1
|
Miller DA, Kuranov R, Zhang HF. Adaptive balanced detection spectral domain optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:5208-5222. [PMID: 37854571 PMCID: PMC10581816 DOI: 10.1364/boe.495622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Balanced detection optical coherence tomography (BD-OCT) enables near-shot noise-limited imaging by suppressing wavelength-dependent relative intensity noise (RIN) originating from the light source. In spectral-domain BD-OCT (SD-BD-OCT), the level of RIN suppression relies on the co-registration accuracy of the spectra simultaneously captured by two independent spectrometers. However, existing matching methods require careful pre-calibration using a RIN-dominated dataset or subjective post-processing using a signal-dominated dataset. We developed an adaptive subpixel matching approach, referred to as adaptive balance, that can be applied to any SD-BD-OCT dataset regardless of RIN or signal level without the need for pre-calibration. We showed that adaptive balance performed comparable to or better than reported methods by imaging phantoms with varying spectrometer camera gain, exposure time, and supercontinuum laser repetition rate. We further demonstrated the benefits of adaptive balance in human retinal imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Roman Kuranov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Opticent Health, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Hao F. Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gupta AK, Meng R, Modi YS, Srinivasan VJ. Imaging human macular pigments with visible light optical coherence tomography and superluminescent diodes. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:4737-4740. [PMID: 37707890 PMCID: PMC10935566 DOI: 10.1364/ol.495247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate superluminescent diodes (SLDs) for visible light optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the human retina. SLDs are less costly than supercontinuum sources and have lower intrinsic excess noise, enabling imaging closer to the shot noise limit. While single SLDs are not broadband, they provide power concentrated at specific wavelengths relevant to retinal function. As a new, to the best of our knowledge, application, we image human macular pigments (MPs), which are thought to both aid vision and protect against advanced age-related macular degeneration. Using the unique depth-resolved capabilities of OCT, we localize MPs in depth to Henle's fibers beneath the foveal pit in the living human retina. Our approach reduces the cost of visible light OCT to nearly that of near-infrared (NIR) OCT while also providing information about clinically relevant MPs which cannot be measured in the NIR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alok K. Gupta
- Tech4Health Institute, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, 10010, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, 10016, USA
- NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, New York 11201, USA
| | - Ruoyu Meng
- Tech4Health Institute, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, 10010, USA
- NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, New York 11201, USA
| | - Yasha S. Modi
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Vivek J. Srinivasan
- Tech4Health Institute, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, 10010, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, 10016, USA
- NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, New York 11201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kho AM, Srinivasan VJ. Proactive spectrometer matching for excess noise suppression in balanced visible light optical coherence tomography (OCT). OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29. [PMCID: PMC8970694 DOI: 10.1364/oe.439919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Supercontinuum sources for visible light spectral domain OCT (SDOCT) are noisy and often expensive. Balanced detection can reduce excess noise, but is rarely used in SDOCT. Here, we show that balanced detection can achieve effective excess noise cancellation across all depths if two linear array spectrometers are spectrally well-matched. We propose excess noise correlation matrices as tools to achieve such precise spectral matching. Using optomechanical adjustments, while monitoring noise correlations, we proactively match wavelength sampling of two different spectrometers to just a few picometers in wavelength, or 0.001% of the overall spectral range. We show that proactively-matched spectrometers can achieve an excess noise suppression of more than two orders-of-magnitude in balanced visible light OCT, outperforming simple retrospective software calibration of mismatched spectrometers. High noise suppression enables visible light OCT of the mouse retina at 70 kHz with 125 microwatts incident power, with an inexpensive, 30 MHz repetition rate supercontinuum source. Averaged images resolve the retinal pigment epithelium in a highly pigmented mouse strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Kho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Vivek J. Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 96817, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York 10017, USA
- Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York 10016, USA
- Tech4Health Institute, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York 10010, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lichtenegger A, Salas M, Sing A, Duelk M, Licandro R, Gesperger J, Baumann B, Drexler W, Leitgeb RA. Reconstruction of visible light optical coherence tomography images retrieved from discontinuous spectral data using a conditional generative adversarial network. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:6780-6795. [PMID: 34858680 PMCID: PMC8606123 DOI: 10.1364/boe.435124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Achieving high resolution in optical coherence tomography typically requires the continuous extension of the spectral bandwidth of the light source. This work demonstrates an alternative approach: combining two discrete spectral windows located in the visible spectrum with a trained conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN) to reconstruct a high-resolution image equivalent to that generated using a continuous spectral band. The cGAN was trained using OCT image pairs acquired with the continuous and discontinuous visible range spectra to learn the relation between low- and high-resolution data. The reconstruction performance was tested using 6000 B-scans of a layered phantom, micro-beads and ex-vivo mouse ear tissue. The resultant cGAN-generated images demonstrate an image quality and axial resolution which approaches that of the high-resolution system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Lichtenegger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and Its Translation to Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Matthias Salas
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and Its Translation to Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Alexander Sing
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Roxane Licandro
- Department of and Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Computational Imaging Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Visual Computing and Human-Centered Technology, Computer Vision Lab, TU Wien, Austria
| | - Johanna Gesperger
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Baumann
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Drexler
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer A. Leitgeb
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and Its Translation to Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Münter M, Pieper M, Kohlfaerber T, Bodenstorfer E, Ahrens M, Winter C, Huber R, König P, Hüttmann G, Schulz-Hildebrandt H. Microscopic optical coherence tomography (mOCT) at 600 kHz for 4D volumetric imaging and dynamic contrast. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:6024-6039. [PMID: 34745719 PMCID: PMC8547980 DOI: 10.1364/boe.425001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Volumetric imaging of dynamic processes with microscopic resolution holds a huge potential in biomedical research and clinical diagnosis. Using supercontinuum light sources and high numerical aperture (NA) objectives, optical coherence tomography (OCT) achieves microscopic resolution and is well suited for imaging cellular and subcellular structures of biological tissues. Currently, the imaging speed of microscopic OCT (mOCT) is limited by the line-scan rate of the spectrometer camera and ranges from 30 to 250 kHz. This is not fast enough for volumetric imaging of dynamic processes in vivo and limits endoscopic application. Using a novel CMOS camera, we demonstrate fast 3-dimensional OCT imaging with 600,000 A-scans/s at 1.8 µm axial and 1.1 µm lateral resolution. The improved speed is used for imaging of ciliary motion and particle transport in ex vivo mouse trachea. Furthermore, we demonstrate dynamic contrast OCT by evaluating the recorded volumes rather than en face planes or B-scans. High-speed volumetric mOCT will enable the correction of global tissue motion and is a prerequisite for applying dynamic contrast mOCT in vivo. With further increase in imaging speed and integration in flexible endoscopes, volumetric mOCT may be used to complement or partly replace biopsies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Münter
- University of Lübeck,
Institute of Biomedical Optics,
Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Medizinisches Laserzentrum
Lübeck GmbH, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mario Pieper
- University of
Lübeck, Institute of Anatomy, Ratzeburger Allee 160,
23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North
Member of the German Center for Lung Research, DZL,
22927 Großhansdorf, Germany
| | - Tabea Kohlfaerber
- Medizinisches Laserzentrum
Lübeck GmbH, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ernst Bodenstorfer
- Austrian Institute of
Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Ahrens
- University of Lübeck,
Institute of Biomedical Optics,
Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North
Member of the German Center for Lung Research, DZL,
22927 Großhansdorf, Germany
| | | | - Robert Huber
- University of Lübeck,
Institute of Biomedical Optics,
Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Peter König
- University of
Lübeck, Institute of Anatomy, Ratzeburger Allee 160,
23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North
Member of the German Center for Lung Research, DZL,
22927 Großhansdorf, Germany
| | - Gereon Hüttmann
- University of Lübeck,
Institute of Biomedical Optics,
Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Medizinisches Laserzentrum
Lübeck GmbH, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North
Member of the German Center for Lung Research, DZL,
22927 Großhansdorf, Germany
| | - Hinnerk Schulz-Hildebrandt
- University of Lübeck,
Institute of Biomedical Optics,
Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Medizinisches Laserzentrum
Lübeck GmbH, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North
Member of the German Center for Lung Research, DZL,
22927 Großhansdorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Song G, Jelly ET, Chu KK, Kendall WY, Wax A. A review of low-cost and portable optical coherence tomography. PROGRESS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2021; 3:032002. [PMID: 37645660 PMCID: PMC10465117 DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/abfeb7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a powerful optical imaging technique capable of visualizing the internal structure of biological tissues at near cellular resolution. For years, OCT has been regarded as the standard of care in ophthalmology, acting as an invaluable tool for the assessment of retinal pathology. However, the costly nature of most current commercial OCT systems has limited its general accessibility, especially in low-resource environments. It is therefore timely to review the development of low-cost OCT systems as a route for applying this technology to population-scale disease screening. Low-cost, portable and easy to use OCT systems will be essential to facilitate widespread use at point of care settings while ensuring that they offer the necessary imaging performances needed for clinical detection of retinal pathology. The development of low-cost OCT also offers the potential to enable application in fields outside ophthalmology by lowering the barrier to entry. In this paper, we review the current development and applications of low-cost, portable and handheld OCT in both translational and research settings. Design and cost-reduction techniques are described for general low-cost OCT systems, including considerations regarding spectrometer-based detection, scanning optics, system control, signal processing, and the role of 3D printing technology. Lastly, a review of clinical applications enabled by low-cost OCT is presented, along with a detailed discussion of current limitations and outlook.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ge Song
- Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed.
| | | | - Kengyeh K Chu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States of America
| | - Wesley Y Kendall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States of America
| | - Adam Wax
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kho AM, Zhang T, Zhu J, Merkle CW, Srinivasan VJ. Incoherent excess noise spectrally encodes broadband light sources. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:172. [PMID: 33082941 PMCID: PMC7538909 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00404-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Across optics and photonics, excess intensity noise is often considered a liability. Here, we show that excess noise in broadband supercontinuum and superluminescent diode light sources encodes each spectral channel with unique intensity fluctuations, which actually serve a useful purpose. Specifically, we report that excess noise correlations can both characterize the spectral resolution of spectrometers and enable cross-calibration of their wavelengths across a broad bandwidth. Relative to previous methods that use broadband interferometry and narrow linewidth lasers to characterize and calibrate spectrometers, our approach is simple, comprehensive, and rapid enough to be deployed during spectrometer alignment. First, we employ this approach to aid alignment and reduce the depth-dependent degradation of the sensitivity and axial resolution in a spectrometer-based optical coherence tomography (OCT) system, revealing a new outer retinal band. Second, we achieve a pixel-to-pixel correspondence between two otherwise disparate spectrometers, enabling a robust comparison of their respective measurements. Thus, excess intensity noise has useful applications in optics and photonics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Kho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Tingwei Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Conrad W. Merkle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Vivek J. Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Niemeier RC, Simmons ZJ, Rogers JD. Noise reduction in supercontinuum sources for OCT by single-pulse spectral normalization. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:5521-5526. [PMID: 36926458 PMCID: PMC10017014 DOI: 10.1364/ao.393141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Supercontinuum (SC) sources offer high illumination power from a single mode fiber with large spectral bandwidth including the visible spectrum, a growing application area for Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). However, SC spectra suffer from pulse-to-pulse variations, increasing noise in the resulting images. By simultaneously collecting a normalization spectrum, OCT image noise can be reduced by more than half (7 dB) for single pulses without any pulse averaging using only simple optical components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Niemeier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, 9433 Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research (WIMR), 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Zach J. Simmons
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, 9433 Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research (WIMR), 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Jeremy D. Rogers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, 9433 Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research (WIMR), 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Haindl R, Duelk M, Gloor S, Dahdah J, Ojeda J, Sturtzel C, Deng S, Joyce Deloria A, Li Q, Liu M, Distel M, Drexler W, Leitgeb R. Ultra-high-resolution SD-OCM imaging with a compact polarization-aligned 840 nm broadband combined-SLED source. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:3395-3406. [PMID: 32637262 PMCID: PMC7316001 DOI: 10.1364/boe.394229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the influence of intrinsic polarization alignment on image quality and axial resolution employing a broadband 840 nm light source with an optical bandwidth of 160 nm and an output power of 12 mW tailored for spectral-domain optical coherence microscopy (SD-OCM) applications. Three superluminescent diodes (SLEDs) are integrated into a 14-pin butterfly module using a free-space micro-optical bench architecture, maintaining a constant polarization state across the full spectral output. We demonstrate superior imaging performance in comparison to traditionally coupled-SLED broadband light sources in a teleost model organism in-vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Haindl
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Duelk
- EXALOS AG, Wagistrasse 21, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Gloor
- EXALOS AG, Wagistrasse 21, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Jean Dahdah
- EXALOS AG, Wagistrasse 21, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Jose Ojeda
- EXALOS AG, Wagistrasse 21, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Caterina Sturtzel
- Innovative Cancer Models, Children’s Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shiyu Deng
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Abigail Joyce Deloria
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Qian Li
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mengyang Liu
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Distel
- Innovative Cancer Models, Children’s Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Drexler
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer Leitgeb
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory OPTRAMED, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pinkert MA, Simmons ZJ, Niemeier RC, Dai B, Woods LB, Hall TJ, Campagnola PJ, Rogers JD, Eliceiri KW. Platform for quantitative multiscale imaging of tissue composition. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:1927-1946. [PMID: 32341858 PMCID: PMC7173879 DOI: 10.1364/boe.383248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the multi-level physical structure of biological features going from cellular to tissue level composition is a key factor in many major diseases. However, we are only beginning to understand the role of these structural changes because there are few dedicated multiscale imaging platforms with sensitivity at both the cellular and macrostructural spatial scale. A single platform reduces bias and complications from multiple sample preparation methods and can ease image registration. In order to address these needs, we have developed a multiscale imaging system using a range of imaging modalities sensitive to tissue composition: Ultrasound, Second Harmonic Generation Microscopy, Multiphoton Microscopy, Optical Coherence Tomography, and Enhanced Backscattering. This paper details the system design, the calibration for each modality, and a demonstration experiment imaging a rabbit eye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Pinkert
- Morgridge Institute for Research, 330 N Orchard St, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Medical Physics, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Zachary J Simmons
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ryan C Niemeier
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Bing Dai
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Lauren B Woods
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Timothy J Hall
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Medical Physics, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Paul J Campagnola
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Medical Physics, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jeremy D Rogers
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Medical Physics, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Morgridge Institute for Research, 330 N Orchard St, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Medical Physics, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang TA, Chan MC, Lee HC, Lee CY, Tsai MT. Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography/angiography with an economic and compact supercontinuum laser. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:5687-5702. [PMID: 31799040 PMCID: PMC6865110 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.005687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a Q-switch pumped supercontinuum laser (QS-SCL) is used as a light source for in vivo imaging via ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography and angiography (UHR-OCT/OCTA). For this purpose, an OCT system based on a spectral-domain detection scheme is constructed, and a spectrometer with a spectral range of 635 - 875 nm is designed. The effective full-width at half maximum of spectrum covers 150 nm, and the corresponding axial and transverse resolutions are 2 and 10 µm in air, respectively. The relative intensity noise of the QS-SCL and mode-locked SCL is quantitatively compared. Furthermore, a special processing algorithm is developed to eliminate the intrinsic noise of QS-SCL. This work demonstrates that QS-SCLs can effectively reduce the cost and size of UHR-OCT/OCTA instruments, making clinical applications feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Ang Wang
- Institute of Photonic System, College of Photonics, National Chiao-Tung University, Tainan City 71150, Taiwan
- The authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Ming-Che Chan
- Institute of Photonic System, College of Photonics, National Chiao-Tung University, Tainan City 71150, Taiwan
- The authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hsiang-Chieh Lee
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Tsan Tsai
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhao Y, Chu KK, Jelly ET, Wax A. Origin of improved depth penetration in dual-axis optical coherence tomography: a Monte Carlo study. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800383. [PMID: 30701684 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that extended imaging depth can be achieved using dual-axis optical coherence tomography (DA-OCT). By illuminating and collecting at an oblique angle, multiple forward scattered photons from large probing depths are preferentially detected. However, the mechanism behind the enhancement of imaging depth needs further illumination. Here, the signal of a DA-OCT system is studied using a Monte Carlo simulation. We modeled light transport in tissue and recorded the spatial and angular distribution of photons exiting the tissue surface. Results indicate that the spatial separation and offset angle created by the non-telecentric scanning configuration promote the collection of more deeply propagating photons than conventional on-axis OCT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Duke University, Biomedical Engineering Department, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kengyeh K Chu
- Duke University, Biomedical Engineering Department, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Evan T Jelly
- Duke University, Biomedical Engineering Department, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Adam Wax
- Duke University, Biomedical Engineering Department, Durham, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kho A, Srinivasan VJ. Compensating spatially dependent dispersion in visible light OCT. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:775-778. [PMID: 30767984 PMCID: PMC6503663 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.000775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Visible light optical coherence tomography (OCT) has recently emerged in retinal imaging, with claims of micrometer-scale axial resolution and multi-color (sub-band) imaging. Here, we show that the large dispersion of optical glass and aqueous media, together with broad optical bandwidths often used in visible light OCT, compromises both of these claims. To rectify this, we introduce the notion of spatially dependent (i.e., depth and transverse position-dependent) dispersion. We use a novel sub-band, sub-image correlation algorithm to estimate spatially dependent dispersion in our 109 nm bandwidth visible light OCT mouse retinal imaging system centered at 587 nm. After carefully compensating spatially dependent dispersion, we achieve delineation of fine outer retinal bands in mouse strains of varying pigmentation. Spatially dependent dispersion correction is critical for broader bandwidths and shorter visible wavelengths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Kho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Vivek J. Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 96817, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ju MJ, Huang C, Wahl DJ, Jian Y, Sarunic MV. Visible light sensorless adaptive optics for retinal structure and fluorescence imaging. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:5162-5165. [PMID: 30320845 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.005162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has emerged as a powerful imaging instrument and technology in biomedicine. OCT imaging is predominantly performed using wavelengths in the near infrared; however, visible light (VIS) has been recently employed in OCT systems with encouraging results for high-resolution retinal imaging. Using a broadband supercontinuum VIS source, we present a sensorless adaptive optics (SAO) multimodal imaging system driven by VIS-OCT for volumetric retinal structural imaging, followed by the acquisition of fluorescence emission. The coherence-gated, depth-resolved VIS-OCT images used for image-guided SAO aberration correction enable high-resolution structural and fluorescence imaging.
Collapse
|
15
|
Soetikno BT, Beckmann L, Zhang X, Fawzi AA, Zhang HF. Visible-light optical coherence tomography oximetry based on circumpapillary scan and graph-search segmentation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:3640-3652. [PMID: 30338145 PMCID: PMC6191632 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.003640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Visible-light optical coherence tomography (vis-OCT) enables retinal oximetry by measuring the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (sO2) from within individual retinal blood vessels. The sO2 calculation requires reliable estimation of the true spectrum of backscattered light from the posterior vessel wall. Unfortunately, subject motion and image noise make averaging from multiple A-lines at the same depth position challenging, and lead to inaccurate sO2 estimation. In this study, we developed an algorithm to reliably extract the backscattered light's spectrum. We used circumpapillary scanning to sample the vessels repeatedly at the same location. A combination of cross-correlation and graph-search based segmentation extracted the posterior wall locations. Using measurements from 100 B-scans as a gold standard, we demonstrated that our method achieved highly accurate measures of sO2 with minimal bias. In addition, we also investigated how the number of repeated measurements affects the accuracy of sO2 measurement. Our method sets the stage for large-scale studies of retinal oxygenation in animals and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian T. Soetikno
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lisa Beckmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Amani A. Fawzi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hao F. Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Polarization noise places severe constraints on coherence of all-normal dispersion femtosecond supercontinuum generation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6579. [PMID: 29700316 PMCID: PMC5920076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24691-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Supercontinuum (SC) generated with all-normal dispersion (ANDi) fibers has been of special interest in recent years due to its potentially superior coherence properties when compared to anomalous dispersion-pumped SC. However, care must be taken in the design of such sources since too long pump pulses and fiber length has been demonstrated to degrade the coherence. To assess the noise performance of ANDi fiber SC generation numerically, a scalar single-polarization model has so far been used, thereby excluding important sources of noise, such as polarization modulational instability (PMI). In this work we numerically study the influence of pump power, pulse length and fiber length on coherence and relative intensity noise (RIN), taking into account both polarization components in a standard ANDi fiber for SC generation pumped at 1064 nm. We demonstrate that the PMI introduces a power dependence not found in a scalar model, which means that even with short ~120 fs pump pulses the coherence of ANDi SC can be degraded at reasonable power levels above ~40 kW. We further demonstrate how the PMI significantly decreases the pump pulse length and fiber length at which the coherence of the ANDi SC is degraded. The numerical predictions are confirmed by RIN measurements of fs-pumped ANDi fiber SC.
Collapse
|
17
|
Kilgus J, Duswald K, Langer G, Brandstetter M. Mid-Infrared Standoff Spectroscopy Using a Supercontinuum Laser with Compact Fabry-Pérot Filter Spectrometers. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 72:634-642. [PMID: 29164925 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817746696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mid-infrared (MIR) supercontinuum (SC) lasers are an attractive new option in the field of IR spectroscopy, especially for standoff detection. Supercontinuum radiation unites high brightness, high spatial coherence, and broadband spectral coverage, thereby surpassing thermal IR sources and challenging quantum cascade lasers. The employed SC source operates in the spectral region of 1.2-4.6 µm, filling the spectral gap where quantum cascade lasers lack broader availability. In this work, the SC radiation was recorded by compact Fabry-Pérot filter spectrometers ideally suited for sensitive standoff detection with real-time capability. The noise performance of the setup and measurements of different substances at standoff distances are presented, e.g., of different paints on a metal surface and an explosive precursor. Furthermore, the real-time capability of the setup is demonstrated by monitoring the evaporation of liquid 2-propanol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Kilgus
- RECENDT - Research Center for Non Destructive Testing, Linz, Austria
| | - Kristina Duswald
- RECENDT - Research Center for Non Destructive Testing, Linz, Austria
| | - Gregor Langer
- RECENDT - Research Center for Non Destructive Testing, Linz, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Niemeier RC, Etoz S, Gil DA, Skala MC, Brace CL, Rogers JD. Quantifying optical properties with visible and near-infrared optical coherence tomography to visualize esophageal microwave ablation zones. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:1648-1663. [PMID: 29675308 PMCID: PMC5905912 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.001648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microwave ablation is a minimally invasive image guided thermal therapy for cancer that can be adapted to endoscope use in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Microwave ablation in the GI tract requires precise control over the ablation zone that could be guided by high resolution imaging with quantitative contrast. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides ideal imaging resolution and allows for the quantification of tissue scattering properties to characterize ablated tissue. Visible and near-infrared OCT image analysis demonstrated increased scattering coefficients (μs ) in ablated versus normal tissues (Vis: 347.8%, NIR: 415.0%) and shows the potential for both wavelength ranges to provide quantitative contrast. These data suggest OCT could provide quantitative image guidance and valuable information about antenna performance in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Niemeier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sevde Etoz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Daniel A. Gil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Melissa C. Skala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Christopher L. Brace
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jeremy D. Rogers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shu X, Beckmann L, Zhang HF. Visible-light optical coherence tomography: a review. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:1-14. [PMID: 29218923 PMCID: PMC5745673 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.12.121707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Visible-light optical coherence tomography (vis-OCT) is an emerging imaging modality, providing new capabilities in both anatomical and functional imaging of biological tissue. It relies on visible light illumination, whereas most commercial and investigational OCTs use near-infrared light. As a result, vis-OCT requires different considerations in engineering design and implementation but brings unique potential benefits to both fundamental research and clinical care of several diseases. Here, we intend to provide a summary of the development of vis-OCT and its demonstrated applications. We also provide perspectives on future technology improvement and applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Shu
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Lisa Beckmann
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Hao F. Zhang
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois, United States
- Northwestern University, Department of Ophthalmology, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Hao F. Zhang, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Maria M, Bravo Gonzalo I, Feuchter T, Denninger M, Moselund PM, Leick L, Bang O, Podoleanu A. Q-switch-pumped supercontinuum for ultra-high resolution optical coherence tomography. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:4744-4747. [PMID: 29140358 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.004744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we investigate the possibility of using a commercially available Q-switch-pumped supercontinuum (QS-SC) source, operating in the kilohertz regime, for ultra-high resolution optical coherence tomography (UHR-OCT) in the 1300 nm region. The QS-SC source proves to be more intrinsically stable from pulse to pulse than a mode-locked-based SC (ML-SC) source while, at the same time, is less expensive. However, its pumping rate is lower than that used in ML-SC sources. Therefore, we investigate here specific conditions to make such a source usable for OCT. We compare images acquired with the QS-SC source and with a current state-of-the-art SC source used for imaging. We show that comparable visual contrast obtained with the two technologies is achievable by increasing the readout time of the camera to include a sufficient number of QS-SC pulses.
Collapse
|
21
|
Lichtenegger A, Harper DJ, Augustin M, Eugui P, Muck M, Gesperger J, Hitzenberger CK, Woehrer A, Baumann B. Spectroscopic imaging with spectral domain visible light optical coherence microscopy in Alzheimer's disease brain samples. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:4007-4025. [PMID: 28966843 PMCID: PMC5611919 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.004007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A visible light spectral domain optical coherence microscopy system was developed. A high axial resolution of 0.88 μm in tissue was achieved using a broad visible light spectrum (425 - 685 nm). Healthy human brain tissue was imaged to quantify the difference between white (WM) and grey matter (GM) in intensity and attenuation. The high axial resolution enables the investigation of amyloid-beta plaques of various sizes in human brain tissue and animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). By performing a spectroscopic analysis of the OCM data, differences in the characteristics for WM, GM, and neuritic amyloid-beta plaques were found. To gain additional contrast, Congo red stained AD brain tissue was investigated. A first effort was made to investigate optically cleared mouse brain tissue to increase the penetration depth and visualize hyperscattering structures in deeper cortical regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Lichtenegger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna,
Austria
| | - Danielle J. Harper
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna,
Austria
| | - Marco Augustin
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna,
Austria
| | - Pablo Eugui
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna,
Austria
| | - Martina Muck
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna,
Austria
- Institute of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna,
Austria
| | - Johanna Gesperger
- Institute of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna,
Austria
| | - Christoph K. Hitzenberger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna,
Austria
| | - Adelheid Woehrer
- Institute of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna,
Austria
| | - Bernhard Baumann
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna,
Austria
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chong SP, Bernucci M, Radhakrishnan H, Srinivasan VJ. Structural and functional human retinal imaging with a fiber-based visible light OCT ophthalmoscope. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:323-337. [PMID: 28101421 PMCID: PMC5231302 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.000323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The design of a multi-functional fiber-based Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) system for human retinal imaging with < 2 micron axial resolution in tissue is described. A detailed noise characterization of two supercontinuum light sources with different pulse repetition rates is presented. The higher repetition rate and lower noise source is found to enable a sensitivity of 96 dB with 0.15 mW light power at the cornea and a 98 microsecond exposure time. Using a broadband (560 ± 50 nm), 90/10, fused single-mode fiber coupler designed for visible wavelengths, the sample arm is integrated into an ophthalmoscope platform, similar to current clinical OCT systems. To demonstrate the instrument's range of operation, in vivo structural retinal imaging is also shown at 0.15 mW exposure with 10,000 and 70,000 axial scans per second (the latter comparable to commercial OCT systems), and at 0.03 mW exposure and 10,000 axial scans per second (below maximum permissible continuous exposure levels). Lastly, in vivo spectroscopic imaging of anatomy, saturation, and hemoglobin content in the human retina is also demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shau Poh Chong
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616,
USA
| | - Marcel Bernucci
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616,
USA
| | - Harsha Radhakrishnan
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616,
USA
| | - Vivek J. Srinivasan
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616,
USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95817,
USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Barrick J, Doblas A, Gardner MR, Sears PR, Ostrowski LE, Oldenburg AL. High-speed and high-sensitivity parallel spectral-domain optical coherence tomography using a supercontinuum light source. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:5620-5623. [PMID: 27973473 PMCID: PMC5235345 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.005620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The three most important metrics in optical coherence tomography (OCT) are resolution, speed, and sensitivity. Because there is a complex interplay between these metrics, no previous work has obtained the best performance in all three metrics simultaneously. We demonstrate that a high-power supercontinuum source, in combination with parallel spectral-domain OCT, achieves an unparalleled combination of resolution, speed, and sensitivity. This system captures cross-sectional images spanning 4 mm×0.5 mm at 1,024,000 lines/s with 2×14 μm resolution (axial×transverse) at a sensitivity of 113 dB. Imaging using the proposed system is demonstrated on highly differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells to capture and spatially localize ciliary dynamics.
Collapse
|
24
|
Shu X, Bondu M, Dong B, Podoleanu A, Leick L, Zhang HF. Single all-fiber-based nanosecond-pulsed supercontinuum source for multispectral photoacoustic microscopy and optical coherence tomography. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:2743-6. [PMID: 27304278 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.002743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We report the usefulness of a single all-fiber-based supercontinuum (SC) source for combined photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). The SC light is generated by a tapered photonic crystal fiber pumped by a nanosecond pulsed master oscillator power amplifier at 1064 nm. The spectrum is split into a shorter wavelength band (500-800 nm) for single/multi-spectral PAM and a longer wavelength band (800-900 nm) band for OCT. In vivo mouse ear imaging was achieved with an integrated dual-modality system. We further demonstrated its potential for spectroscopic photoacoustic imaging by doing multispectral measurements on retinal pigment epithelium and blood samples with 15-nm linewidth.
Collapse
|
25
|
Yao X, Gan Y, Marboe CC, Hendon CP. Myocardial imaging using ultrahigh-resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:61006. [PMID: 27001162 PMCID: PMC4814547 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.6.061006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We present an ultrahigh-resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) system in 800 nm with a low-noise supercontinuum source (SC) optimized for myocardial imaging. The system was demonstrated to have an axial resolution of 2.72 μm with a large imaging depth of 1.78 mm and a 6-dB falloff range of 0.89 mm. The lateral resolution (5.52 μm) was compromised to enhance the image penetration required for myocardial imaging. The noise of the SC source was analyzed extensively and an imaging protocol was proposed for SC-based OCT imaging with appreciable contrast. Three-dimensional datasets were acquired ex vivo on the endocardium side of tissue specimens from different chambers of fresh human and swine hearts. With the increased resolution and contrast, features such as elastic fibers, Purkinje fibers, and collagen fiber bundles were observed. The correlation between the structural information revealed in the OCT images and tissue pathology was discussed as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Yao
- Columbia University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 500 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Yu Gan
- Columbia University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 500 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Charles C Marboe
- Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, 630 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Christine P Hendon
- Columbia University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 500 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hu C, Chen T, Jiang P, Wu B, Su J, Shen Y. Broadband high-power mid-IR femtosecond pulse generation from an ytterbium-doped fiber laser pumped optical parametric amplifier. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:5774-5777. [PMID: 26670509 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.005774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report on a high-power periodically poled MgO-doped lithium niobate (MgO:PPLN)-based femtosecond optical parametric amplifier (OPA), featuring a spectral seamless broadband mid-infrared (MIR) output. By modifying the initial chirp and spectrum of the mode-locked seed laser, the Yb fiber pump laser exhibits a final output power of 14 W with sub-200-fs pulse duration after power amplification and compression. When the OPA was seeded with a broadband amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) source, a damage-limited 0.6 W broadband MIR radiation was experimentally obtained under the pump power of 10.15 W at 82 MHz repetition rate, corresponding to an overall OPA conversion efficiency of 32.7%. The 3 dB bandwidth of the mid-IR idler was 291.9 nm, centering at 3.34 μm.
Collapse
|
27
|
Huang J, Yao J, Cirucci N, Ivanov T, Rolland JP. Performance analysis of optical coherence tomography in the context of a thickness estimation task. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:121306. [PMID: 26378988 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.12.121306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Thickness estimation is a common task in optical coherence tomography (OCT). This study discusses and quantifies the intensity noise of three commonly used broadband sources, such as a supercontinuum source, a superluminescent diode (SLD), and a swept source. The performance of the three optical sources was evaluated for a thickness estimation task using both the fast Fourier transform (FFT) and maximum-likelihood (ML) estimators. We find that the source intensity noise has less impact on a thickness estimation task compared to the width of the axial point-spread function (PSF) and the trigger jittering noise of a swept source. Findings further show that the FFT estimator yields biased estimates, which can be as large as 10% of the thickness under test in the worst case. The ML estimator is by construction asymptotically unbiased and displays a 10× improvement in precision for both the supercontinuum and SLD sources. The ML estimator also shows the ability to estimate thickness that is at least 10× thinner compared to the FFT estimator. Finally, findings show that a supercontinuum source combined with the ML estimator enables unbiased nanometer-class thickness estimation with nanometer-scale precision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Huang
- University of Rochester, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 206 Bausch and Lomb Hall, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Jianing Yao
- University of Rochester, The Institute of Optics, 275 Hutchison Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Nick Cirucci
- University of Rochester, The Institute of Optics, 275 Hutchison Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Trevor Ivanov
- University of Rochester, The Institute of Optics, 275 Hutchison Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Jannick P Rolland
- University of Rochester, The Institute of Optics, 275 Hutchison Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cheung CS, Spring M, Liang H. Ultra-high resolution Fourier domain optical coherence tomography for old master paintings. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:10145-57. [PMID: 25969057 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the last 10 years, Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) has been successfully applied to art conservation, history and archaeology. OCT has the potential to become a routine non-invasive tool in museums allowing cross-section imaging anywhere on an intact object where there are no other methods of obtaining subsurface information. While current commercial OCTs have shown potential in this field, they are still limited in depth resolution (> 4 μm in paint and varnish) compared to conventional microscopic examination of sampled paint cross-sections (~1 μm). An ultra-high resolution fiber-based Fourier domain optical coherence tomography system with a constant axial resolution of 1.2 μm in varnish or paint throughout a depth range of 1.5 mm has been developed. While Fourier domain OCT of similar resolution has been demonstrated recently, the sensitivity roll-off of some of these systems are still significant. In contrast, this current system achieved a sensitivity roll-off that is less than 2 dB over a 1.2 mm depth range with an incident power of ~1 mW on the sample. The high resolution and sensitivity of the system makes it convenient to image thin varnish and glaze layers with unprecedented contrast. The non-invasive 'virtual' cross-section images obtained with the system show the thin varnish layers with similar resolution in the depth direction but superior clarity in the layer interfaces when compared with conventional optical microscope images of actual paint sample cross-sections obtained micro-destructively.
Collapse
|