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One Health: Animal Models of Heritable Human Bleeding Diseases. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010087. [PMID: 36611696 PMCID: PMC9818017 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models of human and animal diseases have long been used as the lynchpin of experimental and clinical research. With the discovery and implementation of novel molecular and nano-technologies, cellular research now has advanced to assessing signal transduction pathways, gene editing, and gene therapies. The contribution of heritable animal models to human and animal health as related to hemostasis is reviewed and updated with the advent of gene editing, recombinant and gene therapies.
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Akuta K, Kiyomizu K, Kashiwagi H, Kunishima S, Nishiura N, Banno F, Kokame K, Kato H, Kanakura Y, Miyata T, Tomiyama Y. Knock-in mice bearing constitutively active αIIb(R990W) mutation develop macrothrombocytopenia with severe platelet dysfunction. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:497-509. [PMID: 31691484 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, several mutations that induce constitutive activation of integrin αIIbβ3 have been identified in congenital macrothrombocytopenia. Of these, αIIb(R995W) is the most prevalent mutation observed in Japanese patients with αIIbβ3-related congenital macrothrombocytopenia. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS The present study aimed to explore the effects of constitutive activation of the αIIb(R995W) mutation on platelet production, morphology, and function. We generated αIIb(R990W) knock-in (KI) mice corresponding to human αIIb(R995W). RESULTS Platelet counts of heterozygous (hetero) and homozygous (homo) KI mice were decreased by ~10% and ~25% relative to those of wild-type (WT) mice, respectively, with increase in platelet size. Decrease in absolute reticulated platelet numbers in steady state, delayed recovery from thrombocytopenia induced by anti-platelet antibody and impaired response to exogenous thrombopoietin administration suggested impaired platelet production in KI mice. WT and KI mice showed no significant differences in the number of megakaryocytes and ploidy of megakaryocytes, whereas proplatelet formation was significantly impaired in homo mice. We observed a slight but significant reduction in platelet lifespan in homo mice. The homo mice showed dramatic reduction in αIIbβ3 expression in platelets, which was accompanied by severe in vivo and in vitro platelet dysfunction. CONCLUSION The αIIb(R990W) KI mice developed macrothrombocytopenia, which was primarily attributed to impaired proplatelet formation. In addition, homo KI mice showed marked downregulation in αIIbβ3 expression in platelets with severe impaired platelet function, similar to Glanzmann thrombasthenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Akuta
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Kiyomizu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kashiwagi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shinji Kunishima
- Department of Medical Technology, Gifu University of Medical Science, Seki, Japan
| | - Nobuko Nishiura
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Banno
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Kokame
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Hisashi Kato
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Kanakura
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Miyata
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tomiyama
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Osaka University Hospital, Suita, Japan
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Cortese L, Christopherson PW, Pelagalli A. Platelet Function and Therapeutic Applications in Dogs: Current Status and Future Prospects. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E201. [PMID: 31991713 PMCID: PMC7071006 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in the functional characterization of canine platelets in the last two decades. The role of canine platelets in hemostasis includes their adhesion to the subendothelium, activation, and aggregation, leading to primary clot formation at the site of injury. Studies on canine platelet function and advancements in laboratory testing have improved the diagnosis and understanding of platelet-related disorders as well as the knowledge of the mechanisms behind these diseases. This review focuses on the most recent discoveries in canine platelet structure, function, and disorders; and discusses the efficacy of various tests in the diagnosis of platelet-related disorders. With the relatively recent discovery of angiogenetic and reparative effects of growth factors found in platelets, this review also summarizes the use of canine platelet-rich plasma (PRP) alone or in association with stem cells in regenerative therapy. The characterization of proteomic and lipidomic profiles and development of platelet gene therapy in veterinary species are areas of future study with potential for major therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cortese
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino, 1, 80137 Naples, Italy;
| | - Pete W. Christopherson
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA;
| | - Alessandra Pelagalli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy
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4
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Wilcox DA. Gene Therapy for Platelet Disorders. Platelets 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813456-6.00067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Boudreaux MK, Lipscomb DL. Clinical, Biochemical, and Molecular Aspects of Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia in Humans and Dogs. Vet Pathol 2016; 38:249-60. [PMID: 11355654 DOI: 10.1354/vp.38-3-249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (GT) is an inherited, intrinsic platelet function defect that involves the platelet glycoprotein complex IIb–IIIa, also known as the fibrinogen receptor and the integrin αIIbβ3. The defect was originally described by Dr. Glanzmann in humans in 1918 as a bleeding disorder that differed clinically from other known coagulopathies. Over the decades that followed, researchers determined the biochemical and molecular basis for the disease in humans. Otterhounds with thrombasthenic thrombopathia, described in the 1960s, were the only animal model that closely resembled the disease described in humans until 1996. At that time, a Great Pyrenees dog was identified with unequivocal clinical and biochemical features of Type I GT. The cDNA encoding for glycoproteins IIb and IIIa were sequenced in normal dogs in 1999, allowing for identification of specific mutations causing Type I GT in both Otterhounds and Great Pyrenees dogs. Knowing the molecular basis for Type I GT in dogs as well as the cDNA sequences in normal dogs should enhance the understanding of structure/function relationships of the αIIbβ3 integrin and provide an excellent animal model for studies aimed at correction of GT in humans. The following review focuses on the structure and function of this platelet receptor and reviews the molecular, biochemical, and clinical aspects of Glanzmann's thrombasthenia in humans and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Boudreaux
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849-5519, USA.
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6
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Haysom LZ, Kennerly RM, Müller RD, Smith-Carr S, Christopherson PW, Boudreaux MK. Identification and Characterization of Glanzmann Thrombasthenia in 2 Closely Related Mixed-breed Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:642-6. [PMID: 26764135 PMCID: PMC4913590 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L Z Haysom
- Bailey Small Animal Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - R M Kennerly
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - R D Müller
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - S Smith-Carr
- Bailey Small Animal Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - P W Christopherson
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - M K Boudreaux
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
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7
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Nurden AT, Pillois X, Wilcox DA. Glanzmann thrombasthenia: state of the art and future directions. Semin Thromb Hemost 2013; 39:642-55. [PMID: 23929305 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1353393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) is the principal inherited disease of platelets and the most commonly encountered disorder of an integrin. GT is characterized by spontaneous mucocutaneous bleeding and an exaggerated response to trauma caused by platelets that fail to aggregate when stimulated by physiologic agonists. GT is caused by quantitative or qualitative deficiencies of αIIbβ3, an integrin coded by the ITGA2B and ITGB3 genes and which by binding fibrinogen and other adhesive proteins joins platelets together in the aggregate. Widespread genotyping has revealed that mutations spread across both genes, yet the reason for the extensive variation in both the severity and intensity of bleeding between affected individuals remains poorly understood. Furthermore, although genetic defects of ITGB3 affect other tissues with β3 present as αvβ3 (the vitronectin receptor), the bleeding phenotype continues to dominate. Here, we look in detail at mutations that affect (i) the β-propeller region of the αIIb head domain and (ii) the membrane proximal disulfide-rich epidermal growth factor (EGF) domains of β3 and which often result in spontaneous integrin activation. We also examine deep vein thrombosis as an unexpected complication of GT and look at curative procedures for the diseases, including allogeneic stem cell transfer and the potential for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan T Nurden
- Plateforme Technologique et d'Innovation Biomédicale, Hôpital Xavier Arnozan, Pessac, France.
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Kashiwagi H, Kunishima S, Kiyomizu K, Amano Y, Shimada H, Morishita M, Kanakura Y, Tomiyama Y. Demonstration of novel gain-of-function mutations of αIIbβ3: association with macrothrombocytopenia and glanzmann thrombasthenia-like phenotype. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2013; 1:77-86. [PMID: 24498605 PMCID: PMC3865572 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrin αIIbβ3 is indispensable for normal hemostasis, but its role for thrombopoiesis is still controversial. Recently, αIIb and β3 mutations have been identified in patients with congenital macrothrombocytopenia. We analyzed three unrelated Japanese families with congenital macrothrombocytopenia. Expression and activation state of αIIbβ3 in platelets was examined by flow cytometry and immunoblotting. Sequence of whole coding region and exon-intron boundaries of ITGA2B and ITGB3 genes was performed. The effects of mutations on αIIbβ3 activation state and phosphorylation of FAK were analyzed in transfected cells. We newly identified three mutations: two mutations in highly conserved Gly-Phe-Phe-Lys-Arg sequence in juxtamembrane region of αIIb, p.Gly991Cys and p.Phe993del, and one donor site mutation of intron 13 of ITGB3 leading to 40 amino acids deletion, p.(Asp621_Glu660del), in the membrane proximal β-tail domain of β3. One patient, who showed Glanzmann thrombasthenia-like marked reduction in surface αIIbβ3 expression (3-11% of normal control), was a compound heterozygote with ITGA2B p.Gly991Cys and a novel nonsense mutation, ITGA2B p.Arg422*. All three mutations, ITGA2B p.Gly991Cys, ITGA2B p.Phe993del, and ITGB3 p.(Asp621_Glu660del), led to highly activated conformation of αIIbβ3 and spontaneous tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK in transfected cells. These results suggest that gain-of-function mutations around membrane region of αIIbβ3 lead to abnormal platelet number and morphology with impaired surface αIIbβ3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Kashiwagi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Kunishima
- Department of Advanced Diagnosis, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Kiyomizu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Amano
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagano Red Cross Hospital Nagano, Nagano, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimada
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yuzuru Kanakura
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tomiyama
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita, Osaka, Japan ; Department of Blood Transfusion, Osaka University Hospital Suita, Osaka, Japan
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9
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Wilcox DA. Gene Therapy for Platelet Disorders. Platelets 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387837-3.00064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Barr JW, McMichael M. Inherited disorders of hemostasis in dogs and cats. Top Companion Anim Med 2012; 27:53-8. [PMID: 23031456 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Inherited disorders of hemostasis encompass abnormalities in primary hemostasis, coagulation, and fibrinolysis resulting from genetic mutations. There is significant variation in the phenotype expressed ranging from life limiting to the absence of overt clinical signs. Von Willebrand disease is the most common primary hemostatic disorder in dogs, and hemophilia A is the most common coagulation factor disorder. The diagnosis of inherited bleeding disorders is made by functional and/or quantitative evaluation. Genetic testing has added to the knowledge base, allowing prevention through targeted breeding. Avoidance of trauma and injury is paramount in the prevention of bleeding in animals diagnosed with inherited hemostatic disorders. Current therapeutic options include platelet transfusions, broad replacement of coagulation factors (e.g., plasma), targeted factor replacement (e.g., cryoprecipitate), antifibrinolytic agents and specific factor replacement, and treatment of the symptoms (i.e., bleeding) with blood transfusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Barr
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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11
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Goggs R, Poole AW. Platelet signaling-a primer. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2012; 22:5-29. [PMID: 22316389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2011.00704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the receptors and signal transduction pathways involved in platelet plug formation and to highlight links between platelets, leukocytes, endothelium, and the coagulation system. DATA SOURCES Original studies, review articles, and book chapters in the human and veterinary medical fields. DATA SYNTHESIS Platelets express numerous surface receptors. Critical among these are glycoprotein VI, the glycoprotein Ib-IX-V complex, integrin α(IIb) β(3) , and the G-protein-coupled receptors for thrombin, ADP, and thromboxane. Activation of these receptors leads to various important functional events, in particular activation of the principal adhesion receptor α(IIb) β(3) . Integrin activation allows binding of ligands such as fibrinogen, mediating platelet-platelet interaction in the process of aggregation. Signals activated by these receptors also couple to 3 other important functional events, secretion of granule contents, change in cell shape through cytoskeletal rearrangement, and procoagulant membrane expression. These processes generate a stable thrombus to limit blood loss and promote restoration of endothelial integrity. CONCLUSIONS Improvements in our understanding of how platelets operate through their signaling networks are critical for diagnosis of unusual primary hemostatic disorders and for rational antithrombotic drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Goggs
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, UK.
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12
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Boudreaux MK. Inherited platelet disorders. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2012; 22:30-41. [PMID: 22316339 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2011.00702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present the latest information on inherited platelet disorders in domestic animals. DATA SOURCES Research articles and reviews spanning 40 years available on PubMed. HUMAN DATA SYNTHESIS Information regarding inherited platelet disorders in people is plentiful and often descriptions of human conditions have led to the identification of similar disorders in veterinary species. There are exceptions, however, in which specific inherited platelet disorders were first described in animals with subsequent identification in people. VETERINARY DATA SYNTHESIS Many inherited platelet disorders have been documented in animals at the functional and molecular level and that information is presented in this review. CONCLUSIONS Much progress has been made in the past 20 years in the characterization of inherited platelet disorders in animals at the functional, biochemical, and molecular level. The study of inherited platelet disorders has greatly enhanced the understanding of platelet physiology and has led in some instances to the development of platelet inhibitory medications. Characterization of inherited disorders at the molecular level greatly facilitates diagnosis and identification of affected and heterozygous animals thus avoiding propagation of the defect by breeders. When used with available functional and biochemical diagnostic tests, it significantly enhances the quality of care and case management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Boudreaux
- From the Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849-5519, USA.
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Knudsen T, Kjalke M, Tranholm M, Nichols TC, Jensen AL, Kristensen AT. Development of a flow cytometric assay for detection of coated platelets in dogs and evaluation of binding of coated platelets to recombinant human coagulation factor VIIa. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:1007-14. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.8.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Platelet gene therapy improves hemostatic function for integrin alphaIIbbeta3-deficient dogs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:9583-8. [PMID: 21606353 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1016394108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated blood platelets mediate the primary response to vascular injury. Although molecular abnormalities of platelet proteins occur infrequently, taken collectively, an inherited platelet defect accounts for a bleeding diathesis in ≈1:20,000 individuals. One rare example of a platelet disorder, Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT), is characterized by life-long morbidity and mortality due to molecular abnormalities in a major platelet adhesion receptor, integrin αIIbβ3. Transfusion therapy is frequently inadequate because patients often generate antibodies to αIIbβ3, leading to immune-mediated destruction of healthy platelets. In the most severe cases allogeneic bone marrow transplantation has been used, yet because of the risk of the procedure it has been limited to few patients. Thus, hematopoietic stem cell gene transfer was explored as a strategy to improve platelet function within a canine model for GT. Bleeding complications necessitated the use of a mild pretransplant conditioning regimen; therefore, in vivo drug selection was used to improve engraftment of autologously transplanted cells. Approximately 5,000 αIIbβ3 receptors formed on 10% of platelets. These modest levels allowed platelets to adhere to αIIbβ3's major ligand (fibrinogen), form aggregates, and mediate retraction of a fibrin clot. Remarkably, improved hemostatic function was evident, with ≤135-fold reduced blood loss, and improved buccal bleeding times decreased to 4 min for up to 5 y after transplant. One of four transplanted dogs developed a significant antibody response to αIIbβ3 that was attenuated effectively with transient immune suppression. These results indicate that gene therapy could become a practical approach for treating inherited platelet defects.
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Parker HG, Shearin AL, Ostrander EA. Man's best friend becomes biology's best in show: genome analyses in the domestic dog. Annu Rev Genet 2011; 44:309-36. [PMID: 21047261 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-102808-115200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the last five years, canine genetics has gone from map construction to complex disease deconstruction. The availability of a draft canine genome sequence, dense marker chips, and an understanding of the genome architecture has changed the types of studies canine geneticists can undertake. There is now a clear recognition that the dog system offers the opportunity to understand the genetics of both simple and complex traits, including those associated with morphology, disease susceptibility, and behavior. In this review, we summarize recent findings regarding canine domestication and review new information on the organization of the canine genome. We discuss studies aimed at finding genes controlling morphological phenotypes and provide examples of the way such paradigms may be applied to studies of behavior. We also discuss the many ways in which the dog has illuminated our understanding of human disease and conclude with a discussion on where the field is likely headed in the next five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi G Parker
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Brooks MB, Randolph J, Warner K, Center S. Evaluation of platelet function screening tests to detect platelet procoagulant deficiency in dogs with Scott syndrome. Vet Clin Pathol 2009; 38:306-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2009.00141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bauer TR, Adler RL, Hickstein DD. Potential large animal models for gene therapy of human genetic diseases of immune and blood cell systems. ILAR J 2009; 50:168-86. [PMID: 19293460 DOI: 10.1093/ilar.50.2.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic mutations involving the cellular components of the hematopoietic system--red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets--manifest clinically as anemia, infection, and bleeding. Although gene targeting has recapitulated many of these diseases in mice, these murine homologues are limited as translational models by their small size and brief life span as well as the fact that mutations induced by gene targeting do not always faithfully reflect the clinical manifestations of such mutations in humans. Many of these limitations can be overcome by identifying large animals with genetic diseases of the hematopoietic system corresponding to their human disease counterparts. In this article, we describe human diseases of the cellular components of the hematopoietic system that have counterparts in large animal species, in most cases carrying mutations in the same gene (CD18 in leukocyte adhesion deficiency) or genes in interacting proteins (DNA cross-link repair 1C protein and protein kinase, DNA-activated catalytic polypeptide in radiation-sensitive severe combined immunodeficiency). Furthermore, we describe the potential of these animal models to serve as disease-specific preclinical models for testing the efficacy and safety of clinical interventions such as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or gene therapy before their use in humans with the corresponding disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Bauer
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch of the Center for Cancer Research at the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Boudreaux MK. Characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of inherited platelet disorders in mammals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 233:1251-9, 1190. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.233.8.1251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Wilcox DA, White GC. Gene Therapy for Platelet Disorders. Platelets 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012369367-9/50833-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Christopherson PW, Santen VL, Livesey L, Boudreaux MK. A 10-Base-Pair Deletion in the Gene Encoding Platelet Glycoprotein IIb Associated with Glanzmann Thrombasthenia in a Horse. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Christopherson PW, Insalaco TA, van Santen VL, Livesey L, Bourne C, Boudreaux MK. Characterization of the cDNA Encoding alphaIIb and beta3 in normal horses and two horses with Glanzmann thrombasthenia. Vet Pathol 2006; 43:78-82. [PMID: 16407493 DOI: 10.1354/vp.43-1-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) is an inherited, intrinsic platelet defect characterized by a quantitative or qualitative change in the platelet glycoprotein complex IIb-IIIa (integrin alpha(IIb)beta3). The subunits are encoded by separate genes and both subunits must be expressed for a stable complex to form on the platelet surface; therefore, a defect in either gene can result in GT.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Christopherson
- Department of Pathobiology, 166 Greene Hall, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849-5519, USA
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22
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Brdecka DJ, Adin CA, Boudreaux MK, Crawford EC, Randall SR. Successful ovariectomy in a dog with Glanzmann thrombasthenia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004; 224:1796-8, 1788. [PMID: 15198264 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2004.224.1796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ovariectomy was performed in a 7-month-old Great Pyrenees with a severe congenital bleeding disorder. A diagnosis of Glanzmann thrombasthenia, a rare, congenital bleeding disorder characterized by a functional platelet defect, was later confirmed by isolation of genomic DNA from blood and amplification of exon 13 and intron 13 of the gene encoding for platelet glycoprotein subunit alphaIIb. Perioperative management consisted of administration of platelet-rich plasma prior to surgery and the use of high-frequency electrocoagulation to minimize tissue trauma. In addition, ovariectomy, rather than ovariohysterectomy, was performed to minimize surgical exposure required and manipulation of the urogenital tract. Results in this dog suggest that a combination of preoperative transfusion with functional platelets and use of techniques to minimize tissue trauma may allow abdominal surgery to be performed successfully in dogs with functional platelet disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Brdecka
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0126, USA
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Niemeyer GP, Boudreaux MK, Goodman-Martin SA, Monroe CM, Wilcox DA, Lothrop CD. Correction of a large animal model of type I Glanzmann's thrombasthenia by nonmyeloablative bone marrow transplantation. Exp Hematol 2003; 31:1357-62. [PMID: 14662345 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2003.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine if nonmyeloablative bone marrow transplantation would induce stable hematopoietic chimerism that would correct the bleeding diathesis associated with type I Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (GT). METHODS Three young dogs (less than 12 weeks of age) with GT were transplanted with DLA-matched bone marrow from littermates. Recipients received a sublethal dose (200 cGy) of total-body irradiation (TBI) prior to infusion with bone marrow (1-4 x 10(8) cells/kg). Recipient dogs were immunosuppressed with cyclosporine (15 mg/kg) and mycophenolate mofetil (10 mg/kg). Chimerism was determined by quantitation of donor microsatellite repeat polymorphisms in peripheral blood DNA and by flow cytometry to detect the presence of glycoproteins IIb and IIIa on platelets. Platelet function was assessed by a clot retraction test. RESULTS One dog died one week posttransplant due to hemorrhage. Another dog died four weeks posttransplant from an unrecognized congenital heart defect and complications due to canine distemper virus infection. At the time of death, microsatellite analysis indicated 35 to 50% chimerism. Flow cytometry showed 20% of circulating platelets positive for glycoproteins IIb and IIIa. The third dog is alive and doing well approximately two years posttransplant. Hematopoietic chimerism has been sustained at 35 to 60% with approximately 30% of the platelets positive for glycoproteins IIb and IIIa. Platelet function is normal based on clot retraction. The animal does not have clinical signs of bleeding. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that GT and perhaps other severe inherited platelet disorders can be corrected using nonmyeloablative bone marrow transplantation to establish partial chimerism with normal platelets in the platelet compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn P Niemeyer
- The Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Abstract
Current research aimed at correcting platelet defects are designed to further our knowledge in the use of hematopoietic stem cells for gene therapies of hemorrhagic disorders. Information gained from these studies may be directly applicable to treatment of disorders affecting platelets (e.g. Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, Bernard Soulier syndrome, gray platelet syndrome, and von Willebrand disease) as well as other disorders affecting distinct hematopoietic cell lineages. This work specifically addresses three questions: (i) can bone marrow stem cells be given sufficient genetic information to induce abnormal megakaryocytes to synthesize transgene products that help newly formed platelets to participate in normal hemostasis? (ii) can the newly synthesized receptor be maintained as a platelet-specific protein at therapeutic levels for a reasonable period of time? and (iii) will newly expressed proteins be tolerated by the immune system or become a target for B- and T-cell mediated immunity resulting in the premature destruction and clearing of the genetically altered megakaryocytes and platelets? Answers to these questions should indicate the feasibility of targeting platelets with genetic therapies that will in turn enable better management of patients with inherited bleeding disorders. The long-range benefit of this research will be an improved understanding of the regulation of protein expression during normal megakaryocytopoiesis, and the accumulation of additional scientific knowledge about normal platelet function and the way in which platelets and other cells recognize and interact with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Wilcox
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Boudreaux MK, Catalfamo JL. Molecular and genetic basis for thrombasthenic thrombopathia in otterhounds. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62:1797-804. [PMID: 11703027 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the molecular and genetic basis for thrombasthenic thrombopathia in Otterhounds and establish whether the defect would be best classified as type-I Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. ANIMALS 57 dogs, including 13 affected Otterhounds, 23 carrier Otterhounds, 17 unaffected Otterhounds, and 4 clinically normal unrelated dogs of other breeds. PROCEDURE Functional (platelet aggregation, clot retraction, buccal mucosa bleeding time) and biochemical (electrophoresis, flow cytometry, fibrinogen content) analyses were conducted. In addition, first-strand cDNA synthesis from platelet total RNA was performed. Exons of the genes encoding for glycoproteins (GP) IIb and IIIa were amplified in overlapping fashion. The resulting products were excised from agarose gels and sequenced. The sequences obtained were compared with known cDNA sequences for canine GPIIb and GPIIIa. RESULTS A single nucleotide change at position G1193 (1100) was detected in exon 12 of the gene encoding for platelet GPIIb in 2 affected Otterhounds. Carrier Otterhounds were heterozygous at this position, and 2 unaffected Otterhounds were unchanged. This nucleotide change would result in substitution of histidine for aspartic acid at position 398 (367) within the third calcium-binding domain of GPIIb. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These studies suggest that thrombasthenic thrombopathia of Otterhounds is homologous phenotypically and has a similar molecular basis to type-I Glanzmann's thrombasthenia in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Boudreaux
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849-5519, USA
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Callan MB, Giger U. Assessment of a point-of-care instrument for identification of primary hemostatic disorders in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62:652-8. [PMID: 11341380 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess a point-of-care instrument for identification of primary hemostatic disorders in dogs. ANIMALS 29 healthy dogs and 23 nonanemic dogs with primary hemostatic disorders (thrombocytopenia, n = 6; thrombopathia, 6; von Willebrand disease [vWD], 11). PROCEDURE Citrated blood was obtained and closure times (CT) were determined by measuring the time required for occlusion of an aperture by a platelet plug within the point-of-care instrument. Reference ranges for CT were established, and CT were determined for dogs with primary hemostatic disorders. RESULTS CT measured with adenosine diphosphate as the platelet agonist (ADP-CT) ranged from 52 to 86 seconds for healthy dogs (mean +/- 2 SD, 67 +/- 7.8 seconds; median, 65 seconds), and CT measured with epinephrine as the agonist (EPI-CT), from 97 to 225 seconds (151 +/- 38 seconds; 148 seconds). In thrombocytopenic dogs, ADP- and EPI-CT were prolonged (> 165 and > 264 seconds, respectively). Five of 6 dogs with thrombopathia had prolonged ADP-CT, whereas EPI-CT was prolonged in all 6 dogs. In all dogs with vWD, ADP-CT was prolonged; EPI-CT was prolonged in 10 of these dogs. Sensitivity and specificity for ADP-CT were 95.7 and 100%, respectively, and positive and negative predictive values, 100 and 96.7%, respectively, whereas for EPI-CT, these values were 95.7 and 82.8%, respectively, and 81.5 and 96%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The point-of-care instrument allowed quick assessment of primary hemostasis in nonanemic dogs. Use of this instrument may be helpful for making decisions regarding management of dogs with primary hemostatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Callan
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6010, USA
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