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Rehman AU, Javed MT, Ahmed I, Saeed MA, Ehtisham-ul-Haque S, Rafique MK, Sikandar A, Nasir A, Ahmad L, Kashif M, Zeeshan MA. Serological and epidemiological investigation of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in bovines in Pakistan. Anim Biosci 2024; 37:1644-1652. [PMID: 38665082 PMCID: PMC11366533 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of paratuberculosis in cattle and buffaloes at twelve public dairy farms in Punjab, Pakistan. METHODS A total of 2,181 more than two-year-old animals (1,242 cattle and 939 buffaloes) were tested by avian tuberculin, i.e., killed purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis and indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Blood and fecal samples were collected from tuberculin positive animals. These samples were further processed by indirect ELISA. The data were analyzed using frequency analysis and logistic analysis procedures. RESULTS The prevalence of paratuberculosis at public dairy farms was 3.8%, as determined by tuberculin+ELISA test. It varied from 0.71% to 13.5% with a 100% herd prevalence. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that species, milk production, total animals, total small ruminants, and total buffaloes were significantly associated with the occurrence of paratuberculosis. Odd ratio analysis revealed that with a one-kilogram increase in body weight, there will be a 0.006% increase in disease occurrence. With the increase in one animal in small ruminants and buffaloes, there will be 0.008% and 0.42% greater chances of developing paratuberculosis, respectively. Bivariate logistic regression analysis of cattle and buffaloes revealed that farm number, age, and total number of cattle were significantly associated with the occurrence of paratuberculosis. A one-month increase in lactation length increases the chance of tuberculosis by 0.004%; similarly, a one-liter increase in milk production increases the chance of disease by 10%. With each additional buffalo in the herd, there will be a 0.007% greater chance for the occurrence of paratuberculosis. CONCLUSION This study concluded that tuberculin testing can be used in conjunction with ELISA to screen animals for paratuberculosis in countries with scarce resources, such as Pakistan. The efficacy of disease diagnosis can be improved by combining multiple tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz ur Rehman
- Department of Pathobiology (Pathology Section), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore (Sub-Campus Jhang), Jhang, 35200,
Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq Javed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000,
Pakistan
| | - Ishtiaq Ahmed
- Department of Pathobiology (Pathology Section), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore (Sub-Campus Jhang), Jhang, 35200,
Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan Saeed
- Department of Pathobiology (Microbiology Section), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore (Sub-Campus Jhang), Jhang, 35200,
Pakistan
| | - Syed Ehtisham-ul-Haque
- Department of Pathobiology (Microbiology Section), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore (Sub-Campus Jhang), Jhang, 35200,
Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kamran Rafique
- Department of Pathobiology (Pathology Section), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore (Sub-Campus Jhang), Jhang, 35200,
Pakistan
| | - Arbab Sikandar
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore (Sub-Campus Jhang), Jhang, 35200,
Pakistan
| | - Amar Nasir
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore (Sub-Campus Jhang), Jhang, 35200,
Pakistan
| | - Latif Ahmad
- Baqai College of Veterinary Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, 74200,
Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kashif
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore (Sub-Campus Jhang), Jhang, 35200,
Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abid Zeeshan
- Department of Pathobiology (Pathology Section), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore (Sub-Campus Jhang), Jhang, 35200,
Pakistan
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2
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Stefanova EP, Sierra E, Fernández A, Quesada-Canales O, Paz-Sánchez Y, Colom-Rivero A, Espinosa de los Monteros A, Herráez P, Domínguez L, Bezos J, Pérez-Sancho M, Moreno I, Risalde MA, Andrada M. Detection of caprine paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) in pre- and post-vaccinated herds: morphological diagnosis, lesion grading, and bacterial identification. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1395928. [PMID: 39144076 PMCID: PMC11322454 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1395928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Samples from the mesenteric lymph nodes (MS LNs) and ileocecal valves (ICV) of 105 goats, comprising 61 non-vaccinated and 44 vaccinated against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), were collected at slaughter from a farm with a confirmed history of paratuberculosis (PTB). These goats had subclinical infections. PTB-compatible lesions in the MS LNs, ICV lamina propria (LP), and Peyer's patches (PPs) were graded separately. Furthermore, the load of acid-fast bacilli was quantified using Ziehl-Neelsen staining (ZN), MAP antigens by immunohistochemistry (IHC), and MAP DNA by PCR targeting the IS900 sequence. Gross PTB-compatible lesions were found in 39% of the goats, with 31.72% vaccinated (V) and 68.29% non-vaccinated (nV). Histopathological lesions induced MAP were observed in 58% of the animals, with 36.07% vaccinated and 63.93% non-vaccinated. The inclusion of histopathology as a diagnostic tool led to a 28% increase in diagnosed cases in MS LNs and 86.05% in ICV. Grade IV granulomas with central mineralization and necrosis were the most common lesions in MS LNs. In the ICV, mild granulomatous enteritis with multifocal foci of epithelioid macrophages was predominant, occurring more frequently in the PPs than in the LP. Furthermore, statistical differences in the presence of histopathological lesions between vaccinated and non-vaccinated goats were noted in MS LNs, ICV LPs, and ICV PPs. Non-vaccinated animals showed higher positivity rates in ZN, IHC, and PCR tests, underscoring the benefits of anti-MAP vaccination in reducing PTB lesions and bacterial load in target organs. Our findings emphasize the necessity of integrating gross and histopathological assessments with various laboratory techniques for accurate morphological and etiological diagnosis of PTB in both vaccinated and non-vaccinated goats with subclinical disease. However, further studies are required to refine sampling protocols for subclinical PTB in goats to enhance the consistency of diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Plamenova Stefanova
- Division of Animal Histology and Pathology, Veterinary School, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
- Departament of Morphology, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
| | - Eva Sierra
- Division of Animal Histology and Pathology, Veterinary School, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
- Departament of Morphology, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Division of Animal Histology and Pathology, Veterinary School, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
- Departament of Morphology, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
| | - Oscar Quesada-Canales
- Division of Animal Histology and Pathology, Veterinary School, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
- Departament of Morphology, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
| | - Yania Paz-Sánchez
- Division of Animal Histology and Pathology, Veterinary School, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
| | - Ana Colom-Rivero
- Division of Animal Histology and Pathology, Veterinary School, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
| | - Antonio Espinosa de los Monteros
- Division of Animal Histology and Pathology, Veterinary School, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
- Departament of Morphology, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
| | - Pedro Herráez
- Division of Animal Histology and Pathology, Veterinary School, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
- Departament of Morphology, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Bezos
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez-Sancho
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Moreno
- Servicio de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María A. Risalde
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Grupo de Investigación GISAZ, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Sanidad Animal, Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERINFEC, ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marisa Andrada
- Division of Animal Histology and Pathology, Veterinary School, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
- Departament of Morphology, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
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3
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Tigani-Asil ETAE, Abdelwahab GED, Abdu EHAM, Terab AMA, Khalil NAH, Marri ZJMA, Yuosf MF, Shah AAM, Khalafalla AI, Ishag HZA. Pathological, microscopic, and molecular diagnosis of paratuberculosis/John's disease in naturally infected dromedary camel ( Camelus dromedarius). Vet World 2023; 16:1277-1283. [PMID: 37577185 PMCID: PMC10421554 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1277-1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Paratuberculosis (PTB) or John's disease is a chronic disease of ruminants impeding the reproduction and productivity of the livestock sector worldwide. Since there is a lack of pathological studies explaining the nature and development of the disease in camels, this study aimed to highlight the anatomopathological changes of PTB in camels, which may help in verifying and validating some diagnostic tests used to detect the etiology of the disease in camel tissues. Materials and Methods In August 2017, at Alselaa border's Veterinary Clinic of Al Dhafra Region, Western Abu Dhabi, UAE, one imported culled she-camel of 2 years old was subjected to clinical, microscopic, and anatomopathological investigations along with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) to confirm the infection and correlate between clinical signs and pathological lesions of the PTB in dromedary camels. Results Clinically, typical clinical signs compliant with the pathognomonic gross and histologic lesions of PTB were seen in naturally infected dromedary camel. As presumptive diagnosis microscopically, acid-fast coccobacillus bacterium clumps were demonstrated in direct fecal smears as well as in scraped mucosal and crushed mesenteric lymph node films, and in histopathological sections prepared from a necropsied animal and stained by Ziehl-Neelsen stain. Free and intracellular acid-fast clump phagosomes were further confirmed as Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by q-PCR. Conclusion Clinical signs and pathological lesions of paratuberculosis in a dromedary camel were found to be similar to those of the other susceptible hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Tigani Ahmed El Tigani-Asil
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development and Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ghada El Derdiri Abdelwahab
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development and Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - El Hadi Ahmed Mohamed Abdu
- Extension Services and Animal Health Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdelnasir Mohammed Adam Terab
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development and Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nasareldien Altaib Hussein Khalil
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development and Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zhaya Jaber Mohammed Al Marri
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development and Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohd Farouk Yuosf
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development and Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asma Abdi Mohamed Shah
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development and Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdelmalik Ibrahim Khalafalla
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development and Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hassan Zackaria Ali Ishag
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development and Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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4
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The effect of risk-based trading and within-herd measures on Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis spread within and between Irish dairy herds. Prev Vet Med 2022; 209:105779. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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5
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Canive M, Badia-Bringué G, Vázquez P, Garrido JM, Juste RA, Fernandez A, González-Recio O, Alonso-Hearn M. A Genome-Wide Association Study for Tolerance to Paratuberculosis Identifies Candidate Genes Involved in DNA Packaging, DNA Damage Repair, Innate Immunity, and Pathogen Persistence. Front Immunol 2022; 13:820965. [PMID: 35464478 PMCID: PMC9019162 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.820965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the genetic susceptibility to diseases has been extensively studied, the genetic loci and the primary molecular and cellular mechanisms that control disease tolerance are still largely unknown. Bovine paratuberculosis (PTB) is an enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). PTB affects cattle worldwide and represents a major issue on animal health. In this study, the associations between host genetic and PTB tolerance were investigated using the genotypes from 277 Spanish Holstein cows with two distinct phenotypes: cases) infected animals with positive PCR and bacteriological culture results but without lesions in gut tissues (N= 24), and controls) animals with negative PCR and culture results but with PTB-associated lesions (N= 253). DNA from peripheral blood of the study population was genotyped with the Bovine EuroG MD Bead Chip, and the corresponding genotypes were imputed to whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data. A genome-wide association study was performed using the WGS data and the defined phenotypes in a case-control approach. A total of 142 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated (false discovery rate ≤ 0.05, P values between 1.5 × 10-7 and 5.7 × 10-7) with tolerance (heritability= 0.55). The 40 SNPs with P-values < 5 × 10-7 defined 9 QTLs and 98 candidate genes located on BTA4, BTA9, BTA16, BTA25, and BTA26. Some of the QTLs identified in this study overlap with QTLs previously associated with PTB, bovine tuberculosis, mastitis, somatic cell score, bovine diarrhea virus persistent infection, tick resistance, and length of productive life. Two candidate genes with important roles in DNA damage response (ERCC4 and RMI2) were identified on BTA25. Functional analysis using the 98 candidate genes revealed a significant enrichment of the DNA packaging process (TNP2/PRMI1/PRM2/PRM3). In addition, the TNF-signaling (bta04668; TRAF5/CREB5/CASP7/CHUK) and the toxoplasmosis (bta05145; TGFβ2/CHUK/CIITA/SOCS1) pathways were significantly enriched. Interestingly, the nuclear Factor NF-κβ Inhibitor Kinase Alpha (CHUK), a key molecule in the regulation of the NF-κB pathway, was enriched in both pathways. Taken together, our results define a distinct immunogenetic profile in the PTB-tolerant animals designed to control bacterial growth, modulate inflammation, limit tissue damage and increase repair, thus reducing the severity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Canive
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Gerard Badia-Bringué
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Patricia Vázquez
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Joseba M Garrido
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Ramón A Juste
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Almudena Fernandez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar González-Recio
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Producción Agraria, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Alonso-Hearn
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
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6
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Arteche-Villasol N, Gutiérrez-Expósito D, Elguezabal N, Sevilla IA, Vallejo R, Espinosa J, Ferreras MDC, Benavides J, Pérez V. Influence of Heterologous and Homologous Vaccines, and Their Components, on the Host Immune Response and Protection Against Experimental Caprine Paratuberculosis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:744568. [PMID: 35071374 PMCID: PMC8767014 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.744568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against paratuberculosis, a chronic disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map), has been considered as the most effective control method. However, protection is incomplete, and the mechanisms operating in the response of the animals to vaccination are not fully understood. Therefore, this study analyzed the immune response and the effects on protection against Map infection, elicited by paratuberculosis (Silirum®) and tuberculosis (heat-inactivated M. bovis [HIMB]) vaccines and their components in a caprine experimental model. Fifty goat kids were divided into 10 groups (n = 5) according to their vaccination (Silirum®, HIMB and nonvaccinated), immunization (inactivated bacteria or adjuvant), and/or infection. Oral challenge with Map was performed 45 days postvaccination/immunization (dpv), and animals were euthanized at 190 dpv. Peripheral immune response and proportion of lymphocyte subpopulations were assessed monthly by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. Local immune response, proportion of tissue lymphocyte subpopulations, Map detection (polymerase chain reaction), and histological examination were conducted in gut-associated lymphoid tissues. All infected groups developed paratuberculosis granulomatous lesions despite vaccination or immunization. The Silirum® and HIMB-vaccinated groups showed a considerable lesion reduction consistent with a significant peripheral cellular and humoral immune response. Besides, a lower number of granulomas were observed in groups immunized with inactivated bacteria and adjuvants in comparison to nonvaccinated and infected group. However, despite not being significant, this reduction was even higher in adjuvant immunized groups, which developed milder granulomatous lesion with no detectable peripheral immune responses associated with immunization. No changes in the peripheral and local proportion of lymphocyte subsets or local immune response were detected in relation to either vaccination/immunization or infection. Despite that paratuberculosis and tuberculosis vaccination showed a partial and cross-protection against Map infection, respectively, only histological examination could assess the progression of infection in these animals. In addition, the pattern observed in the reduction of the lesions in adjuvant immunized groups suggests the possible involvement of a nonspecific immune response that reduces the development of granulomatous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noive Arteche-Villasol
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), León, Spain
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez-Expósito
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), León, Spain
| | - Natalia Elguezabal
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Spain
| | - Iker A Sevilla
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Spain
| | - Raquel Vallejo
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), León, Spain
| | - José Espinosa
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), León, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Ferreras
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), León, Spain
| | - Julio Benavides
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), León, Spain
| | - Valentín Pérez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), León, Spain
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7
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Isolation of Mycobacterium avium Subsp. Paratuberculosis in the Feces and Tissue of Small Ruminants Using a Non-Automated Liquid Culture Method. Animals (Basel) 2019; 10:ani10010020. [PMID: 31861845 PMCID: PMC7023119 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a chronic disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis (MAP). Since isolation of MAP type I (S) is rarely reported in Italy, our research was aimed at isolating, by an inexpensive liquid culture manual method, this type of MAP isolates. At first, we used an ELISA to point out to serologically positive samples from five flocks. Secondly, we used a fecal direct IS900-qPCR on the ELISA positive samples, in order to detect shedder animals. Feces from IS900-qPCR positive samples were inoculated in solid and liquid culture media. IS900-qPCR was further used to test the growth of MAP isolates in liquid medium, which were further confirmed by f57-qPCR and submitted to typing by specific PCR in order to identify the MAP type. Twenty-eight samples (24 fecal and four tissutal samples) were processed by culture methods, resulting in the isolation of six type I MAP field isolates. Notably, no isolates were recovered by solid media, underlining the utility of this liquid method. Few data about this type of MAP are currently available in Italy, and further analyses should be carried out in order to study the origin and epidemiology of type I strains circulating in Italy.
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8
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Evaluation of newly developed 'six recombinant secretary proteins based 'cocktail ELISA' and 'whole cell lysate' based 'indigenous ELISA' and tissue microscopy' with 'Gold standard' histo-pathology for the diagnosis of Johne's disease in slaughtered goats and buffaloes. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 66:101338. [PMID: 31437683 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Three screening tests {(newly developed, six recombinant secretory proteins based 'cocktail ELISA', in-house robust 'indigenous ELISA' based on semi-purified protoplasmic antigens and tissue microscopy were evaluated with 'Gold standard', histo-pathology for the diagnosis of Johne's disease in goats and buffaloes. Serum and tissues {mesenteric lymph nodes and intestines) were driven from farmer's goats (n = 77) and buffaloes (n = 40) slaughtered for harvesting meat and farm goats (n = 77), died and necropsied. Twenty seven (35%) goats and 23 (57.5%) buffaloes were positive in all the four tests. Of 134 tissues screened by histo-pathology, 79.8% MLN and 76.8%, intestines, were positive for MAP infection. In tissue microscopy, 55.2 and 52.3%, goats and buffaloes were positive, respectively. Of 117 sera screened by i_ELISA, 58.4 and 70.0%, goats and buffaloes were positive, respectively. Whereas, c_ELISA detected 55.8 and 62.5%, goats and buffaloes, positives, respectively. Twelve tissues (70.5%) of goats necropsied were positive, both in tissue microscopy and histo-pathology. Most significant gross findings were serous atrophy of the fat and mild to moderate, diffuse thickening of terminal ileum, especially at ileo-caecal junction with or without transverse / longitudinal corrugations. In histo-pathology grade III and IV lesions were significantly low as compared to grade I and II. Of the four tests used for screening 268 samples, histo-pathology was most sensitive (78.3%), followed by i_ELISA (62.3%), c_ELISA (58.9%) and tissue microscopy (58.9%). Between two ELISA tests, c_ELISA using six recombinants secretory proteins, had higher specificity as compared to i_ELISA.
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9
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Thakur M, Maity M, Sharma S, Gupta VK. Comparative evaluation of different diagnostic techniques for detection of naturally occurring paratuberculosis in Gaddi goats. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Pierce ES. Baseballs, tennis balls, livestock farm manure, the IDH1 mutation, endothelial cell proliferation and hypoxic pseudopalisading (granulomatous) necrosis: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and the epidemiology, cellular metabolism and histology of diffuse gliomas, including glioblastoma. Open Vet J 2019; 9:5-12. [PMID: 31086759 PMCID: PMC6500868 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v9i1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An increased rate of diffuse gliomas, including glioblastoma, has been noted in livestock farmers in Western countries. Some researchers have suggested that a zoonotic virus or bacteria present in the livestock animal’s feces or manure may be a possible etiologic factor. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the cause of a chronic enteropathy in domestic livestock and a probable zoonosis, is heavily excreted in an infected animal’s feces or manure, contaminating soil and ground on the animal’s farm. Once excreted in an animal’s feces, MAP lasts indefinitely in a dormant but viable form, and easily spreads outside farms to the surrounding environment. MAP’s presence throughout the soil in countries where MAP infection of domestic livestock is extensive and long-standing may explain the increased rates of glioblastoma in tennis and baseball players who handle balls coated with MAP-contaminated dirt. MAP infection is consistent with glioblastoma’s two defining histopathologic characteristics: endothelial cell proliferation and pseudopalisading necrosis. MAP is a non-tuberculous or atypical mycobacterium, which can cause hypoxic necrotizing granulomas, granulomas that resemble areas of pseudopalisading necrosis. There are known bacterial causes of endothelial cell proliferation. Almost unique amongst intracellular bacteria, MAP’s variant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) enzyme, a type 2-oxoglutarate ferredoxin oxidoreductase, can use a host cell’s cytosolic α-ketoglutarate in its own Krebs or tricarboxylic acid cycle. MAP’s ability to use a host cell’s α-ketoglutarate may explain the survival advantage of the cytosolic IDH1 enzyme mutation for patients with diffuse gliomas including glioblastoma, astrocytoma, and oligdendroglioma, a mutation that results in a reduced supply of cytosolic α-ketoglutarate. MAP may therefore be one possible infectious cause of glioblastoma and the other histologic categories of diffuse glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen S Pierce
- 13212 East Blossey Avenue, Spokane Valley, Washington, USA
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11
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Pisanu S, Cubeddu T, Cacciotto C, Pilicchi Y, Pagnozzi D, Uzzau S, Rocca S, Addis MF. Characterization of paucibacillary ileal lesions in sheep with subclinical active infection by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet Res 2018; 49:117. [PMID: 30514405 PMCID: PMC6278003 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (PTB) or Johne's disease is a contagious enteritis of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Ovine PTB is less understood than bovine PTB, especially concerning paucibacillary infection and its evolution into clinical disease. We combined shotgun proteomics, histopathology and immunohistochemistry for the characterization of ileal tissues collected from seven asymptomatic sheep negative to serum ELISA, positive to feces and tissue MAP IS900 and F57 PCR, histologically classified as paucibacillary, actively infected, together with 3 MAP-free controls (K). Following shotgun proteomics with label-free quantitation and differential analysis, 96 proteins were significantly changed in PTB vs K, and were mostly involved in immune defense processes and in the macrophage-MAP interaction. Principal component analysis (PCA) of protein abundances highlighted two PTB sample clusters, PTB1 and PTB2, indicating a dichotomy in their proteomic profiles. This was in line with the PCA of histopathology data and was related to features of type 2 (PTB1) and type 3a (PTB2) lesions, respectively. PTB2 proteomes differed more than PTB1 proteomes from K: 43 proteins changed significantly only in PTB2 and 11 only in PTB1. The differential proteins cathelicidin, haptoglobin, S100A8 and S100A9 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. K tissues were negative to cathelicidin and haptoglobin and sparsely positive to S100A8 and S100A9. PTB tissues were positive to all four proteins, with significantly more cells in PTB2 than in PTB1. In conclusion, we described several pathways altered in paucibacillary PTB, highlighted some proteomic differences among paucibacillary PTB cases, and identified potential markers for disease understanding, staging, and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Pisanu
- Porto Conte Ricerche, SP 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, 07041, Alghero, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cubeddu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Carla Cacciotto
- Porto Conte Ricerche, SP 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, 07041, Alghero, Italy
| | - Ylenia Pilicchi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniela Pagnozzi
- Porto Conte Ricerche, SP 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, 07041, Alghero, Italy
| | - Sergio Uzzau
- Porto Conte Ricerche, SP 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, 07041, Alghero, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/B, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Stefano Rocca
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Filippa Addis
- Porto Conte Ricerche, SP 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, 07041, Alghero, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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12
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Comparative diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in the tissues of clinical and subclinical sheep of paratuberculosis endemic farm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-018-2837-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Marquetoux N, Mitchell R, Ridler A, Heuer C, Wilson P. A synthesis of the patho-physiology of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in sheep to inform mathematical modelling of ovine paratuberculosis. Vet Res 2018. [PMID: 29514687 PMCID: PMC5842600 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0522-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This literature review of exposure to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in sheep enabled a synthesis of the patho-physiology of ovine paratuberculosis (PTB). These results could be used to inform subsequent modelling of ovine PTB. We reviewed studies of both experimental and natural exposure. They were generally comparable. Possible outcomes following exposure were latent infection, i.e. mere colonization without lesions; active infection, with inflammatory histopathology in the intestinal tissues resulting in mild disease and low faecal shedding; and affection, with severe intestinal pathology, reduced production, clinical signs and high faecal shedding. Latent infection was an uninformative outcome for modelling. By contrast, histological lesions and their grade appeared to be a good marker of active infection and progression stages to clinical disease. The two possible pathways following infection are non-progression leading to recovery and progression to clinical disease, causing death. These pathways are mediated by different immune mechanisms. This synthesis suggested that host-related characteristics such as age at exposure and breed, combined with pathogen-related factors such as MAP dose, strain and inoculum type for experimental infection, have a strong influence on the outcome of exposure. The material reviewed consisted of disparate studies often with low numbers of sheep and study-level confounders. Hence comparisons between and across studies was difficult and this precluded quantitative model parameter estimation. Nevertheless, it allowed a robust synthesis of the current understanding of patho-physiology of ovine PTB, which can inform mathematical modelling of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Marquetoux
- EpiCentre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Rebecca Mitchell
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Emory College of Arts and Science, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Anne Ridler
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Cord Heuer
- EpiCentre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Peter Wilson
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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14
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Whittington RJ, Begg DJ, de Silva K, Purdie AC, Dhand NK, Plain KM. Case definition terminology for paratuberculosis (Johne's disease). BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:328. [PMID: 29121939 PMCID: PMC5680782 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) is an economically significant condition caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. However, difficulties in diagnosis and classification of individual animals with the condition have hampered research and impeded efforts to halt its progressive spread in the global livestock industry. Descriptive terms applied to individual animals and herds such as exposed, infected, diseased, clinical, sub-clinical, infectious and resistant need to be defined so that they can be incorporated consistently into well-understood and reproducible case definitions. These allow for consistent classification of individuals in a population for the purposes of analysis based on accurate counts. The outputs might include the incidence of cases, frequency distributions of the number of cases by age class or more sophisticated analyses involving statistical comparisons of immune responses in vaccine development studies, or gene frequencies or expression data from cases and controls in genomic investigations. It is necessary to have agreed definitions in order to be able to make valid comparisons and meta-analyses of experiments conducted over time by a given researcher, in different laboratories, by different researchers, and in different countries. In this paper, terms are applied systematically in an hierarchical flow chart to enable classification of individual animals. We propose descriptive terms for different stages in the pathogenesis of paratuberculosis to enable their use in different types of studies and to enable an independent assessment of the extent to which accepted definitions for stages of disease have been applied consistently in any given study. This will assist in the general interpretation of data between studies, and will facilitate future meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. J. Whittington
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570 Australia
| | - D. J. Begg
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570 Australia
| | - K. de Silva
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570 Australia
| | - A. C. Purdie
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570 Australia
| | - N. K. Dhand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570 Australia
| | - K. M. Plain
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570 Australia
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15
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Barkema HW, Orsel K, Nielsen SS, Koets AP, Rutten VPMG, Bannantine JP, Keefe GP, Kelton DF, Wells SJ, Whittington RJ, Mackintosh CG, Manning EJ, Weber MF, Heuer C, Forde TL, Ritter C, Roche S, Corbett CS, Wolf R, Griebel PJ, Kastelic JP, De Buck J. Knowledge gaps that hamper prevention and control of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65 Suppl 1:125-148. [PMID: 28941207 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, many regional and country-wide control programmes for Johne's disease (JD) were developed due to associated economic losses, or because of a possible association with Crohn's disease. These control programmes were often not successful, partly because management protocols were not followed, including the introduction of infected replacement cattle, because tests to identify infected animals were unreliable, and uptake by farmers was not high enough because of a perceived low return on investment. In the absence of a cure or effective commercial vaccines, control of JD is currently primarily based on herd management strategies to avoid infection of cattle and restrict within-farm and farm-to-farm transmission. Although JD control programmes have been implemented in most developed countries, lessons learned from JD prevention and control programmes are underreported. Also, JD control programmes are typically evaluated in a limited number of herds and the duration of the study is less than 5 year, making it difficult to adequately assess the efficacy of control programmes. In this manuscript, we identify the most important gaps in knowledge hampering JD prevention and control programmes, including vaccination and diagnostics. Secondly, we discuss directions that research should take to address those knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - K Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S S Nielsen
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A P Koets
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - V P M G Rutten
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | | | - G P Keefe
- University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | | | - S J Wells
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | - M F Weber
- GD Animal Health, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - C Heuer
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - C Ritter
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S Roche
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - C S Corbett
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - R Wolf
- Amt der Steiermärkischen Landesregierung, Graz, Austria
| | | | - J P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - J De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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16
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Magombedze G, Shiri T, Eda S, Stabel JR. Inferring biomarkers for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection and disease progression in cattle using experimental data. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44765. [PMID: 28317944 PMCID: PMC5357903 DOI: 10.1038/srep44765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Available diagnostic assays for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) have poor sensitivities and cannot detect early stages of infection, therefore, there is need to find new diagnostic markers for early infection detection and disease stages. We analyzed longitudinal IFN-γ, ELISA-antibody and fecal shedding experimental sensitivity scores for MAP infection detection and disease progression. We used both statistical methods and dynamic mathematical models to (i) evaluate the empirical assays (ii) infer and explain biological mechanisms that affect the time evolution of the biomarkers, and (iii) predict disease stages of 57 animals that were naturally infected with MAP. This analysis confirms that the fecal test is the best marker for disease progression and illustrates that Th1/Th2 (IFN-γ/ELISA antibodies) assays are important for infection detection, but cannot reliably predict persistent infections. Our results show that the theoretical simulated macrophage-based assay is a potential good diagnostic marker for MAP persistent infections and predictor of disease specific stages. We therefore recommend specifically designed experiments to test the use of a based assay in the diagnosis of MAP infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesham Magombedze
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Experimental Therapeutics, Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology. Imperial College London, UK.,National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Volunteer Blvd, Suite 106, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Tinevimbo Shiri
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Shigetoshi Eda
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Volunteer Blvd, Suite 106, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.,Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1527, USA
| | - Judy R Stabel
- USDA-ARS, National Animal Disease, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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17
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Verin R, Perroni M, Rossi G, De Grossi L, Botta R, De Sanctis B, Rocca S, Cubeddu T, Crosby-Durrani H, Taccini E. Paratuberculosis in sheep: Histochemical, immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization evidence of in utero and milk transmission. Res Vet Sci 2016; 106:173-9. [PMID: 27234557 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To investigate in utero and milk transmission of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), tissues from thirteen pregnant sheep, naturally infected and serologically positive to MAP, were examined by means of histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Soon after parturition, ewes were euthanized and tissues samples were collected and prepared. The offspring (18 lambs) were divided into three groups to investigate different routes of MAP transmission. Lambs were sacrificed at three months old and the tissue samples collected, formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded. Hematoxylin and eosin and Ziehl-Neelsen staining methods were performed on fixed tissues for general examination and for detection of acid-fast bacteria. Additionally, immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization techniques were used to detect MAP antigen and MAP DNA respectively. This study of a flock of MAP-infected sheep indicates both in utero and milk transmission of MAP from dams to their offspring. Importantly, this study detected the presence of MAP in the mammary gland and mammary lymph nodes of adult ewes therefore indicating a significant route for the potential exposure to humans from this bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranieri Verin
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy; Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, UK.
| | - Marco Perroni
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rossi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Italy
| | - Luigi De Grossi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lazio and Toscana, Viterbo, Italy
| | | | - Bruno De Sanctis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lazio and Toscana, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Stefano Rocca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cubeddu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Hayley Crosby-Durrani
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Ennio Taccini
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
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18
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Breuninger KJ, Weir MH. Development of an Interspecies Nested Dose-Response Model for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2015; 35:1479-1487. [PMID: 25809926 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes chronic inflammation of the intestines in humans, ruminants, and other species. It is the causative agent of Johne's disease in cattle, and has been implicated as the causative agent of Crohn's disease in humans. To date, no quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) for MAP utilizing a dose-response function exists. The objective of this study is to develop a nested dose-response model for infection from oral exposure to MAP utilizing data from the peer-reviewed literature. Four studies amenable to dose-response modeling were identified in the literature search and optimized to the one-parameter exponential or two-parameter beta-Poisson dose-response models. A nesting analysis was performed on all permutations of the candidate data sets to determine the acceptability of pooling data sets across host species. Three of four data sets exhibited goodness of fit to at least one model. All three data sets exhibited good fit to the beta-Poisson model, and one data set exhibited goodness of fit, and best fit, to the exponential model. Two data sets were successfully nested using the beta-Poisson model with parameters α = 0.0978 and N50 = 2.70 × 10(2) CFU. These data sets were derived from sheep and red deer host species, indicating successful interspecies nesting, and demonstrate the highly infective nature of MAP. The nested dose-response model described should be used for future QMRA research regarding oral exposure to MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk J Breuninger
- Department of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark H Weir
- Department of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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19
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Detection of paratuberculosis using histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA in West Algeria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-015-2126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Fernández M, Delgado L, Sevilla IA, Fuertes M, Castaño P, Royo M, Ferreras MC, Benavides J, Pérez V. Virulence attenuation of a Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis S-type strain prepared from intestinal mucosa after bacterial culture. Evaluation in an experimental ovine model. Res Vet Sci 2015; 99:180-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Singh SV, Singh PK, Singh AV, Sohal JS, Kumar N, Chaubey KK, Gupta S, Rawat KD, Kumar A, Bhatia AK, Srivastav AK, Dhama K. 'Bio-load' and bio-type profiles of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in the domestic livestock population endemic for Johne's disease: a survey of 28 years (1985-2013) in India. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 61 Suppl 1:43-55. [PMID: 25135463 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bio-load and bio-profile of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis was studied in the domestic livestock population of the country. Of the 23,429 farm and farmer's animals screened, average bio-load was 23.3% (Period of study; 28 years for goats; 13 years for sheep, cattle and buffaloes). Species-wise, bio-load was 20.1, 32.7, 39.3 and 28.3% in goats, sheep, cattle and buffaloes, respectively. Bio-load was significantly lower in time period A (P < 0.001) and B (P < 0.03), compared with period C. Geographical zone-wise, bio-load of MAP was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in Central zone compared with South, West, East and North zones. Bio-load in 11 states ranged from 16.2 to 87.8%. Of 8450, 5643, 8185 and 1151 samples screened by microscopy, culture, indigenous ELISA and IS900 blood PCR, 20.0, 10.6, 35.1 and 26.6% samples were positive, respectively. Bio-load was 32.8 and 31.6% in farm and farmer's goats and sheep, respectively, and 62.1% in farmer's cattle. MAP bio-load was also monitored in four farm units (three goats and one sheep) for breed improvement and three farm goats units for experimental purposes at Central Institute for Research on Goats in Mathura district. Of the 8025 goats and 1525 sheep that died from 1988 to 2013, 10.9 and 3.0% deaths were due to JD, respectively. On the basis of JD and suspected JD, 10.0 and 28.4% goats and 2.2 and 40.9% sheep, respectively were culled from the farm units in 25 years. Microscopic examination of 214 tissues (mesenteric lymph nodes and intestines) of 107 animals, it was observed that bio-load of MAP was high (25.0-60.0%) in farm animals. 'Indian Bison Type' was the dominant biotype, irrespective of domestic livestock species and the geographical zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Singh
- Microbiology Lab, Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Mathura, India
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22
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Krüger C, Köhler H, Liebler-Tenorio EM. Cellular composition of granulomatous lesions in gut-associated lymphoid tissues of goats during the first year after experimental infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 163:33-45. [PMID: 25466387 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes lesions in naturally and experimentally infected ruminants which greatly differ in severity, cellular composition and number of mycobacteria. Morphologically distinct lesions are already found during the clinically inapparent phase of infection. The complex local host response and number of MAP were characterized at the initial sites of lesions, organized gut-associated lymphoid tissue, in experimentally infected goats. Tissues were collected at 3, 6, 9 and 12 month post-inoculation (mpi) from goat kids that had orally received 10 times 10mg of bacterial wet mass of MAP (JII-1961). The cellular composition of lesions in Peyer's patches in the jejunum and next to the ileocecal valve was evaluated in 21 MAP-inoculated goats, where lesions were compared with unaltered tissue of six control goats. CD68+, CD4+, CD8+, γδ T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and plasma cells, MHC class II+ and CD25+ cells were demonstrated by immunohistochemistry in serial cryostat sections. At 3 mpi, extensive granulomatous infiltrates predominated, consisting of numerous epitheloid cells admixed with many CD4 and γδ T lymphocytes. Only single MAP were detected. This indicates a strong cellular immune reaction able to control MAP infection. γδ T lymphocytes were markedly increased in this type of lesion which may reflect their important role early in the pathogenesis of paratuberculosis. At 9 and 12 mpi, divergent lesions were observed which may reflect different outcomes of host-pathogen interactions. In five goats, minimal granulomatous lesions were surrounded by extensive lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates and no MAP were detected by immunohistochemistry. This was interpreted as effective host response that was able to eliminate MAP locally. In three goats, decreased numbers of lymphocytes, but extensive granulomatous infiltrates with numerous epitheloid cells containing increased numbers of mycobacteria were seen. This shift of the immune response resulted in uncontrolled mycobacterial multiplication. Focal and multifocal circumscribed granulomatous infiltrates of mainly epitheloid cells may represent sites of new infection, since they were observed in goats at all times after inoculation. Their presence in goats with minimal granulomatous lesions surrounded by extensive lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates may indicate that despite the local clearance, the infection may be perpetuated. The complex cellular immune reactions postulated for the pathogenesis of paratuberculosis were demonstrated at the local sites of infection. These early host-pathogen interactions are most likely essential for the eventual outcome of the MAP infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Krüger
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - H Köhler
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - E M Liebler-Tenorio
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Krüger C, Köhler H, Liebler-Tenorio EM. Sequential development of lesions 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after experimental infection of goat kids with Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:276-90. [PMID: 24829286 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814533804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of lesions after infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP) was examined in an experimental infection model. Goat kids were orally inoculated 10 times with 10 mg bacterial wet mass of MAP (total dose 2.6 × 10(8) colony-forming units). Six to 7 inoculated goats and 3 controls were autopsied 3, 6, 9, and 12 months postinoculation (mpi), lesions were documented, and samples were collected for histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and bacterial culture. Twenty-five of the 26 inoculated goats did not develop clinical signs. Macroscopic lesions were detected in 3 of the 7 inoculated goats as soon as 3 mpi. Jejunal Peyer's patches (JPPs) were thickened and had ulcerated surfaces and circumscribed serositis. Characteristic granulomatous infiltrates were seen in all goats in gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs), especially JPPs and lymphoid tissue at the ileocecal valve and in intestinal lymph nodes. Granulomatous intestinal infiltrates not associated with GALT were seen beginning at 6 mpi and with increasing frequency thereafter. Interindividual differences in lesions were most pronounced at 12 mpi, varying from mild focal paucibacillary to severe diffuse multibacillary patterns. Bacterial culture of MAP confirmed the IHC findings but was more sensitive and revealed widespread dissemination at 3 and 12 mpi. Granulomatous arteritis was found in intestinal submucosa of several goats. This may contribute to the spreading of MAP to the intestinal wall and possibly systemically. The different lesions observed during the clinically inapparent period of paratuberculosis are most likely indicators for the later progression of infection and development of clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Krüger
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - H Köhler
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - E M Liebler-Tenorio
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Jena, Germany
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ELZE J, LIEBLER-TENORIO E, ZILLER M, KÖHLER H. Comparison of prevalence estimation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection by sampling slaughtered cattle with macroscopic lesions vs. systematic sampling. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 141:1536-44. [PMID: 23148821 PMCID: PMC9151621 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268812002452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify the most reliable approach for prevalence estimation of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection in clinically healthy slaughtered cattle. Sampling of macroscopically suspect tissue was compared to systematic sampling. Specimens of ileum, jejunum, mesenteric and caecal lymph nodes were examined for MAP infection using bacterial microscopy, culture, histopathology and immunohistochemistry. MAP was found most frequently in caecal lymph nodes, but sampling more tissues optimized the detection rate. Examination by culture was most efficient while combination with histopathology increased the detection rate slightly. MAP was detected in 49/50 animals with macroscopic lesions representing 1.35% of the slaughtered cattle examined. Of 150 systematically sampled macroscopically non-suspect cows, 28.7% were infected with MAP. This indicates that the majority of MAP-positive cattle are slaughtered without evidence of macroscopic lesions and before clinical signs occur. For reliable prevalence estimation of MAP infection in slaughtered cattle, systematic random sampling is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. ELZE
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - E. LIEBLER-TENORIO
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - M. ZILLER
- Biomathematics Working Group, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - H. KÖHLER
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
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25
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Vazquez P, Garrido JM, Juste RA. Specific antibody and interferon-gamma responses associated with immunopathological forms of bovine paratuberculosis in slaughtered Friesian cattle. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64568. [PMID: 23724062 PMCID: PMC3665815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection causes a chronic granulomatous inflammatory regional enteritis in ruminants. Cell-mediated immune responses are assumed to be protective and therefore, to be associated with its more delimited lesion types, while humoral responses are mainly associated with diffuse histopathological lesions. However, this duality of immune responses has been recently questioned. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between both types of immunological responses and the type and extension of intestinal lesions and the presence of MAP in bovine tissues. Standard histopathological examinations, two microbiological procedures (culture and real time PCR (rtPCR)), as well as MAP specific antibody and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) release assays (IGRA) were performed on tissues and blood of 333 slaughtered Holstein-Friesian animals. Paratuberculous lesions were observed in 176 (52.9%) of the animals and overall MAP detection rates were estimated at 13.5% and 28.5% for tissue culture and rtPCR, respectively. Unlike the relatively constant non-specific IFN-γ release, both the antibody levels and the specific IFN-γ release significantly increased with tissue damage. Delimited immunopathological forms, which accounted for 93.2% of all forms, were mostly related to positive testing in the IGRA (38.4%) whereas diffuse ones (6.8%) were associated with antibody seropositivity (91.7%). However, since the frequency of positive immune responses in both tests increased as the lesions severity increased, polarization of Th1/Th2 responses was less prominent than expected. MAP was detected in the majority of ELISA-positive animals (culture+: 90%, rtPCR+: 85%) but the bacteria was only confirmed in the 36.1% of IGRA-positive animals by any of the two microbiological tests. In terms of diagnosis, the antibody test was a good indicator of advanced tissue damage (diffuse forms), but the IGRA did not associate well with more delimited forms or with MAP detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Vazquez
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Tecnalia, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | | | - Ramon A. Juste
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Tecnalia, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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26
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Comparison of a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with conventional PCR, bacterial culture and ELISA for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in sheep showing pathology of Johne's disease. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:45. [PMID: 23539663 PMCID: PMC3604594 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay employing IS900 gene specific primers of Mycobacterium avium subsp. parartuberculosis (MAP) was compared with conventional PCR, bacterial culture and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 38 sheep showing granulomatous enteritis and lymphadenitis with and without demonstration of acid-fast bacilli (AFB). The lesions were classified as multibacillary (MB) (n = 23), which had diffuse granulomatous lesions with abundant AFB, and paucibacillary (PB) (n = 15), which had focal or multifocal granulomatous lesions with few or no AFB. In the multibacillary group (MB), IS900 PCR detected 19 (82.6%), and qPCR detected all 23 (100%) sheep positive for MAP in the intestine and lymph node tissues. In the paucibacillary group (PB), IS900 PCR detected 2 (13.3%), and qPCR detected all 15 (100%) sheep positive for MAP in tissues. When results of both groups were taken together, IS900 PCR detected 21(55.2%), and qPCR detected all 38 (100%) animals positive for MAP genome either in the intestine or lymph node tissues. On Herrold egg yolk medium, tissues of 14 (60.9%) MB and 5 (33.3%) PB sheep were found to be positive for MAP. Out of 27 sheep (PB = 8, MB = 19) tested by an ELISA, 21 (77.7%) were found to be positive for MAP antibody, of which 25% (2/8) and 100% (19/19) sheep were from PB and MB sheep, respectively. Based on the results of the present study, it was concluded that qPCR was a highly sensitive test in comparison to conventional PCR, ELISA and bacterial culture for the diagnosis of paratuberculosis on infected tissues especially from paucibacillary sheep.
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Delgado L, Marín JFG, Muñoz M, Benavides J, Juste RA, García-Pariente C, Fuertes M, González J, Ferreras MC, Pérez V. Pathological findings in young and adult sheep following experimental infection with 2 different doses of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Vet Pathol 2013; 50:857-66. [PMID: 23390077 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813476066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (Map) is assumed to infect young ruminants; however, little is known concerning the possibility of adult animals becoming infected. An experimental infection was conducted to establish the effect of age and doses of Map on susceptibility to paratuberculosis in sheep. Sixteen of twenty-four 1.5-month-old Churra lambs and 23 of 30 adult ewes (from 2-11 years old) were orally challenged with an ovine field strain of Map. Thirteen ewes and 8 lambs were infected with a high dose (HD) and 10 adult sheep and 8 lambs with a low dose (LD) of Map. The remaining animals were unchallenged controls. Animals were euthanized at 110 to 120 and 210 to 220 days postinfection. Histological, bacteriological, and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) studies were conducted in samples of intestine and related lymphoid tissue (Peyer patches, lymph nodes). Animals were classified according to their lesions. The number of granulomas was counted in 3 tissue sections from each sample. Only the HD groups showed lesions associated with paratuberculosis (92.3% of ewes and 100% of lambs). Adults had lesions characterized by few small demarcated focal granulomas restricted to the lymphoid tissue, whereas granulomas were more numerous and larger, appearing in the lamina propria unrelated to lymphoid tissue, in the lambs. Only HD-infected lambs were positive to culture, whereas nested PCR also detected positive HD ewes and some LD animals. These results suggest that adult sheep can become infected by Map, as seen by the development of lesions, but they are focal and restricted to the lymphoid tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Delgado
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, León, Spain.
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28
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Yamasaki EM, Brito MF, Mota RA, McIntosh D, Tokarnia CH. Paratuberculose em ruminantes no Brasil. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2013000200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A paratuberculose ou doença de Johne é uma enterite granulomatosa causada por Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) e comumente afeta ruminantes domésticos, no entanto, pode infectar várias espécies de mamíferos. Está presente nos cinco continentes e é considerada endêmica em algumas regiões pela Organização Internacional de Epizootias (OIE). Pertence à lista de enfermidades notificáveis, que compreende as doenças transmissíveis de importância sócio-econômica e/ou em saúde-pública, cujo controle é necessário para o comércio internacional de animais e alimentos de origem animal. A importância da doença de Johne não se restringe somente aos prejuízos econômicos causados à indústria animal, mas também na possível participação do Map na íleocolite granulomatosa que afeta seres humanos, conhecida como doença de Crohn. No Brasil, a paratuberculose já foi descrita em diversas espécies de ruminantes e em vários estados. Embora os relatos naturais da enfermidade sejam pontuais, acredita-se na possibilidade da transmissão interespecífica e na disseminação do agente através da compra e venda de animais infectados. O objetivo deste artigo foi reunir as informações disponíveis referentes aos aspectos epidemiológicos, clínico-patológicos e laboratoriais da paratuberculose em bovinos, bubalinos, caprinos e ovinos no Brasil, e salientar a necessidade de implementação de medidas de controle sanitário da enfermidade no país, o que possibilitaria a melhoria da qualidade e valorização dos produtos de origem animal no mercado internacional.
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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis invades through M cells and enterocytes across ileal and jejunal mucosa of lambs. Res Vet Sci 2012; 94:306-12. [PMID: 23122809 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanism of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) invasion through intestinal mucosa is not completely understood. In the present study, we developed an in vivo multiple-intestinal loop model in lambs to investigate (i) the type of cells involved in the bacterial uptake across the intestinal mucosa, (ii) the efficiency of bacterial uptake in different segments of the small intestine and (iii) the ability of different strains of Map to invade the various segments of the small intestine. Four loops on ileum and four loops each on Peyer's patch and non-Peyer's patch areas of jejunum were constructed by surgical procedure. The caprine, bovine, and vaccine strains of Map were used for infection. Map-infected intestinal loop tissues were collected at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h post-infection and processed for electron microscopy, histology, bacterial culture and bacterial counting. All these parameters revealed that Map invaded through M cells and the enterocytes and bacterial translocation across M cells was greater than the enterocytes. Bacterial invasion was greater in ileal loops when compared to jejunal loops. Within the jejunal loops, bacterial uptake was higher in Peyer's patch areas than that of non-Peyer's patch areas. The caprine and bovine strains of Map showed greater ability for invasion into the small intestinal mucosa than that of the vaccine strain.
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30
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Gupta A, M. Rani S, Agrawal P, Kumar Gupta P. Sero-Prevalence of Paratuberculosis (Johne's Disease) in Cattle Population of South-Western Bangalore Using ELISA Kit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ojvm.2012.24031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Abbas M, Munir M, Khaliq SA, Haq MIU, Tanveer Khan M, Qureshi ZUA. Detection of paratuberculosis in breeding bulls at pakistani semen production units: a continuous source of threat. ISRN VETERINARY SCIENCE 2011; 2011:501235. [PMID: 23738098 PMCID: PMC3658595 DOI: 10.5402/2011/501235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a chronic bowel disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Its secretion through semen highlights the importance of paratuberculosis-free breeding bulls. The breeding and teaser bulls at three semen production units (SPUs) located in Punjab, Pakistan, were screened for the presence of antibodies against MAP. A total of 253 samples were collected from SPUs and a commercially available indirect screen ELISA (Is-ELISA) was applied. Is-ELISA detected antibodies in 20 (24.6%), 16 (22.8%), and 17 (16.6%) samples from SPU-I, SPU-II, and SPU-III, respectively. Collectively, seroprevalence of 20.0% (47/235) in breeding bulls and 33.3% (6/18) in teaser bulls was observed, and thus it poses a potential threat of disease spread to a high number of heifers and cows through artificial insemination. Therefore, this paper highlights the presence of the disease for the first time at SPUs and triggers attempts to ascertain the prevalence of paratuberculosis throughout the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abbas
- Quality Control Laboratory, Veterinary Research Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
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32
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Maio E, Carta T, Balseiro A, Sevilla IA, Romano A, Ortiz JA, Vieira-Pinto M, Garrido JM, de la Lastra JMP, Gortázar C. Paratuberculosis in European wild rabbits from the Iberian Peninsula. Res Vet Sci 2011; 91:212-8. [PMID: 21367439 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Of the non-ruminant wildlife species known to harbor Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP), the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is thought to pose the greatest risk of transmission to cattle. We analyzed 80 hunter-harvested wild rabbits from a core study area in southern Spain, and sera from 157 wild rabbits sampled opportunistically on seven additional sites. Gross lesions compatible with paratuberculosis were observed in two of 80 necropsied rabbits. Histopathology revealed focal to diffuse multibacillary MAP-compatible lesions in 8 of 10 rabbits examined. Presence of MAP was confirmed in one rabbit with gross lesions by positive amplification curves for both IS900 and ISMAP02. However, no isolate was obtained from 47 samples by culture. We adapted an indirect ELISA for the detection of MAP antibodies. At the established cut-off of 0.5, 6 of 237 wild rabbit sera (2.5%) yielded a positive ELISA result. Antibodies were detected in rabbits from 3 of 8 sampling sites. Considering the increasing relevance of MAP infection for animal health, these results open a challenging field for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Maio
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC, CSIC - UCLM - JCCM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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33
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Dennis MM, Reddacliff LA, Whittington RJ. Longitudinal study of clinicopathological features of Johne's disease in sheep naturally exposed to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:565-75. [PMID: 20571147 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810375049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to describe chronological changes in infection status and enteric lesions of sheep naturally exposed to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratubercuolosis. Samples of terminal ileum (TI) and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) were collected from 77 Merino sheep via surgical biopsy at 12, 18, and 24 months of age and necropsy at 36 months of age. Infection status at each sampling period was determined by fecal, TI, and MLN culture. Quantitative grading schemes were used to gauge the severity of granulomatous inflammation and degree of mycobacterial colonization affecting TI and MLN sections. Incidences of infection and disease were steady throughout the study; 46 of the 77 (59.7%) sheep became infected, and 30 of the 77 (39.0%) developed Johne's disease. Infection was first detected after 18 months of age in many sheep, and age when infection was first detected was not associated with clinical outcome. Culture of MLN detected 44 of the 46 (95.6%) infected sheep and initial lesions always involved MLN. Sheep typically developed lesions within 6-12 months following detection of infection by culture. The severity of enteritis and mycobacterial colonization progressed at variable rates among sheep. Severe multibacillary enteritis never regressed, and affected sheep expressed clinical signs within the following 12 months. Lymphocyte-rich paucibacillary enteritis was observed in 3 sheep, causing clinical signs in one and progressing to severe multibacillary enteritis in another. Six of the 46 (8.7%) biopsy-culture-positive sheep later had negative cultures at necropsy, suggesting recovery from infection. Further study is needed to identify factors associated with clearance of infection or progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Dennis
- University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia.
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Smeed JA, Watkins CA, Gossner AG, Hopkins J. Expression profiling reveals differences in immuno-inflammatory gene expression between the two disease forms of sheep paratuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 135:218-25. [PMID: 20053460 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a chronic enteropathy of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP); infection of sheep results in two disease forms - paucibacillary (tuberculoid) and multibacillary (lepromatous) associated with the differential polarization of the immune response. In addition the majority of MAP-infected animals show no pathology and remain asymptomatic. Microarray and real-time RT-qPCR analyses were used to compare gene expression in ileum from sheep with the two disease forms and asymptomatic sheep, to further understand the molecular basis of the pathologies. Microarrays identified 36 genes with fold-change of >1.5 and P< or = 0.05 in at least one comparison; eight candidates were chosen for RT-qPCR validation. Sequence analysis of two candidates, CXCR4 and IGFBP6, identified three SNPs in each; five were found in all three forms of disease and showed no significant relationship to pathological type. The IGFBP6 G(3743) A SNP was not detected in asymptomatic sheep. The data show that the two forms of disease are associated with distinct molecular profiles highlighted by the differential expression of chemokine and chemokine receptor transcripts, the protein products of which might be implicated in the different cell infiltrates of the pathologies. The cells within the lesions also show evidence of abnormal activation; they express high levels of cytokine transcripts but have reduced expression levels of transcripts for T cell receptor associated molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Smeed
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK
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35
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Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in tissue samples of cattle and buffaloes. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009; 42:633-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-009-9467-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Begg DJ, de Silva K, Di Fiore L, Taylor DL, Bower K, Zhong L, Kawaji S, Emery D, Whittington RJ. Experimental infection model for Johne's disease using a lyophilised, pure culture, seedstock of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Vet Microbiol 2009; 141:301-11. [PMID: 19815353 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Johne's disease is a severe chronic enteritis of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map). Repeatable infections of known duration are required for validation of new diagnostic tests, evaluation of pathogenesis and development of improved vaccines. In the first study of its type, a standardised experimental model for Johne's disease was developed based on a lyophilised, low passage, pure culture, seedstock of Map. Experimental inoculations of sheep with accurately enumerated doses of Map resulted in infection outcomes across multiple trials that were modulated by the interval between inoculation and examination. Compared to an inoculum consisting of an intestinal mucosal homogenate from a naturally affected sheep, clinical signs from the pure culture of Map were manifested later, but other measures of infection were similar. Immunological assays showed that most of the inoculated animals were IFN-gamma positive in the early stages of the infection. Over time, an increasing number of sheep became Map-specific antibody positive, developed typical histopathological lesions and shed Map in their faeces. The repeatability and utility of this experimental infection model will enable study of many aspects of Johne's disease. It is the first study to show that models for Johne's disease can be standardised in relevant species using traditional microbiological approaches to production and storage of seedstock. It is recommended that an international bank of master seedstock be established, containing low passage isolates that are representative of the major strains of Map, S and C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Begg
- Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, PMB3, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
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37
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Begg DJ, de Silva K, Bosward K, Di Fiore L, Taylor DL, Jungersen G, Whittington RJ. Enzyme-linked immunospot: an alternative method for the detection of interferon gamma in Johne's disease. J Vet Diagn Invest 2009; 21:187-96. [PMID: 19286496 DOI: 10.1177/104063870902100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, the sensitivity of the interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect Johne's disease (JD) has been poor, especially in the early stages of disease. To improve the sensitivity of IFN-gamma detection in the early stages of infection, an alternate assay needs to be developed. The enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay is a highly sensitive technique for the detection of cytokines and has the potential to improve the diagnosis of JD. Of the variables examined, choice of capture antibody and the method by which the peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated significantly affected the ability to enumerate IFN-gamma-secreting cells. The ELISPOT assay was as sensitive as or better than the IFN-gamma ELISA at detecting ovine JD and could also detect disease at early time points postinoculation. The IFN-gamma ELISPOT could distinguish infected from unexposed animals; however, neither the IFN-gamma ELISA nor the ELISPOT assay could distinguish between sheep experimentally infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and those exposed to the bacterium but diagnosed as uninfected at necropsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Begg
- Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, PMB3, Camden 2570, Australia.
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38
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Yadav D, Singh SV, Singh AV, Sevilla I, Juste RA, Singh PK, Sohal JS. Pathogenic ‘Bison-type’ Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis genotype characterized from riverine buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in North India. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 31:373-87. [PMID: 17804069 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2007.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite low per-animal productivity of ruminants in developing countries, Johne's disease has not been investigated in buffaloes, which are primarily found in these countries. This is due to lack of expertise, diagnostic kits and priority to production diseases like Johne's disease. Presence of pathogenic Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) was investigated by screening of target tissues (mesenteric lymph nodes and large intestine) by culture and IS 900 PCR, in 50 sacrificed buffaloes. Indigenous ELISA kit originally developed for goats and sheep was standardized in buffaloes and used to estimate sero-presence of Map in 167 serum samples representing population of buffaloes in Agra region of North India. In culture, 48.0% buffaloes were positive from 50 tissues each from mesenteric lymph nodes (34.0%) and large intestine (36.0%). IS 900 PCR was standardized using specific primers (150 C and 921) and 229 bp-amplified product was characteristic for Map. Of the 25 mesenteric lymph nodes, 40.0% were positive in IS 900 PCR. Genomic DNA from Map cultures was successfully amplified from all the 24 isolates (100.0%). Map was further genotyped as 'Bison type' using IS 1311 PCR-REA. Culture of tissues showed high presence of Map in target tissues, despite high culling rate in buffalos in view of high demand of buffalo meat. Specific tissue-PCR provided rapid confirmation of Map infection in sacrificed buffaloes. In tissue-PCR, all the cultures were positive as compared to 40.0% detected directly from tissues. ELISA kit using indigenous protoplasmic antigen was highly sensitive as compared to commercial antigen in detecting Map infection therefore, could be used as 'Herd Screening Test' in buffaloes against Johne's disease. This pilot study first time reports a highly pathogenic 'Bison-type' genotype of M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis from the riverine buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) of Agra region in North India.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Yadav
- Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, P.O. Farah, District Mathura 281 122, UP, India
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Begg DJ, Whittington RJ. Experimental animal infection models for Johne’s disease, an infectious enteropathy caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet J 2008; 176:129-45. [PMID: 17449304 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Revised: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A critical literature review of experimental infection models for Johne's disease in farm and laboratory animals was conducted. A total of 73 references were admitted. They were published between 1938 and 2006 and covered species as diverse as cattle, sheep, goats, deer, mice, pigs and others. The factors that appeared to influence the outcome of experimental infections with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Mptb) were the species, breed and age of subject used for the infection, the route of infection, and the strain, dose and number of doses of Mptb used to inoculate the subjects. Natural paratuberculosis infection passes through stages, generally over a period measured in years. However, the endpoints chosen by researchers using experimental infections have been determined by the need for immunological, microbiological, pathological or clinical outcomes, and these were the likely factors determining the duration of the trials. Studies have been lacking in the use of a defined type strain of Mptb in pure culture prepared from an archived seed stock of Mptb that can be used at the same passage level in a later trial. Replication of experimental groups has been very uncommon, temporal replication equally rare, as have sufficiently long time scales so as to be able to observe a full range of immunological and pathological changes at different stages of the disease process. While it may be difficult to develop a satisfactory experimental infection model, there is room for improvement in the way experiments have been designed and carried out to date. Choice of animal species/breed of host and strain of Mptb used in an experimental model should be based on the purpose of the study (for example, vaccine efficacy trial, diagnostic test evaluation, pathogenesis study) and local needs. The strain of Mptb used should be typed using IS900 RFLP analysis, IS1311 sequence analysis and other genotypic methods, and preferably be from an archived low passage pure culture with viable bacteria enumerated using a sensitive method rather than from an uncharacterised and unrepeatable tissue homogenate. It is generally agreed that the faecal-oral route is the most important natural route of exposure and the oral route is therefore the preferred route of experimental inoculation to achieve Johne's disease that closely resembles natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Begg
- Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Australia
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Histopathological Classification of Lesions Observed in Natural Cases of Paratuberculosis in Free-ranging Fallow Deer (Dama dama). J Comp Pathol 2008; 138:180-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Toll-like receptor genes are differentially expressed at the sites of infection during the progression of Johne's disease in outbred sheep. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 124:132-51. [PMID: 18403023 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2007] [Revised: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are engaged by ligands on microbial pathogens to initiate innate and adaptive immune responses. Little is known about TLR involvement during infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. ptb), the cause of Johne's disease in ruminants, although there is a profound immunopathological response in affected animals. We have analyzed the expression of 10 TLR genes relative to validated reference genes at predilection sites in ileum, jejunum and associated lymph nodes as well as in peripheral blood, to determine if TLR expression is altered in response to infection with M. ptb in outbred sheep. Previously unexposed animals from two flocks and animals from three naturally infected flocks were used with restricted maximum likelihood linear mixed modeling applied to determine significant differences. These were related to the pathologies observed at different stages of infection in exposed sheep, after allowing for other sources of variation. In most cases there were differences in TLR expression between early paucibacillary and multibacillary groups when compared to uninfected sheep, with most TLRs for the paucibacillary group having lower expression levels than the multibacillary group. Increased expression of TLR1-5, and 8 was observed in ileum or jejunum, and TLR1-4, 6, and 8 in mesenteric lymph nodes. There was a trend for increased expression of TLR1, 2, and 6-8 in PBMCs of exposed compared to non-exposed animals. Further study of TLR expression in Johne's disease in ruminants is warranted as these observed differences may help explain pathogenesis and may be useful in the future diagnosis of M. ptb infection.
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Comparison of Bacterial Culture, Histopathology, and Immunohistochemistry for the Diagnosis of Johne's Disease in Culled Dairy Cows. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20:51-7. [DOI: 10.1177/104063870802000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Paired samples of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded ileum and lymph node from 204 culled dairy cows were investigated for evidence of infection by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Of the samples, 151 were from animals that were tissue-culture positive for M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and 53 were from animals that were tissue and fecal culture negative. From the culture-positive animals, M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was isolated from 78 samples of ileum and from 107 samples of lymph node. Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast and immunoperoxidase stained slides were examined for 15 minutes each. Acid-fast organisms were identified in 7 of 78 (8.97%) and 6 of 106 (5.61%) culture-positive ileum and lymph node samples, respectively. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of the same tissues identified infection in the ileum of 9 of 78 (11.54%) and in the lymph node of 5 of 106 (4.67%) culture-positive tissues. All tissues from culture-negative animals tested negative when using acid-fast and IHC staining. The sensitivity of these 2 tests in detecting M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in culled dairy cows was not significantly different, and the tests exhibited substantial to almost perfect agreement. Both tests were much less sensitive than bacterial culture, detecting less than 6% of tissues positive compared with culture.
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Verna AE, Garcia-Pariente C, Muñoz M, Moreno O, García-Marin JF, Romano MI, Paolicchi F, Pérez V. Variation in the Immuno-pathological Responses of Lambs after Experimental Infection with Different Strains of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Zoonoses Public Health 2007; 54:243-52. [PMID: 17803513 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2007.01058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ruminant infection by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes a granulomatous inflammatory response in the intestine and associated lymph nodes. Differences either in the affected organs or in the inflammatory infiltrate were observed between species and individuals. Such differences are usually attributed to variations in host immune responses or to inconsistent effects among different MAP strains. To evaluate if different MAP strains induce different immuno-pathological responses in lambs, 28 one-month-old individuals were divided into six groups and inoculated with different MAP strains. Groups 1 and 2 were inoculated with two bovine strains isolated in Argentina that showed different genetic patterns after BstEII-IS900-RFLP (hereafter strains E and A respectively). Group 3 was inoculated with a bovine strain isolated in Spain obtained after a previous step of culture (patterns C1). Group 4 was inoculated with a homogenate of intestinal mucosa of a clinical case affected by the same bovine strain as that of group 3. Group 5 was inoculated with an ovine strain that was directly purified from the intestinal mucosa of a clinical case, and group 6 was kept as control (i.e. no inoculation). Peripheral immune responses were assessed until 150 days post-infection (dpi), when lambs were humanely killed. Pathological studies were performed in tissues from the intestine and lymph nodes. Lesion types and inflammatory infiltrates were examined as indicators of pathogenicity. All the lambs infected with bovine MAP strains showed a common lesion pattern regardless of the strain type. Such pattern was characterized by focal lesions mainly in the mesenteric lymph nodes, the presence of fibrous tissue, and, occasionally, necrosis in the granulomas as well as the presence of numerous giant cells. Differences in lesion severity were observed among groups: lambs from groups 1 and 2 had the highest number of granulomas and the largest lymph node area affected. Lesions in animals from group 5 (infected with an ovine strain) were more severe and occurred mostly in the intestinal lymphoid tissue; necrosis, fibrosis or giant cells were never detected in this group. These results indicate that the MAP strain type induces different pathological responses in lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Verna
- CONICET, National Scientific and Technological Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Smeed JA, Watkins CA, Rhind SM, Hopkins J. Differential cytokine gene expression profiles in the three pathological forms of sheep paratuberculosis. BMC Vet Res 2007; 3:18. [PMID: 17697353 PMCID: PMC1994670 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-3-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Johne's disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gut caused by infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Symptoms include wasting, diarrhoea, loss of condition and eventual death. Three forms of Johne's disease have been described in sheep – paucibacillary, multibacillary and asymptomatic. The paucibacillary form is characterized by an inflammatory, Th1-type immune response. The multibacillary form of the disease, which disseminates the infection, is characterized by macrophage infiltration mediated by a Th2-type immune response, and asymptomatic animals have no clinical symptoms or pathology but are infected with MAP. What determines these three forms of the disease is unknown. To further understand these differences, we used real-time RT-PCR to compare the expression of thirteen cytokine and cytokine-related genes in ileal tissue from sheep with the three forms of the disease. Results Three pathological forms of sheep paratuberculosis were defined on the basis of histopathology, cytochemistry (Zeihl-Neelsen) and IS900 PCR. Paucibacillary lesions have largely T cell and eosinophil infiltration and are ZN negative; multibacillary lesions have macrophage infiltration and large numbers of acid-fast bacteria. The pauci- and multibacillary forms are linked to the differential expression of IFNγ and IL-10 respectively. In addition the increased levels of the proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNFα), IL-8, IL-18 and TRAF-1 in both diseased forms is indicative of persistent inflammatory lesions. No changes were seen in IL-1α in any sheep ileum tissues. Asymptomatic animals are IS900+ with normal histology but have significantly decreased levels of IL-18 and increased levels TNFα. Conclusion We have quantified the expression levels of thirteen cytokine and cytokine related genes in three forms of ovine paratuberculosis using real-time PCR analyses and confirm that sheep pauci- and multibacillary disease are linked to type 1 and type 2 T cell responses respectively. The expression patterns of other cytokines shows that both disease forms have an inflammatory aetiology but that the central role for IL-1α in bovine paratuberculosis is not seen in the sheep infection. Asymptomatic animals are infected and show no pathology but can be distinguished, in terms of cytokine expression pattern, from uninfected controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Smeed
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Summerhall, Edinburgh, EH9 1QH, UK
| | - Craig A Watkins
- Moredun Research Institute, International Research Centre, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Susan M Rhind
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - John Hopkins
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Summerhall, Edinburgh, EH9 1QH, UK
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Kurade NP, Tripathi BN. Lymphoproliferative response and its relationship with histological lesions in experimental ovine paratuberculosis and its diagnostic implications. Vet Res Commun 2007; 32:107-19. [PMID: 17619156 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-007-9008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lymphoproliferative response (LPR) was studied in 19 lambs orally infected (Group I) with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) with in vitro lymphocyte stimulation test using MTT dye reduction assay. The non-specific LPR against Con A and specific LPR against sonicated antigen and johnin PPD (purified protein derivatives) were estimated on preinfection (0 day) and various days postinfection period (15 to 330 dpi) in the animals, which were classified according to histological and bacteriological evidence of paratuberculosis infection. Of the two antigens used, johnin PPD was found to be superior in terms of consistency and uniformity of response over an observation period of about a year. Significantly (P<0.05) higher LPR were observed in the infected sheep during postinfection period, as compared with preinfection values and values from uninfected control sheep. It was evident from the present study that the LPR in histologically infected animals fluctuated during the long course of infection and had a definite relationship with the gut pathology and the mycobacterial load. The LPR were stronger but variable in sheep with grades 1, 2 and 3 lesions (paucibacillary) and increased progressively from 30 dpi onwards. The sheep with the advanced lesions (grade 4, multibacillary) showed progressive decline in LPR till 120 dpi after initial stronger response at 30 dpi. Most of the animals were detected by LPR before initiation of faecal shedding of MAP. The results suggested that repeated testing was required while screening an infected flock for detecting most of the positive animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Kurade
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional Station, Palampur, H.P. 176 061, India
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Munjal SK, Tripathi BN, Paliwal OP, Boehmer J, Homuth M. Application of Different Methods for the Diagnosis of Experimental Paratuberculosis in Goats. Zoonoses Public Health 2007; 54:140-6. [PMID: 17456145 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2007.01006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of subclinical paratuberculosis is still considered a major problem worldwide. As part of investigating diagnostic strategies for the paratuberculosis infection, sequential results of various diagnostic methods in a progressive experimental infection in goats were evaluated. Twenty-three goat kids were divided into three groups: the infected, contact and control, comprising 10, five and eight goats respectively. Animals of the infected group were orally inoculated on seven occasions with 5 ml of inoculum containing 2 x 10(9)Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis per ml. Lymphoycte proliferation test using johnin PPD detected paratuberculosis infection from 60 days post-infection (DPI) onwards. The johnin PPD was found to be a better antigen for the proliferative assays as compared with the sonicated antigen. The faecal smear examination with acid-fast staining detected more goats as positive than bacterial culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Lipoarabinomannan enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) started detecting infected goats from 150 DPI onwards followed by indirect ELISA and agar gel immunodiffusion from 180 DPI onwards. Histological examination was confirmatory and detected five infected goats as positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Munjal
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Hines ME, Stabel JR, Sweeney RW, Griffin F, Talaat AM, Bakker D, Benedictus G, Davis WC, de Lisle GW, Gardner IA, Juste RA, Kapur V, Koets A, McNair J, Pruitt G, Whitlock RH. Experimental challenge models for Johne's disease: a review and proposed international guidelines. Vet Microbiol 2007; 122:197-222. [PMID: 17467201 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An international committee of Johne's disease (JD) researchers was convened to develop guidelines for JD challenge studies in multiple animal species. The intent was to develop and propose international standard guidelines for models based on animal species that would gain acceptance worldwide. Parameters essential for the development of long-term and short-term infection models were outlined and harmonized to provide a "best fit" JD challenge model for cattle, goats, sheep, cervids, and mice. These models will be useful to study host-pathogen interactions, host immunity at the local and systemic level, and for evaluating vaccine candidates and therapeutics. The consensus guidelines herein list by animal species strains of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis used, challenge dose, dose frequency, age of challenge, route of challenge, preparation of inoculum, experimental animal selection, quality control, minimal experimental endpoints and other parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray E Hines
- Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
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Nedrow AJ, Gavalchin J, Smith MC, Stehman SM, Maul JK, McDonough SP, Thonney ML. Antibody and skin-test responses of sheep vaccinated against Johne's Disease. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 116:109-12. [PMID: 17275919 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Revised: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Current vaccines against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP, Johne's Disease) may cause animals to react positively when tested for Mycobacterium bovis (Bovis). Therefore, the effects of vaccination on MAP serum Ab and skin-test responses to MAP and Bovis PPD were compared in 25 ewes vaccinated against MAP with 24 control ewes in an infected flock 3 years post-vaccination. MAP-specific Ab levels were higher (P<0.001) in vaccinated ewes than in control ewes. All increases in skinfold-thickness from 0 to 48h were greater (P<0.0001) than zero while increases in skinfold-thickness from 48 to 72h were greater (P<0.05) than zero for Johnin but not for Bovis PPD. The Vaccine x PPD x Time interaction for skinfold-thickness was significant (P<0.001) with greater increases to Johnin than to Bovis, but with much greater increases in vaccinated ewes. These data suggest that administration of vaccines against MAP developed from whole organisms increase the likelihood that animals will be classified as "responders" to a Bovis screening test and negative by the follow-up comparative cervical tuberculin test, but they also show that vaccination initiates both humoral and cell-mediated MAP-specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Nedrow
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Rigden RC, Jandhyala DM, Dupont C, Crosbie-Caird D, Lopez-Villalobos N, Maeda N, Gicquel B, Murray A. Humoral and cellular immune responses in sheep immunized with a 22 kilodalton exported protein of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55:1735-1740. [PMID: 17108279 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46785-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An immunogenic 22 kilodalton exported Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) lipoprotein (P22) was previously identified, and found to belong to the LppX/LprAFG family of mycobacterial lipoproteins. N-terminal polyhistidine-tagged P22 was produced and purified from Escherichia coli. Antibody recognition of P22, and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) responses in vitro using blood from a sheep vaccinated with Neoparasec, confirmed its immunogenicity. To evaluate the immunogenicity of P22 in vivo, five sheep were immunized with a single dose containing 0.8 mg recombinant P22 protein in adjuvant. Blood was collected at 4, 13 and 29 weeks post-immunization (p.i.) and tested for anti-P22 antibodies and P22-specific IFN-gamma production. P22-specific antibodies were detected by Western blot analysis in all five Neoparasec-immunized sheep at the three time points. Three out of five P22-immunized sheep produced P22-specific antibodies for up to 13 weeks p.i., and two gave a response at 29 weeks p.i. Recombinant P22 was able to stimulate significant IFN-gamma production in blood of P22-immunized sheep at 13 and 29 weeks p.i. Recombinant P22 also elicited an IFN-gamma response in blood of sheep immunized with Neoparasec.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael C Rigden
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Dakshina M Jandhyala
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Chris Dupont
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Dianna Crosbie-Caird
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nicolas Lopez-Villalobos
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Norihiro Maeda
- Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Brigitte Gicquel
- Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Alan Murray
- Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Murphy JT, Sommer S, Kabara EA, Verman N, Kuelbs MA, Saama P, Halgren R, Coussens PM. Gene expression profiling of monocyte-derived macrophages following infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies avium and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Physiol Genomics 2006; 28:67-75. [PMID: 17062651 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00098.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and Mycobacterium avium subspecies avium (MAA) represent two closely related intracellular bacteria with vastly different associated pathologies. MAA can cause severe respiratory infections in immune compromised humans but is nonpathogenic in ruminants and is more readily controlled by the bovine immune system than MAP. MAP causes a fatal wasting syndrome in ruminants, typified by granulomatous enteritis localized in the small intestine. MAP has also been cited as a potential cause of human Crohn's disease. We used a bovine immune-specific microarray (BOTL-5) to compare the response of mature bovine monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM cells) to MAP and MAA. Statistical analysis of microarray data revealed 21 genes not appreciably expressed in resting MDM cells that were activated following infection with either MAA or MAP. Further analysis revealed 144 genes differentially expressed in MDM cells following infection with MAA and 99 genes differentially expressed following infection with MAP. Of these genes, 37 were affected by both types of mycobacteria, with three being affected in opposite directions. Over 41% of the differentially expressed genes in MAA and MAP infected MDM cells were members of, regulated by, or regulators of the MAPK pathways. Expression of selected genes was validated by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR and in several key genes (i.e., IL-2 receptor, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1, and Fas-ligand) MAA was found to be a stronger activating factor than MAP. These gene expression patterns were correlated with prolonged activation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 by MAA, relative to MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith T Murphy
- Center for Animal Functional Genomics and Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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