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Zhao Z, Li X, Yan S, Tian K, Wang X, Zhao H, Lewis E, Farrell G, Wang P. Sensitivity-enhanced strain sensor based on a shape-modulated multimode fiber. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:1329-1332. [PMID: 38427005 DOI: 10.1364/ol.519450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
In this Letter, we demonstrate a sensitivity-enhanced strain sensor based on a shape-modulated multimode fiber (MMF). In contrast to conventional single-mode-multimode-single-mode (SMS) fiber structures, which typically contain a single cylindrical homogeneous MMF section, the shape of the MMF section in this investigation is modulated by lateral offset splicing of multiple MMF segments. Simulation results show that the designed shape-modulated MMF has a higher peak mechanical strain than that of a cylindrical MMF. Experimental results demonstrate that the strain sensitivity achieved by the shaped-modulated MMF-formed SMS fiber structure is as high as -55.63 pm/µε, which is 33 times higher than that for a cylindrical MMF-formed conventional SMS fiber structure at -1.65 pm/µε. This high sensitivity and low-fabrication cost SMS fiber sensor has the potential to be a promising candidate in precise strain measurement applications.
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Wang J, Yang X, Kou Y, Tong D, Wang A, Niu C, Meng H, Li S, Geng T, Sun W. Highly-sensitive temperature sensor based on photopolymerized-waveguide embedded Mach-Zehnder interferometer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:27332-27344. [PMID: 37710812 DOI: 10.1364/oe.493552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Biology, medicine, and chemistry all rely heavily on highly sensitive optical fiber temperature sensors. To the best of our knowledge, this research introduces a unique design framework for high-performance fiber temperature sensors that helps eliminate the all-fiber interferometers' sensitivity bottleneck. A section of photopolymerized waveguide is embedded in a typical Mach-Zehnder interferomenter framework with multimode fiber-single mode fiber-multimode fiber (MSM) structure. The thermal-optical coefficient (TOC) of the photopolymerized waveguide core, which is created via the fiber-end lithography technique, differs dramatically from that of the resin cladding. Due to the considerable TOC difference, the phase difference between the interfering beams significantly increases as the temperature changes. The fundamental variables affecting temperature sensitivity are conceptually explored and experimentally verified. The suggested device achieves a typical temperature sensitivity of 1.15 nm/ ∘C in the range of 30-100 ∘C, which is about 10 times as high as that of the all-fiber MSM sensors. The suggested designing framework offers a fresh thought for creating high-performing fiber optic temperature sensors.
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Song J, Sun S, Jiang C, Chen N, Jiang W, Liu C, Ren J, Wang S. Ultra-sensitive temperature and pressure sensor based on PDMS-based FPI and Vernier effect. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:1674-1677. [PMID: 37221738 DOI: 10.1364/ol.480506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An ultra-sensitive sensor, based on two Fabry-Perot interferometers (FPIs), has been realized for temperature and pressure sensing. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based FPI1 was used as a sensing cavity, and a closed capillary-based FPI2 was used as a reference cavity for its insensitivity to both temperature and pressure. The two FPIs were connected in series to obtain a cascaded FPIs sensor, showing a clear spectral envelope. The temperature and pressure sensitivities of the proposed sensor reach up to 16.51 nm/°C and 100.18 nm/MPa, which are 25.4 and 21.6 times, respectively, larger than these of the PDMS-based FPI1, showing a great Vernier effect.
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Wen X, Lin G, Jia X, Li M, Li MY, Lu H, Wang J. Modal interference discrepancy and its application to a modified fiber Mach-Zehnder Vernier interferometer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:42875-42891. [PMID: 36522998 DOI: 10.1364/oe.474302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, modal interference discrepancy in an all-fiber MZI is theoretically analyzed and experimentally verified. Theoretical analysis demonstrates that ambient refractive index (RI) response of core-cladding modal interference in an all-fiber MZI is blue-shift, while that of cladding-cladding modal interference is red-shift. Temperature response trends of the two kinds of modal interference are uniformly red-shift. The discrepancy is used to fabricate an improved Vernier sensor which is cascaded by two unit MZIs. One MZI is slightly core-offset fused to obtain core-cladding modal interference, and the other is obviously offset fused to get cladding-cladding modal interference. Ambient RI sensitivity of the cascaded sensor is improved with temperature cross-talk restrained. Ambient RI responses of the two unit MZIs are measured to be opposite, which are -54.009 nm/RIU (within RI range of 1.3362∼1.3811) for the slight and 142.581 nm/RIU for the obvious offset unit MZI. While, temperature response trends of them are consistent, which are 0.042 nm/°C for the slight and 0.025 nm/°C for the obvious offset unit MZI, respectively. For the cascaded Vernier sensor ambient RI sensitivity reaches -1788.160 nm/RIU, which is 33.1 and 12.5 folds improved over the two unit MZIs, respectively. Temperature sensitivity of the cascaded sensor is as low as 0.167 nm/°C and only causes a slight RI error of 9.339 × 10-5 RIU/°C. Due to the simple structure, ease of fabrication, and low temperature cross-talk, the modal interference discrepancy-based Vernier sensor is believed to have potential application prospects in biochemical sensing fields.
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Shibata N, Watanabe K, Ohashi M. Modal dispersion characteristics of LP 0m modes in a step-index multimode fiber. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:9305-9310. [PMID: 36607066 DOI: 10.1364/ao.471795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A modal interferometer method (MIM) is applied to measure the differential mode delay (DMD) between the L P 0m modes traversing a step-index multimode fiber (SI-MMF). Only linearly polarized radial modes, i.e., L P 0m modes, are excited and transmitted in the SI-MMF by using a single-mode-multimode-single-mode (SMS) fiber structure. The measurement principle is based on investigating a transmitted spectrum through temporal decomposition by means of a Fourier transform. The Fourier-transform-based MIM provides simultaneous measurements of the DMD between the L P 0m modes. The wavelength dependence of the DMD is estimated experimentally in both the 1260-1360 nm and 1450-1625 nm telecommunication bands. The normalized frequency dependence of the DMD is also investigated theoretically. The result suggests that the 1260-1360 nm band is preferable to the 1450-1625 nm band for a mode-division multiplexing (MDM) transmission employing an SI-MMF in terms of realizing a smaller DMD.
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Zhang J, Wang C, Chen Y, Xiang Y, Huang T, Shum PP, Wu Z. Fiber structures and material science in optical fiber magnetic field sensors. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2022; 15:34. [PMID: 36637692 PMCID: PMC9756235 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-022-00037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic field sensing plays an important role in many fields of scientific research and engineering applications. Benefiting from the advantages of optical fibers, the optical fiber-based magnetic field sensors demonstrate characteristics of light weight, small size, remote controllability, reliable security, and wide dynamic ranges. This paper provides an overview of the basic principles, development, and applications of optical fiber magnetic field sensors. The sensing mechanisms of fiber grating, interferometric and evanescent field fiber are discussed in detail. Magnetic fluid materials, magneto-strictive materials, and magneto-optical materials used in optical fiber sensing systems are also introduced. The applications of optical fiber magnetic field sensors as current sensors, geomagnetic monitoring, and quasi-distributed magnetic sensors are presented. In addition, challenges and future development directions are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Electronic Information, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Chen Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Electronic Information, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yunkang Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Electronic Information, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yudiao Xiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Electronic Information, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Tianye Huang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Electronic Information, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Perry Ping Shum
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Electronic Information, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430074, China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhichao Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Electronic Information, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Ma S, Xu Y, Pang Y, Zhao X, Li Y, Qin Z, Liu Z, Lu P, Bao X. Optical Fiber Sensors for High-Temperature Monitoring: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5722. [PMID: 35957279 PMCID: PMC9371153 DOI: 10.3390/s22155722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
High-temperature measurements above 1000 °C are critical in harsh environments such as aerospace, metallurgy, fossil fuel, and power production. Fiber-optic high-temperature sensors are gradually replacing traditional electronic sensors due to their small size, resistance to electromagnetic interference, remote detection, multiplexing, and distributed measurement advantages. This paper reviews the sensing principle, structural design, and temperature measurement performance of fiber-optic high-temperature sensors, as well as recent significant progress in the transition of sensing solutions from glass to crystal fiber. Finally, future prospects and challenges in developing fiber-optic high-temperature sensors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaonian Ma
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (S.M.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.Q.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yanping Xu
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (S.M.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.Q.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yuxi Pang
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (S.M.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.Q.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xian Zhao
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (S.M.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.Q.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yongfu Li
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (S.M.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.Q.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zengguang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.Q.); (Z.L.)
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zhaojun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.Q.); (Z.L.)
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ping Lu
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada;
| | - Xiaoyi Bao
- Physics Department, University of Ottawa, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
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High Sensitivity Fiber Interferometric Strain Sensors Based on Elongated Fiber Abrupt Tapers. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13071015. [PMID: 35888833 PMCID: PMC9321942 DOI: 10.3390/mi13071015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate high-sensitivity fiber strain sensors based on an elongated abrupt taper. The fiber abrupt taper, with a tapered diameter ranging from 40–60 μm, was made by using a hydrogen microflame to break the waveguide adiabaticity so as to convert the fundamental mode into cladding modes. The abrupt taper was further uniformly tapered by using a normal moving flame with a torch diameter of 7 mm to elongate the tapered region until the tapered diameter was down to 2.5–5 μm. The excited high-order modes were confined to propagate along the cladding and then recombined at the rear edge of the fiber taper to produce interferences with extinction ratios of up to 16 dB. The tapered region was pulled outwardly to change the optical path difference (OPD) between modes to measure the tensile strain with all the interfering wavelengths blue-shifted. The measured best strain sensitivity was 116.21 pm/με and the coefficient of determination R2 of linear fitting exhibits high linearity. This strain sensor based on elongated abrupt taper is several times higher than that of most of the fiber strain sensors ever reported.
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Wen Z, Guan Z, Dong J, Li H, Cai Y, Gao S. A Review of Sensitivity Enhancement in Interferometer-Based Fiber Sensors. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22072506. [PMID: 35408120 PMCID: PMC9002878 DOI: 10.3390/s22072506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical fiber sensors based on an interferometer structure play a significant role in monitoring physical, chemical, and biological parameters in natural environments. However, sensors with high-sensitivity measurement still present their own challenges. This paper deduces and summarizes the methods of sensitivity enhancement in interferometer based fiber optical sensors, including the derivation of the sensing principles, key characteristics, and recently-reported applications.The modal coupling interferometer is taken as an example to derive the five terms related to the sensitivity: (1) the wavelength-dependent difference of phase between two modes/arms ∂ϕd/∂λ, (2) the sensor length Lw,A, (3) refractive index difference between two modes/arms Δneff,A, (4) sensing parameter dependent length change α, and (5) sensing parameter dependent refractive index change γ. The research papers in the literature that modulate these terms to enhance the sensing sensitivity are reviewed in the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengrun Wen
- Center of Light Manipulations and Applications & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optics and Photonic Device, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (Z.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Ziqing Guan
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (Z.G.); (J.D.); (H.L.)
| | - Jingru Dong
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (Z.G.); (J.D.); (H.L.)
| | - Hongxin Li
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (Z.G.); (J.D.); (H.L.)
| | - Yangjian Cai
- Center of Light Manipulations and Applications & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optics and Photonic Device, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (Z.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Song Gao
- Center of Light Manipulations and Applications & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optics and Photonic Device, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (Z.W.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Dong Z, Zhang G, Jin Y, Zhou J, Guan J, Tong Z, Wei Z, Tan C, Wang F, Meng H. Hydroxyethyl cellulose sensitized SMDMS structure with optical fiber relative humidity and temperature simultaneous measurement sensor. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:1152-1166. [PMID: 35209281 DOI: 10.1364/oe.442377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We have manufactured an intensity modulated optical fiber SMDMS sensor with hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) hydrogel coating for simultaneous measurement of RH and temperature. The SMDMS sensor was manufactured by splicing single-mode fiber (SMF), multi-mode fiber (MMF), dispersion compensation fiber (DCF), MMF, and SMF in sequence to form a structure of SMF + MMF + DCF + MMF + SMF (SMDMS). The cladding of MMFs and DCF were corroded by hydrofluoric acid (HF) and coated with HEC hydrogel to excite a strong evanescent field and increase the sensitivity of the SMDMS sensor. The adsorption of water molecules by HEC will cause a change in the effective refractive index of cladding mode, which will eventually change the intensity of the transmission spectrum. The experimental results indicate that the sensitivities are 0.507 dB/%RH and 0.345 dB/°C in the RH range of 30%-80% and temperature range of 10°C-50°C, respectively. At last, a dual-parameter measurement matrix is constructed based on the experimental results to achieve the simultaneous measurement of RH and temperature. The SMDMS sensor has the advantages of high sensitivity and good robustness, and has potential application prospects in daily life and other fields.
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11
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Temperature Sensor Based on Periodically Tapered Optical Fibers. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21248358. [PMID: 34960452 PMCID: PMC8703804 DOI: 10.3390/s21248358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the fabrication and characterization of a temperature sensor based on periodically tapered optical fibers (PTOF) are presented. The relation between the geometry of the sensors and sensing ability was investigated in order to find the relatively simple structure of a sensor. Four types of PTOF structures with two, four, six and eight waists were manufactured with the fusion splicer. For each PTOF type, the theoretical free spectral range (FSR) was calculated and compared with measurements. The experiments were conducted for a temperature range of 20–70 °C. The results proved that the number of the tapered regions in PTOF is crucial, because some of the investigated structures did not exhibit the temperature response. The interference occurring inside the structures with two and four waists was found be too weak and, therefore, the transmission dip was hardly visible. We proved that sensors with a low number of tapered regions cannot be considered as a temperature sensor. Sufficiently more valuable results were obtained for the last two types of PTOF, where the sensor’s sensitivity was equal to 0.07 dB/°C with an excellent linear fitting (R2 > 0.99). The transmission dip shift can be described by a linear function (R2 > 0.97) with a slope α > 0.39 nm/°C.
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Song J, Sun S, Jiang C, Chen H, Wang S. Sensitivity-enhanced temperature sensor based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer coated with thermal-sensitive material. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:125003. [PMID: 34972480 DOI: 10.1063/5.0068108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a Mach-Zehnder interferometer temperature sensor with a single-mode fiber-thin-core fiber-single-mode fiber cascaded is designed. When the light is transmitted from the single-mode fiber to the thin-core fiber, different modes will be excited because of the mode-field mismatch. Optical power from the input fiber can be partly coupled to the cladding modes of the thin-core fiber, and the cladding modes of the thin-core fiber then re-coupled to the lead-out fiber, which constitutes the Mach-Zehnder interferometer in the output single-mode fiber. To improve the temperature sensitivity of the sensor, we coated the thermal-sensitive material (such as polymethoxane or ultraviolet glue) on the surface of the thin-core fiber. The experimental results show that the temperature sensitivity of the sensor coated with a polydimethylsiloxane film was increased from 32.0 to 90.0 pm/°C, about three times, compared to the uncoated thin-core fiber sensor. When the surface of the thin-core fiber is coated with an ultraviolet glue film, the temperature sensitivity of the sensor was increased from 32.0 to 166.8 pm/°C, about six times. The designed sensor, with compact structure, simple production, strong robustness, and high sensitivity, has a wide application prospect in industrial production and national defense technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Song
- College of Physics and Electronic Science, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei 435002, China
| | - Simei Sun
- College of Physics and Electronic Science, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei 435002, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- College of Physics and Electronic Science, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei 435002, China
| | - Hailin Chen
- College of Physics and Electronic Science, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei 435002, China
| | - Saiyu Wang
- College of Physics and Electronic Science, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei 435002, China
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Simply Fabricated Inexpensive Dual-Polymer-Coated Fabry-Perot Interferometer-Based Temperature Sensors with High Sensitivity. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21227632. [PMID: 34833708 PMCID: PMC8620928 DOI: 10.3390/s21227632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We designed simply fabricated, highly sensitive, and cost-effective dual-polymer-coated Fabry–Perot interferometer (DFPI)-based temperature sensors by employing thermosensitive polymers and non-thermosensitive polymers, as well as different two successive dip-coating techniques (stepwise dip coating and polymer mixture coating). Seven sensors were fabricated using different polymer combinations for performance optimization. The experiments demonstrated that the stepwise dip-coated dual thermosensitive polymer sensors exhibited the highest sensitivity (2142.5 pm °C−1 for poly(methyl methacrylate)-polycarbonate (PMMA_PC) and 785.5 pm °C−1 for poly(methyl methacrylate)- polystyrene (PMMA_PS)). Conversely, the polymer-mixture-coated sensors yielded low sensitivities (339.5 pm °C−1 for the poly(methyl methacrylate)-polycarbonate mixture (PMMA_PC mixture) and 233.5 pm °C−1 for the poly(methyl methacrylate)-polystyrene mixture (PMMA_PS mixture). Thus, the coating method, polymer selection, and thin air-bubble-free coating are crucial for high-sensitivity DFPI-based sensors. Furthermore, the DFPI-based sensors yielded stable readouts, based on three measurements. Our comprehensive results confirm the effectiveness, reproducibility, stability, fast response, feasibility, and accuracy of temperature measurements using the proposed sensors. The excellent performance and simplicity of our proposed sensors are promising for biomedical, biochemical, and physical applications.
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Daud S, Rohizad SNA, Noordin AFA, Yupapin P, Amiri IS. Temperature Sensing with Fibre Bragg Grating and No-Core Fibre. NATIONAL ACADEMY SCIENCE LETTERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40009-020-01010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Han Y, Liu B, Wu Y, Mao Y, Wu J, Zhao L, Nan T, Wang J, Tang R, Zhang Y. High-sensitivity transverse-load and high-temperature sensor based on the cascaded Vernier effect. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:7714-7720. [PMID: 34613241 DOI: 10.1364/ao.432056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate a novel, to the best of our knowledge, transverse-load and high-temperature sensor based on the cascaded Vernier effect. Two Fabry-Perot interferometers fabricated by a piece of hollow-core fiber (HCF) and a piece of polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber (PM-PCF) are connected by a long part of single-mode fiber with a length of 1 m, and play the roles of transverse-load sensor and high-temperature sensor, respectively. The sensitivity of not only the transverse load but also that of temperature can be enhanced by the Vernier effect. The sensitivity of the transverse load is raised by 7.7 times to 5.84 nm/N, and the temperature sensitivities increased by 5.5 and 5.9 times to -0.0689nm/∘C and -0.1038nm/∘C within the temperature range of 50-400°C to 400-900°C. Moreover, both the HCF cavity and PM-PCF cavity can be split and combined flexibly. Hence, such a sensor could have great potential in sensing applications.
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Dong Z, Jin Y, Zhang G, Zhou J, Liu C, Liu F, Wei Z, Wang F, Tan C, Meng H. Single core-offset Mach-Zehnder interferometer coated with PVA for simultaneous measurement of relative humidity and temperature. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:24102-24117. [PMID: 34614661 DOI: 10.1364/oe.430367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A single core-offset Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) coated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) for simultaneous measurement of relative humidity (RH) and temperature is proposed in this paper. The sensing structure is fabricated by splicing dispersion compensating fiber (DCF) and no-core fiber (NCF) and splicing two single-mode fibers (SMF) at both ends, where the core-offset is located at the splicing of SMF and DCF. A part of the cladding of DCF is etched to excite the high-order cladding mode (LP10), and PVA is coated on the etched area. The refractive index of PVA varies due to the adsorption of water molecules. Therefore, when the ambient relative humidity and temperature change, the change of MZI phase difference causes the wavelength of the resonant dip to shift. The experimental results indicate that the proposed sensor has a sensitivity of 0.256 nm/RH% for RH range of 30%-95%, and a sensitivity of 0.153 nm/℃ for temperature range of 20℃-80℃, respectively. The simultaneous measurement of RH and temperature can be achieved by demodulating the sensitivity coefficient matrix. The proposed sensor has the characteristics of good repeatability, high sensitivity, and good stability, which make it potentially applications for the detection of RH and temperature measurement.
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Fan X, Deng S, Wei Z, Wang F, Tan C, Meng H. Ammonia Gas Sensor Based on Graphene Oxide-Coated Mach-Zehnder Interferometer with Hybrid Fiber Structure. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21113886. [PMID: 34199927 PMCID: PMC8200086 DOI: 10.3390/s21113886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A graphene oxide-coated in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) formed with a multimode fiber-thin core fiber-multimode fiber (MMF-TCF-MMF) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for ammonia gas (NH3) sensing. The MZI structure is composed of two segments of MMF of length 2 mm, with a flame-tapered TCF between them as the sensing arm. The MMFs act as mode couplers to split and recombine light owing to the core diameter mismatch with the other fibers. A tapered TCF is formed by the flame melting taper method, resulting in evanescent wave leakage. A layer of graphene oxide (GO) is applied to the tapered region of the TCF to achieve gas adsorption. The sensor operates on the principle of changing the effective refractive index of the cladding mode of a fiber through changing the conductivity of the GO coating by adsorbed NH3 molecules, which gives rise to a phase shift and shows as the resonant dip shifts in the transmission spectrum. So the concentration of the ammonia gas can be obtained by measuring the dip shift. A wavelength-shift sensitivity of 4.97 pm/ppm with a linear fit coefficient of 98.9% is achieved for ammonia gas concentrations in the range of 0 to 151 ppm. In addition, we performed a repetitive dynamic response test on the sensor by charging/releasing NH3 at concentration of 200 ppm and a relative humidity test in a relative humidity range of 35% to 70%, which demonstrates the reusability and stability of the sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuying Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhongchao Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Faqiang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chunhua Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hongyun Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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18
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Zuo G, Hu H, Li S, Yang Z, Chen J, Huang Y, Qu Y, Xia L. Iterative normalized cross-correlation method for absolute optical path difference demodulation of dual interferometers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:16595-16610. [PMID: 34154219 DOI: 10.1364/oe.423326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It is still a challenge to realize the absolute optical path difference (OPD) demodulation of multi-interference systems with a narrow spectral interval and small OPD interval. In this paper, an iterative normalized cross-correlation algorithm is firstly proposed for demodulating the multiple absolute OPDs of a dual-interference system and applied to optical fiber sensing system. By constructing a template function in combined form, the optimal solutions of its components and OPDs are solved iteratively based on the reconstruction matrix method and cross-correlation algorithm, respectively. The simulation and experiment show that the demodulation accuracies near the OPDs of 560 µm and 660 µm are both up to 5 nm in different spectral intervals from 45 to 80 nm. The simulation results show that all demodulation precisions at the spectral interval of 55 nm do not exceed 4 nm when the OPD changes in the range of 650-670 µm. Besides, the experimental verification shows the temperature accuracy (0.125 °C) with 95% confidence of T-distribution is very close to the control accuracy (0.1 °C). The proposed algorithm can improve the multiplexing capability of optical fiber sensor system and reduce its cost.
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19
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Han Y, Liu B, Wu Y, Mao Y, Wu J, Zhao L, Nan T, Wang J, Tang R, Zhang Y, Liu Y. Ultra-compact silicon-microcap based improved Michelson interferometer high-temperature sensor. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:6703-6713. [PMID: 33726185 DOI: 10.1364/oe.419260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An ultra-short high-temperature fiber-optic sensor based on a silicon-microcap created by a single-mode fiber (SMF) and simple fusion splicing technology is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. A section of the SMF with a silicon-microcap at one end is connected to the "peanut" structure to build the microcap-based optical fiber improved Michelson interferometer (MI). The optimal discharge parameters of microcap and length of SMF has been investigated to achieve the best extinction ratio of 6.61 dB. The size of this microcap-based improved MI sensor is 560 µm and about 18 times shorter compared to the current fiber tip interferometers (about 10 mm). Meanwhile, it showed good robustness during the two heating-cooling cycles and the duration period stability test at 900 °C. This microcap-based improved MI sensor with the smaller size, simple fabrication, low cost, high reliability, and good linearity within a large dynamic range is beneficial to practical temperature measurement and massive production.
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20
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Hollow-Core Fiber-Tip Interferometric High-Temperature Sensor Operating at 1100 °C with High Linearity. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12030234. [PMID: 33668915 PMCID: PMC7996608 DOI: 10.3390/mi12030234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over decades, fiber-optic temperature sensors based on conventional single-mode fibers (SMF) have been demonstrated with either high linearity and stability in a limited temperature region or poor linearity and thermal hysteresis in a high-temperature measurement range. For high-temperature measurements, isothermal annealing is typically necessary for the fiber-optic sensors, aiming at releasing the residual stress, eliminating the thermal hysteresis and, thus, improving the high-temperature measurement linearity and stability. In this article, an annealing-free fiber-optic high-temperature (1100 °C) sensor based on a diaphragm-free hollow-core fiber (HCF) Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The proposed sensor exhibits an excellent thermal stability and linearity (R2 > 0.99 in a 100-1100 °C range) without the need for high-temperature annealing. The proposed sensor is extremely simple in preparation, and the annealing-free property can reduce the cost of sensor production significantly, which is promising in mass production and industry applications.
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21
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Zhang Y, Xu B, Wang D, Guo Y, Chen M, Chen W, Guo P, Peng X, Li J. Vibration Sensor Based on Hollow Biconical Fiber. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21041023. [PMID: 33546145 PMCID: PMC7913125 DOI: 10.3390/s21041023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A hollow biconical fiber is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for vibration sensing. It is fabricated by creating an air micro-cavity in single-mode fiber, followed by tapering it. Experimental results show that the device is highly sensitive to bending with a sensitivity of 21.30 dB/m−1. When it is exposed to vibration, its transmission loss is modulated periodically, then based on the measured transmission, the vibration frequency can be demodulated accurately. The acoustic vibration testing results show that the proposed device can detect and demodulate the exciting acoustic frequency accurately and distinguish its sound intensity, and the maximum signal to noise ratio (SNR) achieves up to 59 dB. Moreover, cantilever beam testing proves its performance reliable. Additionally, the sensing head has the advantages of a lightweight, compact size (with a total length of less than 250 μm), and insensitivity of temperature. All these features indicate the proposed sensor has a promising potential in the engineering field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfang Zhang
- Faculty of Information Technology, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China; (Y.Z.); (P.G.); (X.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Ben Xu
- The College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, No. 258, Xueyuan Street, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou 310018, China; (D.W.); (Y.G.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dongning Wang
- The College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, No. 258, Xueyuan Street, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou 310018, China; (D.W.); (Y.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Yun Guo
- The College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, No. 258, Xueyuan Street, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou 310018, China; (D.W.); (Y.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Min Chen
- The College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, No. 258, Xueyuan Street, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou 310018, China; (D.W.); (Y.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Weicheng Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China;
| | - Penglai Guo
- Faculty of Information Technology, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China; (Y.Z.); (P.G.); (X.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Xiaoling Peng
- Faculty of Information Technology, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China; (Y.Z.); (P.G.); (X.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Jianqing Li
- Faculty of Information Technology, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China; (Y.Z.); (P.G.); (X.P.); (J.L.)
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China;
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22
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Dynamic Characterisation of Fibre-Optic Temperature Sensors for Physiological Monitoring. SENSORS 2020; 21:s21010221. [PMID: 33396422 PMCID: PMC7795630 DOI: 10.3390/s21010221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fast, miniature temperature sensors are required for various biomedical applications. Fibre-optics are particularly suited to minimally invasive procedures, and many types of fibre-optic temperature sensors have been demonstrated. In applications where rapidly varying temperatures are present, a fast and well-known response time is important; however, in many cases, the dynamic behaviour of the sensor is not well-known. In this article, we investigate the dynamic response of a polymer-based interferometric temperature sensor, using both an experimental technique employing optical heating with a pulsed laser, and a computational heat transfer model based on the finite element method. Our results show that the sensor has a time constant on the order of milliseconds and a -6 dB bandwidth of up to 178 Hz, indicating its suitability for applications such as flow measurement by thermal techniques, photothermal spectroscopy, and monitoring of thermal treatments.
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23
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Xie L, Sun B, Chen M, Zhang Z. Sensitivity enhanced temperature sensor with serial tapered two-mode fibers based on the Vernier effect. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:32447-32455. [PMID: 33114930 DOI: 10.1364/oe.403865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A sensitivity enhanced temperature sensor with cascaded tapered two-mode fibers (TTMFs) based on the Vernier effect is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. It is confirmed that series connection exhibits higher extinction ratio than parallel one both by theory and experiments, which provides guidance for related experiments. In experiments, two TTMFs have the same single-mode fiber-TTMF-single-mode fiber configuration, while the free spectral ranges (FSRs) are chosen with slightly difference by modifying the parameters in the tapering process. Experimental results show that the proposed temperature sensor possesses sensitivity of -3.348 nm/°C in temperature measurement range from 25 °C to 60°C, 11.3 times sensitivity enhancement in comparison with single TTMF. Benefiting from advantages of high temperature sensitivity, simplicity of manufacture and long distance sensing, this novel sensitivity enhanced temperature sensor can be applied to various particular fields, such as oil wells, coal mines and so on.
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24
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Lesiak P, Bednarska K, Małkowski K, Kozłowski Ł, Wróblewska A, Sobotka P, Dydek K, Boczkowska A, Osuch T, Anuszkiewicz A, Lewoczko-Adamczyk W, Schröder H, Woliński TR. UV Sensor Based on Fiber Bragg Grating Covered with Graphene Oxide Embedded in Composite Materials. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:s20195468. [PMID: 32987696 PMCID: PMC7584041 DOI: 10.3390/s20195468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polymer-matrix composites degrade under the influence of UV radiation in the range of the 290-400 nm band. The degradation of polymer-matrix composites exposed to UV radiation is characterized by extensive aging of the epoxy matrix, resulting in deterioration of their mechanical properties. Glass fibers/epoxy resin composites were made by an out-of-autoclave method whereas a fiber optic sensor was placed between different layers of laminates. In our work, we used a fiber Bragg grating sensor covered with graphene oxide and embedded in a polymer matrix composite to monitor UV radiation intensity. Measurements of UV radiation may allow monitoring the aging process of individual components of the polymer composite. In order to estimate the number of microcracks of epoxy resin, microstructure observations were carried out using a scanning electron microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Lesiak
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland; (K.B.); (K.M.); (Ł.K.); (A.W.); (P.S.); (T.R.W.)
| | - Karolina Bednarska
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland; (K.B.); (K.M.); (Ł.K.); (A.W.); (P.S.); (T.R.W.)
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, 02-822 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Małkowski
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland; (K.B.); (K.M.); (Ł.K.); (A.W.); (P.S.); (T.R.W.)
| | - Łukasz Kozłowski
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland; (K.B.); (K.M.); (Ł.K.); (A.W.); (P.S.); (T.R.W.)
| | - Anna Wróblewska
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland; (K.B.); (K.M.); (Ł.K.); (A.W.); (P.S.); (T.R.W.)
| | - Piotr Sobotka
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland; (K.B.); (K.M.); (Ł.K.); (A.W.); (P.S.); (T.R.W.)
| | - Kamil Dydek
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland; (K.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Anna Boczkowska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland; (K.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Tomasz Osuch
- Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-665 Warszawa, Poland; (T.O.); (A.A.)
| | - Alicja Anuszkiewicz
- Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-665 Warszawa, Poland; (T.O.); (A.A.)
| | - Wojciech Lewoczko-Adamczyk
- Abt. SIIT/Optical Interconnection Technology, Fraunhofer-Institut für Zuverlässigkeit und Mikrointegration (IZM), 13355 Berlin, Germany; (W.L.-A.); (H.S.)
| | - Henning Schröder
- Abt. SIIT/Optical Interconnection Technology, Fraunhofer-Institut für Zuverlässigkeit und Mikrointegration (IZM), 13355 Berlin, Germany; (W.L.-A.); (H.S.)
| | - Tomasz Ryszard Woliński
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland; (K.B.); (K.M.); (Ł.K.); (A.W.); (P.S.); (T.R.W.)
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25
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Wu S, Tan Q, Forsberg E, Hu S, He S. In-situ dual-channel surface plasmon resonance fiber sensor for temperature-compensated detection of glucose concentration. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:21046-21061. [PMID: 32680152 DOI: 10.1364/oe.395524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
External temperature variations inevitably affect the accuracy of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors. To that end, we propose an ultra-compact label-free dual-channel SPR fiber sensor (DSPRFS) that can simultaneously measure the glucose concentration and ambient temperature in real-time. The proposed sensor is based on a unique dual-channel structure fabricated by etching a side-hole fiber (SHF), and has significantly higher spatial sensitivity than traditional SPR biosensors. After coating with silver and zinc oxide films, one channel was filled with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to sense the ambient temperature, and the other channel was immobilized with glucose oxidase (GOx) enzyme for glucose sensing. The proposed sensor is analyzed theoretically, fabricated and characterized. Glucose concentration sensitivity and temperature sensitivity of the manufactured sensor sample were found to be as high as 6.156 nm/mMand -1.604 nm/°C with limits of detection (LOD) of 16.24 µM and 0.06 °C, respectively. The proposed sensor has an extremely compact structure, enables temperature compensation, and is suitable for in-situ monitoring and high-precision sensing of glucose and other biological analytes.
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26
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A Low-Cost High-Temperature Sensor Based on Long-Period Fiber/Microfiber Gratings by Local Fictive Temperature Modification. J CHEM-NY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/9076874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A high temperature-sensitive long-period fiber grating (LPFG) sensor fabricated by the local fictive temperature modification is proposed and demonstrated. High-frequency CO2 laser pulses scan standard single-mode fiber (SMF), and the modification zones extended to the core of SMF. Experimental results demonstrate that the LPFG temperature sensors with 600 μm grating period and 32 period numbers offer the average sensitivity of 0.084 nm/C in the temperature range of room temperature (RM) to 875°C. The LPFGs fabricated here show exponential change in terms of the spectral wavelength shift versus changes in temperature. In addition, the maximum temperature sensitivity of 0.37 nm/C is achieved by employing long-period microfiber grating (LPMFG), fabricated by the microheater brushing technique and the local fictive temperature modification. LPMFG sensor exhibits better temperature characteristics due to a thinner diameter.
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27
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Zheng H, Huang B, Li Y, Zhang R, Gu X, Li Z, Lin H, Zhu W, Tang J, Guan H, Lu H, Zhong Y, Fang J, Luo Y, Zhang J, Yu J, Tittel FK, Chen Z. Residual thickness enhanced core-removed D-shaped single-mode fiber and its application for VOC evaporation monitoring. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:15641-15651. [PMID: 32403587 DOI: 10.1364/oe.387951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A core-removed D-shaped structure with different residual thickness (RT) was manufactured on a single mode silica fiber (SMF) to enhance the sensitivity by using of ultra-precise polishing technology. With six different RTs ranging from ∼55 µm to ∼28 µm, the RT enhancement effect in a D-shaped SMF was researched in detail. The influence of the RT on its transmission spectra was investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Considering a compromise between the multimode interference efficiency and optical power loss, an optimum RT value of 34.09 µm was achieved. The obtained refractive index (RI) sensitivity was 10243 nm/RIU in the RI range of 1.430-1.444, corresponding to a RI resolution of 1.9×10-6 RIU. A high-performance all-fiber sensor was developed to monitor the evaporation process volatile organic compounds (VOCs) based on the RT-enhanced D-shaped SMF. As proof of concept, a 2-hour continuous monitoring was carried to monitor the chloroform and alcohol mixture. As a result, the evaporation of alcohol and chloroform were clearly identified and monitored. The developed RT-enhanced D-shaped fiber sensor provides an alternative way for chemical process monitoring and industrial applications.
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28
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Zhang J, Gai M, Ignatov AV, Dyakov SA, Wang J, Gippius NA, Frueh J, Sukhorukov GB. Stimuli-Responsive Microarray Films for Real-Time Sensing of Surrounding Media, Temperature, and Solution Properties via Diffraction Patterns. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:19080-19091. [PMID: 32223175 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive polymers have attracted increasing attention over the years due to their ability to alter physiochemical properties upon external stimuli. However, many stimuli-responsive polymer-based sensors require specialized and expensive equipment, which limits their applications. Here an inexpensive and portable sensing platform of novel microarray films made of stimuli-responsive polymers is introduced for the real-time sensing of various environmental changes. When illuminated by laser light, microarray films generate diffraction patterns that can reflect and magnify variations of the periodical microstructure induced by surrounding invisible parameters in real time. Stimuli-responsive polyelectrolyte complexes are structured into micropillar arrays to monitor the pH variation and the presence of calcium ions based on reversible swelling/shrinking behaviors of the polymers. A pH hysteretic effect of the selected polyelectrolyte pair is determined and explained. Furthermore, polycaprolactone microchamber arrays are fabricated and display a thermal-driven structural change, which is exploited for photonic threshold temperature detection. Experimentally observed diffraction patterns are additionally compared with rigorous coupled-wave analysis simulations that prove that induced diffraction pattern alterations are solely caused by geometrical microstructure changes. Microarray-based diffraction patterns are a novel sensing platform with versatile sensing capabilities that will likely pave the way for the use of microarray structures as photonic sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Zhang
- School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Meiyu Gai
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Sergey A Dyakov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 143025, Russia
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Advanced Analytical Technologies Laboratory, EMPA, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Johannes Frueh
- Micro-Nanotechnology Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gleb B Sukhorukov
- School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 143025, Russia
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29
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Vanus B, Baker C, Chen L, Bao X. All-optical intensity fluctuation magnification using Kerr effect. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:3789-3794. [PMID: 32122040 DOI: 10.1364/oe.384004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a new all-optical method for the magnification of small-intensity fluctuations using the nonlinear Kerr effect. A fluctuation of interest is impressed onto a sinusoidally modulated optical signals (SMOS) and spectral sidebands are generated as the SMOS experiences self-phase modulation in a nonlinear medium. Magnification of these temporal variation is obtained by filtering one of the sidebands. For small fluctuations, the amount of magnification obtained is proportional to (2m + 1), with m being the sideband order. This technique enhances fiber-based point sensor capabilities by bringing signals originally too small to be detected into the detection range of photodetectors.
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30
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Salunkhe TT, Lee DJ, Lee HK, Choi HW, Park SJ, Kim IT. Enhancing Temperature Sensitivity of the Fabry-Perot Interferometer Sensor with Optimization of the Coating Thickness of Polystyrene. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20030794. [PMID: 32024014 PMCID: PMC7038769 DOI: 10.3390/s20030794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of novel polymers for temperature sensing with high sensitivity has attracted tremendous research interest. Hence, we report a polystyrene-coated optical fiber temperature sensor with high sensitivity. To enhance the temperature sensitivity, flat, thin, smooth, and air bubble-free polystyrene was coated on the edge surface of a single-mode optical fiber, where the coating thickness was varied based on the solution concentration. Three thicknesses of the polystyrene layer were obtained as 2.0, 4.1, and 8.0 μm. The temperature sensor with 2.0 μm thick polystyrene exhibited the highest temperature sensitivity of 439.89 pm °C-1 in the temperature range of 25-100 °C. This could be attributed to the very uniform and thin coating of polystyrene, along with the reasonable coefficient of thermal expansion and thermo-optic coefficient of polystyrene. Overall, the experimental results proved the effectiveness of the proposed polystyrene-coated temperature sensor for accurate temperature measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejaswi Tanaji Salunkhe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea; (T.T.S.); (D.J.L.); (H.K.L.)
| | - Dong Jun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea; (T.T.S.); (D.J.L.); (H.K.L.)
| | - Ho Kyung Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea; (T.T.S.); (D.J.L.); (H.K.L.)
| | - Hyung Wook Choi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea;
| | - Sang Joon Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea; (T.T.S.); (D.J.L.); (H.K.L.)
- Correspondence: (S.J.P.); (I.T.K.); Tel.: +82-31-750-5358 (S.J.P.); +82-31-750-8835 (I.T.K.)
| | - Il Tae Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea; (T.T.S.); (D.J.L.); (H.K.L.)
- Correspondence: (S.J.P.); (I.T.K.); Tel.: +82-31-750-5358 (S.J.P.); +82-31-750-8835 (I.T.K.)
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31
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Zhang Y, Tian F, Su Z, Bai R, Li L, Yang X, Zhang J. Broadband single-polarization optical fiber based on surface plasmon resonance. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:779-784. [PMID: 32225209 DOI: 10.1364/ao.380165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present, to the best of our knowledge, a new scheme of broadband single-polarization optical fiber with high extinction ratio based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The double-hole optical fiber with a Ge-doped core is modified by integrating the stacks of conductive and dielectric layers to support SPR. The strong couplings between the guided modes and surface plasmon mode can bring about serious polarization loss of TM mode, while supporting the efficient transmission of TE polarization in broadband. The achievable extinction ratio can be more than 25 dB covering a wide telecom band of 1.17-1.42 µm in short fiber lengths=2.5mm. Meanwhile, the insertion loss of the fiber is less than 0.25 dB. The modified SPR fiber shows promising application in high-quality fiber-integrated polarizers.
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32
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Yuvaraja S, Nawaz A, Liu Q, Dubal D, Surya SG, Salama KN, Sonar P. Organic field-effect transistor-based flexible sensors. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:3423-3460. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00811j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Flexible transistors are the next generation sensing technology, due to multiparametric analysis, reduced complexity, biocompatibility, lightweight with tunable optoelectronic properties. We summarize multitude of applications realized with OFETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Yuvaraja
- Sensors Lab
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Nawaz
- Departamento de Física
- Universidade Federal do Paraná
- Caixa Postal 19044
- Curitiba
- Brazil
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Deepak Dubal
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Centre for Materials Science
| | - Sandeep G. Surya
- Sensors Lab
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled N. Salama
- Sensors Lab
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Prashant Sonar
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Centre for Materials Science
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33
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Wang Q, Meng H, Fan X, Zhou M, Liu F, Liu C, Wei Z, Wang F, Tan C. Optical fiber temperature sensor based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with single-mode-thin-core-single-mode fiber structure. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:015006. [PMID: 32012606 DOI: 10.1063/1.5128485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A Mach-Zehnder interferometer for measurement of temperature is proposed and experimentally demonstrated, which consists of two sections of single mode fiber (SMF) and a section of thin core fiber spliced between the two SMFs. The two welding areas are heated and stretched to improve the split and recombination of light. The wavelength of the resonant dip will shift when temperature varies due to the thermo-optic and thermal expansion effect. The experimental results show that a temperature sensitivity of 65 pm/°C with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.996 can be achieved in a temperature range from 25 °C to 80 °C. Due to its ease of manufacture, low cost, and high sensitivity, the fiber optic temperature sensor is suitable for temperature measurement applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhuo Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hongyun Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaofeng Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Mengqi Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fengxiang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chunyang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhongchao Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Faqiang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chunhua Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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34
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Addressing Challenges in Fabricating Reflection-Based Fiber Optic Interferometers. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19184030. [PMID: 31540533 PMCID: PMC6767678 DOI: 10.3390/s19184030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fabrication of multimode fiber optic interferometers requires accurate control of certain parameters to obtain reproducible results. This paper evaluates the consequences of practical challenges in fabricating reflection-based, fiber optic interferometers by the use of theory and experiments. A guided-mode propagation approach is used to investigate the effect of the end-face cleave angle and the accuracy of the splice in core-mismatched fiber optic sensors. Cleave angles from high-end fiber cleavers give differences in optical path lengths approaching the wavelength close to the circumference of the fiber, and the core-mismatched splice decides the ensemble of cladding modes excited. This investigation shows that the cleave angle may significantly alter the spectrum, whereas the splice is more robust. It is found that the interferometric visibility can be decreased by up to 70% for cleave angles typically obtained. An offset splice may reduce the visibility, but for offsets experienced experimentally the effect is negligible. An angled splice is found not to affect the visibility but causes a lower overall intensity in the spectrum. The sensitivity to the interferometer length is estimated to 60 nm/mm, which means that a 17 µm difference in length will shift the spectrum 1 nm. Comparisons to experimental results indicate that the spliced region also plays a significant role in the resulting spectrum.
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35
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Yuan W, Qian H, Liu Y, Wang Z, Yu C. Highly Sensitive Temperature and Humidity Sensor Based on Carbon Nanotube-Assisted Mismatched Single-Mode Fiber Structure. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E521. [PMID: 31390826 PMCID: PMC6724008 DOI: 10.3390/mi10080521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Here we report on a miniaturized optical interferometer in one fiber based on two mismatched nodes. The all-fiber structure shows stable performance of temperature and humidity sensing. For temperature sensing in large ranges, from 40 to 100 °C, the sensor has a sensitivity of 0.24 dB/°C, and the adjusted R-squared value of fitting result reaches 0.99461 which shows a reliable sensing result. With carbon nanotubes coating the surface of the fiber, the temperature sensitivity is enhanced from 0.24561 to 1.65282 dB/°C in a small region, and the performance of humidity sensing becomes more linear and applicable. The adjusted R-squared value of the linear fitting line for humidity sensing shows a dramatic increase from 0.71731 to 0.92278 after carbon nanotube coating, and the humidity sensitivity presents 0.02571 nm/%RH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Yuan
- Photonic Research Centre, Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Hao Qian
- Photonic Research Centre, Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Photonic Research Centre, Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Photonic Research Centre, Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Changyuan Yu
- Photonic Research Centre, Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China.
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36
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High Temperature (Up to 950 °C) Sensor Based on Micro Taper In-Line Fiber Mach–Zehnder Interferometer. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9122394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A high temperature (up to 950 °C) sensor was proposed and demonstrated based on a micro taper in-line fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) structure. The fiber MZI structure comprises a single mode fiber (SMF) with two micro tapers along its longitudinal direction. An annealing at 1000 °C was applied to the fiber sensor to stabilize the temperature measurement. The experimental results showed that the sensitivity was 0.114 nm/°C and 0.116 nm/°C for the heating and cooling cycles, respectively, and, after two days, the sensor still had a sensitivity of 0.11 nm/°C, showing a good stability of the sensor. A probe-type fiber MZI was designed by cutting the sandwiched SMF, which has good linear temperature responses of 0.113 nm/°C over a large temperature range from 89 to 950 °C. The probe-type fiber MZI temperature sensor was independent to the surrounding refractive index (RI) and immune to strain. The developed sensor has a wide application prospect in the fields of high temperature hot gas flow, as well as oil and gas field development.
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37
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May-Arrioja DA, Ruiz-Perez VI, Lopez-Cortes D, Lozano-Crisostomo N. Linear multimode interference fiber temperature sensor using the liquid in glass thermometer principle. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:3856-3861. [PMID: 31158200 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.003856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A temperature sensor based on a multimode interference thermometer is designed and fabricated. The operation mechanism is based on the thermal expansion of a specific volume of ethylene glycol contained in a glass bulb that is connected to a capillary of the same material, with a no-core fiber (NCF) inserted and centered into the capillary tube. As the temperature is increased, the liquid is expanded, and the NCF is gradually covered by the liquid, resulting in a peak wavelength shift that is correlated to the temperature variations. A sensitivity of 0.4447 nm/°C and highly linear response with an R2 of 0.99962 are obtained. The advantage of this configuration is that the sensing temperature range can be adjusted by changing either the inner diameter of the capillary tube or the bulb volume. We can also measure negative temperatures by simply modifying the freezing point of the liquid, which demonstrates the viability of the sensor for many applications.
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38
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High Sensitivity Refractometer Based on a Tapered-Single Mode-No Core-Single Mode Fiber Structure. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19071722. [PMID: 30974912 PMCID: PMC6479475 DOI: 10.3390/s19071722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
We have proposed a novel tapered-single mode-no core-single mode (TSNS) fiber refractometer based on multimode interference. The TSNS structure exhibits a high contrast ratio (>15 dB) and a uniform interference fringe. The influence of different lengths and diameters of the TSNS on the refractive index unit (RIU) sensitivity was investigated. The experimental investigations indicated a maximum sensitivity of 1517.28 nm/RIU for a refractive index of 1.417 and low-temperature sensitivity (<10 pm/°C). The experimental and simulation results are also in good agreement.
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39
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Ahsani V, Ahmed F, Jun MBG, Bradley C. Tapered Fiber-Optic Mach-Zehnder Interferometer for Ultra-High Sensitivity Measurement of Refractive Index. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19071652. [PMID: 30959916 PMCID: PMC6480093 DOI: 10.3390/s19071652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) based fiberoptic refractive index (RI) sensor is constructed by uniformly tapering standard single mode fiber (SMF) for RI measurement. A custom flame-based tapering machine is used to fabricate microfiber MZI sensors directly from SMFs. The fabricated MZI device does not require any splicing of fibers and shows excellent RI sensitivity. The sensor with a cladding diameter of 35.5 µm and length of 20 mm exhibits RI sensitivity of 415 nm/RIU for RI range of 1.332 to 1.384, 1103 nm/RIU for RI range of 1.384 to 1.4204 and 4234 nm/RIU for RI range of 1.4204 to 1.4408, respectively. The sensor reveals a temperature sensitivity of 0.0097 nm/°C, which is relatively low in comparison to its ultra-high RI sensitivity. The proposed inexpensive and highly sensitive optical fiber RI sensors have numerous applications in chemical and biochemical sensing fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Ahsani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.
| | - Farid Ahmed
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Martin B G Jun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Colin Bradley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.
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40
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Liu S, Yang X, Feng W. Hydrogen sulfide gas sensor based on copper/graphene oxide coated multi-node thin-core fiber interferometer. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:2152-2157. [PMID: 31044912 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.002152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A hydrogen sulfide gas sensor based on a copper/graphene oxide (Cu/GO) coated multi-point thin-core fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The single-mode fiber (SMF) is sandwiched between the thin-core-fiber-1 (TCF-1) and thin-core-fiber-2 (TCF-2), and the SMF-TCF-1-SMF-TCF-2-SMF Mach-Zehnder interferometer is obtained. In order to detect the concentration of hydrogen sulfide, Cu/GO composite sensitive film was coated on the outside surface of two thin-core fibers. When the composite film absorbs the gases, it leads to a change of the effective refractive index of the cladding and causes the regular shift of dip wavelength. The result indicates that the thickness of the sensitive film is 1.6 μm. With the increase of concentration of hydrogen sulfide, the transmission spectra appear blueshift in the range of 0-60 ppm H2S. The linearity of 0.9884 and sensitivity of 4.83 pm/ppm are achieved. In addition, the dynamic response time and recovery time of the hydrogen sulfide sensor are about 32 s and 52 s, respectively. This sensor has the advantages of the small size, simple structure, and easy manufacture, and it is suitable for the detection of trace hydrogen sulfide.
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41
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Bao Y, Huang Y, Hoehler MS, Chen G. Review of Fiber Optic Sensors for Structural Fire Engineering. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E877. [PMID: 30791563 PMCID: PMC6412206 DOI: 10.3390/s19040877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reliable and accurate measurements of temperature and strain in structures subjected to fire can be difficult to obtain using traditional sensing technologies based on electrical signals. Fiber optic sensors, which are based on light signals, solve many of the problems of monitoring structures in high temperature environments; however, they present their own challenges. This paper, which is intended for structural engineers new to fiber optic sensors, reviews various fiber optic sensors that have been used to make measurements in structure fires, including the sensing principles, fabrication, key characteristics, and recently-reported applications. Three categories of fiber optic sensors are reviewed: Grating-based sensors, interferometer sensors, and distributed sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Bao
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA.
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA.
| | - Matthew S Hoehler
- National Fire Research Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Genda Chen
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA.
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42
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Zhang H, Wang DN. In-line reflective Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on a tilted in-fiber beam splitter. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:803-806. [PMID: 30767991 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.000803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A fiber in-line reflective Mach-Zehnder interferometer is proposed and experimentally demonstrated, which is based on a tilted in-fiber beam splitter inscribed by a femtosecond laser. The beam splitter splits the incident light beam into two parts; one is directed to the fiber cladding-air interface, where it experiences total internal reflection and is directed to the fiber core. The other part of the light beam keeps traveling in the fiber core. The two parts of the light beams are recombined in the fiber core to generate interference before being reflected at the fiber cut end face. The device proposed is compact in size, robust in mechanical strength, easy in fabrication, and can be used for environmental refractive index sensing in a convenient manner.
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43
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Optical Fiber Magnetic Field Sensors Based on Magnetic Fluid: A Review. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18124325. [PMID: 30544586 PMCID: PMC6308680 DOI: 10.3390/s18124325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic field sensing is an important issue for many application areas, such as in the military, industry and navigation. The current sensors used to monitor this parameter can be susceptible to electromagnetic interferences, however due to their advantages over the traditional sensors, the optical fiber devices could be an excellent alternative. Furthermore, magnetic fluid (MF) is a new type of functional material which possesses outstanding properties, including Faraday effect, birefringence, tunable refractive index and field dependent transmission. In this paper, the optical fiber magnetic field sensors using MF as sensing element are reviewed. Due to the extensive literature, only the most used sensing configurations are addressed and discussed, which include optical fiber grating, interferometry, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and other schemes involving tailored (etched, tapered and U-shaped) fibers.
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44
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Wei Y, Wu P, Zhu Z, Liu L, Liu C, Hu J, Wang S, Zhang Y. Surface-Plasmon-Resonance-Based Optical-Fiber Micro-Displacement Sensor with Temperature Compensation. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18103210. [PMID: 30249035 PMCID: PMC6210995 DOI: 10.3390/s18103210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Micro-displacement measurements play a crucial role in many industrial applications. Aiming to address the defects of existing optical-fiber displacement sensors, such as low sensitivity and temperature interference, we propose and demonstrate a novel surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based optical-fiber micro-displacement sensor with temperature compensation. The sensor consists of a displacement-sensing region (DSR) and a temperature-sensing region (TSR). We employed a graded-index multimode fiber (GI-MMF) to fabricate the DSR and a hetero-core structure fiber to fabricate the TSR. For the DSR, we employed a single-mode fiber (SMF) to change the radial position of the incident beam as displacement. The resonance angle in the DSR is highly sensitive to displacement; thus, the resonance wavelength of the DSR shifts. For the TSR, we employed polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a temperature-sensitive medium, whose refractive index is highly sensitive to temperature; thus, the resonance wavelength of the TSR shifts. The displacement and temperature detection ranges are 0–25 μm and 20–60 °C; the displacement and temperature sensitivities of the DSR are 4.24 nm/μm and −0.19 nm/°C, and those of the TSR are 0.46 nm/μm and −2.485 nm/°C, respectively. Finally, by means of a sensing matrix, the temperature compensation was realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wei
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing and Control of Institutions of Higher Education, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing 404100, China.
- College of Electronic & Information Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing 404100, China.
| | - Ping Wu
- College of Electronic & Information Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing 404100, China.
| | - Zongda Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Chunlan Liu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Internet of Things and Intelligent Control Technology, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing 404100, China.
| | - Jiangxi Hu
- College of Electronic & Information Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing 404100, China.
| | - Shifa Wang
- College of Electronic & Information Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing 404100, China.
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Basic Medicine Department, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Wanzhou, Chongqing 404100, China.
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45
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High Temperature High Sensitivity Multipoint Sensing System Based on Three Cascade Mach⁻Zehnder Interferometers. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18082688. [PMID: 30115819 PMCID: PMC6111578 DOI: 10.3390/s18082688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A temperature multipoint sensing system based on three cascade Mach⁻Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) is introduced. The MZIs with different lengths are fabricated based on waist-enlarged fiber bitapers. The fast Fourier transformation is applied to the overlapping transmission spectrum and the corresponding interference spectra can be obtained via the cascaded frequency spectrum based on the inverse Fourier transformation. By analyzing the drift of interference spectra, the temperature response sensitivities of 0.063 nm/°C, 0.071 nm/°C, and 0.059 nm/°C in different furnaces can be detected from room temperature up to 1000 °C, and the temperature response at different regions can be measured through the sensitivity matrix equation. These results demonstrate feasibility of multipoint measurement, which also support that the temperature sensing system provides new solution to the MZI cascade problem.
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46
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Li WW, Wang DN. Femtosecond laser inscribed straight waveguide in no-core fiber for in-line Mach-Zehnder interferometer construction. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:3405-3408. [PMID: 30004517 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.003405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new fiber in-line Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on a straight waveguide along the central axis of the no-core fiber sandwiched between single mode fibers is fabricated by a femtosecond laser. The device can be used for high temperature sensing with a sensitivity of -278.86 pm/°C and for bending sensing with a sensitivity of 0.28 nm/m-1. The high mechanical strength, simple fabrication, and precisely controlled free spectral range make the device attractive for potential applications in high temperature monitoring.
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47
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Zhan X, Liu Y, Tang M, Ma L, Wang R, Duan L, Gan L, Yang C, Tong W, Fu S, Liu D, He Z. Few-mode multicore fiber enabled integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometers for temperature and strain discrimination. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:15332-15342. [PMID: 30114782 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.015332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We proposed and experimentally demonstrated paralleled Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) in few-mode multicore fiber (FM-MCF) for temperature and strain discriminative sensing. A section of FM-MCF is sandwich-spliced between two single-mode multicore fiber (SM-MCF) with a rotational offset. The arbitrarily controlled angular misalignment generates intentional intermodal interferences in outer cores of the FM-MCF thus multiple MZI structures are implemented. Experimental results show that the temperature sensitivities are 105.8 pm/°C and 223.6 pm/°C for two outer cores, strain sensitivity is 13.96 pm/με for the outer core 1 and 11.7 pm/με for the outer core 2, respectively. Due to the low condition number of the cross coefficient matrix dependent on the temperature and strain response indexes, the temperature-strain cross sensitivity can be efficiently eliminated. In addition, the structure's fabrication process is simple, cost effective, and repeatable. The sensing structure can be applied to a wide range of measurements and is expected to develop potentials by building a higher dimensional matrix with more cores.
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48
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A Novel Strain Sensor with Large Measurement Range Based on All Fiber Mach-Zehnder Interferometer. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18051549. [PMID: 29757975 PMCID: PMC5982541 DOI: 10.3390/s18051549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have proposed a high sensitive photonic crystal fiber (PCF) strain sensor based on the Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). The sensing head is formed by all-fiber in-line single mode-multimode-photonic-crystal-single mode fiber (SMPS) structure, using only the splicing method. Such a strain sensor exhibited a high sensitivity of −2.21 pm/με within a large measurement range of up to 5000 με and a large fringe visibility of up to 24 dB. Moreover, it was found that the strain sensitivity was weekly dependent of the length of PCF or MMF. In addition, the sensor exhibited the advantages of simplicity of fabrication, high sensitivity and larger fringe visibility.
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Fabry-Perot Interferometric High-Temperature Sensing Up to 1200 °C Based on a Silica Glass Photonic Crystal Fiber. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18010273. [PMID: 29346293 PMCID: PMC5795806 DOI: 10.3390/s18010273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A Fabry-Perot interferometric sensor for temperature measurement was fabricated based on a silica glass solid-core photonic crystal fiber with a central air-bore. By splicing a stub of photonic crystal fiber to a standard single-mode fiber, an intrinsic Fabry-Perot cavity was formed inside the photonic crystal fiber. Sensing experiment results show that the sensor can work stably for a consecutive 24 h under temperatures up to 1100 °C, and the short-term operation temperature can reach as high as 1200 °C (<30 min). In the measurement range of 300–1200 °C, the temperature sensitivity of the peak wavelength shift can reach as high as 15.61 pm/°C, with a linearity of 99.76%. The presented interferometric sensor is compact in size and possesses advantages such as an extended working range and high sensitivity, showing promising application prospects.
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Álvarez-Tamayo RI, Durán-Sánchez M, Prieto-Cortés P, Salceda-Delgado G, Castillo-Guzmán AA, Selvas-Aguilar R, Ibarra-Escamilla B, Kuzin EA. All-Fiber Laser Curvature Sensor Using an In-Fiber Modal Interferometer Based on a Double Clad Fiber and a Multimode Fiber Structure. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17122744. [PMID: 29182527 PMCID: PMC5751561 DOI: 10.3390/s17122744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An all-fiber curvature laser sensor by using a novel modal interference in-fiber structure is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The in-fiber device, fabricated by fusion splicing of multimode fiber and double-clad fiber segments, is used as wavelength filter as well as the sensing element. By including a multimode fiber in an ordinary modal interference structure based on a double-clad fiber, the fringe visibility of the filter transmission spectrum is significantly increased. By using the modal interferometer as a curvature sensitive wavelength filter within a ring cavity erbium-doped fiber laser, the spectral quality factor Q is considerably increased. The results demonstrate the reliability of the proposed curvature laser sensor with advantages of robustness, ease of fabrication, low cost, repeatability on the fabrication process and simple operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo I Álvarez-Tamayo
- CONACYT-FCFM, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Universidad S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León 66455, Mexico.
| | - Manuel Durán-Sánchez
- CONACYT-Optics department, Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, L. E. Erro 1, Sta. Ma. Tonantzintla, Puebla 72824, Mexico.
| | - Patricia Prieto-Cortés
- FCFM, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Universidad S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León 66455, Mexico.
| | - Guillermo Salceda-Delgado
- FCFM, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Universidad S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León 66455, Mexico.
| | - Arturo A Castillo-Guzmán
- FCFM, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Universidad S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León 66455, Mexico.
| | - Romeo Selvas-Aguilar
- FCFM, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Universidad S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León 66455, Mexico.
| | - Baldemar Ibarra-Escamilla
- Optics Department, Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, L. E. Erro 1, Sta. Ma. Tonantzintla, Puebla 72824, Mexico.
| | - Evgeny A Kuzin
- Optics Department, Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, L. E. Erro 1, Sta. Ma. Tonantzintla, Puebla 72824, Mexico.
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