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Masuda T, Hadden JPE, Lake DP, Mitchell M, Flågan S, Barclay PE. Fiber-taper collected emission from NV centers in high-Q/V diamond microdisks. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:8172-8188. [PMID: 38439481 DOI: 10.1364/oe.507325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Fiber-coupled microdisks are a promising platform for enhancing the spontaneous emission from color centers in diamond. The measured cavity-enhanced emission from the microdisk is governed by the effective volume (V) of each cavity mode, the cavity quality factor (Q), and the coupling between the microdisk and the fiber. Here we observe room temperature photoluminescence from an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy centers into high Q/V microdisk modes, which when combined with coherent spectroscopy of the microdisk modes, allows us to elucidate the relative contributions of these factors. The broad emission spectrum acts as an internal light source facilitating mode identification over several cavity free spectral ranges. Analysis of the fiber taper collected microdisk emission reveals spectral filtering both by the cavity and the fiber taper, the latter of which we find preferentially couples to higher-order microdisk modes. Coherent mode spectroscopy is used to measure Q ∼ 1 × 105 - the highest reported values for diamond microcavities operating at visible wavelengths. With realistic optimization of the microdisk dimensions, we predict that Purcell factors of ∼50 are within reach.
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Grabulosa A, Porte X, Jung E, Moughames J, Kadic M, Brunner D. (3+1)D printed adiabatic 1-to-M broadband couplers and fractal splitter networks. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:20256-20264. [PMID: 37381424 DOI: 10.1364/oe.486235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate, based on a generic concept for creating 1-to-M couplers, single-mode 3D optical splitters leveraging adiabatic power transfer towards up to 4 output ports. We use the CMOS compatible additive (3+1)D flash-two-photon polymerization (TPP) printing for fast and scalable fabrication. Optical coupling losses of our splitters are reduced below our measurement sensitivity of 0.06 dB by tailoring the coupling and waveguides geometry, and we demonstrate almost octave-spanning broadband functionality from 520 nm to 980 nm during which losses remain below 2 dB. Finally, based on a fractal, hence self-similar topology of cascaded splitters, we show the efficient scalability of optical interconnects up to 16 single-mode outputs with optical coupling losses of only 1 dB.
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Uddin SMZ, Gupta E, Rahim M, Wang Z, Du Y, Ullah K, Arnold CB, Mirotznik M, Gu T. Micro-dispenser-based optical packaging scheme for grating couplers. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:2162-2165. [PMID: 37058667 DOI: 10.1364/ol.486595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Due to their sub-millimeter spatial resolution, ink-based additive manufacturing tools are typically considered less attractive than nanophotonics. Among these tools, precision micro-dispensers with sub-nanoliter volumetric control offer the finest spatial resolution: down to 50 µm. Within a sub-second, a flawless, surface-tension-driven spherical shape of the dielectric dot is formed as a self-assembled µlens. When combined with dispersive nanophotonic structures defined on a silicon-on-insulator substrate, we show that the dispensed dielectric µlenses [numerical aperture (NA) = 0.36] engineer the angular field distribution of vertically coupled nanostructures. The µlenses improve the angular tolerance for the input and reduces the angular spread of the output beam in the far field. The micro-dispenser is fast, scalable, and back-end-of-line compatible, allowing geometric-offset-caused efficiency reductions and center wavelength drift to be easily fixed. The design concept is experimentally verified by comparing several exemplary grating couplers with and without a µlens on top. A difference of less than 1 dB between incident angles of 7° and 14° is observed in the index-matched µlens, while the reference grating coupler shows around 5 dB contrast.
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Ren Y, Li M, Ray S, Bozeat BJ, Liu Y. Highly accessible low-loss fiber tapering by the ceramic housed electric furnace (CHEF) and frequency-domain real-time monitoring. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:035109. [PMID: 33820099 DOI: 10.1063/5.0023832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tapered optical fibers are versatile tools with a wide spectrum of applications, ranging from sensing to atomic physics. In this work, we developed a highly accessible and controllable fiber tapering system to fabricate tapered optical fibers with a routine optical transmission of 95% and above. With an optimal design, optical transmissions higher than 99% have been experimentally demonstrated. We achieved such results by developing two unique components in a traditional heat-and-pull system: a custom-made miniature heater named as the ceramic housed electric furnace (CHEF) and a real-time, frequency-domain monitoring method. The CHEF enables a well-controlled, uniform, and stable heating zone for an adiabatic tapering process, while the frequency-domain monitoring empowers one to reliably terminate the tapering right after the single-mode trigger. We designed and fabricated the CHEF using low-cost and readily accessible materials and equipment, in order to benefit a broader audience. We carried out a parametric study to systematically characterize the CHEF performance and provided guidelines for the CHEF design, fabrication, and operation. The frequency-domain monitoring method was developed based on our understanding of the dynamic evolution of optical modes in the tapered fiber. Such a method allows real-time visualization of the number of optical models and characterization of the taper adiabaticity during the tapering process, both of which are not available with the commonly used time-domain monitoring. The developed CHEF-based fiber tapering system will meet the urgent need of high-quality tapered optical fibers as well as opening doors to new applications of tapered optical fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yundong Ren
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
| | - Mucheng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
| | - Subhrodeep Ray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
| | - Brandon Johann Bozeat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
| | - Yuxiang Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
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Saleem-Urothodi R, Le Pouliquen J, Rohel T, Bernard R, Pareige C, Lorenzo-Ruiz A, Beck A, Létoublon A, De Sagazan O, Cornet C, Dumeige Y, Léger Y. Loss assessment in random crystal polarity gallium phosphide microdisks grown on silicon. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:4646-4649. [PMID: 32797031 DOI: 10.1364/ol.399935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
III-V semiconductors grown on silicon recently appeared as a promising platform to decrease the cost of photonic components and circuits. For nonlinear optics, specific features of the III-V crystal arising from the growth on the nonpolar Si substrate and called antiphase domains (APDs) offer a unique way to engineer the second-order properties of the semiconductor compound. Here we demonstrate the fabrication of microdisk resonators at the interface between a gallium-phosphide layer and its silicon substrate. The analysis of the whispering gallery mode quality factors in the devices allows the quantitative assessment of losses induced by a controlled distribution of APDs in the GaP layer and demonstrates the relevance of such a platform for the development of polarity-engineered III-V nonlinear photonic devices on silicon.
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Lan G, Gu B, Larin KV, Twa MD. Clinical Corneal Optical Coherence Elastography Measurement Precision: Effect of Heartbeat and Respiration. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:3. [PMID: 32821475 PMCID: PMC7401940 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.5.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Normal physiological movements (e.g., respiration and heartbeat) induce eye motions during clinical measurements of human corneal biomechanical properties using optical coherence elastography (OCE). We quantified the effects of respiratory and cardiac-induced eye motions on clinical corneal OCE measurement precision and repeatability. Methods Corneal OCE was performed using low-force, micro-air-pulse tissue stimulation and high-resolution phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. Axial surface displacements of the corneal apex were measured (M-mode) at a 70-kHz sampling rate and three different stimulation pressures (20-60 Pa). Simultaneously, the axial corneal position was tracked with structural OCT imaging, while the heartrate and respiration were monitored over a 90 second period. Results Respiratory- and cardiac-induced eye motions have distinctly lower frequency (0.1-1 Hz) and much greater amplitude (up to ± 50 µm movements) than air-pulse-induced corneal tissue deformations (∼250 Hz, <1 µm). The corneal displacements induced during OCE measurements in vivo were -0.41 ± 0.06 µm (n = 22 measurements, coefficient of variation [CV]: 14.6%) and -0.44 ± 0.07 µm (n = 50 measurements, CV: 15.9%), respectively, from two human subjects at 40 Pa stimulation pressure. Observed variation in corneal tissue displacements were not associated with tissue stimulation magnitude, or the amplitude of physiologically induced axial eye motion. Conclusions The microsecond timescale and submicron tissue displacements observed during corneal OCE measurements are separable from normal involuntary physiological movements, such as the oculocardiac pulse and respiratory movements. Translational Relevance This work advances innovations in biomedical imaging and engineering for clinical diagnostic applications for soft-tissue biomechanical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongpu Lan
- Department of Photoelectric Technology, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China.,School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Boyu Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Doheny Eye Institute, University of California -Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kirill V Larin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael D Twa
- School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Shandilya PK, Fröch JE, Mitchell M, Lake DP, Kim S, Toth M, Behera B, Healey C, Aharonovich I, Barclay PE. Hexagonal Boron Nitride Cavity Optomechanics. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:1343-1350. [PMID: 30676758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is an emerging layered material that plays a key role in a variety of two-dimensional devices, and has potential applications in nanophotonics and nanomechanics. Here, we demonstrate the first cavity optomechanical system incorporating hBN. Nanomechanical resonators consisting of hBN beams with average dimensions of 12 μm × 1.2 μm × 28 nm and minimum predicted thickness of 8 nm were fabricated using electron beam induced etching and positioned in the optical near-field of silicon microdisk cavities. Of the multiple devices studied here a maximum 0.16 pm/[Formula: see text] sensitivity to the hBN nanobeam motion is demonstrated, allowing observation of thermally driven mechanical resonances with frequencies between 1 and 23 MHz, and largest mechanical quality factor of 1100 for a 23 MHz mode, at room temperature in high vacuum. In addition, the role of air damping is studied via pressure dependent measurements. Our results constitute an important step toward realizing integrated optomechanical circuits employing hBN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasoon K Shandilya
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - Johannes E Fröch
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Devices , University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo , New South Wales 2007 , Australia
| | - Matthew Mitchell
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - David P Lake
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - Sejeong Kim
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Devices , University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo , New South Wales 2007 , Australia
| | - Milos Toth
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Devices , University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo , New South Wales 2007 , Australia
| | - Bishnupada Behera
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - Chris Healey
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Devices , University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo , New South Wales 2007 , Australia
| | - Paul E Barclay
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
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Integrable Near-Infrared Photodetectors Based on Hybrid Erbium/Silicon Junctions. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18113755. [PMID: 30400282 PMCID: PMC6263675 DOI: 10.3390/s18113755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of Schottky erbium/silicon photodetectors working at 1.55 µm. These erbium/silicon junctions are carefully characterized using both electric and optical measurements at room temperature. A Schottky barrier ΦB of ~673 meV is extrapolated; the photodetectors show external responsivity of 0.55 mA/W at room temperature under an applied reverse bias of 8 V. In addition, the device performance is discussed in terms of normalized noise and noise-equivalent power. The proposed devices will pave the way towards the development of Er-based photodetectors and light sources to be monolithically integrated in the same silicon substrate, and both operating at 1.55 µm.
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Kim PH, Hauer BD, Clark TJ, Fani Sani F, Freeman MR, Davis JP. Magnetic actuation and feedback cooling of a cavity optomechanical torque sensor. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1355. [PMID: 29116095 PMCID: PMC5677085 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cavity optomechanics has demonstrated remarkable capabilities, such as measurement and control of mechanical motion at the quantum level. Yet many compelling applications of optomechanics—such as microwave-to-telecom wavelength conversion, quantum memories, materials studies, and sensing applications—require hybrid devices, where the optomechanical system is coupled to a separate, typically condensed matter, system. Here, we demonstrate such a hybrid optomechanical system, in which a mesoscopic ferromagnetic needle is integrated with an optomechanical torsional resonator. Using this system we quantitatively extract the magnetization of the needle, not known a priori, demonstrating the potential of this system for studies of nanomagnetism. Furthermore, we show that we can magnetically dampen its torsional mode from room-temperature to 11.6 K—improving its mechanical response time without sacrificing torque sensitivity. Future extensions will enable studies of high-frequency spin dynamics and broadband wavelength conversion via torque mixing. Although optomechanics enables precision metrology, measurements beyond mechanical properties often require hybrid devices. Here, Kim et al. demonstrate that a ferromagnetic needle integrated with a torsional resonator can determine the magnetic properties and amplify or cool the resonator motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Kim
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - B D Hauer
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - T J Clark
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - F Fani Sani
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - M R Freeman
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - J P Davis
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9.
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DAVEAU RAPHAËLS, BALRAM KRISHNAC, PREGNOLATO TOMMASO, LIU JIN, LEE EUNH, SONG JIND, VERMA VARUN, MIRIN RICHARD, NAM SAEWOO, MIDOLO LEONARDO, STOBBE SØREN, SRINIVASAN KARTIK, LODAHL PETER. Efficient fiber-coupled single-photon source based on quantum dots in a photonic-crystal waveguide. OPTICA 2017; 4:178-184. [PMID: 28584859 PMCID: PMC5455793 DOI: 10.1364/optica.4.000178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Many photonic quantum information processing applications would benefit from a high brightness, fiber-coupled source of triggered single photons. Here, we present a fiber-coupled photonic-crystal waveguide single-photon source relying on evanescent coupling of the light field from a tapered out-coupler to an optical fiber. A two-step approach is taken where the performance of the tapered out-coupler is recorded first on an independent device containing an on-chip reflector. Reflection measurements establish that the chip-to-fiber coupling efficiency exceeds 80 %. The detailed characterization of a high-efficiency photonic-crystal waveguide extended with a tapered out-coupling section is then performed. The corresponding overall single-photon source efficiency is 10.9 % ± 2.3 %, which quantifies the success probability to prepare an exciton in the quantum dot, couple it out as a photon in the waveguide, and subsequently transfer it to the fiber. The applied out-coupling method is robust, stable over time, and broadband over several tens of nanometers, which makes it a highly promising pathway to increase the efficiency and reliability of planar chip-based single-photon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- RAPHAËL S. DAVEAU
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - KRISHNA C. BALRAM
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - TOMMASO PREGNOLATO
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - JIN LIU
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - EUN H. LEE
- Center for Opto-Electronic Convergence Systems, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
| | - JIN D. SONG
- Center for Opto-Electronic Convergence Systems, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
| | - VARUN VERMA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - RICHARD MIRIN
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - SAE WOO NAM
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - LEONARDO MIDOLO
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - SØREN STOBBE
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - KARTIK SRINIVASAN
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - PETER LODAHL
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Gan JH, Xiong H, Si LG, Lü XY, Wu Y. Solitons in optomechanical arrays. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:2676-2679. [PMID: 27304261 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.002676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We show that optical solitons can be obtained with a one-dimensional optomechanical array that consists of a chain of periodically spaced identical optomechanical systems. Unlike conventional optical solitons, which originate from nonlinear polarization, the optical soliton here stems from a new mechanism, namely, phonon-photon interaction. Under proper conditions, the phonon-photon induced nonlinearity that refers to the optomechanical nonlinearity will exactly compensate the dispersion caused by photon hopping of adjacent optomechanical systems. Moreover, the solitons are capable of exhibiting very low group velocity, depending on the photon hopping rate, which may lead to many important applications, including all-optical switches and on-chip optical architecture. This work may extend the range of optomechanics and nonlinear optics and provide a new field to study soliton theory and develop corresponding applications.
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12
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Krause AG, Hill JT, Ludwig M, Safavi-Naeini AH, Chan J, Marquardt F, Painter O. Nonlinear Radiation Pressure Dynamics in an Optomechanical Crystal. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:233601. [PMID: 26684117 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.233601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing a silicon nanobeam optomechanical crystal, we investigate the attractor diagram arising from the radiation pressure interaction between a localized optical cavity at λ_{c}=1542 nm and a mechanical resonance at ω_{m}/2π=3.72 GHz. At a temperature of T_{b}≈10 K, highly nonlinear driving of mechanical motion is observed via continuous wave optical pumping. Introduction of a time-dependent (modulated) optical pump is used to steer the system towards an otherwise inaccessible dynamically stable attractor in which mechanical self-oscillation occurs for an optical pump red detuned from the cavity resonance. An analytical model incorporating thermo-optic effects due to optical absorption heating is developed and found to accurately predict the measured device behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex G Krause
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Jeff T Hill
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Max Ludwig
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Amir H Safavi-Naeini
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jasper Chan
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Florian Marquardt
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1/Bau 24, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oskar Painter
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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13
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Khanaliloo B, Mitchell M, Hryciw AC, Barclay PE. High-Q/V Monolithic Diamond Microdisks Fabricated with Quasi-isotropic Etching. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:5131-5136. [PMID: 26134379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Optical microcavities enhance light-matter interactions and are essential for many experiments in solid state quantum optics, optomechanics, and nonlinear optics. Single crystal diamond microcavities are particularly sought after for applications involving diamond quantum emitters, such as nitrogen vacancy centers, and for experiments that benefit from diamond's excellent optical and mechanical properties. Light-matter coupling rates in experiments involving microcavities typically scale with Q/V, where Q and V are the microcavity quality-factor and mode-volume, respectively. Here we demonstrate that microdisk whispering gallery mode cavities with high Q/V can be fabricated directly from bulk single crystal diamond. By using a quasi-isotropic oxygen plasma to etch along diamond crystal planes and undercut passivated diamond structures, we create monolithic diamond microdisks. Fiber taper based measurements show that these devices support TE- and TM-like optical modes with Q > 1.1 × 10(5) and V < 11(λ/n) (3) at a wavelength of 1.5 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Khanaliloo
- †Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- ‡National Institute for Nanotechnology, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive Northwest, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Matthew Mitchell
- †Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- ‡National Institute for Nanotechnology, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive Northwest, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Aaron C Hryciw
- ‡National Institute for Nanotechnology, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive Northwest, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
- §nanoFAB Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Paul E Barclay
- †Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- ‡National Institute for Nanotechnology, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive Northwest, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
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Tetsumoto T, Ooka Y, Takasumi T. High-Q coupled resonances on a PhC waveguide using a tapered nanofiber with high coupling efficiency. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:16256-16263. [PMID: 26193598 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.016256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate high-Q cavity formation at an arbitrary position on a silicon photonic crystal waveguide by bringing a tapered nanofiber into contact with the surface of the slab. An ultrahigh Q of 5.1 × 10(5) is obtained with a coupling efficiency of 39%, whose resonant wavelength can be finely tuned by 27 pm by adjusting the contact length of the nanofiber. We also demonstrate an extremely high coupling efficiency of 99.6% with a loaded Q of 6.1 × 10(3). We show that we can obtain a coupled resonances, which has the potential to be used for slow light generation.
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15
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Pitanti A, Fink JM, Safavi-Naeini AH, Hill JT, Lei CU, Tredicucci A, Painter O. Strong opto-electro-mechanical coupling in a silicon photonic crystal cavity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:3196-3208. [PMID: 25836178 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.003196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We fabricate and characterize a microscale silicon opto-electromechanical system whose mechanical motion is coupled capacitively to an electrical circuit and optically via radiation pressure to a photonic crystal cavity. To achieve large electromechanical interaction strength, we implement an inverse shadow mask fabrication scheme which obtains capacitor gaps as small as 30 nm while maintaining a silicon surface quality necessary for minimizing optical loss. Using the sensitive optical read-out of the photonic crystal cavity, we characterize the linear and nonlinear capacitive coupling to the fundamental ω(m)/2π = 63 MHz in-plane flexural motion of the structure, showing that the large electromechanical coupling in such devices may be suitable for realizing efficient microwave-to-optical signal conversion.
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Cohen JD, Meenehan SM, Painter O. Optical coupling to nanoscale optomechanical cavities for near quantum-limited motion transduction. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:11227-11236. [PMID: 23669980 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.011227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A significant challenge in the development of chip-scale cavity-optomechanical devices as testbeds for quantum experiments and classical metrology lies in the coupling of light from nanoscale optical mode volumes to conventional optical components such as lenses and fibers. In this work we demonstrate a high-efficiency, single-sided fiber-optic coupling platform for optomechanical cavities. By utilizing an adiabatic waveguide taper to transform a single optical mode between a photonic crystal zipper cavity and a permanently mounted fiber, we achieve a collection efficiency for intracavity photons of 52% at the cavity resonance wavelength of λ ≈ 1538 nm. An optical balanced homodyne measurement of the displacement fluctuations of the fundamental in-plane mechanical resonance at 3.3 MHz reveals that the imprecision noise floor lies a factor of 2.8 above the standard quantum limit (SQL) for continuous position measurement, with a predicted total added noise of 1.4 phonons at the optimal probe power. The combination of extremely low measurement noise and robust fiber alignment presents significant progress towards single-phonon sensitivity for these sorts of integrated micro-optomechanical cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Cohen
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Thomas J Watson, Sr Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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17
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Coherent optical wavelength conversion via cavity optomechanics. Nat Commun 2012; 3:1196. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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18
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Liu Y, Miao H, Aksyuk V, Srinivasan K. Wide cantilever stiffness range cavity optomechanical sensors for atomic force microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:18268-18280. [PMID: 23038376 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.018268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report on progress in developing compact sensors for atomic force microscopy (AFM), in which the mechanical transducer is integrated with near-field optical readout on a single chip. The motion of a nanoscale, doubly clamped cantilever was transduced by an adjacent high quality factor silicon microdisk cavity. In particular, we show that displacement sensitivity on the order of 1 fm/(Hz)(1/2) can be achieved while the cantilever stiffness is varied over four orders of magnitude (≈0.01 N/m to ≈290 N/m). The ability to transduce both very soft and very stiff cantilevers extends the domain of applicability of this technique, potentially ranging from interrogation of microbiological samples (soft cantilevers) to imaging with high resolution (stiff cantilevers). Along with mechanical frequencies (> 250 kHz) that are much higher than those used in conventional AFM probes of similar stiffness, these results suggest that our cavity optomechanical sensors may have application in a wide variety of high-bandwidth AFM measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Liu
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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19
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Sun H, Chen A, Abeysinghe D, Szep A, Kim RS. Reduction of scattering loss of silicon slot waveguides by RCA smoothing. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:13-15. [PMID: 22212775 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Because of stronger optical confinement density, silicon slot waveguides tend to have higher scattering loss than normal ridge waveguides with same sidewall roughness. A wet chemical process is found to be highly effective in reducing the surface roughness and scattering loss. A reduction in scattering loss by 10.2 dB/cm for TE and 8.5 dB/cm for TM polarizations has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haishan Sun
- Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
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20
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Winger M, Blasius TD, Mayer Alegre TP, Safavi-Naeini AH, Meenehan S, Cohen J, Stobbe S, Painter O. A chip-scale integrated cavity-electro-optomechanics platform. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:24905-24921. [PMID: 22273884 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.024905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We present an integrated optomechanical and electromechanical nanocavity, in which a common mechanical degree of freedom is coupled to an ultrahigh-Q photonic crystal defect cavity and an electrical circuit. The system allows for wide-range, fast electrical tuning of the optical nanocavity resonances, and for electrical control of optical radiation pressure back-action effects such as mechanical amplification (phonon lasing), cooling, and stiffening. These sort of integrated devices offer a new means to efficiently interconvert weak microwave and optical signals, and are expected to pave the way for a new class of micro-sensors utilizing optomechanical back-action for thermal noise reduction and low-noise optical read-out.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Winger
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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21
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Sun X, Fong KY, Xiong C, Pernice WHP, Tang HX. GHz optomechanical resonators with high mechanical Q factor in air. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:22316-22321. [PMID: 22109073 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.022316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate wheel-shaped silicon optomechanical resonators for resonant operation in ambient air. The high finesse of optical whispering gallery modes (loaded optical Q factor above 500,000) allows for efficient transduction of the wheel resonator's mechanical radial contour modes of frequency up to 1.35 GHz with high mechanical Q factor around 4,000 in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiankai Sun
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, 15 Prospect St., New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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22
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Near-infrared sub-bandgap all-silicon photodetectors: state of the art and perspectives. SENSORS 2010; 10:10571-600. [PMID: 22163487 PMCID: PMC3231101 DOI: 10.3390/s101210571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Due to recent breakthroughs, silicon photonics is now the most active discipline within the field of integrated optics and, at the same time, a present reality with commercial products available on the market. Silicon photodiodes are excellent detectors at visible wavelengths, but the development of high-performance photodetectors on silicon CMOS platforms at wavelengths of interest for telecommunications has remained an imperative but unaccomplished task so far. In recent years, however, a number of near-infrared all-silicon photodetectors have been proposed and demonstrated for optical interconnect and power-monitoring applications. In this paper, a review of the state of the art is presented. Devices based on mid-bandgap absorption, surface-state absorption, internal photoemission absorption and two-photon absorption are reported, their working principles elucidated and their performance discussed and compared.
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23
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Soltani M, Li Q, Yegnanarayanan S, Adibi A. Toward ultimate miniaturization of high Q silicon traveling-wave microresonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:19541-19557. [PMID: 20940850 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.019541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
High Q traveling-wave resonators (TWR)s are one of the key building block components for VLSI Photonics and photonic integrated circuits (PIC). However, dense VLSI integration requires small footprint resonators. While photonic crystal resonators have shown the record in simultaneous high Q (~10(5)-10(6)) and very small mode volumes; the structural simplicity of TWRs has motivated many ongoing researches on miniaturization of these resonators with maintaining Q in the same range. In this paper, we investigate the scaling issues of silicon traveling-wave microresonators down to ultimate miniaturization levels in SOI platforms. Two main constraints that are considered during this down scaling are: 1) Preservation of the intrinsic Q of the resonator at high values, and 2) Compatibility of resonator with passive (active) integration by preserving the SiO(2) BOX layer (plus a thin Si slab layer for P-N junction fabrication). Microdisk and microdonut (an intermediate design between disk and ring shape) are considered for high Q, miniaturization, and single-mode operation over a wide wavelength range (as high as the free-spectral range). Theoretical and experimental results for miniaturized resonators are demonstrated and Q's as high as ~10(5) for resonators as small as 1.5 μm radius are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Soltani
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0250, USA
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24
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Yi H, Citrin DS, Zhou Z. Highly sensitive silicon microring sensor with sharp asymmetrical resonance. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:2967-72. [PMID: 20174125 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.002967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the resonance spectrum in silicon microring resonators taking into account the end-facet reflection from a coupled waveguide, which can provide a dense set of Fabry-Perot resonances. Based on the simple configuration of a microring coupled with a waveguide, the resulting asymmetric Fano-like non-Lorentzian resonance is obtained by scattering theory and experiment. Enhanced sensing performance with steeper slope to the resonance is theoretically predicted and experimentally demonstrated for a 10-microm racetrack silicon microring resonator. A high sensitivity of approximately 10(-8) RIU in terms of the detection limit is obtained in a 30-dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxiang Yi
- State Key Laboratory on Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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25
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Eichenfield M, Chan J, Camacho RM, Vahala KJ, Painter O. Optomechanical crystals. Nature 2009; 462:78-82. [PMID: 19838165 DOI: 10.1038/nature08524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Periodicity in materials yields interesting and useful phenomena. Applied to the propagation of light, periodicity gives rise to photonic crystals, which can be precisely engineered for such applications as guiding and dispersing optical beams, tightly confining and trapping light resonantly, and enhancing nonlinear optical interactions. Photonic crystals can also be formed into planar lightwave circuits for the integration of optical and electrical microsystems. In a photonic crystal, the periodicity of the host medium is used to manipulate the properties of light, whereas a phononic crystal uses periodicity to manipulate mechanical vibrations. As has been demonstrated in studies of Raman-like scattering in epitaxially grown vertical cavity structures and photonic crystal fibres, the simultaneous confinement of mechanical and optical modes in periodic structures can lead to greatly enhanced light-matter interactions. A logical next step is thus to create planar circuits that act as both photonic and phononic crystals: optomechanical crystals. Here we describe the design, fabrication and characterization of a planar, silicon-chip-based optomechanical crystal capable of co-localizing and strongly coupling 200-terahertz photons and 2-gigahertz phonons. These planar optomechanical crystals bring the powerful techniques of optics and photonic crystals to bear on phononic crystals, providing exquisitely sensitive (near quantum-limited), optical measurements of mechanical vibrations, while simultaneously providing strong nonlinear interactions for optics in a large and technologically relevant range of frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Eichenfield
- Thomas J. Watson Sr Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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26
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Camacho RM, Chan J, Eichenfield M, Painter O. Characterization of radiation pressure and thermal effects in a nanoscale optomechanical cavity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:15726-15735. [PMID: 19724572 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.015726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Optical forces in guided-wave nanostructures have recently been proposed as an effective means of mechanically actuating and tuning optical components. In this work, we study the properties of a photonic crystal optomechanical cavity consisting of a pair of patterned Si3N4 nanobeams. Internal stresses in the stoichiometric Si3N4 thin-film are used to produce inter-beam slot-gaps ranging from 560-40 nm. A general pump-probe measurement scheme is described which determines, self-consistently, the contributions of thermo-mechanical, thermo-optic, and radiation pressure effects. For devices with 40 nm slot-gap, the optical gradient force is measured to be 134 fN per cavity photon for the strongly coupled symmetric cavity supermode, producing a static cavity tuning greater than five times that of either the parasitic thermo-mechanical or thermo-optic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Camacho
- Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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27
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Davanço M, Srinivasan K. Efficient spectroscopy of single embedded emitters using optical fiber taper waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:10542-10563. [PMID: 19550451 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.010542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A technique based on using optical fiber taper waveguides for probing single emitters embedded in thin dielectric membranes is assessed through numerical simulations. For an appropriate membrane geometry, photoluminescence collection efficiencies in excess of 10% are predicted, exceeding the efficiency of standard free-space collection by an order of magnitude. Our results indicate that these fiber taper waveguides offer excellent prospects for performing efficient spectroscopy of single emitters embedded in thin films, such as a single self-assembled quantum dot in a semiconductor membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Davanço
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899-6203, USA.
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28
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Qavi AJ, Washburn AL, Byeon JY, Bailey RC. Label-free technologies for quantitative multiparameter biological analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:121-35. [PMID: 19221722 PMCID: PMC2667559 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the postgenomic era, information is king and information-rich technologies are critically important drivers in both fundamental biology and medicine. It is now known that single-parameter measurements provide only limited detail and that quantitation of multiple biomolecular signatures can more fully illuminate complex biological function. Label-free technologies have recently attracted significant interest for sensitive and quantitative multiparameter analysis of biological systems. There are several different classes of label-free sensors that are currently being developed both in academia and in industry. In this critical review, we highlight, compare, and contrast some of the more promising approaches. We describe the fundamental principles of these different methods and discuss advantages and disadvantages that might potentially help one in selecting the appropriate technology for a given bioanalytical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J. Qavi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Adam L. Washburn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Ji-Yeon Byeon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Ryan C. Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801
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29
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Sun P, Reano RM. Cantilever couplers for intra-chip coupling to silicon photonic integrated circuits. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:4565-4574. [PMID: 19293886 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.004565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An intra-chip coupling scheme from optical fibers to silicon strip waveguides is demonstrated. The couplers consist of silicon inverse width tapers embedded within silicon dioxide cantilevers that are deflected out-of-plane by residual stress. Deflection angles from 5 to 30 degrees are obtained and controlled by thermal annealing. Butt-coupling from tapered fibers or collimation-coupling from lensed fibers may be employed. The coupling scheme enables direct access to devices on the entire chip surface without dicing or cleaving the chip. Coupling efficiencies of 1.6 dB per connection for TE polarization and 2 dB per connection for TM polarization are achieved. The coupling efficiency shows little wavelength-dependence, with less than 1.6 dB fluctuation over the wavelength range of 1500 nm to 1560 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Sun
- Electroscience Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
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30
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Michael CP, Yuen HB, Sabnis VA, Johnson TJ, Sewell R, Smith R, Jamora A, Clark A, Semans S, Atanackovic PB, Painter O. Growth, processing, and optical properties of epitaxial Er2O3 on silicon. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:19649-19666. [PMID: 19030051 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.019649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Erbium-doped materials have been investigated for generating and amplifying light in low-power chip-scale optical networks on silicon, but several effects limit their performance in dense microphotonic applications. Stoichiometric ionic crystals are a potential alternative that achieve an Er(3+) density 100 x greater. We report the growth, processing, material characterization, and optical properties of single-crystal Er (2)O(3) epitaxially grown on silicon. A peak Er(3+) resonant absorption of 364 dB/cm at 1535 nm with minimal background loss places a high limit on potential gain. Using high-quality microdisk resonators, we conduct thorough C/L-band radiative efficiency and lifetime measurements and observe strong upconverted luminescence near 550 and 670 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Michael
- Department of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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