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Kumar Yadav V, Venkataraman V, Ghosh J. Broadband telecom photon pairs from a fiber-integrated PPLN ridge waveguide. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:5132-5135. [PMID: 36181204 DOI: 10.1364/ol.472045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a spectrally correlated photon-pair source at telecom wavelengths (spanning across the S-, C-, and L-bands), based on type-0 spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC) in a fiber-coupled Zn-indiffused MgO doped periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) ridge waveguide. Modal analysis of the waveguide performed through numerical finite element method (FEM) simulation indicates that device temperature can be used to dramatically vary and control the emission spectrum. Efficient photon-pair generation is measured over a broad wavelength range from ∼1520 - 1580 nm [full width at half maximum (FWHM) > 45 nm] with a coincidence-to-accidental ratio (CAR) as high as ∼668 and spectral brightness ∼2.5 × 107 pairs/s/mW/nm. Such sources can be employed in wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) quantum key distribution (QKD) over existing fiber-optic networks.
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2
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Szoke S, He M, Hickam BP, Cushing SK. Designing high-power, octave spanning entangled photon sources for quantum spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:244201. [PMID: 34241348 DOI: 10.1063/5.0053688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Entangled photon spectroscopy is a nascent field that has important implications for measurement and imaging across chemical, biology, and materials fields. Entangled photon spectroscopy potentially offers improved spatial and temporal-frequency resolutions, increased cross sections for multiphoton and nonlinear measurements, and new abilities in inducing or measuring quantum correlations. A critical step in enabling entangled photon spectroscopies is the creation of high-flux entangled sources that can use conventional detectors as well as provide redundancy for the losses in realistic samples. Here, we report a periodically poled, chirped, lithium tantalate platform that generates entangled photon pairs with ∼10-7 efficiency. For a near watt level diode laser, this results in a near μW-level flux. The single photon per mode limit that is necessary to maintain non-classical photon behavior is still satisfied by distributing this power over up to an octave-spanning bandwidth. The spectral-temporal photon correlations are observed via a Michelson-type interferometer that measures the broadband Hong-Ou-Mandel two-photon interference. A coherence time of 245 fs for a 10 nm bandwidth in the collinear case and a coherence time of 62 fs for a 125 nm bandwidth in the non-collinear case are measured using a CW pump laser and, essentially, collecting the full photon cone. We outline in detail the numerical methods used for designing and tailoring the entangled photons source, such as changing center wavelength or bandwidth, with the ultimate aim of increasing the availability of high-flux UV-Vis entangled photon sources in the optical spectroscopy community.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Szoke
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - M He
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - B P Hickam
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - S K Cushing
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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3
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Prabhakar S, Shields T, Dada AC, Ebrahim M, Taylor GG, Morozov D, Erotokritou K, Miki S, Yabuno M, Terai H, Gawith C, Kues M, Caspani L, Hadfield RH, Clerici M. Two-photon quantum interference and entanglement at 2.1 μm. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay5195. [PMID: 32258399 PMCID: PMC7101225 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay5195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quantum-enhanced optical systems operating within the 2- to 2.5-μm spectral region have the potential to revolutionize emerging applications in communications, sensing, and metrology. However, to date, sources of entangled photons have been realized mainly in the near-infrared 700- to 1550-nm spectral window. Here, using custom-designed lithium niobate crystals for spontaneous parametric down-conversion and tailored superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors, we demonstrate two-photon interference and polarization-entangled photon pairs at 2090 nm. These results open the 2- to 2.5-μm mid-infrared window for the development of optical quantum technologies such as quantum key distribution in next-generation mid-infrared fiber communication systems and future Earth-to-satellite communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Prabhakar
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Taylor Shields
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Adetunmise C. Dada
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Mehdi Ebrahim
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Gregor G. Taylor
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Dmitry Morozov
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Shigehito Miki
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 588-2 Iwaoka, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 651-2492, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe-city, Hyogo 657-0013, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yabuno
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 588-2 Iwaoka, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 651-2492, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Terai
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 588-2 Iwaoka, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 651-2492, Japan
| | - Corin Gawith
- Covesion Ltd., Unit A7, The Premier Centre, Premier Way, Romsey, Hampshire SO51 9DG, UK
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Michael Kues
- Hannover Center for Optical Technologies (HOT), Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering–Innovation Across Disciplines), Hannover, Germany
| | - Lucia Caspani
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
| | - Robert H. Hadfield
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Matteo Clerici
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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4
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Horn R, Jennewein T. Auto-balancing and robust interferometer designs for polarization entangled photon sources. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:17369-17376. [PMID: 31252947 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.017369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A new implementation of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is presented. Aimed at facilitating coherent optical wavelength conversion, the interferometer utilizes a novel double displacement technique that eliminates dispersion induced phase discrepancies between its input and output arms. To demonstrate the design, the interferometer was incorporated into a source of polarization entangled photon pairs. The source produced on average 2-3 million photon pairs per second per mW of pump power, the pairs emitted being maximally entangled in the polarization degree of freedom with a fidelity of ≥98%_. The new interferometer implementation is simple and robust and promises to become a design benchmark for polarization entangled photon sources.
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5
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Optical source of individual pairs of colour-conjugated photons. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11418. [PMID: 28900288 PMCID: PMC5596027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11740-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We theoretically demonstrate that Kerr nonlinearity in optical circuits can lead to both resonant four-wave mixing and photon blockade, which can be used for high-yield generation of high-fidelity individual photon pairs with conjugated frequencies. We propose an optical circuit, which, in the optimal pulsed-drive regime, would produce photon pairs at the rate up to 5 × 105 s -1 (0.5 pairs per pulse) with [Formula: see text] for one of the conjugated frequencies. We show that such a scheme can be utilised to generate colour-entangled photons.
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6
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Laiho K, Pressl B, Schlager A, Suchomel H, Kamp M, Höfling S, Schneider C, Weihs G. Uncovering dispersion properties in semiconductor waveguides to study photon-pair generation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:434003. [PMID: 27659042 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/43/434003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the dispersion properties of ridge Bragg-reflection waveguides to deduce their phasematching characteristics. These are crucial for exploiting them as sources of parametric down-conversion (PDC). In order to estimate the phasematching bandwidth we first determine the group refractive indices of the interacting modes via Fabry-Perot experiments in two distant wavelength regions. Second, by measuring the spectra of the emitted PDC photons, we gain access to their group index dispersion. Our results offer a simple approach for determining the PDC process parameters in the spectral domain, and provide important feedback for designing such sources, especially in the broadband case.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Laiho
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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7
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Bock M, Lenhard A, Chunnilall C, Becher C. Highly efficient heralded single-photon source for telecom wavelengths based on a PPLN waveguide. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:23992-24001. [PMID: 27828232 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.023992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present the realization of a highly efficient photon pair source based on spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC) in a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) ridge waveguide. The source is suitable for long distance quantum communication applications as the photon pairs are located at the centers of the telecommunication O- and C- band at 1312 nm and 1557 nm. The high efficiency is confirmed by a conversion efficiency of 4 × 10-6 - which is to our knowledge among the highest conversion efficiencies reported so far - and a heralding efficiency of 64.1 ± 2.1%. The heralded single-photon properties are confirmed by the measurement of the photon statistics with a Click/No-Click method as well as the heralded g(2)-function. A minimum value for g(2)(0) of 0.001 ± 0.0003 indicating clear antibunching has been observed.
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8
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Chen C, Rüter CE, Volk MF, Chen C, Shang Z, Lu Q, Akhmadaliev S, Zhou S, Chen F, Kip D. Second harmonic generation of diamond-blade diced KTiOPO 4 ridge waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:16434-16439. [PMID: 27464095 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.016434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on the fabrication of ridge waveguides in KTiOPO4 nonlinear optical crystals through carbon ion irradiation followed by precise diamond blade dicing. The diced side-walls have low roughness, which allows for low propagation loss of ~1dB/cm in fabricated of ridges. The waveguide property investigation has been performed at 1064 nm as well as 532 nm, showing good guidance at both TE and TM polarizations. Based on type II phase matching configuration, efficient second harmonic generation of green light at room temperature has been realized. High conversion efficiencies of ~1.12%W-1 and ~12.4% have been obtained for frequency doubling under the pump of continuous-wave (CW) and pulsed fundamental waves at 1064 nm, respectively.
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9
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Jiang WC, Lu X, Zhang J, Painter O, Lin Q. Silicon-chip source of bright photon pairs. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:20884-20904. [PMID: 26367942 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.020884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Integrated quantum photonics relies critically on the purity, scalability, integrability, and flexibility of a photon source to support diverse quantum functionalities on a single chip. Here we report a chip-scale photon-pair source on the silicon-on-insulator platform that utilizes dramatic cavity-enhanced four-wave mixing in a high-Q silicon microdisk resonator. The device is able to produce high-quality photon pairs at different wavelengths with a high spectral brightness of 6.24×10(7) pairs/s/mW(2)/GHz and photon-pair correlation with a coincidence-to-accidental ratio of 1386 ± 278 while pumped with a continuous-wave laser. The superior performance, together with the structural compactness and CMOS compatibility, opens up a great avenue towards quantum silicon photonics with capability of multi-channel parallel information processing for both integrated quantum computing and long-haul quantum communication.
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10
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Husko CA, Clark AS, Collins MJ, De Rossi A, Combrié S, Lehoucq G, Rey IH, Krauss TF, Xiong C, Eggleton BJ. Multi-photon absorption limits to heralded single photon sources. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3087. [PMID: 24186400 PMCID: PMC3816289 DOI: 10.1038/srep03087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Single photons are of paramount importance to future quantum technologies, including quantum communication and computation. Nonlinear photonic devices using parametric processes offer a straightforward route to generating photons, however additional nonlinear processes may come into play and interfere with these sources. Here we analyse spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) sources in the presence of multi-photon processes. We conduct experiments in silicon and gallium indium phosphide photonic crystal waveguides which display inherently different nonlinear absorption processes, namely two-photon (TPA) and three-photon absorption (ThPA), respectively. We develop a novel model capturing these diverse effects which is in excellent quantitative agreement with measurements of brightness, coincidence-to-accidental ratio (CAR) and second-order correlation function g((2))(0), showing that TPA imposes an intrinsic limit on heralded single photon sources. We build on these observations to devise a new metric, the quantum utility (QMU), enabling further optimisation of single photon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad A. Husko
- Centre for Ultrahigh-bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS), School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Alex S. Clark
- Centre for Ultrahigh-bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS), School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Matthew J. Collins
- Centre for Ultrahigh-bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS), School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Alfredo De Rossi
- Thales Research and Technology, 1 Av. A. Fresnel, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Sylvain Combrié
- Thales Research and Technology, 1 Av. A. Fresnel, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Gaëlle Lehoucq
- Thales Research and Technology, 1 Av. A. Fresnel, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Isabella H. Rey
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK
| | | | - Chunle Xiong
- Centre for Ultrahigh-bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS), School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Benjamin J. Eggleton
- Centre for Ultrahigh-bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS), School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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11
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Clark AS, Husko C, Collins MJ, Lehoucq G, Xavier S, De Rossi A, Combrié S, Xiong C, Eggleton BJ. Heralded single-photon source in a III-V photonic crystal. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:649-651. [PMID: 23455253 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.000649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter we demonstrate heralded single-photon generation in a III-V semiconductor photonic crystal platform through spontaneous four-wave mixing. We achieve a high brightness of 3.4×10(7) pairs·s(-1) nm(-1) W(-1) facilitated through dispersion engineering and the suppression of two-photon absorption in the gallium indium phosphide material. Photon pairs are generated with a coincidence-to-accidental ratio over 60 and a low g(2) (0) of 0.06 proving nonclassical operation in the single photon regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex S Clark
- Centre for Ultrahigh Bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS), School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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12
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Collins M, Xiong C, Rey I, Vo T, He J, Shahnia S, Reardon C, Krauss T, Steel M, Clark A, Eggleton B. Integrated spatial multiplexing of heralded single-photon sources. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2582. [PMID: 24107840 PMCID: PMC3826656 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-deterministic nature of photon sources is a key limitation for single-photon quantum processors. Spatial multiplexing overcomes this by enhancing the heralded single-photon yield without enhancing the output noise. Here the intrinsic statistical limit of an individual source is surpassed by spatially multiplexing two monolithic silicon-based correlated photon pair sources in the telecommunications band, demonstrating a 62.4% increase in the heralded single-photon output without an increase in unwanted multipair generation. We further demonstrate the scalability of this scheme by multiplexing photons generated in two waveguides pumped via an integrated coupler with a 63.1% increase in the heralded photon rate. This demonstration paves the way for a scalable architecture for multiplexing many photon sources in a compact integrated platform and achieving efficient two-photon interference, required at the core of optical quantum computing and quantum communication protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.J. Collins
- Centre for Ultrahigh bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS), School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - C. Xiong
- Centre for Ultrahigh bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS), School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - I.H. Rey
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
| | - T.D. Vo
- Centre for Ultrahigh bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS), School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Maritime Division, Department of Defence, Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO), P.O. Box 44, Pyrmont, New South Wales 2009, Australia
| | - J. He
- Centre for Ultrahigh bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS), School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - S. Shahnia
- Centre for Ultrahigh bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS), School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - C. Reardon
- Department of Physics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - T.F. Krauss
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
- Department of Physics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - M.J. Steel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, CUDOS, MQ Photonics Research Centre, Macquarie University, New South Wales 2019, Australia
| | - A.S. Clark
- Centre for Ultrahigh bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS), School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - B.J. Eggleton
- Centre for Ultrahigh bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS), School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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13
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Collins MJ, Clark AS, He J, Choi DY, Williams RJ, Judge AC, Madden SJ, Withford MJ, Steel MJ, Luther-Davies B, Xiong C, Eggleton BJ. Low Raman-noise correlated photon-pair generation in a dispersion-engineered chalcogenide As2S3 planar waveguide. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:3393-3395. [PMID: 23381268 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.003393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate low Raman-noise correlated photon-pair generation in a dispersion-engineered 10 mm As2S3 chalcogenide waveguide at room temperature. We show a coincidence-to-accidental ratio (CAR) of 16.8, a 250 times increase compared with previously published results in a chalcogenide waveguide, with a corresponding brightness of 3×10(5) pairs·s(-1)·nm(-1) generated at the chip. Dispersion engineering of our waveguide enables photon passbands to be placed in the low spontaneous Raman scattering (SpRS) window at 7.4 THz detuning from the pump. This Letter shows the potential for As2S3 chalcogenide to be used for nonlinear quantum photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Collins
- Centre for Ultrahigh Bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS), School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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14
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Arahira S, Kishimoto T, Murai H. 1.5-μm band polarization entangled photon-pair source with variable Bell states. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:9862-9875. [PMID: 22535079 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.009862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we report a polarization-entangled photon-pair source in a 1.5-μm band which can generate arbitrary entangled states including four maximum entangled states (Bell states) by using cascaded optical second nonlinearities (second-harmonic generation and the following spontaneous parametric down conversion) in a periodically poled LiNbO(3) (PPLN) ridge-waveguide device. Exchange among the Bell states was achieved by using an optical phase bias compensator (OPBC) in a Sagnac loop interferometer and a half-wave plate outside the loop for polarization conversion. Quantitative evaluation was made on the performance of the photon-pair source through the experiments of two-photon interferences, quantum state tomography, and test of violation of Bell inequality. We observed high visibilities of 96%, fidelities of 97%, and 2.71 of the S parameter in inequality of Clauser, Horne, Shimony, and Holt (CHSH). The experimental values, including peak coincidence counts in the two-photon interference (approximately 170 counts per second), remained almost unchanged in despite of the exchange among the Bell states. They were also in good agreement with the theoretical assumption from the mean number of the photon-pairs under the test (0.04 per pulse). More detailed experimental studies on the dependence of the mean number of the photon-pairs revealed that the quantum states were well understood as the Werner state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Arahira
- Corporate Research & Development Center, Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd., 1-16-8 Chuou, Warabi-shi, Saitama 335-8510, Japan.
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15
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Wagner FR, Hildenbrand A, Natoli JY, Commandré M. Nanosecond-laser-induced damage in potassium titanyl phosphate: pure 532 nm pumping and frequency conversion situations. APPLIED OPTICS 2011; 50:4509-4515. [PMID: 21833127 DOI: 10.1364/ao.50.004509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nanosecond-laser-induced damage measurements in the bulk of KTiOPO4 (KTP) crystals are reported using incident 532 nm light or using incident 1064 nm light, which pumps more or less efficient second harmonic generation. No damage threshold fatigue effect is observed with pure 532 nm irradiation. The damage threshold of Z-polarized light is higher than the one for X- or Y-polarized light. During frequency doubling, the damage threshold was found to be lower than for pure 1064 or 532 nm irradiation. More data to quantify the cooperative damage mechanism were generated by performing fluence ramp experiments with varying conditions and monitoring the conversion efficiency. All damage thresholds plotted against the conversion efficiency align close to a characteristic curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank R Wagner
- Institut Fresnel, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Ecole Centrale Marseille, Marseille, France.
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16
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Eisaman MD, Fan J, Migdall A, Polyakov SV. Invited review article: Single-photon sources and detectors. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:071101. [PMID: 21806165 DOI: 10.1063/1.3610677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We review the current status of single-photon-source and single-photon-detector technologies operating at wavelengths from the ultraviolet to the infrared. We discuss applications of these technologies to quantum communication, a field currently driving much of the development of single-photon sources and detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Eisaman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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17
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Levine ZH, Fan J, Chen J, Migdall AL. Polarization-entangled photon pairs from a periodically poled crystalline waveguide. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:6724-6740. [PMID: 21451699 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.006724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A proposal is made for the generation of polarization-entangled photon pairs from a periodically poled crystal allowing for high collection efficiency, high entanglement, and stable operation. The theory is formulated for colinear propagation for application to waveguides. The key feature of the theory is the use of type II phase matching using both the +1 and -1 diffraction orders of the poling structure. Although these conditions are fairly restrictive in terms of operating parameters, practical operating conditions can be found. For example, we find that a HeNe pump laser may be used for a periodically poled rubidium-doped potassium titanyl phosphate (Rb:KTP) waveguide to yield single mode polarization-entangled pairs. Fidelities of 0.98 are possible under practical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary H Levine
- Optical Technology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8441, USA.
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18
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Chen J, Levine ZH, Fan J, Migdall AL. Frequency-bin entangled comb of photon pairs from a Silicon-on-Insulator micro-resonator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:1470-1483. [PMID: 21263689 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.001470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We present a quantum-mechanical theory to describe narrowband photon-pair generation via four-wave mixing in a Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) micro-resonator. We also provide design principles for efficient photon-pair generation in an SOI micro-resonator through extensive numerical simulations. Microring cavities are shown to have a much wider dispersion-compensated frequency range than straight cavities. A microring with an inner radius of 8 μm can output an entangled photon comb of 21 pairwise-correlated peaks (42 comb lines) spanning from 1.3 μm to 1.8 μm. Such on-chip quantum photonic devices offer a path toward future integrated quantum photonics and quantum integrated circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Optical Technology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8441, USA.
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Levine ZH, Fan J, Chen J, Ling A, Migdall A. Heralded, pure-state single-photon source based on a Potassium Titanyl Phosphate waveguide. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:3708-3718. [PMID: 20389381 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.003708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the generation of single spatial mode, spectrally uncorrelated photon pairs via type II spontaneous parametric down-conversion in a Potassium Titanyl Phosphate (KTP) waveguide using real experimental parameters. We show that this source can be used as an efficient, heralded, pure-state single-photon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z H Levine
- Optical Technology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8441, USA.
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Laiho K, Cassemiro KN, Silberhorn C. Producing high fidelity single photons with optimal brightness via waveguided parametric down-conversion. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:22823-22837. [PMID: 20052208 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.022823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Parametric down-conversion (PDC) offers the possibility to control the fabrication of non-Gaussian states such as Fock states. However, in conventional PDC sources energy and momentum conservation introduce strict frequency and photon number correlations, which impact the fidelity of the prepared state. In our work we optimize the preparation of single-photon Fock states from the emission of waveguided PDC via spectral filtering. We study the effect of correlations via photon number resolving detection and quantum interference. Our measurements show how the reduction of mixedness due to filtering can be evaluated. Interfering the prepared photon with a coherent state we establish an experimentally measured fidelity of the produced target state of 78%.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Laiho
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Günther-Scharowsky-Strasse 1/Building 24, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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Mosley PJ, Christ A, Eckstein A, Silberhorn C. Direct measurement of the spatial-spectral structure of waveguided parametric down-conversion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:233901. [PMID: 20366150 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.233901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We present a study of the propagation of higher-order spatial modes in a waveguided parametric down-conversion photon-pair source. Observing the multimode photon-pair spectrum from a periodically poled KTiOPO(4) waveguide allowed us to isolate individual spatial modes through their distinctive spectral properties. We have measured directly the spatial distribution of each mode of the photon pairs, confirming the findings of our waveguide model, and demonstrated by coincidence measurements that the total parity of the modes is conserved in the nonlinear interaction. Furthermore, we show that we can combine the advantages of a waveguide source with the potential to generate spatially entangled photon pairs as in bulk-crystal down-converters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Mosley
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Günther-Scharowsky Strasse 1/Bau 24, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Ling A, Chen J, Fan J, Migdall A. Mode expansion and Bragg filtering for a high-fidelity fiber-based photon-pair Source. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:21302-21312. [PMID: 19997369 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.021302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of a fiber-based single spatial-mode source of photon-pairs where the efficiency of extracting photon-pairs is increased through the use of fiber-end expansion and Bragg filters. This improvement in efficiency enabled a spectrally bright and pure photon-pair source having a small second-order correlation function (0.03) and a raw spectral brightness of 44,700 pairs s(-1)nm(-1)mW(-1). The source can be configured to generate entangled photon-pairs, characterized via optimal and minimal quantum state tomography, to have a fidelity of 97% and tangle of 92%, without subtracting any background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ling
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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Hildenbrand A, Wagner FR, Natoli JY, Commandré M. Nanosecond laser induced damage in RbTiOPO4: the missing influence of crystal quality. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:18263-18270. [PMID: 19907617 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.018263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanosecond laser induced damage in RbTiOPO(4) (RTP) an isomorphic material to the more widely known KTiOPO(4) (KTP) is studied in crystals with varying properties. The ionic conductivity along the z-axes of the tested crystals ranged from 1.5 10(-9) S/cm to 1.1 10(-12) S/cm. Further, different growth sectors with different absorption in the range of hundreds of ppm/cm and differing zones in inhomogeneous crystals have been investigated. Despite these important differences in crystal quality, no significant difference could be observed in the laser damage resistance at 1064 nm. Thus growth induced defects only play a minor role in nanosecond laser induced damage in RTP. Transient, laser induced defects are discussed in analogy with KTP as possible laser damage precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hildenbrand
- Institut Fresnel, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Ecole Centrale Marseille, Campus de Saint-Jérôme, 13013 Marseille, France
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Zhong T, Wong FN, Roberts TD, Battle P. High performance photon-pair source based on a fiber-coupled periodically poled KTiOPO4 waveguide. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:12019-12030. [PMID: 19582117 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.012019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate efficient generation of photon pairs at 1316 nm in a fiber-coupled type-II phase-matched Rb-indiffused waveguide in periodically poled KTiOPO(4). The integrated waveguide source has a pair production rate of 2 x 10(7)/s/mW in a 1.08-nm bandwidth, in good agreement with a theoretical model that takes into account the transversal momentum imparted on the phase matching function by the waveguide. We achieve a Hong-Ou-Mandel quantum-interference visibility of 98.2% after subtraction of accidental coincidences, representing the highest reported value for a waveguide-based photon-pair source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhong
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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