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Barker EN, O'Halloran C, Gunn-Moore DA. Review canine tuberculosis - An emerging concern. Vet J 2024; 305:106111. [PMID: 38604331 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Canine mycobacterial disease was first recognised over 100 years ago but is now an emerging concern. All reported cases of tuberculous disease in dogs have been caused by infection with one of three Mycobacterium tuberculosis-complex (MTBC) organisms (M. tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, and Mycobacterium microti). Molecular PCR and interferon-gamma release assays offer alternative or complementary diagnostic pathways to that of specialist culture, which is limited by availability, sensitivity, and the time it takes to get a result. Optimised triple antimicrobial protocols offer an excellent chance of a successful outcome in dogs where treatment can be considered and is attempted. In this review, the clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of canine tuberculosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi N Barker
- Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, United Kingdom; Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, United Kingdom.
| | - Conor O'Halloran
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Danièlle A Gunn-Moore
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
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2
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Faccin M, Wiener DJ, Rech RR, Santoro D, Rodrigues Hoffmann A. Common superficial and deep cutaneous bacterial infections in domestic animals: A review. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:796-811. [PMID: 37264789 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231176558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The skin covers the external surface of animals, and it is constantly exposed to and inhabited by different microorganisms, including bacteria. Alterations in the skin barrier allow commensal and/or pathogenic bacteria to proliferate and penetrate deep into the lower layers of the skin. Being the first barrier to the external environment, the skin is prone to injuries, allowing the penetration of microorganisms that may lead to severe deep infections. Companion animals, especially dogs, are prone to bacterial infections, often secondary to allergic dermatitis. When environmental conditions are unfavorable, horses, cattle, sheep, and goats can develop superficial infections, such as those caused by Dermatophilus congolensis. Deep inflammation is commonly caused by Mycobacterium spp., which results in granulomatous to pyogranulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis. Likewise, bacteria such as Nocardia spp. and Actinomyces spp. can cause deep pyogranulomatous inflammation. Bacteria that lead to deep necrotizing lesions (eg, necrotizing fasciitis/flesh-eating bacteria) can be severe and even result in death. This review includes an overview of the most common cutaneous bacterial infections of domestic animals, highlighting the main features and histologic morphology of the bacteria, cutaneous structures involved, and the type of inflammatory infiltrates.
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Giannitti F, Dorsch MA, Fernández-Ciganda S, Rabaza A, Vázquez S, César D, Hurtado J, Greif G, Rabeneck DB, Bhatnagar J, Ritter JM. Canine leproid granuloma caused by a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:438-442. [PMID: 37204061 PMCID: PMC10331390 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231176816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine leproid granuloma (CLG) is a chronic form of dermatitis that has been associated with nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in Africa, Oceania, the Americas, and Europe. We report here a case of CLG associated with a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), which could be of public health concern. An 8-y-old pet dog developed 0.5-1-cm diameter, raised, firm, nonpruritic, alopecic, painless skin nodules on the external aspects of both pinnae. Histologic examination revealed severe pyogranulomatous dermatitis with intracellular Ziehl-Neelsen-positive bacilli that were immunoreactive by immunohistochemistry using a polyclonal primary antibody that recognizes tuberculous and nontuberculous Mycobacterium species. DNA extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded skin sections was tested by a Mycobacterium genus-specific nested PCR assay targeting the 16S rRNA gene. BLAST sequence analysis of 214-bp and 178-bp amplicons showed 99.5% identity with members of the MTBC; however, the agent could not be identified at the species level. Although CLG has been associated traditionally with nontuberculous mycobacterial infections, the role of Mycobacterium spp. within the MTBC as a cause of this condition, and the role of dogs with CLG as possible sources of MTBC to other animals and humans, should not be disregarded given its zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Giannitti
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Matías A. Dorsch
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Sofía Fernández-Ciganda
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Ana Rabaza
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | | | | | - Joaquín Hurtado
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gonzalo Greif
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Demi B. Rabeneck
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (IDPB), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Julu Bhatnagar
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (IDPB), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jana M. Ritter
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (IDPB), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
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Biezus G, de Cristo TG, Ikuta CY, Carniel F, Volpato J, Teixeira MBDS, Neto JSF, Casagrande RA. Canine leproid granuloma (CLG) caused by mycobacterial species closely related to members of Mycobacterium simiae complex in a dog in Brazil. Top Companion Anim Med 2022; 50:100672. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2022.100672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kastl B, Peddireddi L, Rankin B, Almes K, Raskin R, Springer N. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 256:1331-1334. [PMID: 32459589 DOI: 10.2460/javma.256.12.1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Lanigan LG, Russell DS, Woolard KD, Pardo ID, Godfrey V, Jortner BS, Butt MT, Bolon B. Comparative Pathology of the Peripheral Nervous System. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:10-33. [PMID: 33016246 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820959231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) relays messages between the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the body. Despite this critical role and widespread distribution, the PNS is often overlooked when investigating disease in diagnostic and experimental pathology. This review highlights key features of neuroanatomy and physiology of the somatic and autonomic PNS, and appropriate PNS sampling and processing techniques. The review considers major classes of PNS lesions including neuronopathy, axonopathy, and myelinopathy, and major categories of PNS disease including toxic, metabolic, and paraneoplastic neuropathies; infectious and inflammatory diseases; and neoplasms. This review describes a broad range of common PNS lesions and their diagnostic criteria and provides many useful references for pathologists who perform PNS evaluations as a regular or occasional task in their comparative pathology practice.
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Ghielmetti G, Giger U. Mycobacterium avium: an Emerging Pathogen for Dog Breeds with Hereditary Immunodeficiencies. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 7:67-80. [PMID: 33842195 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-020-00145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Among the nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is the leading cause of pulmonary disease in humans. Innate and acquired immunodeficiencies have been associated with an increased host susceptibility to NTM infections. The underlying mechanisms predisposing humans and dogs to MAC infections is being elucidated. Recent Findings Although MAC infection is infrequently diagnosed in dogs, a strong breed predisposition particularly for Miniature Schnauzer and Basset Hound dogs is evident. A recessively inherited defect of the adaptor protein CARD9 has recently been documented to be responsible for the increased susceptibility to MAC in the Miniature Schnauzer breed. Summary Given the zoonotic potential of a MAC infected dog particularly to immunocompromised human patients, diseased dogs pose a public health risk. While not a reportable disease, treatment of systemic mycobacteriosis is generally not effective and discouraged in dogs. The collaborative efforts by microbiologists, veterinary clinicians, dog breeders, primary care physicians, and infectious disease specialists applying the One Health approach is therefore crucial for the best management and prevention of MAC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ghielmetti
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Giger
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Ploemacher T, Faber WR, Menke H, Rutten V, Pieters T. Reservoirs and transmission routes of leprosy; A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008276. [PMID: 32339201 PMCID: PMC7205316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) and the more recently discovered Mycobacterium lepromatosis (M. lepromatosis). The two leprosy bacilli cause similar pathologic conditions. They primarily target the skin and the peripheral nervous system. Currently it is considered a Neglected Tropical Disease, being endemic in specific locations within countries of the Americas, Asia, and Africa, while in Europe it is only rarely reported. The reason for a spatial inequality in the prevalence of leprosy in so-called endemic pockets within a country is still largely unexplained. A systematic review was conducted targeting leprosy transmission research data, using PubMed and Scopus as sources. Publications between January 1, 1945 and July 1, 2019 were included. The transmission pathways of M. leprae are not fully understood. Solid evidence exists of an increased risk for individuals living in close contact with leprosy patients, most likely through infectious aerosols, created by coughing and sneezing, but possibly also through direct contact. However, this systematic review underscores that human-to-human transmission is not the only way leprosy can be acquired. The transmission of this disease is probably much more complicated than was thought before. In the Americas, the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) has been established as another natural host and reservoir of M. leprae. Anthroponotic and zoonotic transmission have both been proposed as modes of contracting the disease, based on data showing identical M. leprae strains shared between humans and armadillos. More recently, in red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) with leprosy-like lesions in the British Isles M. leprae and M. lepromatosis DNA was detected. This finding was unexpected, because leprosy is considered a disease of humans (with the exception of the armadillo), and because it was thought that leprosy (and M. leprae) had disappeared from the United Kingdom. Furthermore, animals can be affected by other leprosy-like diseases, caused by pathogens phylogenetically closely related to M. leprae. These mycobacteria have been proposed to be grouped as a M. leprae-complex. We argue that insights from the transmission and reservoirs of members of the M. leprae-complex might be relevant for leprosy research. A better understanding of possible animal or environmental reservoirs is needed, because transmission from such reservoirs may partly explain the steady global incidence of leprosy despite effective and widespread multidrug therapy. A reduction in transmission cannot be expected to be accomplished by actions or interventions from the human healthcare domain alone, as the mechanisms involved are complex. Therefore, to increase our understanding of the intricate picture of leprosy transmission, we propose a One Health transdisciplinary research approach. Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) and the more recently discovered Mycobacterium lepromatosis (M. lepromatosis). The two leprosy bacilli cause similar stigmatizing pathologic conditions. M. leprae primarily targets the skin and the peripheral nervous system. Currently it is considered a Neglected Tropical Disease. The transmission pathways of M. leprae are not fully understood. Solid evidence exists of an increased risk for individuals living in close contact with leprosy patients, most likely through infectious aerosols, created by coughing and sneezing, but possibly also through direct contact. However, this systematic review underscores that human-to-human transmission is not the only way leprosy can be acquired. Anthroponotic and zoonotic transmission have both been proposed as modes of contracting the disease, based on data showing identical M. leprae strains shared between humans and armadillos. A better understanding of possible animal or environmental reservoirs is needed, because transmission from such reservoirs may partly explain the steady global incidence of leprosy despite effective and widespread multidrug therapy. Reducing transmission cannot be expected from the human healthcare domain alone, as the mechanisms involved are complex. Therefore, we propose a One Health transdisciplinary research approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ploemacher
- Faculty of Science, Freudenthal Institute & Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - William R. Faber
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henk Menke
- Faculty of Science, Freudenthal Institute & Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Victor Rutten
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
- Dept of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
| | - Toine Pieters
- Faculty of Science, Freudenthal Institute & Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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9
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Turenne CY. Nontuberculous mycobacteria: Insights on taxonomy and evolution. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 72:159-168. [PMID: 30654178 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Seventy years have passed since Ernest H. Runyon presented a phenotypic classification approach for nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), primarily as a starting point in trying to understand their clinical relevance. From numerical taxonomy (biochemical testing) to 16S rRNA gene sequencing to whole genome sequencing (WGS), our understanding of NTM has also evolved. Novel species are described at a rapid pace, while taxonomical relationships are re-defined in large part due to the accessibility of WGS. The evolutionary course of clonal complexes within species is better known for some NTM and less for others. In contrast with M. tuberculosis, much is left to learn about NTM as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Y Turenne
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Shared Health - Diagnostic Services, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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10
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O'Halloran C, Dobromylskyj M. Clinical mycobacterial diseases of companion animals: part I. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.12968/coan.2017.22.6.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Conor O'Halloran
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh EH25 9RG
| | - Melanie Dobromylskyj
- Finn Pathologists, Histopathology Department, One Eyed Lane, Weybread, Diss, Norfolk IP21 5TT
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11
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Torii E, Reppas G, Krockenberger MB, Fyfe JA, O'Brien CR, Malik R. Autochthonous feline leprosy caused byMycobacteriumsp. strain Tarwin affecting a cat from the Central Coast of New South Wales. Aust Vet J 2016; 94:285-9. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Torii
- PETstock VET Gosford; West Gosford New South Wales Australia
| | - G Reppas
- Vetnostics; North Ryde NSW Australia
| | - MB Krockenberger
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; The University of Sydney; NSW Australia
| | - JA Fyfe
- Victorian Mycobacteria Reference Laboratory; Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory; Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - CR O'Brien
- Victorian Mycobacteria Reference Laboratory; Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory; Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - R Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education; The University of Sydney; NSW Australia
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12
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Cornegliani L, Corona A, Vercelli A, Roccabianca P. Identification by real-time PCR with SYBR Green ofLeishmaniaspp. andSerratia marcescensin canine ‘sterile’ cutaneous nodular lesions. Vet Dermatol 2015; 26:186-92, e38. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Cornegliani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health DIPAV, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Milan; via Celoria 10 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Antonio Corona
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Associato; c.so Traiano 99/d 10135 Turin Italy
| | | | - Paola Roccabianca
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health DIPAV, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Milan; via Celoria 10 20133 Milan Italy
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Leissinger MK, Garber JB, Fowlkes N, Grooters AM, Royal AB, Gaunt SD. Mycobacterium fortuitum lipoid pneumonia in a dog. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:356-9. [PMID: 24788402 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814531497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A 1-year old female spayed German Shepherd dog was evaluated for acute onset of dyspnea. Pyogranulomatous inflammation and green globoid structures were present on aspirates of the affected lung. Impression smears and histopathology confirmed pyogranulomatous pneumonia, with large amounts of lipid corresponding to the green structures noted cytologically, and identified poorly staining bacterial rods within lipid vacuoles. Special stains confirmed the presence of acid-fast bacterial rods, and polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing identified the organism as Mycobacterium fortuitum. M. fortuitum pneumonia is well described in humans and has previously been reported in 4 dogs and 1 cat. Lipid was a prominent cytologic and histologic feature, as is often described in humans and in the single feline case report. Additionally, this case highlights the variable cytologic appearance of lipid, as well as Mycobacterium spp, which are classically nonstaining with Wright-Giemsa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Leissinger
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - J B Garber
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - N Fowlkes
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - A M Grooters
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - A B Royal
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - S D Gaunt
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Koutinas AF, Koutinas CK. Pathologic mechanisms underlying the clinical findings in canine leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum/chagasi. Vet Pathol 2014; 51:527-38. [PMID: 24510947 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814521248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In dogs with symptomatic or asymptomatic leishmaniasis, Leishmania infantum appears to induce a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response that in the sick dog may eventually result in tissue damage via different pathomechanisms, notably granulomatous inflammation (eg, nodular dermatitis, osteomyelitis), immune complex deposition (eg, glomerulonephritis), and/or autoantibody production (eg, polymyositis). This is a compensatory but detrimental mechanism generated mainly because of the insufficient killing capacity of macrophages against the parasite in the susceptible dog. Clinical disease is typically exemplified as exfoliative and/or ulcerative dermatitis, with or without nasodigital hyperkeratosis and onychogryphosis, glomerulonephritis, atrophic myositis of masticatory muscles, anterior uveitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, epistaxis, and/or polyarthritis, appearing alone or in various combinations. The pathogenesis of these clinical conditions has recently been highlighted, to a greater or lesser extent. The usually subclinical conditions expressed as chronic colitis, chronic hepatitis, vasculitis, myocarditis, osteomyelitis, orchiepididymitis, and meningoencephalomyelitis, though uncommon, are of pathologic importance from a differential point of view. The leading cause of death among canine leishmaniasis patients is chronic proteinuric nephritis that may progress to end-stage kidney disease, nephrotic syndrome, and/or systemic hypertension. However, even the asymptomatic proteinuria, when profuse, may be a serious problem because it predisposes to arterial thromboembolism and eventually contributes to the deterioration of the body condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Koutinas
- Private Practice, Volos' Quality Veterinary Practice, Kapodistriou 90, 38333, Volos, Greece.
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15
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Dedola C, Zobba R, Pinna Parpaglia ML, Chessa B, Antuofermo E, Polinas M, Pittau M, Alberti A. First report of canine leprosy in Europe: molecular and clinical traits. Vet Rec 2014; 174:120. [PMID: 24463990 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Dedola
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, Sassari 07100, Italy
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16
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Reppas G, Fyfe J, Foster S, Smits B, Martin P, Jardine J, Lam A, O'Brien C, Malik R. Detection and identification of mycobacteria in fixed stained smears and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues using PCR. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54:638-46. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Reppas
- Vetnostics; North Ryde New South Wales 2113 Australia
| | - J. Fyfe
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory; North Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - S. Foster
- Vetnostics; North Ryde New South Wales 2113 Australia
| | - B. Smits
- Gribbles Veterinary; Hamilton New Zealand
| | - P. Martin
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; The University of Sydney; B14 New South Wales 2006 Australia
| | - J. Jardine
- Vetpath; Ascot Western Australia 6104 Australia
| | - A. Lam
- Small Animal Specialist Hospital; Richardson Place North Ryde New South Wales Australia
| | - C. O'Brien
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - R. Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, Conference Centre B22; The University of Sydney; New South Wales Australia
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17
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Malik R, Smits B, Reppas G, Laprie C, O'Brien C, Fyfe J. Ulcerated and nonulcerated nontuberculous cutaneous mycobacterial granulomas in cats and dogs. Vet Dermatol 2013; 24:146-53.e32-3. [PMID: 23331691 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterial granulomas of the skin and subcutis can be caused by one of a number of pathogens. This review concentrates on noncultivable species that cause diseases characterized by focal granuloma(s), namely leproid granuloma (in dogs) and feline leprosy (in cats). Clinically indistinguishable lesions can be caused by tuberculous organisms (Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium microti) and members of the Mycobacterium avium complex. Rapidly growing mycobacterial species that cause infection of the subcutaneous panniculus associated with draining tracts are not discussed. Disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans is an important emerging differential diagnosis for ulcerated cutaneous nodules in certain localized regions. CLINICAL LESIONS: Lesions comprise one or multiple nodules in the skin/subcutis. These are generally firm and well circumscribed, and typically become denuded of hair. They may or may not ulcerate, depending on the virulence of the causal organisms and the immune response of the host. DIAGNOSIS The most inexpensive, noninvasive means of diagnosis is by submission of methanol-fixed, Romanowsky-stained smears to a Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory after detecting negatively stained or acid-fast bacilli on cytological smears. Scrapings of material from slides usually provide sufficient mycobacterial DNA to enable identification of the causal organism using sequence analysis of amplicons after PCR using specific mycobacterial primers. THERAPY Therapy relies upon a combination of marginal resection of easily accessible lesions and treatment using two or three drugs effective against slowly growing mycobacteria, choosing amongst rifampicin, clarithromycin, clofazimine and pradofloxacin/moxifloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, Conference Centre B22, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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18
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Almeida M, Priebe A, Fernandes J, Yamasaki E, França T. Granuloma leproide canino na região amazônica - relato de caso. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352013000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Descreve-se o primeiro caso de granuloma leproide canino na região amazônica, Brasil, em um canino da raça Boxer, procedente do município de Castanhal, Pará, que apresentava lesões nodulares, alopécicas, firmes, ulceradas e não pruriginosas nas duas pinas. Os nódulos foram retirados cirurgicamente e enviados para análise histopatológica. O exame microscópico revelou marcada infiltração inflamatória constituída por macrófagos, plasmócitos, neutrófilos, linfócitos e células gigantes. A técnica de Ziehl-Neelsen evidenciou grande quantidade de bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes no interior de macrófagos e de células gigantes. Houve forte reatividade ao exame imuno-histoquímico para Mycobacterium spp.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - T.N. França
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro
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19
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Smits B, Willis R, Malik R, Studdert V, Collins DM, Kawakami P, Graham D, Fyfe JA. Case clusters of leproid granulomas in foxhounds in New Zealand and Australia. Vet Dermatol 2012; 23:465-e88. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Conceição LG, Acha LMR, Borges AS, Assis FG, Loures FH, Fonseca e Silva F. Epidemiology, clinical signs, histopathology and molecular characterization of canine leproid granuloma: a retrospective study of cases from Brazil. Vet Dermatol 2011; 22:249-56. [PMID: 21410568 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2010.00934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-eight cases of canine leproid granuloma were diagnosed between 2000 and 2008. Diagnosis was based upon clinical and histopathological findings and the presence of acid-fast bacilli in skin sections. The clinical lesions were localized predominantly on the pinnae and included papules, plaques and nodules, with or without ulceration. Boxer dogs were the breed most affected. Histopathological findings included nodular to diffuse pyogranulomatous, lymphoplasmocytic inflammatory infiltrates, with or without necrosis, localized in the dermis or subcutaneous tissue. The bacillary loading and morphology were variable among the lesions analysed. There was no significant correlation between bacterial load and histopathological pattern, dominant type of inflammatory infiltration or the amount of necrosis or giant cells. No correlation was observed between giant cells and histopathological pattern. In the majority of cases where a PCR-based assay was done, a novel mycobacterium species as the main aetiological agent was identified, as reported in previous studies.
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21
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Diagnostic Cytology in Veterinary Medicine: A Comparative and Evidence-Based Approach. Clin Lab Med 2011; 31:1-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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22
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Santoro D, Prisco M, Ciaramella P. Cutaneous sterile granulomas/pyogranulomas, leishmaniasis and mycobacterial infections. J Small Anim Pract 2009; 49:552-61. [PMID: 19006488 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous "sterile" granulomas represent a group of uncommon skin disorders of unknown aetiopathogenesis. Many diseases are included in this group (for example, sterile granuloma/pyogranuloma syndrome and reactive histiocytosis). The definition of sterile is based on the exclusion of other possible aetiological agents (for example, microorganisms or foreign body). Many techniques are used to rule out a microbial aetiology including cytology, histology, immunohistochemistry and culture. However, some organisms are "fastidious" and difficult to culture or to identify with routine methods, and molecular studies are necessary. This is particularly true for mycobacteria (for example, canine leproid granuloma syndrome) and Leishmania. Recently, studies in human and veterinary medicine have proved the presence of microorganisms (mycobacteria and Leishmania) using a polymerase chain reaction technique in specimens previously diagnosed as sterile. Therefore, it is very important, with the development of new technologies, to use a multidisciplinary diagnostic approach to definitively rule out any microorganism before declaring a disease sterile.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Santoro
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
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23
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Molecular characterization of a novel fastidious mycobacterium causing lepromatous lesions of the skin, subcutis, cornea, and conjunctiva of cats living in Victoria, Australia. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 46:618-26. [PMID: 18057130 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01186-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Between 1999 and 2006, 15 cats were diagnosed with disease attributable to a novel mycobacterial species. The infections consisted of granulomatous lesions in the skin, subcutis, and ocular or periocular tissues with an indolent but progressive clinical course. Lesions typically were found in facial regions or on the distal limbs. Cats of all ages and both sexes were affected. Infections often were challenging to treat, although they could be cured using surgery in concert with combination antimicrobial therapy. Microscopically, lesions were granulomatous to pyogranulomatous and contained numerous acid-fast bacilli. Scanty cultures of the causal microorganisms occasionally could be obtained in mycobacterial broth, but subculture to solid media failed. When cultures were not available, DNA was extracted from fresh tissue, lyophilized material, and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from lesions. PCR amplification of the 5' end of the 16S rRNA gene and regions within four additional loci (ITS1, hsp65, rpoB, and sodA) was performed with various efficiencies using mycobacterial primers. Nucleotide sequences were unique for each locus tested. Nucleotide sequences obtained from individual cases were identical for each locus for which the amplification was successful. Phylogenetic analysis performed using concatenated partial 16S rRNA and hsp65 gene sequences indicated that this novel mycobacterial species from Victoria is a member of the Mycobacterium simiae-related group, taxonomically related to the mycobacterium causing leproid granulomas in dogs throughout the world. Based on the clustering of cases, we refer to this novel species as Mycobacterium sp. strain Tarwin.
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Davies JL, Sibley JA, Myers S, Clark EG, Appleyard GD. Histological and genotypical characterization of feline cutaneous mycobacteriosis: a retrospective study of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Vet Dermatol 2006; 17:155-62. [PMID: 16674729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2006.00513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-nine cases presumptively diagnosed as feline cutaneous mycobacteriosis were evaluated microscopically with haematoxylin and eosin and modified Fite's stained sections using archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue specimens. Lesions were characterized histologically as feline leprosy (7 cases lepromatous and 16 cases tuberculoid) or atypical mycobacteriosis (3 cases); three cases did not fit these criteria and were classified as 'miscellaneous'. Actinomycetales-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of variable regions 1, 2 and 3 of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene and subsequent sequence analysis of the amplicons were performed to identify the species of mycobacteria associated with each case. Together, this study identified 10 different Actinomycetales organisms with greater than 98% nucleotide sequence identity to named species, nine were of the genus Mycobacterium and eight were associated with feline leprosy (both lepromatous and tuberculoid). Based on this study, we conclude that feline cutaneous mycobacteriosis should be considered as a syndrome with varied clinical and histological presentations associated with a variety of different Mycobacterium species, organisms other than Mycobacterium sp. may be associated with feline cutaneous mycobacteriosis lesions, and molecular diagnostic techniques can be an important tool for identifying agents associated with lesions of feline cutaneous mycobacteriosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cat Diseases/microbiology
- Cat Diseases/pathology
- Cats
- Female
- Leprosy, Lepromatous/microbiology
- Leprosy, Lepromatous/pathology
- Leprosy, Lepromatous/veterinary
- Male
- Mycobacterium/classification
- Mycobacterium/genetics
- Mycobacterium Infections/microbiology
- Mycobacterium Infections/pathology
- Mycobacterium Infections/veterinary
- Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/microbiology
- Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/pathology
- Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/veterinary
- Mycobacterium leprae/classification
- Mycobacterium leprae/genetics
- Nontuberculous Mycobacteria/classification
- Nontuberculous Mycobacteria/genetics
- Phylogeny
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Retrospective Studies
- Sequence Alignment/veterinary
- Skin Diseases, Bacterial/microbiology
- Skin Diseases, Bacterial/pathology
- Skin Diseases, Bacterial/veterinary
- Species Specificity
- Staining and Labeling/veterinary
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Davies
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N 5B4
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Cornegliani L, Fondevila D, Vercelli A, Mantero G, Fondati A. PCR technique detection of Leishmania spp. but not Mycobacterium spp. in canine cutaneous 'sterile' pyogranuloma/granuloma syndrome. Vet Dermatol 2005; 16:233-8. [PMID: 16101794 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2005.00425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous 'sterile' pyogranuloma/granuloma syndrome (SPGS) is an uncommon canine skin disorder of unknown aetiopathogenesis. Histopathological findings and failure to demonstrate an aetiologic agent are suggestive of this syndrome. Nevertheless, it has been hypothesized that SPGS may be related to an immune response against persistent endogenous or exogenous antigens. The presence of Leishmania and Mycobacterium organisms was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques in 46 canine skin samples histopathologically diagnosed as SPGS. Concomitantly, an immunohistochemical technique for Leishmania detection was applied on the same samples and the results were compared with those from PCR. The PCR technique yielded positive results for Leishmania spp. in 21 out of 46 skin samples. The results of immunohistochemical techniques were identical to those obtained by PCR. The PCR technique gave negative results for Mycobacterium spp. in all the samples examined. These results suggest the importance of looking for Leishmania spp. in skin biopsies with histopathological findings consistent with the diagnosis of SPGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cornegliani
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Associato, Corso Traiano 99/d, Torino, Italy.
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