trioxo Complex with Dioxygen in Solution and on Au(111): Determination of Molecular Mechanism. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304359. [PMID: 38305666 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The conversion of an azacalixpyridine-supported Mo(0) tricarbonyl into a Mo(VI) trioxo complex with dioxygen (O2) is investigated in homogeneous solution and in a molecular film adsorbed on Au(111) using a variety of spectroscopic and analytical methods. These studies in particular show that the dome-shaped carbonyl complex adsorbed on the metal surface has the ability to bind and activate gaseous oxygen, overcoming the so-called surface trans-effect. Furthermore, the rate of the conversion dramatically increases by irradiation with light. This observation is explained with the help of complementary DFT calculations and attributed to two different pathways, a thermal and a photochemical one. Based on the experimental and theoretical findings, a molecular mechanism for the conversion of the carbonyl to the oxo complex is derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Uwe Clausen
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Max-Eyth Straße 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicole Pienack
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Max-Eyth Straße 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Joachim Gripp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Max-Eyth Straße 1, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Felix Tuczek
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Max-Eyth Straße 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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2
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Maskeri MA, Fernandes AJ, Di Mauro G, Maulide N, Houk KN. Taming Keteniminium Reactivity by Steering Reaction Pathways: Computational Predictions and Experimental Validations. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23358-23367. [PMID: 36525680 PMCID: PMC9801433 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Keteniminium ions, the nitrogen analogues of ketenes, exhibit high reactivity toward olefins and π-systems. Previous results from the Maulide group demonstrated an unexpected propensity for an alternative intramolecular Belluš-Claisen-type rearrangement rather than an expected intramolecular (2 + 2) cycloaddition. We have conducted a cooperative density functional theory/experimental investigation of this process, seeking insights into the competition between the observed Claisen-type reaction and the historically expected (2 + 2) cyclization. Our calculations revealed a surprisingly small difference in the free energy barrier between these two intramolecular reactions. Further theoretical and experimental investigations probe the electronics of the substrate, rationalize a competing deallylation side reaction, and demonstrate the proof-of-concept for an enantioselective (2 + 2) variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Maskeri
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Anthony J. Fernandes
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Giovanni Di Mauro
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Nuno Maulide
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, Vienna 1090, Austria,
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States,
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3
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Mayakrishnan S, Kathirvelan D, Arun Y, Saranraj K, Balachandran C, Aoki S, Yuvaraj P, Maheswarai NU. Design and synthesis of spirooxindole–pyrrolidines embedded with indole and pyridine heterocycles by multicomponent reaction: anticancer and in silico studies. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05839h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of spirooxindole–pyrrolidines tethered with indole and pyridine heterocycles using 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, and their anticancer activities and molecular docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakalai Mayakrishnan
- Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600020, India
| | | | - Yuvaraj Arun
- Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600020, India
| | - Krishnan Saranraj
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625 021, India
| | | | - Shin Aoki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Pannerselvam Yuvaraj
- CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology (NEIST), Branch Laboratory, Imphal-795004, Manipur, India
| | - Narayanan Uma Maheswarai
- Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600020, India
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4
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Mitka K, Fela K, Olszewska A, Jasiński R. On the Question of Zwitterionic Intermediates in the [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions between C-arylnitrones and Perfluoro 2-Methylpent-2-ene. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237147. [PMID: 34885722 PMCID: PMC8659067 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of the [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction between C-arylnitrones and perfluoro 2-methylpent-2-ene was explored on the basis of DFT calculations. It was found that despite the polar nature of the intermolecular interactions, as well as the presence of fluorine atoms near the reaction centers, all reactions considered cycloaddition proceed via a one-step mechanism. All attempts for the localization of zwitterionic intermediates on the reaction paths were not successful. Similar results were obtained regardless of the level of theory applied.
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5
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On the Question of Zwitterionic Intermediates in the [3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions: A Critical Review. ORGANICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/org1010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
New discoveries require a fundamental revision of the view on the mechanism of the 32CAreaction (according to the older nomenclature defined as 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions). The view of the one-step, “concerted” mechanism of such processes developed in the 20-century is very popular today, both in academic literature and among organic chemists who do not specialize in such transformations. Meanwhile, more and more reports bring examples of reactions that clearly cannot be treated as processes without intermediates. However, these examples are documented very differently. In addition to comprehensive studies using many complementary research techniques, there are also reports in which the presence of intermediates in the cycloaddition environment is postulated on the basis of very unreliable premises. This review is an attempt at a critical analysis and systematization of data in the presented area.
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6
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Diastereoselective thermal [3+2] cycloaddition reactions of nitrone possessing an amide functional group as hydrogen bond donor/acceptor. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-020-02668-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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7
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Hale KJ, Manaviazar S, Watson HA. The O‐Directed Free Radical Hydrostannation of Propargyloxy Dialkyl Acetylenes with Ph3SnH/cat. Et3B. A Refutal of the Stannylvinyl Cation Mechanism. CHEM REC 2018; 19:238-319. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201700104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl J. Hale
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and the Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology (CCRCB)Queen's University Belfast Stranmillis Road Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland United Kingdom
| | - Soraya Manaviazar
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and the Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology (CCRCB)Queen's University Belfast Stranmillis Road Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland United Kingdom
| | - Hamish A. Watson
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and the Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology (CCRCB)Queen's University Belfast Stranmillis Road Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland United Kingdom
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8
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A mechanistic MEDT study of the competitive catalysed [4+2] and [2+2] cycloaddition reactions between 1-methyl-1-phenylallene and methyl acrylate: the role of Lewis acid on the mechanism and selectivity. Struct Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-018-1152-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Li HJ, Chen SQ, Li PY, Haleem A, Hu CS, Li XC, Xie WX, He WD. Novel fluorescent hyperbranched aliphatic polyestertriazole as efficient probe for detecting Hg2+ in water. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Tsutsuba T, Sogawa H, Kuwata S, Takata T. Kinetically Stabilized Aliphatic Nitrile N-Oxides as Click Agents: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity. CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.161098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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11
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Gold B, Aronoff MR, Raines RT. Decreasing Distortion Energies without Strain: Diazo-Selective 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions. J Org Chem 2016; 81:5998-6006. [PMID: 27332711 PMCID: PMC5141247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The diazo group has attributes that complement those of the azido group for applications in chemical biology. Here, we use computational analyses to provide insights into the chemoselectivity of the diazo group in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. Dipole distortion energies are responsible for ∼80% of the overall energetic barrier for these reactions. Here, we show that diazo compounds, unlike azides, provide an opportunity to decrease that barrier substantially without introducing strain into the dipolarophile. The ensuing rate enhancement is due to the greater nucleophilic character of a diazo group compared to that of an azido group, which can accommodate decreased distortion energies without predistortion. The tuning of distortion energies with substituents in a diazo compound or dipolarophile can enhance reactivity and selectivity in a predictable manner. Notably, these advantages of diazo groups are amplified in water. Our findings provide a theoretical framework that can guide the design and application of both diazo compounds and azides in "orthogonal" contexts, especially for biological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Gold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Matthew R. Aronoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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12
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Dadashi-Silab S, Doran S, Yagci Y. Photoinduced Electron Transfer Reactions for Macromolecular Syntheses. Chem Rev 2016; 116:10212-75. [PMID: 26745441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 552] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical reactions, particularly those involving photoinduced electron transfer processes, establish a substantial contribution to the modern synthetic chemistry, and the polymer community has been increasingly interested in exploiting and developing novel photochemical strategies. These reactions are efficiently utilized in almost every aspect of macromolecular architecture synthesis, involving initiation, control of the reaction kinetics and molecular structures, functionalization, and decoration, etc. Merging with polymerization techniques, photochemistry has opened up new intriguing and powerful avenues for macromolecular synthesis. Construction of various polymers with incredibly complex structures and specific control over the chain topology, as well as providing the opportunity to manipulate the reaction course through spatiotemporal control, are one of the unique abilities of such photochemical reactions. This review paper provides a comprehensive account of the fundamentals and applications of photoinduced electron transfer reactions in polymer synthesis. Besides traditional photopolymerization methods, namely free radical and cationic polymerizations, step-growth polymerizations involving electron transfer processes are included. In addition, controlled radical polymerization and "Click Chemistry" methods have significantly evolved over the last few decades allowing access to narrow molecular weight distributions, efficient regulation of the molecular weight and the monomer sequence and incredibly complex architectures, and polymer modifications and surface patterning are covered. Potential applications including synthesis of block and graft copolymers, polymer-metal nanocomposites, various hybrid materials and bioconjugates, and sequence defined polymers through photoinduced electron transfer reactions are also investigated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Dadashi-Silab
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University , 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sean Doran
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University , 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University , 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.,Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) and Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University , 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Ma Y, Ren D, Zhang J, Liu J, Zhao J, Wang L, Zhang F. Synthesis, antibacterial activities evaluation, and docking studies of some 2-substituted-3-(phenylamino)-dihydroquinazolin-4(1 H )-ones. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Kathirvelan D, Haribabu J, Reddy B, Balachandran C, Duraipandiyan V. Facile and diastereoselective synthesis of 3,2′-spiropyrrolidine-oxindoles derivatives, their molecular docking and antiproliferative activities. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:389-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Zhang J, Ren D, Ma Y, Wang W, Wu H. CuO nanoparticles catalyzed simple and efficient synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones and quinazolin-4(3H)-ones under ultrasound irradiation in aqueous ethanol under ultrasound irradiation in aqueous ethanol. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Bos PH, Antalek MT, Porco JA, Stephenson CRJ. Tandem dienone photorearrangement-cycloaddition for the rapid generation of molecular complexity. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:17978-82. [PMID: 24161069 PMCID: PMC3964885 DOI: 10.1021/ja409992m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A tandem dienone photorearrangement-cycloaddition (DPC) reaction of novel cyclohexadienone substrates tethered with various 2π and 4π reaction partners resulted in the formation of polycyclic, bridged frameworks. In particular, use of alkynyl ether-tethered substrates led to (3 + 2) cycloaddition to afford strained alkenes which could be further elaborated by intra- and intermolecular cycloaddition chemistry to produce complex, polycyclic chemotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter H. Bos
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development (CMLD-BU) Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Mitchell T. Antalek
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development (CMLD-BU) Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - John A. Porco
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development (CMLD-BU) Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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18
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Cruchter T, Harms K, Meggers E. Strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition with ruthenium(II)-azido complexes. Chemistry 2013; 19:16682-9. [PMID: 24173767 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of an exemplary ruthenium(II)-azido complex towards non-activated, electron-deficient, and towards strain-activated alkynes at room temperature and low millimolar azide and alkyne concentrations has been investigated. Non-activated terminal and internal alkynes failed to react under such conditions, even under copper(I) catalysis conditions. In contrast, as expected, rapid cycloaddition was observed with electron-deficient dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) as the dipolarophile. Since DMAD and related propargylic esters are excellent Michael acceptors and thus unsuitable for biological applications, we investigated the reactivity of the azido complex towards cycloaddition with derivatives of cyclooctyne (OCT), bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-yne (BCN), and azadibenzocyclooctyne (ADIBO). While no reaction could be observed in the case of the less strained cyclooctyne OCT, the highly strained cyclooctynes BCN and ADIBO readily reacted with the azido complex, providing the corresponding stable triazolato complexes, which were amenable to purification by conventional silica gel column chromatography. An X-ray crystal structure of an ADIBO cycloadduct was obtained and verified that the formed 1,2,3-triazolato ligand coordinates the metal center through the central N2 atom. Importantly, the determined second-order rate constant for the ADIBO cycloaddition with the azido complex (k2=6.9 × 10(-2) M(-1) s(-1)) is comparable to the rate determined for the ADIBO cycloaddition with organic benzyl azide (k2=4.0 × 10(-1) M(-1) s(-1)). Our results demonstrate that it is possible to transfer the concept of strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) from purely organic azides to metal-coordinated azido ligands. The favorable reaction kinetics for the ADIBO-azido-ligand cycloaddition and the well-proven bioorthogonality of strain-activated alkynes should pave the way for applications in living biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cruchter
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35043 Marburg (Germany), Fax: (+49) 6421-282-2189
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19
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Behrendt PJ, Kim HC, Hampp N. Laser-based depletion zone photoreaction: Selective synthesis of [2+2]-crossdimers of coumarin and 5-fluorouracil. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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21
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Tasdelen MA, Yagci Y. Light-Induced Click Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:5930-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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22
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Khalfina IA, Vlasov VM. Enthalpy-Entropy Correlations in Reactions of Aryl Benzoates with Potassium Aryloxides in Dimethylformamide. INT J CHEM KINET 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina A. Khalfina
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry; the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk; 630090; the Russian Federation
| | - Vladislav M. Vlasov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry; the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk; 630090; the Russian Federation
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McGrath NA, Raines RT. Diazo Compounds as Highly Tunable Reactants in 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions with Cycloalkynes(). Chem Sci 2012; 3:3237-3240. [PMID: 23227302 DOI: 10.1039/c2sc20806g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diazo compounds, which can be accessed directly from azides by deimidogenation, are shown to be extremely versatile dipoles in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions with a cyclooctyne. The reactivity of a diazo compound can be much greater or much less than its azide analog, and is enhanced markedly in polar-protic solvents. These reactivities are predictable from frontier molecular orbital energies. The most reactive diazo compound exhibited the highest known second-order rate constant to date for a dipolar cycloaddition with a cycloalkyne. These data provide a new modality for effecting chemoselective reactions in a biological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A McGrath
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Shi Z, Cui YZ, Huang S, Li Z, Luo J, Jen AKY. Dipolar Chromophore Facilitated Huisgen Cross-Linking Reactions for Highly Efficient and Thermally Stable Electrooptic Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:793-796. [PMID: 35607119 DOI: 10.1021/mz300189p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Efficient thermal cross-linking protocol for an azide-alkyne-based Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction has been developed for making highly efficient electrooptic (EO) polymers. The material system is based on an azide-containing side-chain copolymer and cross-linkable dendronized chromophores that have two pairs of dendritic bispropargyl ether moiety on the periphery. The dendritic chromophore possesses a tetraene conjugating bridge and strong dialkylaminophenyl donor and CF3-TCF acceptor. This material system not only provides adequate accessibility for propargyl ether to react azido-containing moieties for efficient cross-linking but also gives the rotational freedom needed for electric field poling. The site isolation offered by the bispropargyl ether dendron effectively suppresses the unwanted side reactions that are usually associated with the decompositions of azides and chromophores. Due to these concerted efforts, it allows the Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions to be carried out at moderate temperatures in polar media that have a high concentration of dipolar polyene chromophores. Through sequential electric field poling and in situ cross-linking, the poled films exhibit very large EO activity (up to 147 pm/V at 1.31 μm) with a long-term alignment stability at 85 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yue-Zhi Cui
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical
Engineering, Shandong Polytechnic University, 250100, Jinan, P. R. China
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Ponomarov O, Laws AP, Hanusek J. 1,2,4-Dithiazole-5-ones and 5-thiones as efficient sulfurizing agents of phosphorus(iii) compounds – a kinetic comparative study. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:8868-76. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26460a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Jasiński R, Kwiatkowska M, Barański A. Stereoselectivity and kinetics of [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of cyclopentadiene to para-substituted E-2-arylnitroethenes. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Benchouk W, Mekelleche SM, Silvi B, Aurell MJ, Domingo LR. Understanding the kinetic solvent effects on the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of benzonitrile N-oxide: a DFT study. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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de Cózar A, Cossío FP. Stereocontrolled (3+2) cycloadditions between azomethine ylides and dipolarophiles: a fruitful interplay between theory and experiment. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:10858-68. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20682f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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29
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Andrada DM, Granados AM, Solà M, Fernández I. DFT Study of Thermal 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions between Alkynyl Metal(0) Fischer Carbene Complexes and 3H-1,2-Dithiole-3-thione Derivatives. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om1007105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego M. Andrada
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alejandro M. Granados
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi 17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Butler RN, Coyne AG. Water: Nature’s Reaction Enforcer—Comparative Effects for Organic Synthesis “In-Water” and “On-Water”. Chem Rev 2010; 110:6302-37. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100162c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 897] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard N. Butler
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, University Road, Galway, Ireland, and Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony G. Coyne
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, University Road, Galway, Ireland, and Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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Scheeren JW. Synthetic and mechanistic aspects of thermal (2 + 2) cycloadditions of ketene acetals with electron-poor alkenes and carbonyl compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19861050302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Zhang XH, Geng ZY. Reaction pathways of the [2+2] cycloaddition between formaldehyde with ketene and isocyanic acid: A theoretical investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2010.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Štefane B, Perdih A, Pevec A, Šolmajer T, Kočevar M. The Participation of 2H-Pyran-2-ones in [4+2] Cycloadditions: An Experimental and Computational Study. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Noack R, Schwetlick K. Cycloadditionen mit Isocyanaten - Reaktionsmöglichkeiten, Kinetik, Mechanismen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/zfch.19860260402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Derrah E, Pantazis D, McDonald R, Rosenberg L. Concerted [2+2] Cycloaddition of Alkenes to a Ruthenium-Phosphorus Double Bond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:3367-70. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Concerted [2+2] Cycloaddition of Alkenes to a Ruthenium-Phosphorus Double Bond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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37
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Meir R, Chen H, Lai W, Shaik S. Oriented Electric Fields Accelerate DielsâAlder Reactions and Control theendo/exoSelectivity. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:301-10. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Iwata S, Hamura T, Suzuki K. Siloxy(trialkoxy)ethene undergoes regioselective [2+2] cycloaddition to ynones and ynoates en route to functionalized cyclobutenediones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:5316-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc00883d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Avenoza A, Busto JH, Canal N, García JI, Jiménez-Osés G, Peregrina JM, Pérez-Fernández M. Mechanistic study of the ring-size modulation in Michael–Dieckmann type reactions of 2-acylaminoacrylates with ketene diethyl acetal. NEW J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b615220a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ess D, Jones G, Houk K. Conceptual, Qualitative, and Quantitative Theories of 1,3-Dipolar and Diels–Alder Cycloadditions Used in Synthesis. Adv Synth Catal 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200600431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Engberts JBFN, Fernandez E, García-Río L, Leis JR. AOT-Based Microemulsions Accelerate the 1,3-Cycloaddition of Benzonitrile Oxide to N-Ethylmaleimide. J Org Chem 2006; 71:6118-23. [PMID: 16872194 DOI: 10.1021/jo060809f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We studied the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of benzonitrile oxide to N-ethylmaleimide in AOT/isooctane/water microemulsions at 25.0 degrees C and found the reaction rate to be roughly 150 and 35 times greater than that in isooctane and pure water, respectively. The accelerating effect of the microemulsion is the combined result of an increase in the local concentrations of the reactants through incorporation into the interface and of the intrinsic rate of the process through electrostatic interactions with the headgroups in the surfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B F N Engberts
- Physical Organic Chemistry Unit, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Tidwell TT. Ein Jahrhundert Ketene (1905-2005): die Entdeckung einer vielseitigen Klasse reaktiver Intermediate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200500098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Tidwell TT. The First Century of Ketenes (1905-2005): The Birth of a Versatile Family of Reactive Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:5778-85. [PMID: 16149113 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200500098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas T Tidwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
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Okamoto J, Yamabe S, Minato T, Hasegawa T, Machiguchi T. Tropone Is a Mere Ketone for Cycloadditions to Ketenes. Helv Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200590121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Rispens T, Engberts JBFN. Cycloadditions in mixed aqueous solvents: the role of the water concentration. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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47
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Rispens T, Engberts JBFN. Kinetic solvent effects on 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of benzonitrile oxide. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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48
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Chandrasekhar J, Shariffskul S, Jorgensen WL. QM/MM Simulations for Diels−Alder Reactions in Water: Contribution of Enhanced Hydrogen Bonding at the Transition State to the Solvent Effect. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp020326p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shane Shariffskul
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107
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Herrera R, Nagarajan A, Morales MA, Méndez F, Jiménez-Vázquez HA, Zepeda LG, Tamariz J. Regio- and stereoselectivity of captodative olefins in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. A DFT/HSAB theory rationale for the observed regiochemistry of nitrones. J Org Chem 2001; 66:1252-63. [PMID: 11312955 DOI: 10.1021/jo001393n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Captodative olefins 1-acetylvinyl carboxylates proved to be highly regioselective dipolarophiles in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditon to propionitrile oxide, arylphenylnitrile imines, diazoalkanes, and nitrones to yield the corresponding 5-substituted heterocycles. The addition of the latter was also stereoselective, being slightly susceptible to steric demand of the carboxylate substituent in the olefin. All atempts to cleave the isoxazolidine N-O bond under reductive conditions failed, providing diverse products with side-group reduction. FMO theory was unsuccessful to explain the regioselectivity observed with nitrones, since the opposite orientation was predicted. The recently formulated DFT/HSAB theoretical model was able to rationalize this regioselectivity, identifying the nucleophilic and electrophilic atoms involved in the process via calculation of interaction energies, suggesting the specific direction of the electronic process at each of the reaction sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Herrera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala, 11340 México
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Fringuelli F, Piermatti O, Pizzo F, Vaccaro L. Recent Advances in Lewis Acid Catalyzed Diels−Alder Reactions in Aqueous Media. European J Org Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0690(200102)2001:3<439::aid-ejoc439>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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