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Hackett L, Koppa M, Smith B, Miller M, Santillan S, Weatherred S, Arterburn S, Friedmann TA, Otterstrom N, Eichenfield M. Giant electron-mediated phononic nonlinearity in semiconductor-piezoelectric heterostructures. Nat Mater 2024:10.1038/s41563-024-01882-4. [PMID: 38702414 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01882-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Efficient and deterministic nonlinear phononic interactions could revolutionize classical and quantum information processing at radio frequencies in much the same way that nonlinear photonic interactions have at optical frequencies. Here we show that in the important class of phononic materials that are piezoelectric, deterministic nonlinear phononic interactions can be enhanced by orders of magnitude via the heterogeneous integration of high-mobility semiconductor materials. To this end, a lithium niobate and indium gallium arsenide heterostructure is utilized to produce the most efficient three- and four-wave phononic mixing to date, to the best of our knowledge. We then show that the conversion efficiency can be further enhanced by applying semiconductor bias fields that amplify the phonons. We present a theoretical model that accurately predicts the three-wave mixing efficiencies in this work and extrapolate that these nonlinearities can be enhanced far beyond what is demonstrated here by confining phonons to smaller dimensions in waveguides and optimizing the semiconductor material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Hackett
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Matthew Koppa
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Brandon Smith
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Michael Miller
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Steven Santillan
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Scott Weatherred
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Shawn Arterburn
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Thomas A Friedmann
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Nils Otterstrom
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Matt Eichenfield
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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2
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Clark G, Raniwala H, Koppa M, Chen K, Leenheer A, Zimmermann M, Dong M, Li L, Wen YH, Dominguez D, Trusheim M, Gilbert G, Eichenfield M, Englund D. Nanoelectromechanical Control of Spin-Photon Interfaces in a Hybrid Quantum System on Chip. Nano Lett 2024; 24:1316-1323. [PMID: 38227973 PMCID: PMC10835722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Color centers (CCs) in nanostructured diamond are promising for optically linked quantum technologies. Scaling to useful applications motivates architectures meeting the following criteria: C1 individual optical addressing of spin qubits; C2 frequency tuning of spin-dependent optical transitions; C3 coherent spin control; C4 active photon routing; C5 scalable manufacturability; and C6 low on-chip power dissipation for cryogenic operations. Here, we introduce an architecture that simultaneously achieves C1-C6. We realize piezoelectric strain control of diamond waveguide-coupled tin vacancy centers with ultralow power dissipation necessary. The DC response of our device allows emitter transition tuning by over 20 GHz, combined with low-power AC control. We show acoustic spin resonance of integrated tin vacancy spins and estimate single-phonon coupling rates over 1 kHz in the resolved sideband regime. Combined with high-speed optical routing, our work opens a path to scalable single-qubit control with optically mediated entangling gates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Clark
- The
MITRE Corporation, 202 Burlington Road, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, United States
- Research
Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hamza Raniwala
- Research
Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Matthew Koppa
- Sandia
National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Kevin Chen
- Research
Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Andrew Leenheer
- Sandia
National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Matthew Zimmermann
- The
MITRE Corporation, 202 Burlington Road, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, United States
| | - Mark Dong
- The
MITRE Corporation, 202 Burlington Road, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, United States
- Research
Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Linsen Li
- Research
Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Y. Henry Wen
- The
MITRE Corporation, 202 Burlington Road, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, United States
| | - Daniel Dominguez
- Sandia
National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Matthew Trusheim
- Research
Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- DEVCOM,
Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, United States
| | - Gerald Gilbert
- The
MITRE Corporation, 200
Forrestal Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Matt Eichenfield
- College of
Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719, United States
| | - Dirk Englund
- Research
Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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3
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Dong M, Boyle JM, Palm KJ, Zimmermann M, Witte A, Leenheer AJ, Dominguez D, Gilbert G, Eichenfield M, Englund D. Synchronous micromechanically resonant programmable photonic circuits. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7716. [PMID: 38001076 PMCID: PMC10673894 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42866-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmable photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are emerging as powerful tools for control of light, with applications in quantum information processing, optical range finding, and artificial intelligence. Low-power implementations of these PICs involve micromechanical structures driven capacitively or piezoelectrically but are often limited in modulation bandwidth by mechanical resonances and high operating voltages. Here we introduce a synchronous, micromechanically resonant design architecture for programmable PICs and a proof-of-principle 1×8 photonic switch using piezoelectric optical phase shifters. Our design purposefully exploits high-frequency mechanical resonances and optically broadband components for larger modulation responses on the order of the mechanical quality factor Qm while maintaining fast switching speeds. We experimentally show switching cycles of all 8 channels spaced by approximately 11 ns and operating at 4.6 dB average modulation enhancement. Future advances in micromechanical devices with high Qm, which can exceed 10000, should enable an improved series of low-voltage and high-speed programmable PICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Dong
- The MITRE Corporation, 202 Burlington Road, Bedford, MA, 01730, USA.
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Julia M Boyle
- The MITRE Corporation, 202 Burlington Road, Bedford, MA, 01730, USA
| | - Kevin J Palm
- The MITRE Corporation, 202 Burlington Road, Bedford, MA, 01730, USA
| | | | - Alex Witte
- The MITRE Corporation, 202 Burlington Road, Bedford, MA, 01730, USA
| | - Andrew J Leenheer
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
| | - Daniel Dominguez
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
| | - Gerald Gilbert
- The MITRE Corporation, 200 Forrestal Road, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Matt Eichenfield
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Dirk Englund
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, 98 Rochester Street, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
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4
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Golter DA, Clark G, El Dandachi T, Krastanov S, Leenheer AJ, Wan NH, Raniwala H, Zimmermann M, Dong M, Chen KC, Li L, Eichenfield M, Gilbert G, Englund D. Selective and Scalable Control of Spin Quantum Memories in a Photonic Circuit. Nano Lett 2023; 23:7852-7858. [PMID: 37643457 PMCID: PMC10510697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
A central goal in many quantum information processing applications is a network of quantum memories that can be entangled with each other while being individually controlled and measured with high fidelity. This goal has motivated the development of programmable photonic integrated circuits (PICs) with integrated spin quantum memories using diamond color center spin-photon interfaces. However, this approach introduces a challenge into the microwave control of individual spins within closely packed registers. Here, we present a quantum memory-integrated photonics platform capable of (i) the integration of multiple diamond color center spins into a cryogenically compatible, high-speed programmable PIC platform, (ii) selective manipulation of individual spin qubits addressed via tunable magnetic field gradients, and (iii) simultaneous control of qubits using numerically optimized microwave pulse shaping. The combination of localized optical control, enabled by the PIC platform, together with selective spin manipulation opens the path to scalable quantum networks on intrachip and interchip platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Andrew Golter
- The
MITRE Corporation, 202 Burlington Road, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, United States
| | - Genevieve Clark
- The
MITRE Corporation, 202 Burlington Road, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, United States
- Research
Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tareq El Dandachi
- Research
Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stefan Krastanov
- Research
Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Andrew J. Leenheer
- Sandia
National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Noel H. Wan
- Research
Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hamza Raniwala
- Research
Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Matthew Zimmermann
- The
MITRE Corporation, 202 Burlington Road, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, United States
| | - Mark Dong
- The
MITRE Corporation, 202 Burlington Road, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, United States
- Research
Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kevin C. Chen
- Research
Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Linsen Li
- Research
Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Matt Eichenfield
- Sandia
National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
- College
of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719, United States
| | - Gerald Gilbert
- The
MITRE Corporation, 200
Forrestal Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Dirk Englund
- Research
Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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5
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Hackett L, Miller M, Brimigion F, Dominguez D, Peake G, Tauke-Pedretti A, Arterburn S, Friedmann TA, Eichenfield M. Towards single-chip radiofrequency signal processing via acoustoelectric electron-phonon interactions. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2769. [PMID: 33986271 PMCID: PMC8119416 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22935-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of active, nonlinear, and nonreciprocal functionalities to passive piezoelectric acoustic wave technologies could enable all-acoustic and therefore ultra-compact radiofrequency signal processors. Toward this goal, we present a heterogeneously integrated acoustoelectric material platform consisting of a 50 nm indium gallium arsenide epitaxial semiconductor film in direct contact with a 41° YX lithium niobate piezoelectric substrate. We then demonstrate three of the main components of an all-acoustic radiofrequency signal processor: passive delay line filters, amplifiers, and circulators. Heterogeneous integration allows for simultaneous, independent optimization of the piezoelectric-acoustic and electronic properties, leading to the highest performing surface acoustic wave amplifiers ever developed in terms of gain per unit length and DC power dissipation, as well as the first-ever demonstrated acoustoelectric circulator with an isolation of 46 dB with a pulsed DC bias. Finally, we describe how the remaining components of an all-acoustic radiofrequency signal processor are an extension of this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Hackett
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Michael Miller
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Felicia Brimigion
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Daniel Dominguez
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Greg Peake
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Anna Tauke-Pedretti
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Shawn Arterburn
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Thomas A Friedmann
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Matt Eichenfield
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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6
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Stanfield PR, Leenheer AJ, Michael CP, Sims R, Eichenfield M. CMOS-compatible, piezo-optomechanically tunable photonics for visible wavelengths and cryogenic temperatures. Opt Express 2019; 27:28588-28605. [PMID: 31684608 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.028588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a platform for phase and amplitude modulation in silicon nitride photonic integrated circuits via piezo-optomechanical coupling using tightly mechanically coupled aluminum nitride actuators. The platform, fabricated in a CMOS foundry, enables scalable active photonic integrated circuits for visible wavelengths, and the piezoelectric actuation functions without performance degradation down to cryogenic temperatures. As an example of the potential of the platform, we demonstrate a compact (∼40 µm diameter) silicon nitride ring resonator modulator operating at 780 nm with intrinsic quality factors in excess of 1.5 million, >10 dB change in extinction ratio with 2 V applied, a switching time less than 4 ns, and a switching energy of 0.5 pJ/bit. We characterize the exemplary device at room temperature and 7 K. At 7 K, the device obtains a resistance of approximately 20 teraohms, allowing it to operate with sub-picowatt electrical power dissipation. We further demonstrate a Mach-Zehnder modulator constructed in the same platform with piezoelectrically tunable phase shifting arms, with 750 ns switching time constant and 20 nW steady-state power dissipation at room temperature.
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7
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Moore J, Martin LL, Maayani S, Kim KH, Chandrahalim H, Eichenfield M, Martin IR, Carmon T. Regular oscillations and random motion of glass microspheres levitated by a single optical beam in air: publisher's note. Opt Express 2016; 24:4349. [PMID: 26907080 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.004349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This publisher's note amends a recent publication [Opt. Express24(3), 2850-2857 (2016)] to include Acknowledgments.
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8
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Moore J, Martin LL, Maayani S, Kim KH, Chandrahalim H, Eichenfield M, Martin IR, Carmon T. Regular oscillations and random motion of glass microspheres levitated by a single optical beam in air. Opt Express 2016; 24:2850-2857. [PMID: 26906853 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.002850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally report on optical binding of many glass particles in air that levitate in a single optical beam. A diversity of particle sizes and shapes interact at long range in a single Gaussian beam. Our system dynamics span from oscillatory to random and dimensionality ranges from 1 to 3D. The low loss for the center of mass motion of the beads could allow this system to serve as a standard many body testbed, similar to what is done today with atoms, but at the mesoscopic scale.
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9
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Safavi-Naeini AH, Alegre TPM, Chan J, Eichenfield M, Winger M, Lin Q, Hill JT, Chang DE, Painter O. Electromagnetically induced transparency and slow light with optomechanics. Nature 2011; 472:69-73. [DOI: 10.1038/nature09933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1033] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Eichenfield M, Chan J, Safavi-Naeini AH, Vahala KJ, Painter O. Modeling dispersive coupling and losses of localized optical and mechanical modes in optomechanical crystals. Opt Express 2009; 17:20078-20098. [PMID: 19997232 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Periodically structured materials can sustain both optical and mechanical excitations which are tailored by the geometry. Here we analyze the properties of dispersively coupled planar photonic and phononic crystals: optomechanical crystals. In particular, the properties of co-resonant optical and mechanical cavities in quasi-1D (patterned nanobeam) and quasi-2D (patterned membrane) geometries are studied. It is shown that the mechanical Q and optomechanical coupling in these structures can vary by many orders of magnitude with modest changes in geometry. An intuitive picture is developed based upon a perturbation theory for shifting material boundaries that allows the optomechanical properties to be designed and optimized. Several designs are presented with mechanical frequency approximately 1-10 GHz, optical Q-factor Qo > 107, motional masses meff approximately 100 femtograms, optomechanical coupling length LOM < 5 microm, and clampinig losses that are exponentially suppressed with increasing number of phononic crystal periods (radiation-limited mechanical Q-factor Qm > 107 for total device size less than 30 microm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Eichenfield
- Thomas J Watson, Sr, Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Periodicity in materials yields interesting and useful phenomena. Applied to the propagation of light, periodicity gives rise to photonic crystals, which can be precisely engineered for such applications as guiding and dispersing optical beams, tightly confining and trapping light resonantly, and enhancing nonlinear optical interactions. Photonic crystals can also be formed into planar lightwave circuits for the integration of optical and electrical microsystems. In a photonic crystal, the periodicity of the host medium is used to manipulate the properties of light, whereas a phononic crystal uses periodicity to manipulate mechanical vibrations. As has been demonstrated in studies of Raman-like scattering in epitaxially grown vertical cavity structures and photonic crystal fibres, the simultaneous confinement of mechanical and optical modes in periodic structures can lead to greatly enhanced light-matter interactions. A logical next step is thus to create planar circuits that act as both photonic and phononic crystals: optomechanical crystals. Here we describe the design, fabrication and characterization of a planar, silicon-chip-based optomechanical crystal capable of co-localizing and strongly coupling 200-terahertz photons and 2-gigahertz phonons. These planar optomechanical crystals bring the powerful techniques of optics and photonic crystals to bear on phononic crystals, providing exquisitely sensitive (near quantum-limited), optical measurements of mechanical vibrations, while simultaneously providing strong nonlinear interactions for optics in a large and technologically relevant range of frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Eichenfield
- Thomas J. Watson Sr Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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12
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Camacho RM, Chan J, Eichenfield M, Painter O. Characterization of radiation pressure and thermal effects in a nanoscale optomechanical cavity. Opt Express 2009; 17:15726-15735. [PMID: 19724572 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.015726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Optical forces in guided-wave nanostructures have recently been proposed as an effective means of mechanically actuating and tuning optical components. In this work, we study the properties of a photonic crystal optomechanical cavity consisting of a pair of patterned Si3N4 nanobeams. Internal stresses in the stoichiometric Si3N4 thin-film are used to produce inter-beam slot-gaps ranging from 560-40 nm. A general pump-probe measurement scheme is described which determines, self-consistently, the contributions of thermo-mechanical, thermo-optic, and radiation pressure effects. For devices with 40 nm slot-gap, the optical gradient force is measured to be 134 fN per cavity photon for the strongly coupled symmetric cavity supermode, producing a static cavity tuning greater than five times that of either the parasitic thermo-mechanical or thermo-optic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Camacho
- Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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13
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Abstract
The dynamic back-action caused by electromagnetic forces (radiation pressure) in optical and microwave cavities is of growing interest. Back-action cooling, for example, is being pursued as a means of achieving the quantum ground state of macroscopic mechanical oscillators. Work in the optical domain has revolved around millimetre- or micrometre-scale structures using the radiation pressure force. By comparison, in microwave devices, low-loss superconducting structures have been used for gradient-force-mediated coupling to a nanomechanical oscillator of picogram mass. Here we describe measurements of an optical system consisting of a pair of specially patterned nanoscale beams in which optical and mechanical energies are simultaneously localized to a cubic-micron-scale volume, and for which large per-photon optical gradient forces are realized. The resulting scale of the per-photon force and the mass of the structure enable the exploration of cavity optomechanical regimes in which, for example, the mechanical rigidity of the structure is dominantly provided by the internal light field itself. In addition to precision measurement and sensitive force detection, nano-optomechanics may find application in reconfigurable and tunable photonic systems, light-based radio-frequency communication and the generation of giant optical nonlinearities for wavelength conversion and optical buffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Eichenfield
- Thomas J. Watson, Sr. Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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14
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Chan J, Eichenfield M, Camacho R, Painter O. Optical and mechanical design of a "zipper" photonic crystal optomechanical cavity. Opt Express 2009; 17:3802-3817. [PMID: 19259222 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.003802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Design of a doubly-clamped beam structure capable of localizing mechanical and optical energy at the nanoscale is presented. The optical design is based upon photonic crystal concepts in which patterning of a nanoscale-cross-section beam can result in strong optical localization to an effective optical mode volume of 0.2 cubic wavelengths ( (lambdac)(3)). By placing two identical nanobeams within the near field of each other, strong optomechanical coupling can be realized for differential motion between the beams. Current designs for thin film silicon nitride beams at a wavelength of lambda?= 1.5 microm indicate that such structures can simultaneously realize an optical Q-factor of 7x10(6), motional mass m(u) approximately 40 picograms, mechanical mode frequency Omega(M)/2pi approximately 170 MHz, and an optomechanical coupling factor (g(OM) identical with domega(c)/dx = omega(c)/L(OM)) with effective length L(OM) approximately lambda= 1.5 microm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Chan
- Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology,Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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