1
|
Wang Q, Pan M, Kreiss L, Samaei S, Carp SA, Johansson JD, Zhang Y, Wu M, Horstmeyer R, Diop M, Li DDU. A comprehensive overview of diffuse correlation spectroscopy: theoretical framework, recent advances in hardware, analysis, and applications. Neuroimage 2024:120793. [PMID: 39153520 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is a powerful tool for assessing microvascular hemodynamic in deep tissues. Recent advances in sensors, lasers, and deep learning have further boosted the development of new DCS methods. However, newcomers might feel overwhelmed, not only by the already-complex DCS theoretical framework but also by the broad range of component options and system architectures. To facilitate new entry to this exciting field, we present a comprehensive review of DCS hardware architectures (continuous-wave, frequency-domain, and time-domain) and summarize corresponding theoretical models. Further, we discuss new applications of highly integrated silicon single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) sensors in DCS, compare SPADs with existing sensors, and review other components (lasers, sensors, and correlators), as well as data analysis tools, including deep learning. Potential applications in medical diagnosis are discussed and an outlook for the future directions is provided, to offer effective guidance to embark on DCS research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Wang
- University of Strathclyde, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mingliang Pan
- University of Strathclyde, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Kreiss
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Saeed Samaei
- Western University, Department of Medical and Biophysics, Schulich School of Medical & Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada; Imaging Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan A Carp
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Optics at Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | - Yuanzhe Zhang
- University of Strathclyde, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Wu
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Roarke Horstmeyer
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Mamadou Diop
- Western University, Department of Medical and Biophysics, Schulich School of Medical & Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Day-Uei Li
- University of Strathclyde, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bossi A, Sekar SKV, Lacerenza M, Gandolfi V, Šušnjar S, Lanka P, D’Andrea C, Vanna R, Valentini G, Farina A, Pifferi A. Time domain diffuse Raman spectroscopy using single pixel detection. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:5749-5763. [PMID: 38021118 PMCID: PMC10659806 DOI: 10.1364/boe.502022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse Raman spectroscopy (DIRS) extends the high chemical specificity of Raman scattering to in-depth investigation of thick biological tissues. We present here a novel approach for time-domain diffuse Raman spectroscopy (TD-DIRS) based on a single-pixel detector and a digital micromirror device (DMD) within an imaging spectrometer for wavelength encoding. This overcomes the intrinsic complexity and high cost of detection arrays with ps-resolving time capability. Unlike spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) or frequency offset Raman spectroscopy (FORS), TD-DIRS exploits the time-of-flight distribution of photons to probe the depth of the Raman signal at a single wavelength with a single source-detector separation. We validated the system using a bilayer tissue-bone mimicking phantom composed of a 1 cm thick slab of silicone overlaying a calcium carbonate specimen and demonstrated a high differentiation of the two Raman signals. We reconstructed the Raman spectra of the two layers, offering the potential for improved and quantitative material analysis. Using a bilayer phantom made of porcine muscle and calcium carbonate, we proved that our system can retrieve Raman peaks even in the presence of autofluorescence typical of biomedical tissues. Overall, our novel TD-DIRS setup proposes a cost-effective and high-performance approach for in-depth Raman spectroscopy in diffusive media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bossi
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Physics, Milan, Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Mechanics, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Michele Lacerenza
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Physics, Milan, Italy
- PIONIRS s.r.l. Milano, Italy
| | | | - Stefan Šušnjar
- SpectraCure AB, Gasverksgatan 1, SE-222 29 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Renzo Vanna
- CNR-Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (CNR-IFN), Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Valentini
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Physics, Milan, Italy
- CNR-Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (CNR-IFN), Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Farina
- CNR-Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (CNR-IFN), Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Pifferi
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Physics, Milan, Italy
- CNR-Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (CNR-IFN), Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Parfentyeva V, Colombo L, Lanka P, Pagliazzi M, Brodu A, Noordzij N, Kolarczik M, Dalla Mora A, Re R, Contini D, Torricelli A, Durduran T, Pifferi A. Fast time-domain diffuse correlation spectroscopy with superconducting nanowire single-photon detector: system validation and in vivo results. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11982. [PMID: 37488188 PMCID: PMC10366131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39281-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Time-domain diffuse correlation spectroscopy (TD-DCS) has been introduced as an advancement of the "classical" continuous wave DCS (CW-DCS) allowing one to not only to measure depth-resolved blood flow index (BFI) but also to extract optical properties of the measured medium without using any additional diffuse optics technique. However, this method is a photon-starved technique, specially when considering only the late photons that are of primary interest which has limited its in vivo application. In this work, we present a TD-DCS system based on a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) with a high quantum efficiency, a narrow timing response, and a negligibly low dark count noise. We compared it to the typically used single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) detector. In addition, this system allowed us to conduct fast in vivo measurements and obtain gated pulsatile BFI on the adult human forehead.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Parfentyeva
- Institut de Ciéncies Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, 08860, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Colombo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Pranav Lanka
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Marco Pagliazzi
- Institut de Ciéncies Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, 08860, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Rebecca Re
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Davide Contini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Alessandro Torricelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Turgut Durduran
- Institut de Ciéncies Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, 08860, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, 08015, Spain
| | - Antonio Pifferi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Milan, 20133, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ozana N, Lue N, Renna M, Robinson MB, Martin A, Zavriyev AI, Carr B, Mazumder D, Blackwell MH, Franceschini MA, Carp SA. Functional Time Domain Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:932119. [PMID: 35979338 PMCID: PMC9377452 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.932119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-domain diffuse correlation spectroscopy (TD-DCS) offers a novel approach to high-spatial resolution functional brain imaging based on the direct quantification of cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes in response to neural activity. However, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) offered by previous TD-DCS instruments remains a challenge to achieving the high temporal resolution needed to resolve perfusion changes during functional measurements. Here we present a next-generation optimized functional TD-DCS system that combines a custom 1,064 nm pulse-shaped, quasi transform-limited, amplified laser source with a high-resolution time-tagging system and superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs). System characterization and optimization was conducted on homogenous and two-layer intralipid phantoms before performing functional CBF measurements in six human subjects. By acquiring CBF signals at over 5 Hz for a late gate start time of the temporal point spread function (TPSF) at 15 mm source-detector separation, we demonstrate for the first time the measurement of blood flow responses to breath-holding and functional tasks using TD-DCS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nisan Ozana
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Nisan Ozana, ,
| | - Niyom Lue
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Marco Renna
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mitchell B. Robinson
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Health Sciences and Technology Program, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Alyssa Martin
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alexander I. Zavriyev
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bryce Carr
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dibbyan Mazumder
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Megan H. Blackwell
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Maria A. Franceschini
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Stefan A. Carp
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ayaz H, Baker WB, Blaney G, Boas DA, Bortfeld H, Brady K, Brake J, Brigadoi S, Buckley EM, Carp SA, Cooper RJ, Cowdrick KR, Culver JP, Dan I, Dehghani H, Devor A, Durduran T, Eggebrecht AT, Emberson LL, Fang Q, Fantini S, Franceschini MA, Fischer JB, Gervain J, Hirsch J, Hong KS, Horstmeyer R, Kainerstorfer JM, Ko TS, Licht DJ, Liebert A, Luke R, Lynch JM, Mesquida J, Mesquita RC, Naseer N, Novi SL, Orihuela-Espina F, O’Sullivan TD, Peterka DS, Pifferi A, Pollonini L, Sassaroli A, Sato JR, Scholkmann F, Spinelli L, Srinivasan VJ, St. Lawrence K, Tachtsidis I, Tong Y, Torricelli A, Urner T, Wabnitz H, Wolf M, Wolf U, Xu S, Yang C, Yodh AG, Yücel MA, Zhou W. Optical imaging and spectroscopy for the study of the human brain: status report. NEUROPHOTONICS 2022; 9:S24001. [PMID: 36052058 PMCID: PMC9424749 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.9.s2.s24001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This report is the second part of a comprehensive two-part series aimed at reviewing an extensive and diverse toolkit of novel methods to explore brain health and function. While the first report focused on neurophotonic tools mostly applicable to animal studies, here, we highlight optical spectroscopy and imaging methods relevant to noninvasive human brain studies. We outline current state-of-the-art technologies and software advances, explore the most recent impact of these technologies on neuroscience and clinical applications, identify the areas where innovation is needed, and provide an outlook for the future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Ayaz
- Drexel University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Drexel University, College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Wesley B. Baker
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Neurology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Giles Blaney
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
| | - David A. Boas
- Boston University Neurophotonics Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Boston University, College of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Heather Bortfeld
- University of California, Merced, Departments of Psychological Sciences and Cognitive and Information Sciences, Merced, California, United States
| | - Kenneth Brady
- Lurie Children’s Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Joshua Brake
- Harvey Mudd College, Department of Engineering, Claremont, California, United States
| | - Sabrina Brigadoi
- University of Padua, Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Padua, Italy
| | - Erin M. Buckley
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Stefan A. Carp
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Robert J. Cooper
- University College London, Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, DOT-HUB, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kyle R. Cowdrick
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Joseph P. Culver
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Ippeita Dan
- Chuo University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hamid Dehghani
- University of Birmingham, School of Computer Science, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Devor
- Boston University, College of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Turgut Durduran
- ICFO – The Institute of Photonic Sciences, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adam T. Eggebrecht
- Washington University in St. Louis, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Lauren L. Emberson
- University of British Columbia, Department of Psychology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Qianqian Fang
- Northeastern University, Department of Bioengineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Sergio Fantini
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Maria Angela Franceschini
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jonas B. Fischer
- ICFO – The Institute of Photonic Sciences, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Gervain
- University of Padua, Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Padua, Italy
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, Paris, France
| | - Joy Hirsch
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Comparative Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- University College London, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, London, United Kingdom
| | - Keum-Shik Hong
- Pusan National University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Qingdao University, School of Automation, Institute for Future, Qingdao, China
| | - Roarke Horstmeyer
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
- Duke University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
- Duke University, Department of Physics, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Jana M. Kainerstorfer
- Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Carnegie Mellon University, Neuroscience Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Tiffany S. Ko
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Daniel J. Licht
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Neurology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Adam Liebert
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Luke
- Macquarie University, Department of Linguistics, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Macquarie University Hearing, Australia Hearing Hub, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jennifer M. Lynch
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jaume Mesquida
- Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Critical Care Department, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Rickson C. Mesquita
- University of Campinas, Institute of Physics, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Noman Naseer
- Air University, Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sergio L. Novi
- University of Campinas, Institute of Physics, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Western University, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Thomas D. O’Sullivan
- University of Notre Dame, Department of Electrical Engineering, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States
| | - Darcy S. Peterka
- Columbia University, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behaviour Institute, New York, United States
| | | | - Luca Pollonini
- University of Houston, Department of Engineering Technology, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Angelo Sassaroli
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
| | - João Ricardo Sato
- Federal University of ABC, Center of Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felix Scholkmann
- University of Bern, Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Department of Neonatology, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Spinelli
- National Research Council (CNR), IFN – Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, Milan, Italy
| | - Vivek J. Srinivasan
- University of California Davis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Davis, California, United States
- NYU Langone Health, Department of Ophthalmology, New York, New York, United States
- NYU Langone Health, Department of Radiology, New York, New York, United States
| | - Keith St. Lawrence
- Lawson Health Research Institute, Imaging Program, London, Ontario, Canada
- Western University, Department of Medical Biophysics, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ilias Tachtsidis
- University College London, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yunjie Tong
- Purdue University, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
| | - Alessandro Torricelli
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milan, Italy
- National Research Council (CNR), IFN – Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, Milan, Italy
| | - Tara Urner
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Heidrun Wabnitz
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Wolf
- University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Department of Neonatology, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Wolf
- University of Bern, Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shiqi Xu
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Changhuei Yang
- California Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Arjun G. Yodh
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Meryem A. Yücel
- Boston University Neurophotonics Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Boston University, College of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- University of California Davis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Davis, California, United States
- China Jiliang University, College of Optical and Electronic Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|