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Pîrvu AM, Cappelleri A, Sala L, Banco B, Giudice C, Stefanello D, Militaru M, Grieco V. Mammary carcinoma in a male cat following long-term medroxyprogesterone acetate treatment: case report and review of the literature. Vet Res Commun 2024:10.1007/s11259-024-10553-3. [PMID: 39340734 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10553-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
In male cats, as in men, mammary carcinomas are rarely reported. However, like in females, hormonal therapy is a significant risk factor. This study reports the case of an 11-year-old male cat with multiple mammary tumours and a history of long-term medroxyprogesterone acetate therapy for the suppression of sexual behaviour, along with a brief review of the literature. Complete surgical removal of the right mammary chain and the ipsilateral inguinal lymph nodes was performed, and all tissues were submitted for histology. Histological examination revealed the presence of a tumour in the third and fourth mammary glands, consisting of neoplastic cells arranged in various structures, including tubulopapillary and tubular structures, sometimes cystically dilated, and solid areas. The inguinal lymph nodes were also involved. The morphology was consistent with a diagnosis of mammary carcinoma, tubulopapillary type, with nodal metastases. Immunohistochemistry revealed that tumour cells were positive for cytokeratin (clones AE1/AE3), while stromal cells were positive for vimentin (clone V9). The proliferation marker Ki-67, evaluated on both the primary tumour and the nodal metastases, was strongly expressed in the nuclei of neoplastic cells, with a Ki-67 proliferation index of 8.9% and 20% for the primary tumour and the metastases, respectively. This case highlights the importance of considering the possibility of malignant mammary tumours not only in female but also in male cats with a history of long-term hormonal treatment for suppression of sexual behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Mihaela Pîrvu
- Pathological Anatomy Department, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrea Cappelleri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy.
- Mouse and Animal Pathology Laboratory (MAPLab), UniMi Foundation, Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Sala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
- Mouse and Animal Pathology Laboratory (MAPLab), UniMi Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Banco
- MYLAV La Vallonea Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Rho, Italy
| | - Chiara Giudice
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Damiano Stefanello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Manuella Militaru
- Pathological Anatomy Department, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Valeria Grieco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
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2
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Łopuszyński W, Brzana A, Szczubiał M, Bulak K, Śmiech A. Topoisomerase IIα immunoexpression in feline mammary carcinomas: A correlation with Ki67 immunoexpression and the mitotic count. Res Vet Sci 2023; 164:104992. [PMID: 37657395 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.104992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the immunohistochemical expression of topoisomerase IIα protein (Topo IIα) with Ki67 expression and mitotic count in feline mammary carcinomas (FMCs). Topo IIα is considered as a proliferation indicator as well as a molecular target of anthracycline chemotherapy. The studied material included 70 FMCs from female cats treated with mastectomy. Primary mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against Topo IIα and Ki67 were used in immunohistochemical reactions. The number of mitotic figures was counted at 400× magnification in a field of 2.37 mm2. Immunohistochemical reaction for Topo IIα occurred in cell nuclei. The Topo IIα index ranged from 6.12% to 54.60% and was positively correlated with the values of the Ki67 index (r = 0.7193) and the mitotic count (r = 0. 2858). This indicates the potential possibility of use of the immunohistochemical expression of Topo IIα to assess the rate of proliferation in FMCs. The wide range of expression of Topo IIα in individual tumorus found in the conducted studies allows us to hypothesize that its assessment could be used as a predictive marker in chemotherapy of FMCs with the use of anthracyclines. However, this requires confirmation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Łopuszyński
- Department of Pathomorphology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Adam Brzana
- Regional Veterinary Inspectorate in Opole, Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Opole, Poland
| | - Marek Szczubiał
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Kamila Bulak
- Department of Pathomorphology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Śmiech
- Department of Pathomorphology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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3
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Burrai GP, Baldassarre V, Brunetti B, Iussich S, Maniscalco L, Mariotti F, Sfacteria A, Cocumelli C, Grieco V, Millanta F, Paciello O, Papparella S, Rasotto R, Romanucci M, Zappulli V. Canine and feline in situ mammary carcinoma: A comparative review. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:894-902. [PMID: 35735255 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221105060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoma in situ of the breast is a well-known entity in humans. In veterinary medicine, particularly in canine and feline mammary literature, there is no agreement whether the term in situ should be used to indicate a specific carcinoma histotype or the noninvasive status of a carcinoma of any histotype. Moreover, in the most recent histologic classification of mammary tumors published by the Davis-Thompson Foundation, it is suggested to abandon the term carcinoma in situ given the lack of standardized criteria defining this entity, replacing it with epitheliosis or ductal/lobular hyperplasia with severe atypia. This publication presents a critical review of the term in situ in human and veterinary medicine considering the evolution of the term over the years and its heterogeneous use by different authors, including variations in immunohistochemical markers for classification. This review aims to point out the lack of uniformity in the nomenclature and classification issues in veterinary medicine regarding the use of the term in situ, laying the ground for a process of standardization in future publications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lorella Maniscalco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Cristiano Cocumelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Rome, Italy
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4
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Mammary Fibroadenoma in Cats: A Matter of Classification. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9060253. [PMID: 35737305 PMCID: PMC9231207 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9060253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Benign mammary lesions are infrequent in cats. Among these, the most common is feline fibroadenomatous change, a hyperplastic/dysplastic change associated with hormonal imbalances. Although never thoroughly described in scientific literature, feline fibroadenomas, which share some morphological features with fibroadenomatous change, have been variably included in classification systems. The aim of this study was to characterise feline mammary fibroadenomas from a histological and immunophenotypical point of view in order to allow the standardisation of classification. Nine cases were retrospectively collected from eight female and one male cat with no history of hormonal stimulation. Diagnostic inclusion criteria were defined and immunohistochemistry was performed. Histologically, nodules were composed of neoplastic epithelial cells arranged in arborizing lobular-like structures surrounded by abundant proliferating stroma. In all analysed cases, epithelial elements showed immunolabelling for pancytokeratin, cytokeratin19, and β-catenin. Interestingly, five cases showed multifocal epithelial vimentin positivity. Epithelial nuclear oestrogen receptor positivity was observed in three of the nine samples. In all cases, myoepithelial cells did not extend into the interstitium. Stromal cells expressed vimentin, calponin, and mild β-catenin. The median Ki67 scores were 18% and 8.3% in the epithelial and stromal components, respectively. This study describes, for the first time, the morphological and immunophenotypical features of feline mammary fibroadenoma, highlighting its existence as a separate entity from fibroadenomatous change.
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Avallone G, Rasotto R, Chambers JK, Miller AD, Behling-Kelly E, Monti P, Berlato D, Valenti P, Roccabianca P. Review of Histological Grading Systems in Veterinary Medicine. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:809-828. [PMID: 33769136 DOI: 10.1177/0300985821999831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor grading is a method to quantify the putative clinical aggressiveness of a neoplasm based on specific histological features. A good grading system should be simple, easy to use, reproducible, and accurately segregate tumors into those with low versus high risk. The aim of this review is to summarize the histological and, when available, cytological grading systems applied in veterinary pathology, providing information regarding their prognostic impact, reproducibility, usefulness, and shortcomings. Most of the grading schemes used in veterinary medicine are developed for common tumor entities. Grading systems exist for soft tissue sarcoma, osteosarcoma, multilobular tumor of bone, mast cell tumor, lymphoma, mammary carcinoma, pulmonary carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, prostatic carcinoma, and central nervous system tumors. The prognostic relevance of many grading schemes has been demonstrated, but for some tumor types the usefulness of grading remains controversial. Furthermore, validation studies are available only for a minority of the grading systems. Contrasting data on the prognostic power of some grading systems, lack of detailed instructions in the materials and methods in some studies, and lack of data on reproducibility and validation studies are discussed for the relevant grading systems. Awareness of the limitations of grading is necessary for pathologists and oncologists to use these systems appropriately and to drive initiatives for their improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Avallone
- Department of Veterinary medical Sciences (DIMEVET), 9296University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | | | - James K Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, 13143The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, 43317Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Erica Behling-Kelly
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Section of Clinical Pathology, 43317Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Paola Monti
- 170851Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Davide Berlato
- 170851AniCura Animal Oncology and Imaging Center, Hünenberg, Switzerland
| | - Paola Valenti
- 534741Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Samarate (VA), Italy
| | - Paola Roccabianca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), 9304University of Milano, Lodi (LO), Italy
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Wood CJ, Chu ML, Selmic LE, Mayhew PD, Holt DE, Martano M, Séguin B, Singh A, Boston SE, Lux C, Liptak JM. Effect of perioperative desmopressin in cats with mammary carcinoma treated with bilateral mastectomy. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 19:724-734. [PMID: 32619339 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Perioperative administration of desmopressin has shown to significantly decrease rates of local recurrence and metastasis, and increase survival times in dogs with grade II and III mammary carcinomas. The objective of this study was to compare the oncologic outcome of cats with mammary carcinoma treated with bilateral mastectomy with or without perioperative administration of desmopressin. Medical records from nine veterinary institutions were searched to identify cats diagnosed with mammary carcinoma treated with bilateral mastectomy. Sixty cats treated with single-session or staged bilateral mastectomy were included. There were no significant differences in oncologic outcomes found between cats treated and not treated with desmopressin. No adverse effects were seen in any of the cats treated with perioperative desmopressin. Postoperative complications occurred in 18 cats (38.3%) treated with single-session bilateral mastectomy and in three cats (23.1%) treated with staged bilateral mastectomy (P = .48). Histologic grade and a modification of a proposed five-stage histologic staging system were both prognostic for disease-free interval. Incomplete histologic excision was associated with significantly increased rates of metastasis and tumour progression, and a shorter median survival time (MST). Cats that developed local recurrence also had a significantly shorter MST. The results of this study do not support the use of perioperative desmopressin to improve outcome when performing bilateral mastectomy for the treatment of mammary carcinoma in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaret L Chu
- VCA Canada - Alta Vista Animal Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura E Selmic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Philipp D Mayhew
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - David E Holt
- Section of Surgery, Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marina Martano
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Bernard Séguin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Ameet Singh
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah E Boston
- VCA Canada - 404 Veterinary Emergency and Referral, Newmarket, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cassie Lux
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Julius M Liptak
- VCA Canada - Alta Vista Animal Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Chocteau F, Boulay MM, Besnard F, Valeau G, Loussouarn D, Nguyen F. Proposal for a Histological Staging System of Mammary Carcinomas in Dogs and Cats. Part 2: Feline Mammary Carcinomas. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:387. [PMID: 31788484 PMCID: PMC6856636 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Feline mammary carcinomas (FMCs) are characterized by a high frequency of metastatic spread. The clinical TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system is used to describe local, regional, and distant tumor extent within the patient, but few publications confirmed its association with survival in cats with FMC. The purpose of this study was to determine if the histological staging system proposed for dogs in part 1 of this article had significant association with prognosis in cats. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 395 female cats with a surgically removed mammary carcinoma, with a 2-year follow-up. Invasiveness (distinction between in situ and invasive FMCs), the pathologic tumor size (pT), lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and the pathologic nodal stage (pN) defined a 5-stage system: Stage 0 (FMCs in situ), Stage I (pT1, LVI–, pN0–pNX), Stage II (pT2, LVI–, pN0–pNX), Stage IIIA (pT1, LVI+ and/or pN+), and Stage IIIB (pT2, LVI+ and/or pN+), where pT1 was ≤20 mm, pT2 was >20 mm, and pNX corresponded to unsampled draining lymph node. Results: Higher histological stages were associated with reduced disease-free interval, overall survival, and specific survival. For cancer-specific survival, by univariate analysis (p < 0.0001), median survival times and 1-year specific survival rates (1ySSR) were: stage 0 (1484 days; 1ySSR = 85%; N = 55; 14% of the cats), stage I (808 days; 1ySSR = 76%; N = 103; 26%), stage II (377 days; 1ySSR = 51%; N = 56; 14%), stage IIIA (448 days; 1ySSR = 60%; N = 83; 21%), and stage IIIB (207 days; 1ySSR = 29%; N = 98; 25%). The histological stages were also associated with specific survival by multivariate analysis (Hazard Ratio (HR) = 2.72 for stage IIIB, HR = 1.76 for stage IIIA, HR = 1.50 for stage II compared with stage I), independently of Progesterone Receptor expression (HR = 0.34 for PR+ compared with PR– FMCs) and tumor-associated inflammation (HR = 1.33 when moderate to severe compared with absent to mild). Conclusion: A same histological staging system could be applied in dogs and cats with mammary carcinoma to refine prognosis assessment. In the near future, a preoperative complete tumor clinical staging and treatment based on the published standard of care should be performed in order to better validate the histological staging system here proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Chocteau
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Mélanie Boulay
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Fanny Besnard
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Germain Valeau
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Delphine Loussouarn
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Frédérique Nguyen
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France.,CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Integrated Center for Oncology Nantes/Angers, Nantes, France
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8
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Vilhena H, Tvarijonaviciute A, Cerón JJ, Figueira AC, Miranda S, Ribeiro A, Canadas A, Dias-Pereira P, Rubio CP, Franco L, Tecles F, Cabeças R, Pastor J, Silvestre-Ferreira AC. Acute phase proteins and biomarkers of oxidative status in feline spontaneous malignant mammary tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 17:394-406. [PMID: 31025532 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Acute phase proteins (APP) and biomarkers of oxidative status change in human and canine mammary tumours, however, they have not been studied in feline mammary tumours. The aims of this study were to investigate the APP and antioxidant responses in feline malignant mammary tumours, to evaluate their relation with tumour features, and to assess their prognostic value. Serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), albumin, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), insulin-like growth factor1 (IGF1), paraoxonase1 (PON1), total serum thiols (Thiol), glutathione peroxidase (GPox) and total antioxidant capacity determined by different assays, including trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assessed by two different methodologies (TEAC1/2), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), were determined in serum of 50 queens with spontaneous mammary carcinomas and of 12 healthy female cats. At diagnosis, diseased queens presented significantly higher SAA and Hp, and lower albumin, BChE, GPox, TEAC1, TEAC2 and CUPRAC than controls. Different tumour features influenced concentrations of APP and antioxidants. Increases in serum Hp, and decreases in albumin, Thiol and FRAP were significantly associated with neoplastic vascular emboli, metastasis in regional lymph nodes and/or in distant organs. Distant metastasis development during the course of the disease was associated with increases in SAA and TEAC1. At diagnosis, decreased albumin was associated with a longer survival, and BChE <1.15 μmoL/mL.minute was associated with a shorter survival time on multivariate analysis. Feline malignant mammary tumours are associated with an APP response and oxidative stress, and different tumour features influence the inflammatory response and the oxidative damage. Furthermore, some of these analytes proved to have prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Vilhena
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), Vasco da Gama Universitary School, Coimbra, Portugal.,Baixo Vouga Veterinary Hospital, Águeda, Portugal.,Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana C Figueira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), Vasco da Gama Universitary School, Coimbra, Portugal.,University Veterinary Hospital of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sónia Miranda
- Baixo Vouga Veterinary Hospital, Águeda, Portugal.,Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Ribeiro
- Veterinary Policlinic of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Canadas
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute for the Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Porto University (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Dias-Pereira
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute for the Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Porto University (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Camila P Rubio
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lorena Franco
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ricardo Cabeças
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), Vasco da Gama Universitary School, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Josep Pastor
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana C Silvestre-Ferreira
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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9
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Dagher E, Abadie J, Loussouarn D, Campone M, Nguyen F. Feline Invasive Mammary Carcinomas: Prognostic Value of Histological Grading. Vet Pathol 2019; 56:660-670. [PMID: 31113336 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819846870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Feline mammary carcinomas are highly malignant tumors usually associated with poor outcome. Nevertheless, survival times can differ significantly according to various prognostic factors. The Elston and Ellis (EE) histologic grading system, originally developed for human breast cancer, is commonly used to grade feline mammary carcinomas, although it is not really adapted for this species, hence the need of a more relevant grading system. Although few veterinary studies attempted to validate previously published results in an independent cohort, the aim of our study was to evaluate the prognostic value of different histologic grading systems in feline invasive mammary carcinomas, including the EE grading system applicable to human breast cancers and the modified and newly designed histologic grading systems recently proposed by Mills et al. Survey data and histologic features of 342 feline invasive mammary carcinomas were analyzed with respect to overall and cancer-specific survival. The histological grading system with best prognostic value was the mitotic-modified Elston and Ellis (MMEE) grading system: grade III carcinomas (P = .04, hazard ratio [HR] = 1.46, 95% CI, 1.01-2.11), grade II (P = .03, HR = 1.39, 95% CI, 1.03-1.88), and grade I carcinomas (HR = 1.00, reference), with decreasing hazard ratios significantly were associated with a worse overall survival, independently from the pathologic tumor size (pT ≥ 20 mm: P = .002, HR = 1.45, 95% CI, 1.15-1.83) and positive nodal stage (P = .001, HR = 1.51, 95% CI, 1.18-1.94). This retrospective study validates Mills et al's proposal to adapt the thresholds for mitotic counts to better assess the histological grade of the highly proliferative mammary carcinomas encountered in the cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Dagher
- 1 AMaROC, Oniris (Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering), France
| | - Jérôme Abadie
- 1 AMaROC, Oniris (Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering), France.,2 CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Delphine Loussouarn
- 2 CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,3 Department of Pathology, University hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Mario Campone
- 2 CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,4 ICO, Integrated Center for Oncology Nantes, Angers, France
| | - Frédérique Nguyen
- 1 AMaROC, Oniris (Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering), France.,2 CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,4 ICO, Integrated Center for Oncology Nantes, Angers, France
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10
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De Campos CB, Damasceno KA, Gamba CO, Ribeiro AM, Machado CJ, Lavalle GE, Cassali GD. Evaluation of prognostic factors and survival rates in malignant feline mammary gland neoplasms. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18:1003-1012. [PMID: 26460079 PMCID: PMC11112230 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15610367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to investigate prognostic factors in feline mammary gland neoplasms, correlating them with overall survival (OS). METHODS Fifty-six primary malignant mammary gland neoplasms and 16 metastatic lymph nodes from 37 female cats were analyzed. Clinical staging, histologic type and grade, and immunohistochemistry for Ki-67, progesterone and estrogen receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER-2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were evaluated. Follow-up was performed in order to correlate prognostic factors with OS. RESULTS Lymph node metastasis was found in 35% of cases. Clinical stage III, tubulopapillary carcinomas and histologic grade II cases prevailed in the study. Most neoplasms were positive for hormonal receptors, negative for HER-2 overexpression and presented VEGF overexpression. Immunoreactivity for Ki-67 (P = 0.046) and COX-2 (P = 0.007) was higher in metastases than in primary tumors. COX-2 (P = 0.089), HER-2 (P = 0.012) and histologic grade (P = 0.080) were correlated with OS. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The data suggest that inhibition of ovarian hormones and COX-2 may represent a therapeutic option for malignant feline mammary gland neoplasms. When evaluating disease progression, COX-2 scores and Ki-67 index should be analyzed in primary tumors and metastases. Histologic grade, HER-2 status and COX-2 scores were found to have a direct influence on OS. Prognostic factors allow for a better understanding of disease outcome in a condition that is characterized by a poor prognosis. The present work highlights the need for further studies on endocrine therapy and COX-2 inhibitors, which could influence OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia B De Campos
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences of the Sao Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP) - Jaboticabal Campus, Jaboticabal, Brazil
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Department of General Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Karine A Damasceno
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Department of General Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Conrado O Gamba
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Department of General Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana M Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Department of General Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carla J Machado
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gleidice E Lavalle
- Veterinary Hospital, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Geovanni D Cassali
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Department of General Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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11
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Shafiee R, Javanbakht J, Atyabi N, Bahrami A, Kheradmand D, Safaei R, Khadivar F, Hosseini E. Retraction Note: Comparative value of clinical, cytological, and histopathological features in feline mammary gland tumors; an experimental model for the study of human breast cancer. Diagn Pathol 2016; 11:116. [PMID: 27802813 PMCID: PMC5090942 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-016-0574-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Radmehr Shafiee
- Graduate, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Javanbakht
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nahid Atyabi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Danial Kheradmand
- Graduate Student of Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Safaei
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Khadivar
- Graduate, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Hosseini
- Paraveterinary Faculty of Ilam, University of Ilam, Ilam, Iran
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12
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Seixas F, Palmeira C, Pires MA, Lopes C. Mammary Invasive Micropapillary Carcinoma in Cats: Clinicopathologic Features and Nuclear DNA Content. Vet Pathol 2016; 44:842-8. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-6-842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMC) is a variant of infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast associated with poor outcome. In this study, we report 16 carcinomas of the feline mammary gland displaying histologic features that correspond to IMC of the breast in women. The clinicopathologic findings, overall survival time, disease-free survival time, and nuclear DNA content of these cats were compared with 65 more common invasive mammary carcinomas (other feline mammary carcinoma [FMC]) of nonspecified type. IMC was associated with larger tumor size, higher histologic grade ( P < .0001), deeper muscle invasion ( P = .004), and more frequent lymphovascular invasion and nodal metastases ( P = .009 and P = .001, respectively) than other FMCs. The aneuploid pattern was more frequent in IMC lesions. IMCs were also associated with lower survival rates. In summary, all cases of feline IMC were associated with clinicopathologic features of high biologic aggressiveness and should be classified as independent histologic types of FMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Seixas
- Veterinary Sciences Department, Centre of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - C. Palmeira
- Immunology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, and Pathology Department, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal
| | - M. A. Pires
- Veterinary Sciences Department, Centre of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - C. Lopes
- Molecular Pathology and Immunology Department, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, University of Porto, and Pathology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
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13
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Soares M, Madeira S, Correia J, Peleteiro M, Cardoso F, Ferreira F. Molecular based subtyping of feline mammary carcinomas and clinicopathological characterization. Breast 2016; 27:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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14
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Immunohistochemical quantification of the cobalamin transport protein, cell surface receptor and Ki-67 in naturally occurring canine and feline malignant tumors and in adjacent normal tissues. Oncotarget 2016; 6:2331-48. [PMID: 25633912 PMCID: PMC4385855 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells have an obligate need for cobalamin (vitamin B12) to enable DNA synthesis necessary for cellular replication. This study quantified the immunohistochemical expression of the cobalamin transport protein (transcobalamin II; TCII), cell surface receptor (transcobalamin II-R; TCII-R) and proliferation protein (Ki-67) in naturally occurring canine and feline malignant tumors, and compared these results to expression in corresponding adjacent normal tissues. All malignant tumor tissues stained positively for TCII, TCII-R and Ki-67 proteins; expression varied both within and between tumor types. Expression of TCII, TCII-R and Ki-67 was significantly higher in malignant tumor tissues than in corresponding adjacent normal tissues in both species. There was a strong correlation between TCII and TCII-R expression, and a modest correlation between TCII-R and Ki-67 expression in both species; a modest association between TCII and Ki-67 expression was present in canine tissues only. These results demonstrate a quantifiable, synchronous up-regulation of TCII and TCII-R expression by proliferating canine and feline malignant tumors. The potential to utilize these proteins as biomarkers to identify neoplastic tissues, streamline therapeutic options, evaluate response to anti-tumor therapy and monitor for recurrent disease has important implications in the advancement of cancer management for both human and companion animal patients.
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15
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Soares M, Ribeiro R, Carvalho S, Peleteiro M, Correia J, Ferreira F. Ki-67 as a Prognostic Factor in Feline Mammary Carcinoma: What Is the Optimal Cutoff Value? Vet Pathol 2015; 53:37-43. [PMID: 26080833 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815588606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ki-67 is a nuclear protein and a proliferation marker frequently used in establishing the prognosis for breast cancer patients. To investigate the prognostic value of the Ki-67 proliferation index in female cats with mammary carcinoma, a prospective study was conducted with 96 animals. The Ki-67 index of primary tumors (n = 96) was initially determined, and whenever possible, the Ki-67 index of regional lymph node metastasis (n = 38) and distant metastasis (n = 16) was also estimated. The optimal cutoff value for the Ki-67 index was determined by univariate and multivariate analysis. Ki-67 indices ≥ 14% were detected in 72.9% (70 of 96) of the tumors. Tumors with a Ki-67 index ≥ 14% were significantly associated with large size (P = .022), poor differentiation (P = .009), presence of necrotic areas (P = .008), estrogen receptor-negative status (P < .0001), fHER2-negative status (P = .003), and shorter overall survival (P = .012). Moreover, Ki-67 expression in the primary tumor was strongly and positively correlated with both regional metastasis (P < .0001; r = 0.83) and distant metastasis (P < .0001; r = 0.83), and was significantly higher in distant metastases when compared with the primary tumor (P = .0009). A similar correlation was also observed between regional and distant metastasis (P < .0001; r = 0.75). On the basis of the above results, the authors propose the adoption of the 14% value as the optimal cutoff for Ki-67 to identify tumors with high risk of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Soares
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portuga
| | - R Ribeiro
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portuga
| | - S Carvalho
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portuga
| | - M Peleteiro
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portuga
| | - J Correia
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portuga
| | - F Ferreira
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portuga
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16
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Manesh JYY, Shafiee R, Pedram B, Malayeri HZ, Mohajer S, Ahmadi S, Ahmadi S, Javanbakht J, Mokarizadeh A, Khadivar F. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Improving the diagnosis, treatment, and biology patterns of feline mammary intraepithelial lesions: a potential model for human breast masses with evidence from epidemiologic and cytohistopathologic studies. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:12109-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2515-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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17
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Mills SW, Musil KM, Davies JL, Hendrick S, Duncan C, Jackson ML, Kidney B, Philibert H, Wobeser BK, Simko E. Prognostic value of histologic grading for feline mammary carcinoma: a retrospective survival analysis. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:238-49. [PMID: 25060990 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814543198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Feline mammary carcinoma is highly malignant and generally associated with a poor prognosis, although studies suggest the range of survival times in affected cats is broad. Histologic grading of these tumors is achieved using the Elston and Ellis system, originally developed for human breast cancer. In cats, however, classification using this method has variable prognostic value. Therefore, objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the Elston and Ellis grading system for feline mammary carcinoma in a predominantly spayed population and (2) to determine whether modification of this system or development of a novel system improved the prognostic value of histologic grading. Survey data and histologic features for 108 carcinomas from 97 cats were analyzed with respect to overall survival. Elston and Ellis grading failed to correlate significantly with overall survival. Using multivariable analysis, lymphovascular invasion, nuclear form, and mitotic count each demonstrated independent prognostic significance (P = .008, <.001, and .004, respectively). Modifications of the Elston and Ellis system and a novel grading system were proposed based on these results; all showed significant correlation with overall survival (P < .001). Median survival times were 27, 29, or 31 months for grade I; 14, 12, or 14 months for grade II; and 13, 5, or 8 months for grade III carcinomas using the mitotic-modified Elston and Ellis, the revised Elston and Ellis, or the novel grading system, respectively. Based on this retrospective study, adoption of the species-specific systems as proposed here may improve the prognostic value of histologic grading for feline mammary carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Mills
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada Indicates equal contribution
| | - K M Musil
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada Indicates equal contribution
| | - J L Davies
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S Hendrick
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - C Duncan
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - M L Jackson
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - B Kidney
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - H Philibert
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - B K Wobeser
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - E Simko
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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18
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Millanta F, Asproni P, Canale A, Citi S, Poli A. COX-2, mPGES-1 and EP2 receptor immunohistochemical expression in canine and feline malignant mammary tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2014; 14:270-80. [PMID: 24824420 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG) signalling is involved in human and animal cancer development. PG E2 (PGE2 ) tumour-promoting activity has been confirmed and its production is controlled by Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1). Evidence suggests that mPGES-1 and COX-2 contribute to carcinogenesis through the EP2 receptor. The aim of our study was to detect by immunohistochemistry COX-2, mPGES-1 and EP2 receptor expression in canine (n = 46) and feline (n = 50) mammary tumours and in mammary non-neoplastic tissues. COX-2 positivity was observed in 83% canine and 81% feline mammary carcinomas, mPGES-1 in 75% canine and 66% feline mammary carcinomas and the EP2 receptor expression was observed in 89% canine and 54% feline carcinomas. The frequency of COX-2, EP2 receptor and mPGES-1 expression was significantly higher in carcinomas than in non-neoplastic tissues and adenomas. COX-2, mPGES-1 and EP2 receptor expression was strongly associated. These findings support a role of the COX-2/PGE2 pathway in the pathogenesis of these tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Millanta
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - P Asproni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Canale
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - S Citi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Poli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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19
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Zappulli V, Rasotto R, Caliari D, Mainenti M, Peña L, Goldschmidt MH, Kiupel M. Prognostic evaluation of feline mammary carcinomas: a review of the literature. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:46-60. [PMID: 24741029 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814528221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A large number of studies have investigated feline mammary tumors in an attempt to identify prognostic markers and generate comparative analyses with human breast cancer. Nevertheless, a retrospective base of assessments and the lack of standardization in methodology and study design have caused weakness in study results, making comparison difficult. We examined feline mammary tumor publications and evaluated postulated prognostic parameters according to the recently published "Recommended Guidelines for the Conduct and Evaluation of Prognostic Studies in Veterinary Oncology." Using these criteria, we determined with statistically significant reliability that prognostic parameters for feline mammary tumors are tumor grading and lymph node/lymphovascular invasion. Furthermore, tumor subtype, size, and staging are worthy of further standardized investigation. We present statistical significance for each studied parameter as well as its relevance to disease progression and survival. Our evaluation suggests that marker expression (ie, Ki67, HER2, ER) may provide relevant information applicable for therapeutic predictions; however, consensus efforts and protocol standardization are needed. We identify and discuss major points of concern--such as sample preservation and selection, standardization of immunohistochemical protocols, and evaluation of results--to provide support for subsequent reliable analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Zappulli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Italy
| | | | - D Caliari
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Italy
| | - M Mainenti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Italy
| | - L Peña
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery, and Pathology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - M H Goldschmidt
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - M Kiupel
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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20
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Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Mammary tumours are among the most common neoplasms in both cats and dogs, but the prevalence of malignant histological types is far higher in cats (ratio of malignant:benign is at least 4:1). CLINICAL CHALLENGES The more aggressive nature of mammary neoplasia in cats poses challenges for management. Prognosis is affected by tumour size and, therefore, early recognition and treatment of mammary tumours is paramount. Although the primary tumour can be excised surgically, no studies have shown that chemotherapy significantly extends survival time; hence, metastatic spread remains an important clinical problem. PATIENT GROUP Mammary tumours usually affect older female cats, mainly entire females. Siamese and Oriental breeds may be predisposed. Male cats can develop mammary neoplasia, but this is rare. EVIDENCE BASE This review summarises the current literature relating to aetiology, pathology, presentation, diagnosis, staging, treatment and prognosis of feline mammary tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Morris
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
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21
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Gregório H, Pires I, Seixas F, Queiroga F. Mammary invasive micropapillary carcinoma in a male cat: Immunohistochemical description and clinical follow-up. Acta Vet Hung 2012; 60:257-61. [PMID: 22609996 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2012.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We describe the case of a 14-year-old Domestic Short Hair male cat that presented with a single mammary tumour one centimetre in diameter, classified as invasive micropapillary carcinoma. Histology and immunohistochemistry revealed a high mitotic index, a KI-67 index of 10%, a lack of reactivity to myoepithelial markers, and a dense infiltration with T and B lymphocytes at the periphery of the tumour. Micrometastases were detected in the regional lymph node at the time of surgery. Overall survival time was 10 months with a disease-free interval of 7.5 months. Distant metastases in the sublumbar lymph nodes confirmed the aggressiveness of this tumour, which has recently been subtyped in female cats. This is the first case reported in male cats with a complete follow-up, highlighting the importance of prompt and aggressive treatment in the presence of mammary tumours in male cats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel Pires
- 2 University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro CECAV 5001-801 Vila Real Portugal
| | - Fernanda Seixas
- 2 University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro CECAV 5001-801 Vila Real Portugal
| | - Felisbina Queiroga
- 2 University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro CECAV 5001-801 Vila Real Portugal
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22
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Primary Corneal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a Dog: Clinical and Histopathological Evaluation. Case Rep Vet Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1155/2012/596593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An 8-year-old male pug with a 12-month history of a progressive nonpainful mass on the left cornea was evaluated. Ocular examination showed a severe bilateral keratoconjunctivitis sicca, pigmentary keratitis, and an exophytic irregular pink mass occupying approximately 75% of the total corneal surface of the left eye. A squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was suspected on cytology, and clinical investigations showed no evidence of metastases. A transpalpebral enucleation was therefore performed, and the diagnosis of SCC was confirmed on histopathology. Immunohistochemical investigations showed that the neoplastic cells were pan-cytokeratin positive and vimentin negative. Additionally, nuclei immunoreactive to Ki-67 antigen were detected. Tumor cells were also negative to p53. Immunoreactivity to COX-2 was found in less than 10% of the neoplastic cells. No adjuvant therapies were instituted, and no evidence of local recurrence or distance metastasis was identified during the 24-month follow-up period.
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23
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Rasotto R, Caliari D, Castagnaro M, Zanetti R, Zappulli V. An Immunohistochemical Study of HER-2 Expression in Feline Mammary Tumours. J Comp Pathol 2011; 144:170-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Burrai GP, Mohammed SI, Miller MA, Marras V, Pirino S, Addis MF, Uzzau S, Antuofermo E. Spontaneous feline mammary intraepithelial lesions as a model for human estrogen receptor- and progesterone receptor-negative breast lesions. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:156. [PMID: 20412586 PMCID: PMC2873946 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women. Intraepithelial lesions (IELs), such as usual ductal hyperplasia (UH), atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) are risk factors that predict a woman's chance of developing invasive breast cancer. Therefore, a comparative study that establishes an animal model of pre-invasive lesions is needed for the development of preventative measures and effective treatment for both mammary IELs and tumors. The purpose of this study was to characterize the histologic and molecular features of feline mammary IELs and compare them with those in women. Methods Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens (n = 205) from 203 female cats with clinical mammary disease were retrieved from the archives of the Purdue University Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Veterinary Teaching Hospital (West Lafayette, IN), and the Department of Pathology and Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine (Sassari, Italy). Histologic sections, stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), were evaluated for the presence of IELs in tissue adjacent to excised mammary tumors. Lesions were compared to those of humans. Immunohistochemistry for estrogen receptor (ER-alpha), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2/neu) and Ki-67 was performed in IELs and adjacent tumor tissues. Results Intraepithelial lesions were found in 57 of 203 (28%) feline mammary specimens and were categorized as UH (27%), ADH (29%), and DCIS (44%). Most IELs with atypia (ADH and DCIS) were associated with mammary cancer (91%), whereas UH was associated with benign lesions in 53% of cases. Feline IELs were remarkably similar to human IELs. No ER or PR immunoreactivity was detected in intermediate-grade or high-grade DCIS or their associated malignant tumors. HER-2 protein overexpression was found in 27% of IELs. Conclusion The remarkable similarity of feline mammary IELs to those of humans, with the tendency to lose hormone receptor expression in atypical IELs, supports the cat as a possible model to study ER- and PR-negative breast lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni P Burrai
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sassari University, Italy
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25
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Seixas F, Palmeira C, Pires MA, Bento MJ, Lopes C. Grade is an independent prognostic factor for feline mammary carcinomas: a clinicopathological and survival analysis. Vet J 2009; 187:65-71. [PMID: 19955006 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Feline mammary carcinomas (FMC) are highly infiltrative tumours which show a strong tendency for local recurrence and metastasis. Histological type assessment of these tumours is not sufficiently discriminatory in predicting prognosis and in this study the prognostic significance of the Elston and Ellis method of histological grading was evaluated. Ninety-two feline mammary carcinomas from 84 cats were graded and 64 queens were included in a follow-up study. Grade was significantly related to tumour size (P=0.006), clinical stage (P=0.005), lymphovascular invasion (P<0.0001), mitotic index (P<0.0001), Ki67 index (P=0.001), overall survival (P=0.0001) and disease-free survival (P<0.0001). Cox regression analysis identified grade as an independent prognostic factor. Multivariable analysis also showed regional lymph node metastasis and lymphovascular emboli as independent prognostic factors related to overall survival and to disease-free-survival, respectively. The study demonstrated that histological grading can be used as a prognostic factor to evaluate the biological behaviour of FMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Seixas
- Centre of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-811 Vila Real, Portugal.
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26
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Seixas F, Palmeira C, Pires MA, Lopes C. Are complex carcinoma of the feline mammary gland and other invasive mammary carcinoma identical tumours? Comparison of clinicopathologic features, DNA ploidy and follow up. Res Vet Sci 2008; 84:428-33. [PMID: 17663997 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Feline mammary carcinomas are known for their unfavourable prognosis due to a strong tendency to local recurrence and metastasis. We studied 73 spontaneous primary mammary carcinomas and identified eight cases presenting a biphasic nature, with neoplastic epithelial and myoepithelial cells (complex carcinoma). These cases presented histopathologic features associated with a better prognosis; they were also associated with higher overall survival and disease-free survival rates compared to other common invasive mammary carcinomas of non-specified type. Complex carcinoma appears to be a low-grade malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Seixas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, CECAV, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-811 Vila Real, Portugal.
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27
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Seixas F, Pires MA, Lopes CA. Complex carcinomas of the mammary gland in cats: Pathological and immunohistochemical features. Vet J 2008; 176:210-5. [PMID: 17459738 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Biphasic epithelial myoepithelial (complex) carcinomas of the feline mammary gland are rare. This article describes the pathological and immunohistochemical features and clinical outcome of eight cases of feline mammary carcinomas displaying complex morphology. This tumour type is a low grade malignancy that shows histopathological features distinctive from more common feline mammary carcinomas and from complex mammary carcinomas of dogs. It appears to have a better overall survival than other carcinomas of the mammary gland of cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Seixas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, CECAV, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-811 Vila Real, Portugal.
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28
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Morris JS, Nixon C, Bruck A, Nasir L, Morgan IM, Philbey AW. Immunohistochemical expression of TopBP1 in feline mammary neoplasia in relation to histological grade, Ki67, ERα and p53. Vet J 2008; 175:218-26. [PMID: 17336111 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2006] [Revised: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The immunohistochemical expression of topoisomerase IIbeta binding protein 1 (TopBP1) was examined in 123 feline mammary lesions (18 non-neoplastic lesions including six fibroadenomatous hyperplasia and 12 duct ectasia, 17 adenomas and 88 carcinomas) in relation to histological grade, oestrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) status, proliferation index (Ki67) and p53 expression. There was positive staining for TopBP1 in 122 of 123 feline mammary lesions, although nine samples had fewer than 20% positive cells. The percentage of cells positive for TopBP1 increased with histological grade. Most staining was nuclear but both nuclear and cytoplasmic staining was observed as the degree of malignancy increased. TopBP1 is expressed in feline mammary tumours and its expression is correlated with histological grade. Many neoplasms which over-express p53 or are ERalpha negative show TopBP1 immunoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna S Morris
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
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Gutschalk CM, Herold-Mende CC, Fusenig NE, Mueller MM. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor promote malignant growth of cells from head and neck squamous cell carcinomas in vivo. Cancer Res 2007; 66:8026-36. [PMID: 16912178 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are used to ameliorate cancer therapy-induced neutropenia and mucositis. Yet, first data in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) indicate an impaired long-term prognosis on G-CSF treatment, and previous studies showed a contribution of both factors to the progression of human epithelial tumors. Therefore, we investigate the role of G-CSF and GM-CSF in progression of tumor cells from human HNSCC. Both factors stimulated proliferation and migration of tumor cell lines established from patient tumors expressing G-CSF and GM-CSF and/or their receptors. Blockade of G-CSF and GM-CSF inhibited tumor cell invasion in a three-dimensional organotypic culture model. The contribution of both factors to tumor malignancy was further confirmed in nude mouse transplants in vivo. Invasive and malignant growth yielding a similar tumor phenotype as the original patient tumor was exclusively observed in G-CSF- and GM-CSF-expressing tumors and was associated with enhanced and persistent angiogenesis and enhanced inflammatory cell recruitment. Although factor-negative tumors grew somewhat faster, they were characterized by lack of invasion, reduced and transient angiogenesis, and large necrotic areas. These data provide evidence for a progression-promoting effect of G-CSF and GM-CSF in human HNSCC and suggest further detailed evaluation of their use in the therapy of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Gutschalk
- Group of Tumour and Microenvironment, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
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30
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McAloose D, Munson L, Naydan DK. Histologic features of mammary carcinomas in zoo felids treated with melengestrol acetate (MGA) contraceptives. Vet Pathol 2007; 44:320-6. [PMID: 17491073 DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-3-320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Melengestrol acetate (MGA), a potent synthetic progestin, has been used as a contraceptive in zoo felids since 1975. Mammary gland carcinomas have been linked to MGA treatment in zoo felids, but the histologic features of these tumors and steroid receptor expression have not been described. Zoo felid mammary tumors were requested from participating zoos from 1986 through 1998, and 31 mammary carcinomas from 28 MGA-treated and 3 untreated felids were received. The carcinomas were evaluated on the basis of histologic pattern, tumor grade, and occurrence of metastasis; then features of the tumors were compared to determine if carcinomas in MGA-treated felids differed from those that occur spontaneously. Estrogen- and progesterone-receptor expression was evaluated in 17 of the 31 carcinomas. Of the 31 tumors, 22 (70.9%) had multiple histologic patterns, 29 (93.5%) were high grade, and 28 (90.3%) had metastasized. Within tumors, the tubulopapillary pattern was most common (87.1%, n = 27); solid (61.3%, n = 19), cribriform (38.7%, n = 12), and comedone (25.8%, n = 8) patterns were less common; and the mucinous (3.2%, n = 1) pattern was rare. Both MGA-treated and untreated zoo felids had similar patterns and grades of mammary gland cancer as well as prevalence of metastasis. These results indicate that mammary carcinomas in zoo felids are high grade with a predominant tubulopapillary pattern and aggressive behavior. Five of 17 carcinomas expressed progesterone receptors, and 1 of 17 expressed estrogen receptors. Although more zoo felids with cancer had been exposed to MGA in this study, mammary carcinomas were similar in appearance and behavior in untreated and MGA-treated zoo felids. The association of MGA with the development of malignant mammary gland tumors should be considered when using this contraceptive in zoo felids.
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Affiliation(s)
- D McAloose
- Department of Pathology, University of California Davis, CA, USA.
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31
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Millanta F, Citi S, Della Santa D, Porciani M, Poli A. COX-2 expression in canine and feline invasive mammary carcinomas: correlation with clinicopathological features and prognostic fmolecular markers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; 98:115-20. [PMID: 16538539 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-005-9138-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is an inducible enzyme linked to tumor growth and angiogenesis. Its expression occurs in a wide range of preneoplastic and neoplastic conditions in humans, including colon and breast carcinomas. We evaluated the role of COX-2 as a mediator of angiogenesis in feline and canine invasive carcinomas (IMCs) and its role as a prognostic indicator. COX-2 expression was assessed in neoplastic samples and healthy mammary glands by immunohistochemistry, and related to the following clinicopathological parameters: age, tumor size, histologic type, tumor grading, vessel invasion, estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status, Ki-67, HER-2 overexpression, microvessel density (MVD), VEGF expression and overall survival (OS). In both species, COX-2 immunoreactivity was not observed in healthy tissues, whereas 96% of feline and 100% of canine invasive carcinomas scored positive. In queens, COX-2 overexpression was significantly correlated to ER-negative status (p=0.04) and to increased PR (p=0.038) expression, and angiogenesis assessed by VEGF expression (p=0.002). In bitches an increased COX-2 expression was significantly correlated to HER-2 overexpression (p=0.013) and to tumor dedifferentiation (p=0.03). In both species increased levels of COX-2 were correlated to poorer prognosis (p=0.03 in dogs and p=0.002 in cats). COX-2 is expressed in mammary tissues during tumorigenesis and its expression is associated with a poorer prognosis in bitches and queens. The correlation of COX-2 expression and angiogenesis provides support for a potential role of COX-2 inhibitors for the prevention and the treatment of feline IMCs via their anti-angiogenic properties. In the canine species, moreover, COX-2 may be important for mediating HER-2 induced mammary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Millanta
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Dias Pereira P, Carvalheira J, Gärtner F. Cell proliferation in feline normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic mammary tissue – an immunohistochemical study. Vet J 2004; 168:180-5. [PMID: 15301767 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2003.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The expression of a proliferation cell marker in neoplastic and non-neoplastic mammary tissue in 31 cats was assessed by immunohistochemistry in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples using a monoclonal antibody against nuclear antigen Ki-67 (MIB-1). The results revealed that cell proliferation was more intense in hyperplastic than in normal mammary tissue. Carcinomas exhibited a higher MIB-1 index than benign tumours. There was also a positive correlation between proliferative activity and the histological grade of carcinomas. Fibroadenomatous change, which is considered to be hyperplastic and associated with favourable biological behaviour, exhibited high proliferative activity involving both epithelial and mesenchymal components. MIB-1 detected in formalin-fixed material with pre-treatment with antigen retrieval solution appeared to be a reliable marker of proliferation in feline mammary tumours, but further studies are needed to investigate the value of this proliferation marker in predicting clinical outcome and/or as a prognostic factor in feline mammary lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dias Pereira
- ICBAS--Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
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Millanta F, Lazzeri G, Vannozzi I, Viacava P, Poli A. Correlation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression to overall survival in feline invasive mammary carcinomas. Vet Pathol 2002; 39:690-6. [PMID: 12450199 DOI: 10.1354/vp.39-6-690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Samples from feline invasive mammary carcinomas (FMCs) were used to determine the prognostic significance of the immunohistochemical expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and microvessel density (MVD). Forty-eight queens bearing FMCs were included in a 2-year follow-up study. Mammary tumors were classified according to the World Health Organization system and graded on the basis of histologic criteria. Tumor sections were immunostained using anti-VEGF and anti-von Willebrand factor (vWf) antibodies. VEGF expression was quantified on the basis of the percentage of positive cells. MVD of vWf-positive microvessels was determined by both mean microvessel counts and highest microvessel counts. Normal mammary gland tissues showed an inconspicuous VEGF staining. In FMCs the proportion of VEGF-positive cells was significantly higher in papillary and solid carcinomas than in tubular and papillary cystic tumors. An increased number of cells expressing VEGF was also observed in poorly differentiated FMCS. Sixteen (33.3%) of the queens bearing invasive carcinomas were still alive at the end of the 2-year follow-up period, and 32 (66.7%) had died. The VEGF expression was significantly correlated with the clinical outcome, but no correlation was observed with the invasion of lymphatic vessels. A correlation between the higher percentage of VEGF-positive cells and the unfavorable prognosis was demonstrated by the estimation of curves for overall survival (P = 0.03). Univariate analysis showed that MVD did not correlate with the overall survival. The results of our study demonstrated that VEGF expression, although not associated with increased angiogenesis, is a prognostic indicator in feline mammary tumors. In contrast, there is no support for a role of neovascularization as an indicator of survivability.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/biosynthesis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma/metabolism
- Carcinoma/mortality
- Carcinoma/pathology
- Carcinoma/veterinary
- Cat Diseases/metabolism
- Cat Diseases/mortality
- Cat Diseases/pathology
- Cats
- Endothelial Growth Factors/biosynthesis
- Endothelial Growth Factors/metabolism
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Immunohistochemistry/veterinary
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/biosynthesis
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Lymphokines/biosynthesis
- Lymphokines/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/mortality
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/veterinary
- Prognosis
- Statistics, Nonparametric
- Survival Analysis
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
- von Willebrand Factor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- F Millanta
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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