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Ngo MH, AbuEed L, Kawasaki J, Oishi N, Pramono D, Kimura T, Sakurai M, Watanabe K, Mizukami Y, Ochi H, Anai Y, Odahara Y, Umehara D, Kawamura M, Watanabe S, Miyake A, Nishigaki K. Multiple recombination events between endogenous retroviral elements and feline leukemia virus. J Virol 2024; 98:e0140023. [PMID: 38240589 PMCID: PMC10878261 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01400-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is an exogenous retrovirus that causes malignant hematopoietic disorders in domestic cats, and its virulence may be closely associated with viral sequences. FeLV is classified into several subgroups, including A, B, C, D, E, and T, based on viral receptor interference properties or receptor usage. However, the transmission manner and disease specificity of the recombinant viruses FeLV-D and FeLV-B remain unclear. The aim of this study was to understand recombination events between exogenous and endogenous retroviruses within a host and elucidate the emergence and transmission of recombinant viruses. We observed multiple recombination events involving endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) in FeLV from a family of domestic cats kept in one house; two of these cats (ON-T and ON-C) presented with lymphoma and leukemia, respectively. Clonal integration of FeLV-D was observed in the ON-T case, suggesting an association with FeLV-D pathogenesis. Notably, the receptor usage of FeLV-B observed in ON-T was mediated by feline Pit1 and feline Pit2, whereas only feline Pit1 was used in ON-C. Furthermore, XR-FeLV, a recombinant FeLV containing an unrelated sequence referred to the X-region, which is homologous to a portion of the 5'-leader sequence of Felis catus endogenous gammaretrovirus 4 (FcERV-gamma4), was isolated. Genetic analysis suggested that most recombinant viruses occurred de novo; however, the possibility of FeLV-B transmission was also recognized in the family. This study demonstrated the occurrence of multiple recombination events between exogenous and endogenous retroviruses in domestic cats, highlighting the contribution of ERVs to pathogenic recombinant viruses.IMPORTANCEFeline leukemia virus subgroup A (FeLV-A) is primarily transmitted among cats. During viral transmission, genetic changes in the viral genome lead to the emergence of novel FeLV subgroups or variants with altered virulence. We isolated three FeLV subgroups (A, B, and D) and XR-FeLV from two cats and identified multiple recombination events in feline endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), such as enFeLV, ERV-DC, and FcERV-gamma4, which are present in the cat genome. This study highlights the pathogenic contribution of ERVs in the emergence of FeLV-B, FeLV-D, and XR-FeLV in a feline population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Ha Ngo
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Loai AbuEed
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Junna Kawasaki
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Didik Pramono
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Tohru Kimura
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Masashi Sakurai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Institute of Gene Research, Science Research Center, Yamaguchi University, Minami-kogushi, Ube, Japan
| | - Yoichi Mizukami
- Institute of Gene Research, Science Research Center, Yamaguchi University, Minami-kogushi, Ube, Japan
| | - Haruyo Ochi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yukari Anai
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yuka Odahara
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Daigo Umehara
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Maki Kawamura
- Life Science Division, Advanced Technology Institute, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Shinya Watanabe
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Ariko Miyake
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nishigaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan
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Chiu ES, VandeWoude S. Endogenous Retroviruses Drive Resistance and Promotion of Exogenous Retroviral Homologs. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2020; 9:225-248. [PMID: 33290087 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-050620-101416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) serve as markers of ancient viral infections and provide invaluable insight into host and viral evolution. ERVs have been exapted to assist in performing basic biological functions, including placentation, immune modulation, and oncogenesis. A subset of ERVs share high nucleotide similarity to circulating horizontally transmitted exogenous retrovirus (XRV) progenitors. In these cases, ERV-XRV interactions have been documented and include (a) recombination to result in ERV-XRV chimeras, (b) ERV induction of immune self-tolerance to XRV antigens, (c) ERV antigen interference with XRV receptor binding, and (d) interactions resulting in both enhancement and restriction of XRV infections. Whereas the mechanisms governing recombination and immune self-tolerance have been partially determined, enhancement and restriction of XRV infection are virus specific and only partially understood. This review summarizes interactions between six unique ERV-XRV pairs, highlighting important ERV biological functions and potential evolutionary histories in vertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott S Chiu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA; ,
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA; ,
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Fiebig U, Keller M, Denner J. Detection of koala retrovirus subgroup B (KoRV-B) in animals housed at European zoos. Arch Virol 2016; 161:3549-3553. [PMID: 27638778 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many koalas carry an endogenous retrovirus, KoRV-A, in their genome. Recently, a second retrovirus, KoRV-B, was detected in koalas in Japanese and U.S. zoos. However, this virus is not endogenous, differs in the receptor binding site of the surface envelope protein, and uses a receptor different from that of KoRV-A. We describe here a KoRV-B found in koalas at zoos in Germany and Belgium that differs slightly from that found in the Los Angeles zoo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Fiebig
- Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, D-13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Keller
- Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, D-13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Denner
- Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, D-13353, Berlin, Germany.
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Nandi JS, Van Dooren S, Chhangani AK, Mohnot SM. New Simian β Retroviruses from Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca Mulatta) and Langurs (Semnopithecus Entellus) from Rajasthan, India. Virus Genes 2006; 33:107-16. [PMID: 16791425 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-005-0032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Natural infection of feral Indian rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) by a new simian beta retrovirus, provisionally called simian retrovirus-7 (SRV-7) is described. The virus is capable of in vitro replication in primary human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and B and T cell lines. We have earlier reported a novel SRV, SRV-6 from Indian langurs (Semnopithecus entellus). Additional sequence analyses from gp20 transmembrane (TM) env genes of SRV-6 and SRV-7 place them in a separate cluster, related to but distinct from known exogenous SRVs and also close to the simian endogenous beta retrovirus, (SERV) from African baboon. Phylogenetic analyses of pol gene of SRV-7 place it closer to SERV when the stop codons of the SERV genes are removed. On the other hand, additional sequence data from gp70, surface glycoprotein (SU) region of the env gene of SRV-6 suggest it is more closely related to known exogenous SRVs, (SRV-1 to 3). It is also related to the endogenous langur virus, Po-1-Lu. We hypothesize that SRV-6 and SRV-7 probably originated from a progenitor exogenous SRV which recombined with an endogenous SERV in the TM env and pol genes during evolution, based on the phylogenetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree S Nandi
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, 2425 Ridgecrest Drive, SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA.
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Tailor CS, Lavillette D, Marin M, Kabat D. Cell surface receptors for gammaretroviruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2003; 281:29-106. [PMID: 12932075 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-19012-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Evidence obtained during the last few years has greatly extended our understanding of the cell surface receptors that mediate infections of retroviruses and has provided many surprising insights. In contrast to other cell surface components such as lectins or proteoglycans that influence infections indirectly by enhancing virus adsorption onto specific cells, the true receptors induce conformational changes in the viral envelope glycoproteins that are essential for infection. One surprise is that all of the cell surface receptors for gamma-retroviruses are proteins that have multiple transmembrane (TM) sequences, compatible with their identification in known instances as transporters for important solutes. In striking contrast, almost all other animal viruses use receptors that exclusively have single TM sequences, with the sole proven exception we know of being the coreceptors used by lentiviruses. This evidence strongly suggests that virus genera have been prevented because of their previous evolutionary adaptations from switching their specificities between single-TM and multi-TM receptors. This evidence also implies that gamma-retroviruses formed by divergent evolution from a common origin millions of years ago and that individual viruses have occasionally jumped between species (zoonoses) while retaining their commitment to using the orthologous receptor of the new host. Another surprise is that many gamma-retroviruses use not just one receptor but pairs of closely related receptors as alternatives. This appears to have enhanced viral survival by severely limiting the likelihood of host escape mutations. All of the receptors used by gamma-retroviruses contain hypervariable regions that are often heavily glycosylated and that control the viral host range properties, consistent with the idea that these sequences are battlegrounds of virus-host coevolution. However, in contrast to previous assumptions, we propose that gamma-retroviruses have become adapted to recognize conserved sites that are important for the receptor's natural function and that the hypervariable sequences have been elaborated by the hosts as defense bulwarks that surround the conserved viral attachment sites. Previously, it was believed that binding to receptors directly triggers a series of conformational changes in the viral envelope glycoproteins that culminate in fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. However, new evidence suggests that gamma-retroviral association with receptors triggers an obligatory interaction or cross-talk between envelope glycoproteins on the viral surface. If this intermediate step is prevented, infection fails. Conversely, in several circumstances this cross-talk can be induced in the absence of a cell surface receptor for the virus, in which case infection can proceed efficiently. This new evidence strongly implies that the role of cell surface receptors in infections of gamma-retroviruses (and perhaps of other enveloped animal viruses) is more complex and interesting than was previously imagined. Recently, another gammaretroviral receptor with multiple transmembrane sequences was cloned. See Prassolov, Y., Zhang, D., Ivanov, D., Lohler, J., Ross, S.R., and Stocking, C. Sodium-dependent myo-inositol transporter 1 is a receptor for Mus cervicolor M813 murine leukemia virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Tailor
- Infection, Immunity Injury and Repair Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1XB, Canada
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Wang J, Chen Z, Xia X, Lu D, Xue J, Ruan C. Improvement of combination chemotherapy tolerance by introduction of polycistronic retroviral vector drug resistance genes MGMT and MDR1 into human umbilical cord blood CD34+ cells. Leuk Res 2002; 26:281-8. [PMID: 11792417 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(01)00111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We obtained a full-length cDNA fragment encoding human O(6)-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) from the liver tissue of a patient with cholelithiasis by RT-PCR and confirmed by DNA sequencing. The polycistronic retrovirus vector G1Na-MGMT-Neo(r)-IRES-MDR1 was constructed and verified by restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA sequencing. The vector was transfected into packaging cells GP+E86 and PA317 by the LipofectAMINE method. Cord blood CD34+ cells were transfected with the supernatant of retrovirus containing human MGMT and MDR1cDNA under stimulation of hematopoietic growth factors. PCR, RT-PCR, Southern Blot, Western Blot, FACS and MTT analyses showed that dual drug resistance genes have been integrated into the genomic DNA of cord blood CD34+ cells and expressed efficiently. The transgene cord blood CD34+ cells conferred 5.8-6.3-fold stronger resistance to P-glycoprotein effluxed drugs and 5-fold to BCNU than untransduced cells. The polycistronic retrovirus vector mediated transfer of two different types of drug resistance genes into human cord blood CD34+ cells and co-expression provided an experimental foundation for improving combination chemotherapy tolerance in clinical practice.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/blood
- Antigens, CD34/blood
- Antineoplastic Agents/toxicity
- Carmustine/toxicity
- DNA, Complementary
- Drug Resistance, Multiple
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Fetal Blood/cytology
- Flow Cytometry
- Genes
- Genes, MDR
- Genetic Vectors
- Helper Viruses/genetics
- Hematopoietic Cell Growth Factors/pharmacology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Humans
- K562 Cells
- O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transfection
- Vincristine/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishi Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou 215006, People's Republic of China.
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Phipps AJ, Hayes KA, Al-dubaib M, Roy-Burman P, Mathes LE. Inhibition of feline leukemia virus subgroup A infection by coinoculation with subgroup B. Virology 2000; 277:40-7. [PMID: 11062034 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) subgroup B arises de novo through recombination between the env genes of exogenous FeLV subgroup A and endogenous FeLV-like sequences. FeLV-B, which by itself is poorly infectious, will increase to high titer in the presence of FeLV-A, and is associated with FeLV-related neoplastic disease. Although the participation of FeLV-B in disease progression has not been definitively proven, circumstantial evidence supports the hypothesis that the generation of FeLV-B is linked to disease progression. The present study was designed to evaluate whether increasing the levels of FeLV-B early in FeLV-A infection could result in reduction of the incubation period for development of neoplastic disease. For this study, an isolate of FeLV-B, designated FeLV-1B3, was biologically cloned, partially sequenced, and subgroup typed. In in vivo studies, none of the neonatal cats inoculated with FeLV-1B3 alone converted to viremia positive, and all remained healthy throughout the observation period. All of the kittens inoculated with FeLV-A alone became chronically viremic, and those held for long-term observation all developed either neoplastic disease or anemia. However, kittens inoculated with the combination of FeLV-1B3 and FeLV-A showed attenuated infections whereby the majority of cats failed to develop chronic viremia. The apparent interference of FeLV-A infection by FeLV-B was time and titer dependent. This unexpected result suggests that FeLV-B may act as an attenuated virus, causing inhibition of FeLV-A possibly through an immune-mediated mechanism. Partial support for this view was provided by postmortem examination of cats inoculated with FeLV-1B3 alone. Even though none of these cats became viremic, FeLV antigen was detected as focal infections in select tissues, especially salivary gland epithelium, where enough antigen may be expressed to provide an immunizing dose against gag and pol cross-reacting antigens. This work may also provide another approach to vaccine development based on endogenous retrovirus vector systems.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antibody Formation
- Antigens, Viral/analysis
- Cats
- Cloning, Molecular
- Disease Progression
- Genes, env
- Leukemia Virus, Feline/classification
- Leukemia Virus, Feline/genetics
- Leukemia Virus, Feline/pathogenicity
- Leukemia, Feline/immunology
- Leukemia, Feline/pathology
- Leukemia, Feline/physiopathology
- Leukemia, Feline/virology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Recombination, Genetic
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Terminal Repeat Sequences
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Phipps
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Center for Retrovirus Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
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