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Chen H, Geng Y, Xu C, Zhuang B, Ju H, Ren L. Efficient light focusing through an MMF based on two-step phase shifting and parallel phase compensating. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:7552-7557. [PMID: 31674407 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.007552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Based on a parallel phase compensation scheme, we propose an efficient wavefront shaping method using a spatial light modulator (SLM) for quickly generating a series of focused spots through a multimode fiber (MMF). The compensated phase mask obtained by a two-step phase-shifting technique is loaded to the SLM for generating a focused spot at an arbitrary target position out of the fiber facet. Furthermore, the parallel algorithm we present makes it possible to obtain a series of compensated phase masks, which could be used to generate a series of focused spots at different locations. We experimentally obtained 100 tightly focused spots, with an average focused efficiency of 21.60% and an average focused diameter of 1.9240 μm, and only one-time parallel-compensated phase retrieval is required without multiple iteration optimization.
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2
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Huang L, Zhou X, Tang S. Optimization of frequency-doubled Er-doped fiber laser for miniature multiphoton endoscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-12. [PMID: 30574695 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.12.126503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Frequency-doubled femtosecond Er-doped fiber laser is a low-cost and portable excitation source suitable for multiphoton endoscopy. The frequency-doubled wavelength at 780 nm is used to excite the intrinsic fluorescence signal. The frequency-doubling with a periodically poled MgO : LiNbO3 (PPLN) is integrated in the distal end of the imaging head to achieve fiber connection. The imaging speed is further improved by optimizing the excitation laser source. A 0.3-mm length of PPLN crystal is selected and the Er-doped fiber laser is manipulated to match its bandwidth with the acceptance bandwidth of the PPLN. Through this optimization, a reduced pulsewidth of 80 fs of the frequency-doubled pulse is achieved. All-fiber dispersion compensation and pulse compression by single mode fiber is conducted, which makes the fiber laser directly fiber-coupled to the imaging head. An imaging speed of 4 frames / s is demonstrated on ex vivo imaging of unstained biological tissues, which is 10 times faster than our previous study using a 1-mm-long PPLN. The results show that miniature multiphoton endoscopy using frequency-doubled Er-doped fiber laser has great potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Huang
- University of British Columbia, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Xin Zhou
- University of British Columbia, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Shuo Tang
- University of British Columbia, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vancouver, Canada
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3
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Jing JC, Chen JJ, Chou L, Wong BJF, Chen Z. Visualization and Detection of Ciliary Beating Pattern and Frequency in the Upper Airway using Phase Resolved Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8522. [PMID: 28819309 PMCID: PMC5561030 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08968-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliary motion plays a critical role in the overall respiratory health of the upper airway. These cilia beat at a native frequency and in a synchronized pattern to continuously transport foreign particulate trapped in a layer of mucous out of the upper airway. Disruption of ciliary motion can lead to severe respiratory diseases and compromised respiratory function. Currently, the study of cilia requires expensive high speed cameras and high powered microscopes which is unsuitable for in vivo imaging and diagnosis. Doppler based optical coherence tomography has the potential to visualize the microscopic motion of cilia during their beating cycle. We demonstrate the development of a high-speed Doppler optical coherence tomography system that not only can rapidly determine the cilia beat frequency, but also simultaneously visualize the temporal cilia beating pattern which plays critical roles in cilia function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Jing
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, 92617, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, 92697-2715, CA, USA
| | - Jason J Chen
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, 92617, CA, USA
| | - Lidek Chou
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, 92617, CA, USA
| | - Brian J F Wong
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, 92617, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, 92697-2715, CA, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, 101 The City Drive South, Orange, 92868, CA, USA
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, 92617, CA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, 92697-2715, CA, USA.
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4
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Highly birefringent single mode spiral shape photonic crystal fiber based sensor for gas sensing applications. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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5
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Conkey DB, Kakkava E, Lanvin T, Loterie D, Stasio N, Morales-Delgado E, Moser C, Psaltis D. High power, ultrashort pulse control through a multi-core fiber for ablation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:11491-11502. [PMID: 28788714 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.011491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ultrashort pulse ablation has become a useful tool for micromachining and biomedical surgical applications. Implementation of ultrashort pulse ablation in confined spaces has been limited by endoscopic delivery and focusing of a high peak power pulse. Here we demonstrate ultrashort pulse ablation through a thin multi-core fiber (MCF) using wavefront shaping, which allows for focusing and scanning the pulse without requiring distal end optics and enables a smaller ablation tool. The intensity necessary for ablation is significantly higher than for multiphoton imaging. We show that the ultimate limitations of the MCF based ablation are the nonlinear effects induced by the pulse in the MCFs cores. We characterize and compare the performance of two devices utilizing a different number of cores and demonstrate ultrashort pulse ablation on a thin film of gold.
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6
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Ibadul Islam M, Ahmed K, Asaduzzaman S, Paul BK, Bhuiyan T, Sen S, Shadidul Islam M, Chowdhury S. Design of single mode spiral photonic crystal fiber for gas sensing applications. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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7
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Liang W, Hall G, Messerschmidt B, Li MJ, Li X. Nonlinear optical endomicroscopy for label-free functional histology in vivo. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2017; 6:e17082-. [PMID: 29854567 PMCID: PMC5972527 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2017.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript reports on the first two-photon, label-free, metabolic imaging of biological tissues in vivo at histological resolution on an extremely compact, fiber-optic endomicroscopy platform. This system provides new opportunities for performing non-invasive and functional histological imaging of internal organs in vivo, in situ and in real time. As a routine clinical procedure, traditional histology has made significant impacts on medicine. However, the procedure is invasive and time consuming, suffers random sampling errors, and cannot provide in vivo functional information. The technology reported here features an extremely compact and flexible fiber-optic probe ~2 mm in diameter, enabling direct access to internal organs. Unprecedented two-photon imaging quality comparable to a large bench-top laser scanning microscope was achieved through technological innovations in double-clad fiber optics and miniature objective lenses (among many others). In addition to real-time label-free visualization of biological tissues in situ with subcellular histological detail, we demonstrated for the first time in vivo two-photon endomicroscopic metabolic imaging on a functioning mouse kidney model. Such breakthroughs in nonlinear endoscopic imaging capability present numerous promising opportunities for paradigm-shifting applications in both clinical diagnosis and basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Liang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gunnsteinn Hall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Ming-Jun Li
- Science and Technology Division, Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY 14831, USA
| | - Xingde Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- E-mail:
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8
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Duan X, Li H, Qiu Z, Joshi BP, Pant A, Smith A, Kurabayashi K, Oldham KR, Wang TD. MEMS-based multiphoton endomicroscope for repetitive imaging of mouse colon. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:3074-83. [PMID: 26309768 PMCID: PMC4541532 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.003074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a handheld multiphoton endomicroscope with 3.4 mm distal diameter that can repetitively image mouse colon in vivo. A 2D resonant MEMS mirror was developed to perform beam scanning in a Lissajous pattern. The instrument has an effective numerical aperture of 0.63, lateral and axial resolution of 2.03 and 9.02 μm, respectively, working distance of 60 μm, and image field-of-view of 300 × 300 μm(2). Hoechst was injected intravenously in mice to stain cell nuclei. We were able to collect histology-like images in vivo at 5 frames/sec, and distinguish between normal and pre-malignant colonic epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyu Duan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Haijun Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zhen Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bishnu P. Joshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Asha Pant
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Arlene Smith
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Katsuo Kurabayashi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kenn R. Oldham
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas D. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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9
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Thomas G, van Voskuilen J, Gerritsen HC, Sterenborg HJCM. Advances and challenges in label-free nonlinear optical imaging using two-photon excitation fluorescence and second harmonic generation for cancer research. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 141:128-38. [PMID: 25463660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nonlinear optical imaging (NLOI) has emerged to be a promising tool for bio-medical imaging in recent times. Among the various applications of NLOI, its utility is the most significant in the field of pre-clinical and clinical cancer research. This review begins by briefly covering the core principles involved in NLOI, such as two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) and second harmonic generation (SHG). Subsequently, there is a short description on the various cellular components that contribute to endogenous optical fluorescence. Later on the review deals with its main theme--the challenges faced during label-free NLO imaging in translational cancer research. While this review addresses the accomplishment of various label-free NLOI based studies in cancer diagnostics, it also touches upon the limitations of the mentioned studies. In addition, areas in cancer research that need to be further investigated by label-free NLOI are discussed in a latter segment. The review eventually concludes on the note that label-free NLOI has and will continue to contribute richly in translational cancer research, to eventually provide a very reliable, yet minimally invasive cancer diagnostic tool for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giju Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Erasmus Medical Centre, Post Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Johan van Voskuilen
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans C Gerritsen
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H J C M Sterenborg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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10
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Yu J, Zeng H, Lui H, Skibina JS, Steinmeyer G, Tang S. Characterization and application of chirped photonic crystal fiber in multiphoton imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:10366-79. [PMID: 24921739 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.010366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fiber delivery of ultrashort pulses is important for multiphoton endoscopy. A chirped photonic crystal fiber (CPCF) is first characterized for its transmission bandwidth, propagation loss, and dispersion properties. Its extremely low dispersion (~150 fs(2)/m) enables the delivery of sub-30 fs pulses through a ~1 m-long CPCF. The CPCF is then incorporated into a multiphoton imaging system and its performance is demonstrated by imaging various biological samples including yew leaf, mouse tendon, and human skin. The imaging quality is further compared with images acquired by a multiphoton imaging system with free-space or hollow-core photonic band-gap fiber (PBF) delivery of pulses. Compared with free-space system, the CPCF delivered system maintains the same ultrashort pulsewidth and the image qualities are comparable. Compared with the PBF delivery, CPCF provides a 35 times shorter pulsewidth at the sample location, which results in a ~12 and 50 times improvement in two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) and second harmonic generation (SHG) signals respectively. Our results show that CPCF has great potential for fiber delivery of ultrashort pulses for multiphoton endoscopy.
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11
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Chung HY, Kuo WC, Cheng YH, Yu CH, Chia SH, Lin CY, Chen JS, Tsai HJ, Fedotov AB, Ivanov AA, Zheltikov AM, Sun CK. Blu-ray disk lens as the objective of a miniaturized two-photon fluorescence microscope. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:31604-31614. [PMID: 24514733 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.031604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we examine the performance of a Blu-ray disk (BD) aspheric lens as the objective of a miniaturized scanning nonlinear optical microscope. By combining a single 2D micro-electro mechanical system (MEMS) mirror as the scanner and with different tube lens pairs, the field of view (FOV) of the studied microscope varies from 59 μm × 93 μm up to 178 μm × 280 μm, while the corresponding lateral resolution varies from 0.6 μm to 2 μm for two-photon fluorescence (2PF) signals. With a 34/s video frame rate, in vivo dynamic observation of zebrafish heartbeat through 2PF of the excited green fluorescence protein (GFP) is demonstrated.
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12
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Ahn J, Yoo H, Gweon DG. Endoscopic focal modulation microscopy. J Microsc 2013; 250:116-121. [PMID: 23488978 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We present endoscopic focal modulation microscopy (FMM) for minimally invasive imaging of deep tissue with high contrast, and then compare the results using endoscopic confocal microscopy (CM). Deep tissue imaging is achieved using a needle-like endoscopic probe based on gradient-index (GRIN) lenses. A tissue-like phantom with fluorescent micro-beads and rat kidney tubules were imaged through the endoscopic probe with FMM. FMM effectively rejected the background signals from the out-of-focus plane, thereby enhancing the image contrast and the optical sectioning ability. The combination of the GRIN endoscopic probe and FMM provides deep tissue imaging with better contrast than endoscopic CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ahn
- Nano Opto-Mechatronics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - H Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - D-G Gweon
- Nano Opto-Mechatronics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea
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13
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Perry SW, Burke RM, Brown EB. Two-photon and second harmonic microscopy in clinical and translational cancer research. Ann Biomed Eng 2012; 40:277-91. [PMID: 22258888 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-012-0512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Application of two-photon microscopy (TPM) to translational and clinical cancer research has burgeoned over the last several years, as several avenues of pre-clinical research have come to fruition. In this review, we focus on two forms of TPM-two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy, and second harmonic generation microscopy-as they have been used for investigating cancer pathology in ex vivo and in vivo human tissue. We begin with discussion of two-photon theory and instrumentation particularly as applicable to cancer research, followed by an overview of some of the relevant cancer research literature in areas that include two-photon imaging of human tissue biopsies, human skin in vivo, and the rapidly developing technology of two-photon microendoscopy. We believe these and other evolving two-photon methodologies will continue to help translate cancer research from the bench to the bedside, and ultimately bring minimally invasive methods for cancer diagnosis and treatment to therapeutic reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth W Perry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
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14
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Sarantopoulos A, Beziere N, Ntziachristos V. Optical and Opto-Acoustic Interventional Imaging. Ann Biomed Eng 2012; 40:346-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-011-0501-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Shahmoon A, Slovin H, Zalevsky Z. Biomedical Super-resolved Imaging Using Special Micro-probe. BIONANOSCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-011-0012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Two-photon in vivo imaging of cells. Pediatr Nephrol 2011; 26:1483-9. [PMID: 21404099 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-011-1818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In vivo imaging of cells gives a glimpse into the world of biology in a natural setting unparalleled by any other venue. Two-photon imaging of fluorescently labeled cells has become the standard to obtain high-resolution, dynamic images of living specimens with great specificity. This review focuses on providing the reader with a short history of, and impetus behind, two-photon imaging, its working mechanics, and emerging technologies related to biological multiphoton imaging.
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17
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Crosignani V, Dvornikov AS, Gratton E. Enhancement of imaging depth in turbid media using a wide area detector. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2011; 4:592-9. [PMID: 21425242 PMCID: PMC4245154 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The depth of two-photon fluorescence imaging in turbid media can be significantly enhanced by the use of the here described fluorescence detection method that allows to efficiently collect scattered fluorescence photons from a wide area of the turbid sample. By using this detector we were able to perform imaging of turbid samples, simulating brain tissue, at depths up to 3 mm, where the two-photon induced fluorescence signal is too weak to be detected by means used in conventional two-photon microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viera Crosignani
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Alexander S. Dvornikov
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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18
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Zhao Y, Nakamura H, Gordon RJ. Development of a versatile two-photon endoscope for biological imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 1:1159-1172. [PMID: 21258538 PMCID: PMC3018080 DOI: 10.1364/boe.1.001159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We describe a versatile, catheter-type two-photon probe, designed for in vivo and ex vivo imaging of the aqueous outflow pathway in the eye. The device consists of a silica double cladding fiber used for laser delivery and fluorescence collection, a spiral fiber scanner driven by a miniature piezoelectric tube, and an assembly of three micro-size doublet achromatic lenses used for focusing the laser and collecting the two-photon excitation signal. All the components have a maximum diameter of 2 mm and are enclosed in a length of 12-gauge stainless steel hypodermic tubing having an outer diameter of 2.8 mm. The lateral and axial resolutions of the probe are measured to be 1.5 μm and 9.2 μm, respectively. Different lens configurations and fibers are evaluated by comparing their spatial resolutions and fluorescence signal collection efficiencies. Doublet achromatic lenses and a double cladding fiber with a high inner cladding numerical aperture are found to produce a high signal collection efficiency, which is essential for imaging live tissues. Simple methods for reducing image distortions are demonstrated. Images of human trabecular meshwork tissue are successfully obtained with this miniature two-photon microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youbo Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakamura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Summa Health System, Akron, OH 44309, USA
| | - Robert J. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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19
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Chia SH, Yu CH, Lin CH, Cheng NC, Liu TM, Chan MC, Chen IH, Sun CK. Miniaturized video-rate epi-third-harmonic-generation fiber-microscope. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:17382-91. [PMID: 20721125 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.017382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
With a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) mirror, we successfully developed a miniaturized epi-third-harmonic-generation (epi-THG) fiber-microscope with a video frame rate (31 Hz), which was designed for in vivo optical biopsy of human skin. With a large-mode-area (LMA) photonic crystal fiber (PCF) and a regular microscopic objective, the nonlinear distortion of the ultrafast pulses delivery could be much reduced while still achieving a 0.4 microm lateral resolution for epi-THG signals. In vivo real time virtual biopsy of the Asian skin with a video rate (31 Hz) and a sub-micron resolution was obtained. The result indicates that this miniaturized system was compact enough for the least invasive hand-held clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hsuan Chia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate Inst of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Natl Taiwan Univ, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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20
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Balu M, Liu G, Chen Z, Tromberg BJ, Potma EO. Fiber delivered probe for efficient CARS imaging of tissues. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:2380-8. [PMID: 20174068 PMCID: PMC3014314 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.002380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a fiber-based probe for maximum collection of the coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) signal in biological tissues. We discuss the design challenges including capturing the backscattered forward generated CARS signal in the sample and the effects of fiber nonlinearities on the propagating pulses. Three different single mode fibers (fused silica fiber, photonic crystal fiber and double-clad photonic crystal fiber) were tested for the probe design. We investigated self-phase modulation, stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and four-wave-mixing (FWM) generation in the fiber: nonlinear processes expected to occur in a two-beam excitation based probe. While SPM and SRS induced spectral broadening was negligible, a strong non phase-matched FWM contribution was found to be present in all the tested fibers for excitation conditions relevant to CARS microscopy of tissues. To spectrally suppress this strong contribution, the pro design incorporates separate fibers for excitation light delivery and for signal detection, in combination with dichroic optics. CARS images of the samples were recorded by collecting the back-scattered forward generated CARS signal in the sample through a multi-mode fiber. Different biological tissues were imaged ex vivo in order to assess the performance of our fiber-delivered probe for CARS imaging, a tool which we consider an important advance towards label-free, in vivo probing of superficial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Balu
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, University of California, Irvine, 92612
| | - Gangjun Liu
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, University of California, Irvine, 92612
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, University of California, Irvine, 92612
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 92697
| | - Bruce J. Tromberg
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, University of California, Irvine, 92612
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 92697
| | - Eric O. Potma
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, University of California, Irvine, 92612
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 92697
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