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Kuttappan DA, Mooyottu S, Sponseller BA. An Overview of Equine Enteric Clostridial Diseases. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023; 39:15-23. [PMID: 36737289 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the pathogenesis of equine enteric clostridial organisms is an active, evolving field. Advances will improve our knowledge both from the animal welfare and human health perspectives. The zoonotic nature of this group of diseases makes them relevant in the age of One health, as a significant amount of close human-equine interactions occurs for business and pleasure. Economic and welfare reasons prompt a better understanding of enteric clostridial pathogenesis, treatment, and control of the infection in horses and ongoing efforts are needed to advance clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shankumar Mooyottu
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1130 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Brett A Sponseller
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, 2134 College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50014, USA.
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2
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Fingerhood S, Mendonça FS, Uzal FA, Marks SL, Vernau KM, Navarro MA, Choi EA. Tyzzer disease in 19 preweaned orphaned kittens. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:212-216. [PMID: 36772788 PMCID: PMC9999403 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231154554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium piliforme, the agent of Tyzzer disease, has traditionally not been considered a major pathogen of cats. We queried the database of the Pathology Service of the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, for kittens <6-mo-old autopsied between 2000-2021 that had colitis, hepatitis, and/or myocarditis; 37 cases met the search criteria. Sections of colon, liver, and heart from these 37 cats were stained with modified Steiner; 19 of 37 (51%) cases had intraepithelial, Steiner-positive rods compatible with C. piliforme in at least one organ, confirming Tyzzer disease. The affected age range was 7-42 d (median: 17.5 d). Eighteen were orphaned kittens. Colitis was the major lesion (18 of 19) followed by random hepatitis (11 of 19). Perianal dermatitis with intraepithelial stacked rods was seen in 2 of 19. Myocarditis was not evident in any of the cases. A PCR assay for C. piliforme on 10 selected cases using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks was positive or suspected in colon (5 of 10), liver (5 of 10), and heart (1 of 10). The modified Steiner stain was more sensitive in the detection of bacteria than PCR on FFPE samples. Fifteen kittens had comorbidities. A weakened immune state caused by maternal, environmental, infectious, and/or nutritional causes is speculated to have contributed to disease onset. We found that Tyzzer disease is more common than previously believed in orphaned kittens and should be considered in kittens with colitis and/or hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Fingerhood
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Current address: Veterinary Pathology Centre, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Fábio S Mendonça
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernadino Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernadino Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stanley L Marks
- Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Karen M Vernau
- Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mauricio A Navarro
- Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Eunju April Choi
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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García JA, Navarro MA, Fresneda K, Uzal FA. Clostridium piliforme infection (Tyzzer disease) in horses: retrospective study of 25 cases and literature review. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:421-428. [PMID: 34238069 PMCID: PMC9254052 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211031213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyzzer disease (TD) is caused by Clostridium piliforme, a gram-negative and obligate intracellular bacterium. The disease occurs in multiple species. A triad of lesions, namely colitis, hepatitis, and myocarditis, is described in cases of TD in some species, such as rats and mice. We carried out a retrospective analysis of 25 equine cases with a diagnosis of TD; 24 of 25 cases occurred in foals <45 d old; the remaining foal was 90 d old. There were 12 males and 12 females; no sex information was available for one foal. The affected breeds were Quarter Horse, Thoroughbred, Arabian, Paint, and Hanoverian. Most of the cases (19 of 25) occurred in the spring. There were 9 cases of sudden death; the remaining animals had diarrhea, fever, distended abdomen, depression, weakness, non-responsiveness, and/or recumbency. Gross findings included icterus, hepatomegaly with acinar pattern, serosal hemorrhages, pulmonary edema, and/or fluid content in small and large intestine. Microscopically, all foals had severe, multifocal, necrotizing hepatitis. Necrotizing lymphohistiocytic colitis was observed in 10 of 25 foals, and multifocal necrotizing myocarditis was found in 8 of 25. Gram-negative, Steiner-positive, intracytoplasmic filamentous bacteria were observed in hepatocytes, enterocytes, and myocardiocytes, respectively. PCR detected C. piliforme DNA in the liver (24 of 24), colon (20 of 24), and heart (5 of 25). Our results indicate that necrotic hepatitis is the hallmark of TD in horses; the so-called triad of lesions is not a consistent characteristic of the disease in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. García
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas
y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mauricio A. Navarro
- California Animal Health and Food Safety
Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis,
San Bernardino, CA, USA
- Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de
Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile
| | - Karina Fresneda
- California Animal Health and Food Safety
Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis,
San Bernardino, CA, USA
| | - Francisco A. Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety
Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis,
San Bernardino, CA, USA
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4
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Morita H, Yasuda M, Yamamoto M, Tomiyama Y, Uchida R, Ka Y, Ogura T, Kawai K, Suemizu H, Hayashimoto N. Pathogenesis of murine astrovirus in experimentally infected mice. Exp Anim 2021; 70:355-363. [PMID: 33828018 PMCID: PMC8390316 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.20-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses are often associated with gastrointestinal diseases in mammals and birds. Murine astrovirus (MuAstV) is frequently detected in laboratory mice. Previous studies on MuAstV in mice did not report any symptoms or lesions. However, little information is available regarding its pathogenicity in immunodeficient mice. Therefore, in this study, we experimentally infected germ-free NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Sug/ShiJic (NOG) mice, which are severely immunodeficient, with MuAstV. Germ-free mice were used for experimental infection to eliminate the effects of intestinal bacteria. Mice in each group were then necropsied and subjected to PCR for MuAstV detection, MuAstV RNA quantification in each organ, and histopathological examination at 4 and 28 days post inoculation (DPI). Tissue samples from the small intestine were examined by transmission electron microscopy. No symptoms or abnormalities were detected in any mice during necropsy. The MuAstV concentration was highest in the lower small intestine, where it increased approximately 8-fold from 4 to 28 DPI. Transmission electron microscopy revealed circular virus particles of approximately 25 nm in diameter in the cytoplasm of the villous epithelial cells of the lower small intestine. Histopathological examination did not reveal any abnormalities, such as atrophy, in the intestinal villi. Our results suggest that MuAstV proliferates in the villous epithelial cells of the lower small intestine and has weak pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanako Morita
- ICLAS Monitoring Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Masahiko Yasuda
- Pathology Analysis Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Masafumi Yamamoto
- ICLAS Monitoring Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Yurina Tomiyama
- ICLAS Monitoring Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Ritsuki Uchida
- JAC Inc., No. 44 Kouwa building, 1-2-7 Higashiyama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-0043, Japan
| | - Yuyo Ka
- Animal Resource Technology Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ogura
- Animal Resource Technology Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawai
- Pathology Analysis Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- Laboratory Animal Research Department, Biomedical Research Laboratory, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Hayashimoto
- ICLAS Monitoring Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
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Otter A, Uzal FA. Clostridial diseases in farm animals: 1. Enterotoxaemias and other alimentary tract infections. IN PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.m1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
Clostridia can cause hepatic damage in domestic livestock, and wild and laboratory animals. Clostridium novyi type B causes infectious necrotic hepatitis (INH) in sheep and less frequently in other species. Spores of C. novyi type B can be present in soil; after ingestion, they reach the liver via portal circulation where they persist in phagocytic cells. Following liver damage, frequently caused by migrating parasites, local anaerobic conditions allow germination of the clostridial spores and production of toxins. C. novyi type B alpha toxin causes necrotizing hepatitis and extensive edema, congestion, and hemorrhage in multiple organs. Clostridium haemolyticum causes bacillary hemoglobinuria (BH) in cattle, sheep, and rarely, horses. Beta toxin is the main virulence factor of C. haemolyticum, causing hepatic necrosis and hemolysis. Clostridium piliforme, the causal agent of Tyzzer disease (TD), is the only gram-negative and obligate intracellular pathogenic clostridia. TD occurs in multiple species, but it is more frequent in foals, lagomorphs, and laboratory animals. The mode of transmission is fecal-oral, with ingestion of spores from a fecal-contaminated environment. In affected animals, C. piliforme proliferates in the intestinal mucosa, resulting in necrosis, and then disseminates to the liver and other organs. Virulence factors for this microorganism have not been identified, to date. Given the peracute or acute nature of clostridial hepatitis in animals, treatment is rarely effective. However, INH and BH can be prevented, and should be controlled by vaccination and control of liver flukes. To date, no vaccine is available to prevent TD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio A Navarro
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino, CA (Navarro, Uzal)
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino, CA (Navarro, Uzal)
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Brooks JW, Whary MT, Hattel AL, Shaw DP, Ge Z, Fox JG, Poppenga RH. Clostridium piliforme Infection in Two Farm-raised White-tailed Deer Fawns (Odocoileus virginianus) and Association with Copper Toxicosis. Vet Pathol 2016; 43:765-8. [PMID: 16966457 DOI: 10.1354/vp.43-5-765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Necropsy of 2 white-tailed deer fawns who died acutely revealed diarrhea and melena in case No. 1 and no gross changes in case No. 2. Histologically, the livers of both deer displayed multifocal coagulative necrosis, with infiltrations of neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes. By Warthin-Starry staining, bundles of filamentous bacteria were identified within hepatocytes at the periphery of the necrotic foci in case No. 1. There was multifocal myocardiocyte necrosis in case No. 1 and multifocal lymphoid necrosis of the Peyer's patches in case No. 2. Clostridium piliforme 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene was detected in both livers by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with C. piliforme-specific primers. The liver copper levels in both cases were normal to slightly elevated. The kidney copper level in case No. 2 was elevated. This represents the first published cases of Tyzzer's disease in deer, a novel use of PCR for the diagnosis of C piliforme infection, and a possible association between copper toxicosis and Tyzzer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Brooks
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, Orchard Road, University Park, PA 16802-1110, USA.
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Raymond JT, Topham K, Shirota K, Ikeda T, Garner MM. Tyzzer's Disease in a Neonatal Rainbow Lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus). Vet Pathol 2016; 38:326-7. [PMID: 11355664 DOI: 10.1354/vp.38-3-326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A captive-born 8-day-old male rainbow lorikeet ( Trichoglossus haematodus) was found dead. Histologically, there were necrotizing hepatitis, myocarditis, and ventriculitis. Silver stain revealed argyrophilic filamentous bacilli within hepatocytes, smooth myofibers of the gizzard, and cardiac myofibers surrounding foci of necrosis. Immunohistochemistry using anti- Clostridium piliforme RT and MSK strain antisera reacted positively against bacilli within hepatocytes, cardiac myofibers, smooth myofibers of the gizzard, and splenic and intestinal macrophages. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay of paraffin-embedded liver, heart, gizzard, spleen, and small intestine amplified the 196-bp DNA fragment specific to 16S ribosomal RNA of C. piliforme. The results of histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and PCR are consistent with C. piliforme infection in this lorikeet.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Raymond
- Northwest ZooPath, Anohomish, WA 98296-4815, USA.
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9
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Barnes KH, Piripi SA, Löhr CV. Pathology in practice. Tyzzer's disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242:765-7. [PMID: 23445285 DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.6.765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine H Barnes
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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10
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YOSHIDA K, NIBE K, NAKAMURA T, TAKAHASHI T, KOMATSU M, OGAWA H, SHIROTA K, CHAMBERS JK, NAKAYAMA H, UCHIDA K. Spontaneous Tyzzer’s Disease with the Central Nerve Involvement in a Newborn Common Marmoset. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:1119-21. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Keiko YOSHIDA
- Sanritsu Zelkova Veterinary Laboratory, 2–5–8 Kuji, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213–0032, Japan
| | - Kazumi NIBE
- Sanritsu Zelkova Veterinary Laboratory, 2–5–8 Kuji, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213–0032, Japan
- Japan Animal Referral Medical Center, 2–5–8 Kuji, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213–0032, Japan
| | - Takashi NAKAMURA
- Sanritsu Zelkova Veterinary Laboratory, 2–5–8 Kuji, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213–0032, Japan
| | - Taku TAKAHASHI
- Akita Omoriyama Zoo, 154 Katabata, Hamada, Akita, Akita 010–1654, Japan
| | - Mamoru KOMATSU
- Akita Omoriyama Zoo, 154 Katabata, Hamada, Akita, Akita 010–1654, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki OGAWA
- Japan Animal Referral Medical Center, 2–5–8 Kuji, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213–0032, Japan
| | - Kinji SHIROTA
- Research Institute of Biosciences, Azabu University, 1–17–71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229–8501, Japan
| | - James K. CHAMBERS
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113–8657, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki NAKAYAMA
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113–8657, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki UCHIDA
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113–8657, Japan
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AKANUMA T, WATANABE H. Successive Outbreak of Tyzzer's Disease in Two Foals in the Same Area of Aomori Prefecture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.12935/jvma.63.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Pritt S, Henderson KS, Shek WR. Evaluation of available diagnostic methods for Clostridium piliforme in laboratory rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Lab Anim 2010; 44:14-9. [DOI: 10.1258/la.2009.008079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent literature has indicated that animals seropositive for Clostridium piliforme may have negative findings on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. This study examines and reports on the results of serology, PCR and histopathology tests performed on a group of 20 laboratory rabbits seropositive for C. piliforme using the latest available diagnostic methodologies. The presence of the organism was not confirmed by either PCR or histopathology in this group of 20 for C. piliforme seropositive rabbits. This presents challenges for laboratory animal veterinarians and scientists wishing to establish the presence of the organism with commonly available diagnostic methods and means that clinical signs of disease in addition to diagnostic results must be interpreted together.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pritt
- Covance Research Products, Inc, PO Box 7200, Denver PA 17517, USA
| | - K S Henderson
- Charles River, 251 Ballardvale Street, Wilmington MA 01887, USA
| | - W R Shek
- Charles River, 251 Ballardvale Street, Wilmington MA 01887, USA
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Scholes SFE, Edwards GT. Tyzzer's disease (Clostridium piliforme
infection) and possible copper toxicity in a lamb. Vet Rec 2009; 164:470-1. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.164.15.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. F. E. Scholes
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA) - Lasswade; Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0PZ
| | - G. T. Edwards
- VLA - Aberystwyth, Y Buarth; Aberystwyth Ceredigion SY23 1ND
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Simpson VR, Hargreaves J, Birtles RJ, Marsden H, Williams DL. Tyzzer's disease in a Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) in Scotland. Vet Rec 2008; 163:539-43. [PMID: 18978367 DOI: 10.1136/vr.163.18.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) cub found in weak condition on the Isle of Harris, Scotland, developed bilateral corneal oedema 16 days after being admitted to a rehabilitation centre. It died unexpectedly on day 26. On postmortem examination, there was excess clear fluid in the body cavities and the liver was swollen with numerous pale focal lesions and petechial haemorrhages throughout. Histopathological examination revealed bundles of bacilli morphologically typical of Clostridium piliforme within hepatocytes. Comparative analysis of the nucleotide base sequence of a 16S rdna fragment amplified from the infected liver tissue revealed that it was identical to a C piliforme 16S rdna sequence. The possibility of concurrent infection with canine adenovirus type 1 was considered but none of the characteristic histopathological lesions was observed and examination of the liver by transmission electron microscopy was negative for virus particles. This appears to be the first record of Tyzzer's disease in an otter and the first in a wild animal in Britain.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Simpson
- Wildlife Veterinary Investigation Centre, Chacewater, Truro, Cornwall tr4 8pb
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Infectious Disorders of the Liver. JUBB, KENNEDY & PALMER'S PATHOLOGY OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS 2007. [PMCID: PMC7155439 DOI: 10.1016/b978-070202823-6.50108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Borchers A, Magdesian KG, Halland S, Pusterla N, Wilson WD. Successful Treatment and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Confirmation of Tyzzer's Disease in a Foal and Clinical and Pathologic Characteristics of 6 Additional Foals (1986-2005). J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Coombs
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706-1102, USA
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Fosgate GT, Hird DW, Read DH, Walker RL. Risk factors for Clostridium piliforme infection in foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002; 220:785-90. [PMID: 11918272 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2002.220.785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine risk factors for Clostridium piliforme infection in neonatal foals on a Thoroughbred breeding farm in California. DESIGN Case-control and retrospective cohort studies. ANIMALS 322 neonatal Thoroughbred foals either born on the study farm or born elsewhere but traveled to the farm with their dam during the 1998, 1999, and 2000 breeding seasons. PROCEDURE Mare and foal records from 1998, 1999, and 2000 were examined, using case-control design methods to determine variables associated with increased risk of C. piliforme infection in foals. Important risk factors identified in the case-control study were then reevaluated by use of a retrospective cohort design, using data from all neonatal foals present on the farm during the 3-year study period. RESULTS Foals born between March 13 and April 13 were 7.2 times as likely to develop C. piliforme infection as were those born at any other time of the foaling season. Foals of nonresident (visiting) mares were 3.4 times as likely to develop disease as were foals born to mares that were permanent residents of the study farm. Foals of mares < 6 years of age were 2.9 times as likely to develop disease as were foals born to older mares. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results of this research can be used to better understand the epidemiologic factors of C. piliforme infection in horses. High-risk foals can be closely monitored to aid in early diagnosis and treatment, resulting in the best possible clinical outcome for affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey T Fosgate
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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