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Hackett L, Koppa M, Smith B, Miller M, Santillan S, Weatherred S, Arterburn S, Friedmann TA, Otterstrom N, Eichenfield M. Giant electron-mediated phononic nonlinearity in semiconductor-piezoelectric heterostructures. Nat Mater 2024:10.1038/s41563-024-01882-4. [PMID: 38702414 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01882-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Efficient and deterministic nonlinear phononic interactions could revolutionize classical and quantum information processing at radio frequencies in much the same way that nonlinear photonic interactions have at optical frequencies. Here we show that in the important class of phononic materials that are piezoelectric, deterministic nonlinear phononic interactions can be enhanced by orders of magnitude via the heterogeneous integration of high-mobility semiconductor materials. To this end, a lithium niobate and indium gallium arsenide heterostructure is utilized to produce the most efficient three- and four-wave phononic mixing to date, to the best of our knowledge. We then show that the conversion efficiency can be further enhanced by applying semiconductor bias fields that amplify the phonons. We present a theoretical model that accurately predicts the three-wave mixing efficiencies in this work and extrapolate that these nonlinearities can be enhanced far beyond what is demonstrated here by confining phonons to smaller dimensions in waveguides and optimizing the semiconductor material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Hackett
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Matthew Koppa
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Brandon Smith
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Michael Miller
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Steven Santillan
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Scott Weatherred
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Shawn Arterburn
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Thomas A Friedmann
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Nils Otterstrom
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Matt Eichenfield
- Microsystems Engineering, Science, and Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Clark G, Raniwala H, Koppa M, Chen K, Leenheer A, Zimmermann M, Dong M, Li L, Wen YH, Dominguez D, Trusheim M, Gilbert G, Eichenfield M, Englund D. Nanoelectromechanical Control of Spin-Photon Interfaces in a Hybrid Quantum System on Chip. Nano Lett 2024; 24:1316-1323. [PMID: 38227973 PMCID: PMC10835722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Color centers (CCs) in nanostructured diamond are promising for optically linked quantum technologies. Scaling to useful applications motivates architectures meeting the following criteria: C1 individual optical addressing of spin qubits; C2 frequency tuning of spin-dependent optical transitions; C3 coherent spin control; C4 active photon routing; C5 scalable manufacturability; and C6 low on-chip power dissipation for cryogenic operations. Here, we introduce an architecture that simultaneously achieves C1-C6. We realize piezoelectric strain control of diamond waveguide-coupled tin vacancy centers with ultralow power dissipation necessary. The DC response of our device allows emitter transition tuning by over 20 GHz, combined with low-power AC control. We show acoustic spin resonance of integrated tin vacancy spins and estimate single-phonon coupling rates over 1 kHz in the resolved sideband regime. Combined with high-speed optical routing, our work opens a path to scalable single-qubit control with optically mediated entangling gates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Clark
- The
MITRE Corporation, 202 Burlington Road, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, United States
- Research
Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hamza Raniwala
- Research
Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Matthew Koppa
- Sandia
National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Kevin Chen
- Research
Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Andrew Leenheer
- Sandia
National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Matthew Zimmermann
- The
MITRE Corporation, 202 Burlington Road, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, United States
| | - Mark Dong
- The
MITRE Corporation, 202 Burlington Road, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, United States
- Research
Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Linsen Li
- Research
Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Y. Henry Wen
- The
MITRE Corporation, 202 Burlington Road, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, United States
| | - Daniel Dominguez
- Sandia
National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Matthew Trusheim
- Research
Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- DEVCOM,
Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, United States
| | - Gerald Gilbert
- The
MITRE Corporation, 200
Forrestal Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Matt Eichenfield
- College of
Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719, United States
| | - Dirk Englund
- Research
Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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