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Chen MC, Govindaraju I, Wang WH, Chen WL, Mumbrekar KD, Mal SS, Sarmah B, Baruah VJ, Srisungsitthisunti P, Karunakara N, Mazumder N, Zhuo GY. Revealing the Structural Organization of Gamma-irradiated Starch Granules Using Polarization-resolved Second Harmonic Generation Microscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1450-1459. [PMID: 37488816 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Starch is a semi-crystalline macromolecule with the presence of amorphous and crystalline components. The amorphous amylose and crystalline amylopectin regions in starch granules are susceptible to certain physical modifications, such as gamma irradiation. Polarization-resolved second harmonic generation (P-SHG) microscopy in conjunction with SHG-circular dichroism (CD) was used to assess the three-dimensional molecular order and inherent chirality of starch granules and their reaction to different dosages of gamma irradiation. For the first time, the relationship between starch achirality (χ21/χ16 and χ22/χ16) and chirality (χ14/χ16) determining susceptibility tensor ratios has been elucidated. The results showed that changes in the structure and orientation of long-chain amylopectin were supported by the decrease in the SHG anisotropy factor and the χ22/χ16 ratio. Furthermore, SHG-CD illustrated the molecular tilt angle by revealing the arrangement of amylopectin molecules pointing either upward or downward owing to molecular polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chi Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine and New Drug Development, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Xueshi Rd., North Dist., Taichung 404333, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Indira Govindaraju
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Planetarium complex, Udupi Dist., Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Wei-Hsun Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine and New Drug Development, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Xueshi Rd., North Dist., Taichung 404333, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Da'an Dist., Taipei 106319, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Kamalesh Dattaram Mumbrekar
- Department of Radiation Biology and Toxicology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Planetarium complex, Udupi Dist., Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sib Sankar Mal
- Materials and Catalysis Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangalore Dist., Karnataka, 575025, India
| | - Bhaswati Sarmah
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam 785013, India
| | - Vishwa Jyoti Baruah
- Department of Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam 786004, India
| | - Pornsak Srisungsitthisunti
- Department of Production Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Naregundi Karunakara
- Centre for Application of Radioisotopes and Radiation Technology (CARRT), Mangalore University, Mangalore 574199, India
- Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Radioactivity (CARER), Mangalore University, Mangalore 574199, India
| | - Nirmal Mazumder
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Planetarium complex, Udupi Dist., Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Guan-Yu Zhuo
- Institute of Translational Medicine and New Drug Development, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Xueshi Rd., North Dist., Taichung 404333, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
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2
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Bennett E, Harvey M, Cisek R, Tokarz D. Investigation into the structure of crystalline maltodextrin particles by second harmonic generation microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:1027-1040. [PMID: 36950239 PMCID: PMC10026584 DOI: 10.1364/boe.481689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline maltodextrin particles (CMPs) were investigated using polarization-sensitive second harmonic generation (PSHG) microscopy to determine changes in their crystalline organization due to crystal type (A- and B-type) and hydration for application as starch model systems. Optimization of their synthesis resulted in intense SHG emission, exceeding maize starch granules. PSHG data showed that CMPs have a radial macrostructure with respect to their nucleation regions, fitted ρ values of 2-6, and some similar hydration variations, mimicking starch granules and validating that CMPs may be used as a model system for improved understanding of the SHG properties and applications of starch granules.
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Vilms Pedersen S, Brewer JR, Hedegaard MAB, Arnspang Christensen E. Spectral Unmixing for Label-Free, In-Liquid Characterization of Biomass Microstructure and Biopolymer Content by Coherent Raman Imaging. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2168-2175. [PMID: 36638088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of lignocellulosic biomass microstructure with chemical specificity and under physiological conditions could provide invaluable insights to our understanding of plant tissue development, microstructure, origins of recalcitrance, degradation, and solubilization. However, most methods currently available are either destructive, are not compatible with hosting a physiological environment, or introduces exogenous probes, complicating their use for studying changes in microstructure and mechanisms of plant development, recalcitrance, or degradation in situ. To address these challenges, we here present a multi-modal chemically specific imaging technique based on coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microspectroscopy with simplex maximization and entropy-based spectral unmixing enabling label-free, chemically specific characterization of plant microstructure in liquid. We describe how spatial drift of samples suspended in liquid can introduce artifacts in spectral unmixing procedures for single-frequency CARS and propose a mitigative strategy toward these effects using simultaneously acquired forward-scattered CARS signals and epi-detected autofluorescence. We further apply the technique for chemical and microstructural characterization of untreated and liquid hot water pretreated rapeseed straw by CARS and show how the framework can be extended for 3D imaging with chemical specificity. Finally, we provide examples of the intricate chemical and microstructural details recovered by this hybrid imaging technique, including discerning between primary and secondary cell walls, localization of aqueous components to cell lumina, and the presence of funnel-type pits in samples ofBrassica napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Vilms Pedersen
- Department of Green Technology, SDU Biotechnology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Jonathan R Brewer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Martin A B Hedegaard
- Department of Green Technology, SDU Biotechnology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Eva Arnspang Christensen
- Department of Green Technology, SDU Biotechnology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
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4
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Chakraborty I, Rongpipi S, Govindaraju I, B R, Mal SS, Gomez EW, Gomez ED, Kalita RD, Nath Y, Mazumder N. An insight into microscopy and analytical techniques for morphological, structural, chemical, and thermal characterization of cellulose. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:1990-2015. [PMID: 35040538 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose obtained from plants is a bio-polysaccharide and the most abundant organic polymer on earth that has immense household and industrial applications. Hence, the characterization of cellulose is important for determining its appropriate applications. In this article, we review the characterization of cellulose morphology, surface topography using microscopic techniques including optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Other physicochemical characteristics like crystallinity, chemical composition, and thermal properties are studied using techniques including X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. This review may contribute to the development of using cellulose as a low-cost raw material with anticipated physicochemical properties. HIGHLIGHTS: Morphology and surface topography of cellulose structure is characterized using microscopy techniques including optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Analytical techniques used for physicochemical characterization of cellulose include X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Chakraborty
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Sintu Rongpipi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Indira Govindaraju
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Rakesh B
- Department of Life Science, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, 560029, India
| | - Sib Sankar Mal
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Mangaluru, Karnataka, 575025, India
| | - Esther W Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ranjan Dutta Kalita
- Department of Biotechnology, Royal Global University, Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India
| | - Yuthika Nath
- Department of Serology, State Forensic Science Laboratory, Guwahati, India
| | - Nirmal Mazumder
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
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Maekawa H, Kumar SKK, Mukherjee SS, Ge NH. Phase-Sensitive Vibrationally Resonant Sum-Frequency Generation Microscopy in Multiplex Configuration at 80 MHz Repetition Rate. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:9507-9516. [PMID: 34433279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c05430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vibrationally resonant sum-frequency generation (VR SFG) microscopy is an advanced imaging technique that can map out the intensity contrast of infrared and Raman active vibrational modes with micron to submicron lateral resolution. To broaden its applications and to obtain a molecular level of understanding, further technical advancement is needed to enable high-speed measurements of VR SFG microspectra at every pixel. In this study, we demonstrate a new VR SFG hyperspectral imaging platform combined with an ultrafast laser system operated at a repetition rate of 80 MHz. The multiplex configuration with broadband mid-infrared pulses makes it possible to measure a single microspectrum of CH/CH2 stretching modes in biological samples, such as starch granules and type I collagen tissue, with an exposure time of hundreds of milliseconds. Switching from the homodyne- to heterodyne-detected VR SFG hyperspectral imaging can be achieved by inserting a pair of optics into the beam path for local oscillator generation and delay time adjustment, which enables self-phase-stabilized spectral interferometry. We investigate the relationship between phase images of several different C-H modes and the relative orientation of collagen triple-helix in fibril bundles. The results show that the new multiplex VR SFG microscope operated at a high repetition rate is a powerful approach to probe the structural features and spatial arrangements of biological systems in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Maekawa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - S K Karthick Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Sudipta S Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Nien-Hui Ge
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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6
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Advanced microscopy techniques for revealing molecular structure of starch granules. Biophys Rev 2020; 12:105-122. [PMID: 31950343 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-020-00614-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch is a major source of our daily diet and it is important to understand the molecular structure that plays a significant role in its wide number of applications. In this review article, microscopic structures of starch granules from potato, corn, rice canna, tania, wheat, sweet potato, and cassava are revealed using advanced microscopic techniques. Optical microscopy depicts the size and shape, polarization microscopy shows the anisotropy properties of starch granules, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) displays surface topography, and confocal microscopy is used to observe the three-dimensional internal structure of starch granules. The crystallinity of starch granules is revealed by second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) provides mechanical properties including strength, texture, and elasticity. These properties play an important role in understanding the stability of starch granules under various processing conditions like heating, enzyme degradation, and hydration and determining its applications in various industries such as food packaging and textile industries.
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7
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Alizadeh M, Ghotbi M, Loza-Alvarez P, Merino D. Comparison of Different Polarization Sensitive Second Harmonic Generation Imaging Techniques. Methods Protoc 2019; 2:E49. [PMID: 31181703 PMCID: PMC6632172 DOI: 10.3390/mps2020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarization sensitive second harmonic generation (pSHG) microscopy is an imaging technique able to provide, in a non-invasive manner, information related to the molecular structure of second harmonic generation (SHG) active structures, many of which are commonly found in biological tissue. The process of acquiring this information by means of pSHG microscopy requires a scan of the sample using different polarizations of the excitation beam. This process can take considerable time in comparison with the dynamics of in vivo processes. Fortunately, single scan polarization sensitive second harmonic generation (SS-pSHG) microscopy has also been reported, and is able to generate the same information at a faster speed compared to pSHG. In this paper, the orientation of second harmonic active supramolecular assemblies in starch granules is obtained on by means of pSHG and SS-pSHG. These results are compared in the forward and backward directions, showing a good agreement in both techniques. This paper shows for the first time, to the best of the authors' knowledge, data acquired using both techniques over the exact same sample and image plane, so that they can be compared pixel-to-pixel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Alizadeh
- Department of Physics, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran.
| | - Masood Ghotbi
- Department of Physics, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran.
| | - Pablo Loza-Alvarez
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David Merino
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Barcelona, Spain.
- UOC, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain.
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8
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Kowsik PV, Mazumder N. Structural and chemical characterization of rice and potato starch granules using microscopy and spectroscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 81:1533-1540. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prarthana V. Kowsik
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences; Manipal Academy of Higher Education; Manipal Karnataka India-576104
| | - Nirmal Mazumder
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences; Manipal Academy of Higher Education; Manipal Karnataka India-576104
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9
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Han CY, Du CY, Chen DF. Evaluation of structural and molecular variation of starch granules during the gelatinization process by using the rapid Mueller matrix imaging polarimetry system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:15851-15866. [PMID: 30114840 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.015851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Starch is an essential and widely distributed natural material, but its detailed conformation and thermal transition properties are not yet well understood. We present a rapid Mueller matrix imaging system to explore the structural characteristics of starch granules by using 16 measurements with different incoming and outgoing polarizations. Due to the minimum rotation of the optical elements and the self-calibration ability of this system, the full Mueller matrix images can be accurately obtained within ten-odd seconds. Both structural and molecular features of the starch granule were investigated in the static state and gelatinization process by means of multiple optical characteristics deduced from the Mueller matrix. The experimental results for the structural changes during the gelatinization were close to other nonlinear optical approaches; moreover, the crystallinity and optical rotation of the starch granule are also determined through the use of this approach.
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10
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Mohseni M, Polzer C, Hellerer T. Resolution of spectral focusing in coherent Raman imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:10230-10241. [PMID: 29715963 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.010230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we present a detailed investigation of the impact of dispersion on the spectral resolution achievable by the application of spectral focusing in coherent Raman imaging. Our results reveal the detrimental effect of third order dispersion that limits the resolution for group delay dispersion of 100 000 fs2 and more. Experimental examples for the exact determination of the described effects are given as well as a condensed presentation of the known equations. We introduce useful approximations to the latter, which serve to facilitate the straightforward integration of spectral focusing into any multimodal microscope.
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11
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Cisek R, Tokarz D, Kontenis L, Barzda V, Steup M. Polarimetric second harmonic generation microscopy: An analytical tool for starch bioengineering. STARCH-STARKE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201700031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Cisek
- Department of Physics; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences; University of Toronto Mississauga; Mississauga Ontario Canada
| | - Danielle Tokarz
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
| | - Lukas Kontenis
- Department of Physics; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences; University of Toronto Mississauga; Mississauga Ontario Canada
| | - Virginijus Barzda
- Department of Physics; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences; University of Toronto Mississauga; Mississauga Ontario Canada
| | - Martin Steup
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology; University of Potsdam; Potsdam Germany
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12
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Mazumder N, Xiang LY, Qiu J, Kao FJ. Investigating starch gelatinization through Stokes vector resolved second harmonic generation microscopy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45816. [PMID: 28383522 PMCID: PMC5382894 DOI: 10.1038/srep45816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The changes of the morphology during heating and the degree of crystallinity of dry and hydrated starch granules are investigated using second harmonic generation (SHG) based Stokes polarimetry. A spatial distribution of various polarization parameters, such as the degree of polarization (DOP), the degree of linear polarization (DOLP), and the degree of circular polarization (DOCP) are extracted and compared with the two dimensional second harmonic (SH) Stokes images of starch granules. The SH signal from hydrated and dry starch on heating differed significantly in DOLP and DOCP values, indicating that hydrated starch has a greater degree of ultrastructural amylopectin disorder. The detail of denaturation and the phase transition of hydrated starch demonstrate the significant influence of thermal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal Mazumder
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan. .,Department of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, India.
| | - Lu Yun Xiang
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Jianjun Qiu
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fu-Jen Kao
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.
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de Vito G, Cappello V, Tonazzini I, Cecchini M, Piazza V. RP-CARS reveals molecular spatial order anomalies in myelin of an animal model of Krabbe disease. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:385-393. [PMID: 26990139 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD) is a rare demyelinating sphingolipidosis, often fatal in the first years of life. It is caused by the inactivation of the galactocerebrosidase (GALC) enzyme that causes an increase in the cellular levels of psychosine considered to be at the origin of the tissue-level effects. GALC is inactivated also in the Twitcher (TWI) mouse: a genetic model of KD that is providing important insights into the understating of the pathogenetic process and the development of possible treatments. In this article an innovative optical technique, RP-CARS, is proposed as a tool to study the degree of order of the CH2 bonds inside the myelin sheaths of TWI-mice sciatic-nerve fibres. RP-CARS, a recently developed variation of CARS microscopy, is able to combine the intrinsic chemical selectivity of CARS microscopy with molecular-bond-spatial-orientation sensibility. This is the first time RP-CARS is applied to the study of a genetic model of a pathology, leading to the demonstration of a post-onset progressive spatial disorganization of the myelin CH2 bonds. The presented result could be of great interest for a deeper understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the human KD and, moreover, it is an additional proof of the experimental validity of this microscopy technique. RP-CARS image (2850 cm-1 , CH2 bonds) of a sciatic-nerve optical longitudinal section from a Twitcher P23 (symptomatic) mouse. Scale bar: 10 microns. The image was constructed by colour-mapping the degree of molecular order of the CH2 bonds inside the myelin walls, as displayed in the colour bar on the right.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe de Vito
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Cappello
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Tonazzini
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, I-56127, Italy
| | - Marco Cecchini
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, I-56127, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Piazza
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
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14
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Crystallite orientation maps in starch granules from polarized Raman spectroscopy (PRS) data. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 154:70-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Porquez JG, Cole RA, Tabarangao JT, Slepkov AD. Spectrally-broad coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering hyper-microscopy utilizing a Stokes supercontinuum pumped at 800 nm. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:4335-4345. [PMID: 27867735 PMCID: PMC5102551 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.004335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate spectral-focusing based coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (SF-CARS) hyper-microscopy capable of probing vibrational frequencies from 630 cm-1 to 3250 cm-1 using a single Ti:Sapphire femtosecond laser operating at 800 nm, and a commercially-available supercontinuum-generating fibre module. A broad Stokes supercontinuum with significant spectral power at wavelengths between 800 nm and 940 nm is generated by power tuning the fibre module using atypically long and/or chirped ~200 fs pump pulses, allowing convenient access to lower vibrational frequencies in the fingerprint spectral region. This work significantly reduces the instrumental and technical requirements for multimodal CARS microscopy, while expanding the spectral capabilities of an established approach to SF-CARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy G. Porquez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Trent University, 1600 W Bank Dr., Peterborough, Ontario, K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Ryan A. Cole
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Trent University, 1600 W Bank Dr., Peterborough, Ontario, K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Joel T. Tabarangao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Trent University, 1600 W Bank Dr., Peterborough, Ontario, K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Aaron D. Slepkov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Trent University, 1600 W Bank Dr., Peterborough, Ontario, K9L 0G2, Canada
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16
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Andreana M, Houle MA, Moffatt DJ, Ridsdale A, Buettner E, Légaré F, Stolow A. Amplitude and polarization modulated hyperspectral Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:28119-28131. [PMID: 26561083 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.028119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a simple hyperspectral Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) microscopy method based on spectral focusing of chirped femtosecond pulses, combined with amplitude (AM) and polarization (PM) modulation. This approach permits the imaging of low concentration components with reduced background signals, combined with good hyperspectral resolution and rapid spectral scanning. We demonstrate, using PM-SRS in a Raman loss configuration, the spectrally resolved detection of deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO-d6) at concentrations as low as 0.039 % (5.5 mM). In general, background signals due to cross-phase modulation (XPM), two-photon absorption (TPA) and thermal lensing (TL) can reduce the contrast in SRS microscopy. We show that the nonresonant background signal contributing to the SRS signal is, in our case, largely due to XPM. Polarization modulation of the Stokes beam eliminates the nonresonant XPM background, yielding high quality hyperspectral scans at low analyte concentration. The flexibility of our combined AM-PM approach, together with the use of variable modulation frequency and lock-in phase, should allow for optimization of SRS imaging in more complex samples.
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Lilledahl MB, Stokke BT. Novel imaging technologies for characterization of microbial extracellular polysaccharides. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:525. [PMID: 26074906 PMCID: PMC4446548 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of biology is underpinned by the ability to observe structures at various length scales. This is so in a historical context and is also valid today. Evolution of novel insight often emerges from technological advancement. Recent developments in imaging technologies that is relevant for characterization of extraceullar microbiological polysaccharides are summarized. Emphasis is on scanning probe and optical based techniques since these tools offers imaging capabilities under aqueous conditions more closely resembling the physiological state than other ultramicroscopy imaging techniques. Following the demonstration of the scanning probe microscopy principle, novel operation modes to increase data capture speed toward video rate, exploitation of several cantilever frequencies, and advancement of utilization of specimen mechanical properties as contrast, also including their mode of operation in liquid, have been developed on this platform. Combined with steps in advancing light microscopy with resolution beyond the far field diffraction limit, non-linear methods, and combinations of the various imaging modalities, the potential ultramicroscopy toolbox available for characterization of exopolysaccharides (EPS) are richer than ever. Examples of application of such ultramicroscopy strategies range from imaging of isolated microbial polysaccharides, structures being observed when they are involved in polyelectrolyte complexes, aspects of their enzymatic degradation, and cell surface localization of secreted polysaccharides. These, and other examples, illustrate that the advancement in imaging technologies relevant for EPS characterization supports characterization of structural aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bjørn T. Stokke
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, The Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim, Norway
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Weinigel M, Breunig HG, Uchugonova A, König K. Multipurpose nonlinear optical imaging system for in vivo and ex vivo multimodal histology. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2015; 2:016003. [PMID: 26158089 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.2.1.016003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on a flexible multipurpose nonlinear microscopic imaging system based on a femtosecond excitation source and a photonic crystal fiber with multiple miniaturized time-correlated single-photon counting detectors. The system provides the simultaneous acquisition of e.g., two-photon autofluorescence, second-harmonic generation, and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering images. Its flexible scan head permits ex vivo biological imaging with subcellular resolution such as rapid biopsy examination during surgery as well as imaging on small as well as large animals. Above all, such an arrangement perfectly matches the needs for the clinical investigation of human skin in vivo where knowledge about the distribution of endogenous fluorophores, second-harmonic generation-active collagen as well as nonfluorescent lipids is of high interest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans Georg Breunig
- JenLab GmbH , Schillerstrasse 1, Jena 07745, Germany ; Saarland University , Department of Biophotonics and Laser Technology, Campus A5.1, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Aisada Uchugonova
- JenLab GmbH , Schillerstrasse 1, Jena 07745, Germany ; Saarland University , Department of Biophotonics and Laser Technology, Campus A5.1, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Karsten König
- JenLab GmbH , Schillerstrasse 1, Jena 07745, Germany ; Saarland University , Department of Biophotonics and Laser Technology, Campus A5.1, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
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19
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Dementjev A, Mordas G, Ulevičius V, Gulbinas V. Investigation of microstructured chitosans by coherent anti-Stokes Raman microscopy. J Microsc 2014; 257:217-25. [PMID: 25529768 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work describes application of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy technique for analytical characterization of microstructured materials based on chitosan. We demonstrate that nitrogen-hydrogen vibration band in the high wavenumber region of CARS spectrum prevails over response from oxygen-hydrogen vibrations and can be used as a spectral marker of chitosan. The chemically selective imaging is experimentally demonstrated by applying CARS microscopy to discriminate between chitosan and polystyrene microparticles. CARS microscopy was shown to be a valuable tool for characterization of polluted chitosan fibre from utilized engine filter material. A possibility to observe foreign material pieces on the surface of the polluted chitosan fibre is demonstrated and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dementjev
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, A. Goštauto, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Pegoraro AF, Slepkov AD, Ridsdale A, Moffatt DJ, Stolow A. Hyperspectral multimodal CARS microscopy in the fingerprint region. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2014; 7:49-58. [PMID: 23242840 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A simple scheme for multimodal coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy is based on the spectral focusing of ultrafast-oscillator-derived pump/probe light and synchronous photonic crystal fiber (PCF) fiber-generated broadband Stokes light. To date, such schemes allowed rapid hyperspectral imaging throughout the CH/OH high frequency region (2700-4000 cm(-1) ). Here we extend this approach to the middle (1640-3300 cm(-1) ) and fingerprint regions (850-1800 cm(-1) ) of the Raman spectrum. Our simple integrated approach to rapid hyperspectral CARS microscopy in the fingerprint region is demonstrated by applications to label-free multimodal imaging of cellulose and bulk bone, including use of the phosphate resonance at 960 cm(-1) .
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian F Pegoraro
- Department of Physics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 Canada; National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0A6 Canada
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21
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Mazumder N, Qiu J, Foreman MR, Romero CM, Török P, Kao FJ. Stokes vector based polarization resolved second harmonic microscopy of starch granules. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:538-47. [PMID: 23577289 PMCID: PMC3617716 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.000538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report on the measurement and analysis of the polarization state of second harmonic signals generated by starch granules, using a four-channel photon counting based Stokes-polarimeter. Various polarization parameters, such as the degree of polarization (DOP), the degree of linear polarization (DOLP), the degree of circular polarization (DOCP), and anisotropy are extracted from the 2D second harmonic Stokes images of starch granules. The concentric shell structure of a starch granule forms a natural photonic crystal structure. By integration over all the solid angle, it will allow very similar SHG quantum efficiency regardless of the angle or the states of incident polarization. Given type I phase matching and the concentric shell structure of a starch granule, one can easily infer the polarization states of the input beam from the resulting SH micrograph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal Mazumder
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Li-Nong St., Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Jianjun Qiu
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Li-Nong St., Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Matthew R. Foreman
- Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BZ, UK
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Günter-Scharowsky-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carlos Macías Romero
- Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BZ, UK
| | - Peter Török
- Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BZ, UK
| | - Fu-Jen Kao
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Li-Nong St., Taipei 11221, Taiwan
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Popov KI, Pegoraro AF, Stolow A, Ramunno L. Image formation in CARS microscopy: effect of the Gouy phase shift. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:5902-11. [PMID: 21451615 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.005902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Image formation in Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) microscopy of sub-wavelength objects is investigated via a combined experimental, numerical and theoretical study. We consider a resonant spherical object in the presence of a nonresonant background, using tightly focused laser pulses. When the object is translated along the laser propagation axis, we find the CARS signal to be asymmetric about the laser focal plane. When the object is located before the focus, there is a distinct shadow within the image, whereas the brightest signal is obtained when the object is behind the focus. This behaviour is caused by interference between resonant and nonresonant signals, and the Gouy phase shift is responsible for the observed asymmetry within the image.
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Affiliation(s)
- K I Popov
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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