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Liao CS, Cheng JX. In Situ and In Vivo Molecular Analysis by Coherent Raman Scattering Microscopy. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2016; 9:69-93. [PMID: 27306307 PMCID: PMC5367927 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071015-041627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Coherent Raman scattering (CRS) microscopy is a high-speed vibrational imaging platform with the ability to visualize the chemical content of a living specimen by using molecular vibrational fingerprints. We review technical advances and biological applications of CRS microscopy. The basic theory of CRS and the state-of-the-art instrumentation of a CRS microscope are presented. We further summarize and compare the algorithms that are used to separate the Raman signal from the nonresonant background, to denoise a CRS image, and to decompose a hyperspectral CRS image into concentration maps of principal components. Important applications of single-frequency and hyperspectral CRS microscopy are highlighted. Potential directions of CRS microscopy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Sheng Liao
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907;
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907;
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Naji M, Murugkar S, Anis H. Determining optimum operating conditions of the polarization-maintaining fiber with two far-lying zero dispersion wavelengths for CARS microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:10800-10814. [PMID: 24921780 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.010800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Single femtosecond laser-based coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy, using a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) pumped in the near-IR to generate a supercontinuum for the Stokes source, is rapidly being adopted as a cost-effective approach. A PCF with two closely-lying zero dispersion wavelengths is a popular choice for the Stokes source, but it is often limited to imaging lipids. A polarization-maintaining PCF with two far-lying zero dispersion wavelengths offers important advantages for polarization CARS microscopy, and for CARS imaging in the fingerprint region. This PCF fiber, though commercially available, has limited use for CARS microscopy in the C-H bond region. The main problem is that the supercontinuum from this fiber is typically noisier than that from a standard PCF with two closely-lying zero dispersion wavelengths. To overcome this, we determined the optimum operating conditions for generating a low-noise supercontinuum out of a PCF with two far-lying zero dispersion wavelengths, in terms of the input parameters of the excitation pulse. We measured the relative intensity noise (RIN) of the Stokes and the corresponding CARS signal as a function of the input laser parameters in this fiber. We showed that the results of CARS imaging using this alternate fiber are comparable to those achieved using the standard fiber, for input laser pulse conditions of low average power, narrow pulse width with slightly positive chirp, and polarization direction parallel to the slow axis of the selected fiber.
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Xia P, Ito Y, Shimozato Y, Tahara T, Kakue T, Awatsuji Y, Nishio K, Ura S, Kubota T, Matoba O. Digital Holography Using Spectral Estimation Technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1109/jdt.2014.2298537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Zhang D, Slipchenko MN, Leaird DE, Weiner AM, Cheng JX. Spectrally modulated stimulated Raman scattering imaging with an angle-to-wavelength pulse shaper. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:13864-74. [PMID: 23736639 PMCID: PMC3686469 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.013864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The stimulated Raman scattering signal is often accompanied by unwanted background arising from other pump-probe modalities. We demonstrate an approach to overcome this challenge based on spectral domain modulation, enabled by a compact, cost-effective angle-to-wavelength pulse shaper. The pulse shaper switches between two spectrally narrow windows, which are cut out of a broadband femtosecond pulse and selected for on- and off- Raman resonance excitation, at 2.1 MHz frequency for detection of stimulated Raman scattering signal. Such spectral modulation reduced the unwanted pump-probe signals by up to 20 times and enabled stimulated Raman scattering imaging of molecules in a pigmented environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907,
USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Mikhail N. Slipchenko
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907,
USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Daniel E. Leaird
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, 465 Northwestern Ave. West Lafayette, IN 47907,
USA
| | - Andrew M. Weiner
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, 465 Northwestern Ave. West Lafayette, IN 47907,
USA
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907,
USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907,
USA
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Krafft C, Dietzek B, Schmitt M, Popp J. Raman and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microspectroscopy for biomedical applications. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:040801. [PMID: 22559673 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.4.040801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A tutorial article is presented for the use of linear and nonlinear Raman microspectroscopies in biomedical diagnostics. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) is the most frequently applied nonlinear variant of Raman spectroscopy. The basic concepts of Raman and CARS are introduced first, and subsequent biomedical applications of Raman and CARS are described. Raman microspectroscopy is applied to both in-vivo and in-vitro tissue diagnostics, and the characterization and identification of individual mammalian cells. These applications benefit from the fact that Raman spectra provide specific information on the chemical composition and molecular structure in a label-free and nondestructive manner. Combining the chemical specificity of Raman spectroscopy with the spatial resolution of an optical microscope allows recording hyperspectral images with molecular contrast. We also elaborate on interfacing Raman spectroscopic tools with other technologies such as optical tweezing, microfluidics and fiber optic probes. Thereby, we aim at presenting a guide into one exciting branch of modern biophotonics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Krafft
- Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Yue S, Slipchenko MN, Cheng JX. Multimodal Nonlinear Optical Microscopy. LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS 2011; 5:10.1002/lpor.201000027. [PMID: 24353747 PMCID: PMC3863942 DOI: 10.1002/lpor.201000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Because each nonlinear optical (NLO) imaging modality is sensitive to specific molecules or structures, multimodal NLO imaging capitalizes the potential of NLO microscopy for studies of complex biological tissues. The coupling of multiphoton fluorescence, second harmonic generation, and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) has allowed investigation of a broad range of biological questions concerning lipid metabolism, cancer development, cardiovascular disease, and skin biology. Moreover, recent research shows the great potential of using CARS microscope as a platform to develop more advanced NLO modalities such as electronic-resonance-enhanced four-wave mixing, stimulated Raman scattering, and pump-probe microscopy. This article reviews the various approaches developed for realization of multimodal NLO imaging as well as developments of new NLO modalities on a CARS microscope. Applications to various aspects of biological and biomedical research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Yue
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Mikhail N. Slipchenko
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Meyer T, Bergner N, Bielecki C, Krafft C, Akimov D, Romeike BFM, Reichart R, Kalff R, Dietzek B, Popp J. Nonlinear microscopy, infrared, and Raman microspectroscopy for brain tumor analysis. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:021113. [PMID: 21361676 DOI: 10.1117/1.3533268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary brain tumor research focuses on two challenges: First, tumor typing and grading by analyzing excised tissue is of utmost importance for choosing a therapy. Second, for prognostication the tumor has to be removed as completely as possible. Nowadays, histopathology of excised tissue using haematoxylin-eosine staining is the gold standard for the definitive diagnosis of surgical pathology specimens. However, it is neither applicable in vivo, nor does it allow for precise tumor typing in those cases when only nonrepresentative specimens are procured. Infrared and Raman spectroscopy allow for very precise cancer analysis due to their molecular specificity, while nonlinear microscopy is a suitable tool for rapid imaging of large tissue sections. Here, unstained samples from the brain of a domestic pig have been investigated by a multimodal nonlinear imaging approach combining coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, second harmonic generation, and two photon excited fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, a brain tumor specimen was additionally analyzed by linear Raman and Fourier transform infrared imaging for a detailed assessment of the tissue types that is required for classification and to validate the multimodal imaging approach. Hence label-free vibrational microspectroscopic imaging is a promising tool for fast and precise in vivo diagnostics of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Meyer
- Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Rivard M, Laliberté M, Bertrand-Grenier A, Harnagea C, Pfeffer CP, Vallières M, St-Pierre Y, Pignolet A, El Khakani MA, Légaré F. The structural origin of second harmonic generation in fascia. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 2:26-36. [PMID: 21326632 PMCID: PMC3028495 DOI: 10.1364/boe.2.000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fascia tissue is rich in collagen type I proteins and can be imaged by second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy. While identifying the overall alignment of the collagen fibrils is evident from those images, the tridimensional structural origin for the observation of SHG signal is more complex than it apparently seems. Those images reveal that the noncentrosymmetric (piezoelectric) structures are distributed heterogeneously on spatial dimensions inferior to the resolution provided by the nonlinear optical microscope (sub-micron). Using piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM), we show that an individual collagen fibril has a noncentrosymmetric structural organization. Fibrils are found to be arranged in nano-domains where the anisotropic axis is preserved along the fibrillar axis, while across the collagen sheets, the phase of the second order nonlinear susceptibility is changing by 180 degrees between adjacent nano-domains. This complex architecture of noncentrosymmetric nano-domains governs the coherent addition of 2ω light within the focal volume and the observed features in the SHG images taken in fascia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Rivard
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Qc Canada J3X1S2
| | - Mathieu Laliberté
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Qc Canada J3X1S2
| | - Antony Bertrand-Grenier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Qc Canada J3X1S2
| | - Catalin Harnagea
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Qc Canada J3X1S2
| | | | - Martin Vallières
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Qc Canada J3X1S2
| | - Yves St-Pierre
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, Qc Canada H7V 1B7
| | - Alain Pignolet
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Qc Canada J3X1S2
| | - My Ali El Khakani
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Qc Canada J3X1S2
| | - François Légaré
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Qc Canada J3X1S2
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Slepkov AD, Ridsdale A, Pegoraro AF, Moffatt DJ, Stolow A. Multimodal CARS microscopy of structured carbohydrate biopolymers. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 1:1347-1357. [PMID: 21258555 PMCID: PMC3018121 DOI: 10.1364/boe.1.001347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the utility of multimodal coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy for the study of structured condensed carbohydrate systems. Simultaneous second-harmonic generation (SHG) and spectrally-scanned CARS microscopy was used to elucidate structure, alignment, and density in cellulose cotton fibers and in starch grains undergoing rapid heat-moisture swelling. Our results suggest that CARS response of the O-H stretch region (3000 cm(-1)-3400 cm(-1)), together with the commonly-measured C-H stretch (2750 cm(-1)-2970 cm(-1)) and SHG provide potentially important structural information and contrast in these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D. Slepkov
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa,
Ontario, K1A 0R6 Canada
| | - Andrew Ridsdale
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa,
Ontario, K1A 0R6 Canada
| | - Adrian F. Pegoraro
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa,
Ontario, K1A 0R6 Canada
- Department of Physics, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Douglas J. Moffatt
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa,
Ontario, K1A 0R6 Canada
| | - Albert Stolow
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa,
Ontario, K1A 0R6 Canada
- Department of Physics, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 Canada
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